James M. Campbell

Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Akbar Emperor, 1573–1605. Akbar Emperor, 1573–1605.To the nobles thus fighting among themselves, news was brought that the emperor Akbar was at DÍsa. IbrÁhÍm Husain MÍrza returned to Broach and the army of the FaulÁdis dispersed. From DÍsa the imperial troops advanced to PÁtan and thence to JhotÁna thirty miles south of PÁtan. SultÁn Muzaffar, who had separated from the FaulÁdis, fell into the hands of the emperor, who granted him his life but placed him under charge of one of his nobles named Karam Áli.1 When the imperial army reached Kadi, ÍtimÁd KhÁn, IkhtiyÁr KhÁn, Álaf KhÁn, and JhujhÁr KhÁn met Akbar and Sayad HÁmid also was honoured with an audience at HÁjipur.2 The emperor imprisoned Álaf KhÁn and JhujhÁr KhÁn Habshi and encouraged the other GujarÁt nobles. IkhtiyÁr-ul-Mulk now fled to LunÁvÁ?a, and the emperor, fearing that others of the GujarÁt nobles might follow his example, sent ÍtimÁd KhÁn to Cambay and placed him under the charge of ShahbÁz KhÁn Kambo.3 From ÁhmedÁbÁd Akbar advanced to Cambay. At this time IbrÁhÍm MÍrza held Baroda, Muhammad Husain MÍrza held Surat, and ShÁh MÍrza held ChÁmpÁner. On leaving Cambay to expel the MÍrzas, Akbar appointed MÍrza ÂzÍz KokaltÁsh his first viceroy of GujarÁt. At Baroda Akbar heard that IbrÁhÍm MÍrza had treacherously killed Rustam KhÁn RÚmi, who was ChangÍz KhÁn’s governor of Broach. The emperor recalled the detachment he had sent against Surat, and overtaking the MÍrza at SarnÁl or ThÁsra on the right bank of the Mahi about twenty-three miles north-east of Na?iÁd, after a bloody conflict routed him. The MÍrza fled by Ahmednagar to Sirohi, and Akbar rejoined his camp at Baroda. The emperor now sent a force under ShÁh Kuli KhÁn to invest the fort of Surat, and following in person pitched his camp at Gopi TÁlao, a suburb of that city. After an obstinate defence of one month and seventeen days, the garrison under HamzabÁn, a slave of HumÁyÚn’s who had joined the MÍrzÁs, surrendered. HamzabÁn was in treaty with the Portuguese. Under his invitation a large party of Portuguese came to
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Akbar Emperor, 1573–1605. Surat during the siege, but seeing the strength of the imperial army, represented themselves as ambassadors and besought the honour of an interview.4 Akbar captures Broach and Surat, and advances to ÁhmedÁbÁd, 1573.While at Surat the emperor received from BihÁr or VihÁrji the RÁja of BaglÁna, SharfuddÍn Husain MÍrza whom the RÁja had captured.5 After the capture of Surat, the emperor ordered the great SulaimÁni cannon which had been brought by the Turks with the view of destroying the Portuguese forts and left by them in Surat, to be taken to Ágra. Surat was placed in the charge of KalÍj KhÁn. The emperor now advanced to ÁhmedÁbÁd, where the mother of ChangÍz KhÁn came and demanded justice on JhujhÁr KhÁn for having wantonly slain her son. As her complaint was just, the emperor ordered JhujhÁr KhÁn to be thrown under the feet of an elephant. Muhammad KhÁn, son of Sher KhÁn FaulÁdi, who had fled to the Ídar hills, now returned and took the city of PÁtan, besieging the imperial governor, Sayad Áhmed KhÁn BÁrha, in the citadel. At this time MÍrza Muhammad Husain was at RÁnpur near DhandhÚka. When Sher KhÁn FaulÁdi, who had taken refuge in Sorath, heard of Muhammad KhÁn’s return to PÁtan, he met MÍrza Muhammad Husain, and uniting their forces they joined Muhammad KhÁn at PÁtan. The viceroy MÍrza ÂzÍz KokaltÁsh with other nobles marched against them, and after a hard-fought battle, in which several of the imperial nobles were slain, MÍrza ÂzÍz KokaltÁsh was victorious. Sher KhÁn again took refuge in Sorath, and his son fled for safety to the Ídar hills, while the MÍrza withdrew to the KhÁndesh frontier. As the conquest of GujarÁt was completed, Akbar returned to Agra.

From a.d.1573, the date of its annexation as a province of the empire, to a.d.1758, the year of the final capture of ÁhmedÁbÁd by the MarÁthÁs, GujarÁt remained under the government of officers appointed by the court of Dehli. Like the rule of the ÁhmedÁbÁd kings, this term of 184 years falls into two periods: the first of 134 years from a.d.1573 to the death of AurangzÍb in a.d.1707, a time on the whole of public order and strong government; the second from a.d.1707 to a.d.1758, fifty-one years of declining power and growing disorder.

Mirza ÂzÍz First Viceroy, 1573–1575.Before leaving GujarÁt Akbar placed the charge of the province in the hands of MÍrza ÂzÍz KokaltÁsh.6 At the same time the emperor rewarded his supporters by grants of land, assigning ÁhmedÁbÁd with PitlÁd and several other districts to the viceroy MÍrza ÂzÍz, PÁtan to the KhÁn-i-KalÁn MÍr Muhammad KhÁn, and Baroda to NawÁb Aurang KhÁn. Broach was given to Kutb-ud-dÍn Muhammad, and Dholka KhÁnpur and Sami were confirmed to Sayad HÁmid and Sayad MahmÚd BukhÁri. As soon as the emperor was gone IkhtiyÁr-ul-Mulk
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Akbar Emperor, 1573–1605.
Mirza ÂzÍz First Viceroy, 1573–1575. and Muhammad KhÁn, son of Sher KhÁn, who had taken shelter in the Ídar hills, issued forth, and the viceroy marched to Ahmednagar to hold them in check. MÍrza Muhammad Husain advancing rapidly from the NandurbÁr frontier, took the fort of Broach, and went thence to Cambay which he found abandoned by its governor Husain KhÁn KarkarÁh, while he himself marched to Ahmednagar and Ídar against IkhtiyÁr-ul-Mulk. The viceroy ordered Sayad HÁmid BukhÁri, NawÁb Naurang KhÁn, and others to join Kutb-ud-dÍn Muhammad KhÁn. They went and laid siege to Cambay, but MÍrza Muhammad managed to evacuate the town and join IkhtiyÁr-ul-Mulk and Muhammad KhÁn. After several unsuccessful attempts to scatter the enemy the viceroy retired to ÁhmedÁbÁd, and the rebels laid siege to the city. Kutb-ud-dÍn KhÁn, Sayad MÍrÁn, and others of the imperial party succeeded in entering the city and joining the garrison. Insurrection Quelled by Akbar, 1573.After the siege had lasted two months, Akbar, making his famous 600 mile (400 kos) march in nine days from Agra, arrived before ÁhmedÁbÁd, and, at once engaging the enemy, totally defeated them with the loss of two of their leaders MÍrza Muhammad Husain and IkhtiyÁr-ul-Mulk.

On the day before the battle Akbar consulting a HazÁra AfghÁn versed in drawing omens from sheeps’ shoulder-blades, was told that victory was certain, but that it would be won at the cost of the life of one of his nobles. Seif KhÁn, brother of Zein KhÁn Koka, coming in prayed that he should be chosen to receive the crown of martyrdom. At the end of the day the only leading noble that was killed was Seif KhÁn.7

After only eleven days’ stay, Akbar again entrusting the government of GujarÁt to MÍrza ÂzÍz Koka, returned to Agra. MÍrza ÂzÍz Koka did not long continue viceroy. In a.d.1575, in consequence of some dispute with the emperor, he retired into private life. MÍrza KhÁn Second Viceroy, 1575–1577.On his resignation Akbar conferred the post of viceroy on MÍrza KhÁn, son of BehrÁm KhÁn, who afterwards rose to the high rank of KhÁn KhÁnÁn or chief of the nobles. As this was MÍrza KhÁn’s first service, and as he was still a youth, he was ordered to follow the advice of the deputy viceroy, WazÍr KhÁn, in whose hands the administration of the province remained during the two following years. Survey by RÁja Todar Mal.Soon after the insurrection of 1573 was suppressed the emperor sent RÁja Todar Mal to make a survey settlement of the province. In a.d.1575 after the survey was completed WajÍh-ul-Mulk GujarÁti was appointed dÍwÁn or minister. Some historians say that in a.d.1576 WazÍr KhÁn relieved MÍrza ÂzÍz Koka as viceroy, but according to the Mirat-i-Áhmedi
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Akbar Emperor, 1573–1605.
MÍrza KhÁn Second Viceroy, 1575–1577. Mirza KhÁn held office with WazÍr KhÁn as his deputy. One PrÁgdÁs, a Hindu, succeeded WajÍh-ul-Mulk as dÍwÁn. Troops were sent to reduce the NÁndod and Ídar districts, and the fort of Sirohi was captured by Tarsu KhÁn, the military governor of PÁtan. Afterwards, through the intervention of PahÁr KhÁn JÁlori, the Sirohi RÁja, at an interview with RÁja Todar Mal, presented £6000 (Rs. 12,000) and other articles and was allowed to serve the provincial governor of GujarÁt with 1500 horse.8

During WazÍr KhÁn’s administration Muzaffar Husain MÍrza, son of IbrÁhÍm Husain MÍrza, raised an insurrection in GujarÁt. This MÍrza Muzaffar was as an infant carried to the Dakhan from Surat shortly before its investment by Akbar. He lived peacefully till under the influence of an ambitious retainer Mihr Ali by name, he gathered an army of adventurers and entered NandurbÁr. WazÍr KhÁn distrusting his troops shut himself in a fortress, and wrote to RÁja Todar Mal, who was in PÁtan settling revenue affairs. The MÍrza defeated the imperial forces in NandurbÁr and failing to get possession of Cambay marched straight to ÁhmedÁbÁd. On the advance of RÁja Todar Mal the MÍrza fell back on Dholka. The RÁja and the KhÁn pursuing defeated him, and he retired to JunÁga?h. The RÁja then withdrew, but the MÍrza again advanced and besieged him in ÁhmedÁbÁd. In an attempt to escalade the city wall Mihr Ali was killed. Muzaffar MÍrza withdrew to KhÁndesh and the insurrection came to an end.

ShahÁb-ud-dÍn Third Viceroy, 1577–1583.In the end of a.d.1577, as WazÍr KhÁn’s management was not successful, the post of viceroy was conferred upon ShahÁb-ud-dÍn Áhmed KhÁn, the governor of MÁlwa. ShahÁb-ud-dÍn’s first step was to create new military posts and strengthen the old ones. At this time Fateh KhÁn ShirwÁni, the commander of AmÍn KhÁn Ghori’s army, quarrelled with his chief, and, coming to ShahÁb-ud-dÍn, offered to capture the fort of JunÁga?h. Sends a Force against JunÁga?h.ShahÁb-ud-dÍn entertained his proposal, and sent his nephew MÍrza KhÁn and 4000 horse with him. When the troops crossed the Sorath frontier, they were met by envoys from AmÍn KhÁn, agreeing, in his name, to pay tribute and surrender the country, provided he were permitted to retain the fortress of JunÁga?h and were allotted a sufficient grant of land. MÍrza KhÁn rejected these proposals and continued his march against JunÁga?h. AmÍn KhÁn made a vigorous resistance and applied for aid to the JÁm of NavÁnagar. At this juncture Fateh KhÁn died, and MÍrza KhÁn went and besieged MÁngrÚl. The JÁm’s minister IsÁ now joined AmÍn KhÁn with 4000 horse, and he, quitting JunÁga?h, marched to MÁngrÚl.9 On their approach MÍrza KhÁn retired to the town of
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Akbar Emperor, 1573–1605.
ShahÁb-ud-dÍn Third Viceroy, 1577–1583. KodinÁr10 followed by AmÍn KhÁn. Here a pitched battle was fought, and MÍrza KhÁn was defeated with the loss of his baggage. Many of his men were slain, and he himself, being wounded, escaped with difficulty to ÁhmedÁbÁd. ShahÁb ud-dÍn, who had meanwhile been giving his attention to revenue matters, and to the more correct measurement of the lands of the province, was rudely recalled from these peaceful occupations by his nephew’s defeat. At the same time news was brought of the escape of the former king, Muzaffar KhÁn, who, eluding the vigilance of the imperial servants, appeared in GujarÁt in a.d.1583. Muzaffar remained for some time in the RÁjpÍpla country, and thence came to one LÚna or LÚmbha KÁthi, at the village of KhÍri in the district of SardhÁr in Sorath.

ÍtimÁd KhÁn GujarÁti Fourth Viceroy, 1583–4.Before he could march against Muzaffar, ShahÁb-ud-dÍn was recalled, and in a.d.1583 or 158411 ÍtimÁd KhÁn GujarÁti was appointed viceroy. At this time a party of 700 or 800 Mughals, called WazÍr KhÁnis, separating from ShahÁb-ud-dÍn, remained behind in hope of being entertained by the new viceroy. As ÍtimÁd KhÁn declared that he was unable to take them into his service, they went off in a body and joined Muzaffar at KhÍri, and he with them and three or four thousand KÁthi horse marched at once on ÁhmedÁbÁd. On hearing this ÍtimÁd KhÁn, leaving his son Sher KhÁn in ÁhmedÁbÁd, followed ShahÁb-ud-dÍn to Kadi, and entreated him to return. ShahÁb-ud-dÍn at first affected indifference telling ÍtimÁd that as he had given over charge he had no more interest in the province. After two days he consented to return if ÍtimÁd stated in writing that the country was on the verge of being lost and that ÍtimÁd being unable to hold it was obliged to relinquish charge to ShahÁb-ud-dÍn. ÍtimÁd KhÁn made the required statement and ShahÁb-ud-dÍn returned with him.12 Muzaffar captures ÁhmedÁbÁd, 1583.Meanwhile Muzaffar ShÁh reached ÁhmedÁbÁd, which was weakly defended, and in a.d.1583, after a brief struggle, took possession of the city. While the siege of ÁhmedÁbÁd was in progress ShahÁb-ud-dÍn and ÍtimÁd KhÁn were returning, and were within a few miles of the city, when news of its capture reached them. They continued their advance, but had barely arrived at ÁhmedÁbÁd when Muzaffar ShÁh totally defeated them taking all their baggage. Seeing the issue of the fight, most of their army went over to Muzaffar ShÁh, and the viceroy and ShahÁb-ud-dÍn with a few men fled to PÁtan. Kutb-ud-dÍn Muhammad KhÁn Atkah, one of the imperial commanders, who was on the KhÁndesh frontier, now advanced by forced marches to Baroda. Muzaffar marched against him with a large army, recently strengthened by the union of the army of Sayad DaulÁt ruler of Cambay. Kutb-ud-dÍn threw himself into Baroda, and, in spite of the treachery of his troops, defended the city for some time. At last, on Muzaffar’s assurance that his life should be spared Kutb-ud-dÍn repaired to the enemies’ camp to treat for peace. On his arrival he was treated with respect, but next day was treacherously put to death. The fort of Broach was also at this
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Akbar Emperor, 1573–1605.
MÍrza AbdÚr-RahÍm KhÁn (KhÁn KhÁnÁn) Fifth Viceroy, 1583–1587. time traitorously surrendered to Muzaffar by the slaves of the mother of Naurang KhÁn, fief-holder of the district.

MÍrza AbdÚr-RahÍm KhÁn (KhÁn KhÁnÁn) Fifth Viceroy 1583–1587.On learning of the GujarÁt insurrection the emperor, at the close of a.d.1583, conferred the government of the province on MÍrza AbdÚr-RahÍm KhÁn, son of BehrÁm KhÁn, who had formerly (a.d.1575) acted as viceroy. Muzaffar, who was still at Broach, hearing of the advance of the new viceroy with a large army, returned rapidly to ÁhmedÁbÁd, and in a.d.1584 fought a pitched battle with MÍrza AbdÚr-RahÍm KhÁn between Sirkhej and ShÁh BhÍkan’s tomb.13 In this engagement Defeat of Muzaffar, 1584.Muzaffar was entirely defeated, and fled to Cambay pursued by MÍrza AbdÚr-RahÍm KhÁn. Muzaffar now hearing that MÍrza AbdÚr-RahÍm KhÁn had been joined by Naurang KhÁn and other nobles with the imperial army from MÁlwa, quitted Cambay, and made for his old place of shelter in RÁjpÍpla. Finding no rest in RÁjpÍpla, after fighting and losing another battle in the RÁjpÍpla hills, he fled first to PÁtan and then to Ídar, and afterwards again repaired to LÚmbha KÁthi in Khiri. In reward for these two victories, the emperor bestowed on MÍrza AbdÚr-RahÍm KhÁn the title of KhÁn KhÁnÁn. Broach now submitted, and Muzaffar sought shelter with AmÍn KhÁn Ghori at JunÁga?h, by whom he was allotted the waste town of Gondal as a residence. Muzaffar made one more attempt to establish his power. He advanced to Morvi, and thence made a raid on RÁdhanpur and plundered that town, but was soon compelled to return to KÁthiÁvÁ?a and seek safety in flight. AmÍn KhÁn, seeing that his cause was hopeless, on pretence of aiding him, induced Muzaffar
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Akbar Emperor, 1573–1605.
MÍrza AbdÚr-RahÍm KhÁn (KhÁn KhÁnÁn) Fifth Viceroy, 1583–1587. to give him about £10,000.14 When he had obtained the money, on one pretext or another, AmÍn KhÁn withheld the promised aid. The KhÁn KhÁnÁn now marched an army into Sorath against Muzaffar. The JÁm of NavÁnagar and AmÍn KhÁn sent their envoys to meet the viceroy, declaring that they had not sheltered Muzaffar, and that he was leading an outlaw’s life, entirely unaided by them. The viceroy agreed not to molest them, on condition that they withheld aid and shelter from Muzaffar, and himself marched against him. When he reached Upleta, about fifteen miles north-west of the fortress of JunÁga?h, the viceroy heard that Muzaffar had sought shelter in the Barda hills in the south-west corner of the peninsula. Advancing to the hills, he halted his main force outside of the rough country and sent skirmishing parties to examine the hills. Muzaffar had already passed through NavÁnagar and across GujarÁt to DÁnta in the Mahi KÁntha. Here he was once more defeated by the ParÁntij garrison, and a third time took refuge in RÁjpÍpla. The viceroy now marched on NavÁnagar to punish the JÁm. The JÁm sent in his submission, and the viceroy taking from him, by way of fine, an elephant and some valuable horses, returned to ÁhmedÁbÁd. He next sent a detachment against Ghazni KhÁn of JhÁlor who had favoured Muzaffar. Ghazni KhÁn submitted, and no further steps were taken against him.

IsmÁÍl Kuli KhÁn Sixth Viceroy, 1587.In a.d.1587 the KhÁn KhÁnÁn was recalled and his place supplied by IsmÁÍl Kuli KhÁn. IsmÁÍl’s government lasted only for a few months, when he was superseded by MÍrza Âziz KokaltÁsh Seventh Viceroy, 1588–1592.MÍrza ÁzÍz KokaltÁsh, who was a second time appointed viceroy. In a.d.1591, Muzaffar again returned to Sorath. Muzaffar seeks Refuge in KÁthiÁvÁ?a.The viceroy, hearing that he had been joined by the JÁm, the Kachh chief, and Daulat KhÁn Ghori the son of AmÍn KhÁn, marched with a large army towards Sorath, and, halting at VÍramgÁm, sent forward a detachment under Naurang KhÁn, Sayad KÁsim, and other officers. Advancing as far as Morvi,15 Naurang KhÁn entered into negotiations with the JÁm, who, however, refused to accede to the demands of the imperial commander. Is attacked by the Imperial Army.On this the viceroy joined Naurang KhÁn with the bulk of his army, and after a short delay marched on NavÁnagar. On his way, at the village of Dhokar near NavÁnagar, Muzaffar and the JÁm opposed him, and an obstinate battle in which the imperialists were nearly worsted, ended in Muzaffar’s defeat. The son and minister of the JÁm were slain, and Muzaffar, the JÁm, and Daulat KhÁn who was wounded, fled to the fortress of JunÁga?h. The viceroy now advanced and plundered NavÁnagar, and remaining there sent Naurang KhÁn, Sayad KÁsÍm, and GÚjar KhÁn against JunÁga?h. The day the army arrived before the fortress Daulat KhÁn died of his wounds. Still the fortress held out, and though the viceroy joined them the siege made little progress as the imperial troops were in great straits for grain. The viceroy returned to ÁhmedÁbÁd, and after seven or eight months again marched against JunÁga?h. The JÁm, who was still a fugitive, sent envoys
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Akbar Emperor, 1573–1605.
MÍrza Âziz KokaltÁsh Seventh Viceroy, 1588–1592. and promised to aid the viceroy if his country were restored to him. The viceroy assented on condition that, during the operations against JunÁga?h, the JÁm should furnish his army with grain. The JÁm agreed to provide grain, and after a siege of three months the garrison surrendered.

News was next received that Muzaffar had taken refuge at Jagat.16 The viceroy at once sent Naurang KhÁn and others with an army in pursuit. On reaching Jagat it was found that Muzaffar had already left for a village owned by a RÁjput named Sewa WÁdhel. Without halting Naurang KhÁn started in pursuit, nearly surprising Muzaffar, Muzaffar Flies to Kachh.who escaping on horseback with a few followers, crossed to Kachh. Sewa WÁdhel covering Muzaffar’s retreat was surprised before he could put to sea and fought gallantly with the imperial forces till he was slain. Naurang KhÁn then came to ArÁmra, a village belonging to SingrÁm WÁdhel, RÁja of Jagat, and after frustrating a scheme devised by that chief to entrap a body of the troops on board ship under pretence of pursuing Muzaffar’s family, led his men back to JunÁga?h. The viceroy, hearing in what direction Muzaffar had fled, marched to Morvi, where the JÁm of NavÁnagar came and paid his respects. At the same time the Kachh chief, who is called KhengÁr by Farishtah and in the Mirat-i-Áhmedi and BhÁra in the Mirat-i-Sikandri, sent a message that if the viceroy would refrain from invading his country and would give him his ancestral district of Morvi and supply him with a detachment of troops, he would point out where Muzaffar was concealed. The KhÁn-i-Ázam agreed to these terms and the chief captured Muzaffar and handed him to the force sent to secure him. The detachment, strictly guarding the prisoner, were marching rapidly towards Morvi, when, on reaching Dhrol, about thirty miles east of JÁmnagar, under pretence of obeying a call of nature, Muzaffar withdrew and cut his throat with a razor, so that he died. Commits Suicide, 1591–92.This happened in a.d.1591–92. The viceroy sent Muzaffar’s head to court, and though he was now recalled by the emperor, he delayed on pretence of wishing to humble the Portuguese. His real object was to make a pilgrimage to Makkah, and in a.d.1592, after obtaining the necessary permission from the Portuguese, he started from VerÁval.17 During this viceroyalty an imperial farmÁn ordered that the state share of the produce should be one-half and the other half should be left to the cultivator and further that from each half five per cent should be deducted for the village headmen. All other taxes were declared illegal, and it was provided that when lands or houses were sold, half the government demand should be realized from the seller and half from the buyer.

SultÁn MurÁd Baksh Eighth Viceroy, 1592–1600.The emperor, who was much vexed to hear of the departure of the viceroy, appointed prince SultÁn MurÁd Bakhsh in his stead with as his minister Muhammad SÁdikkhÁn one of the great nobles. In a.d.1593–94 MÍrza ÂzÍz KokaltÁsh returned from his pilgrimage and
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Akbar Emperor, 1573–1605.
MÍrza ÂzÍz KokaltÁsh Ninth Viceroy, 1600–1606. repaired to court, and next year on prince MurÁd Bakhsh going to the Dakhan, SÚrajsingh was appointed his deputy. In a.d.1594–95 BahÁdur, son of the late Muzaffar ShÁh, excited a rebellion, but was defeated by SÚrajsingh. In a.d.1600, owing to the death of SultÁn MurÁd, MÍrza ÂzÍz KokaltÁsh Ninth Viceroy, 1600–1606.MÍrza ÂzÍz KokaltÁsh was a third time appointed viceroy of GujarÁt, and he sent Shams-ud-dÍn Husain as his deputy to ÁhmedÁbÁd. Further changes were made in a.d.1602 when MÍrza ÂzÍz sent his eldest son ShÁdmÁn as deputy; his second son Khurram as governor of JunÁga?h; and Sayad BÁyazÍd as minister. Khurram was afterwards relieved of the charge of Sorath and JunÁga?h by his brother AbdullÁh.

JehÁngÍr Emperor, 1605–1627.In a.d.1605 NÚr-ud-dÍn Muhammad JehÁngÍr ascended the imperial throne. Shortly after his accession the emperor published a decree remitting certain taxes, and also in cases of robbery fixing the responsibility on the landowners of the place where the robbery was committed. The decree also renewed Akbar’s decree forbidding soldiers billetting themselves forcibly in cultivators’ houses. Finally it directed that dispensaries and hospital wards should be opened in all large towns. In the early days of JehÁngÍr’s reign disturbance was caused in the neighbourhood of ÁhmedÁbÁd by BahÁdur a son of Muzaffar ShÁh. JehÁngÍr despatched PatrdÁs RÁja VikramÁjit as viceroy of GujarÁt to put down the rising. The RÁja’s arrival at ÁhmedÁbÁd restored order. Some of the rebel officers submitting were reinstated in their commands: the rest fled to the hills.18 KalÍj KhÁn Tenth Viceroy, 1606.On the RÁja’s return JehÁngÍr appointed KalÍj KhÁn to be viceroy of GujarÁt; but KalÍj KhÁn never joined his charge, allowing MÍrza ÂzÍz KokaltÁsh to act in his place. In a.d.1606, on the transfer of MÍrza ÂzÍz to the LÁhor viceroyalty, Sayad Murtaza Eleventh Viceroy, 1606–1609.Sayad Murtaza KhÁn BukhÁri, who had recently been ennobled in consequence of crushing the rebellion under JehÁngÍr’s son Khusrao, was entrusted with the charge of GujarÁt, Sayad BÁyazÍd being continued as minister. Sayad Murtaza, who is said to have further ingratiated himself with the emperor by the present of a magnificent ruby, appears to have been more of a scholar than a governor. His only notable acts were the repair of the fort of Kadi19 and the populating of the BukhÁra quarter of ÁhmedÁbÁd. During his tenure of power disturbances broke out, and RÁi GopinÁth, son of RÁja Todar Mal, with RÁja Sursingh of Jodhpur, were sent to GujarÁt by way of MÁlwa Surat and Baroda. They overcame and imprisoned KaliÁn, chief of BelpÁr,20 but were defeated by the MÁndwa21 chieftain, and withdrew to ÁhmedÁbÁd. RÁi GopinÁth, obtaining reinforcements, returned to MÁndwa and succeeded in capturing the chief. He then marched against the rebellious Kolis of the KÁnkrej, and took prisoner their
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
JehÁngir Emperor, 1605–1627.
MÍrza ÂzÍz KokaltÁsh Twelfth Viceroy, 1609–1611. leader, whom, on promising not to stir up future rebellions, he afterwards restored to liberty.

The first connection of the English with GujarÁt dates from Sayad Murtaza’s viceroyalty. In a.d.1608 he allowed Captain Hawkins to sell goods in Surat.

MÍrza ÂzÍz KokaltÁsh Twelfth Viceroy, 1609–1611.In a.d.1609 the KhÁn-i-Ázam MÍrza ÂzÍz KokaltÁsh was for the fourth time appointed viceroy of GujarÁt. He was allowed to remain at court and send his son JehÁngÍr KÚli KhÁn as his deputy with MohandÁs DivÁn and MasÛd Beg HamadÁni.22 This was the beginning of government by deputy, a custom which in later times was so injurious to imperial interests.

Sack of Surat by Malik Âmbar, 1609.In 1609 Malik Âmbar, chief minister of NizÁm ShÁh’s court and governor of DaulatÁbÁd, invaded GujarÁt at the head of 50,000 horse, and after plundering both the Surat and Baroda districts retired as quickly as he came. To prevent such raids a body of 25,000 men was posted at RÁmnagar23 on the Dakhan frontier, and remained there for four years. The details of the contingents of this force are:

AbdullÁh KhÁn FÍrÚz Jang Thirteenth Viceroy, 1611–1616.In a.d.1611 AbdullÁh KhÁn BahÁdur FÍrÚz Jang was appointed thirteenth viceroy of GujarÁt, with GhiÁs-ud-dÍn as his minister, under orders to proceed to the Dakhan to avenge the recent inroad.24 The viceroy marched to the Dakhan but returned without effecting anything. In a.d.1616, he was again, in company with prince ShÁh
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
JehÁngir Emperor, 1605–1627.
AbdullÁh KhÁn FÍrÚz Jang Thirteenth Viceroy, 1611–1616. JehÁn, directed to move against Ahmednagar. This second expedition was successful. The country was humbled, and, except Malik Ambar, most of the nobles submitted to the emperor. During this viceroy’s term of office an imperial decree was issued forbidding nobles on the frontiers and in distant provinces to affix their seals to any communications addressed to imperial servants.

Mukarrab KhÁn Fourteenth Viceroy, 1616.In a.d.1616 on their return to Dehli, Mukarrab KhÁn, a surgeon who had risen to notice by curing the emperor Akbar and was ennobled by JehÁngÍr, and who, since a.d.1608, had been in charge of Surat or of Cambay, was appointed fourteenth viceroy of GujarÁt, with Muhammad Safi as his minister. Elephant-hunting in the Panch MahÁls, 1616.In the following year (a.d.1617) the emperor JehÁngÍr came to GujarÁt to hunt wild elephants in the Dohad forests. But owing to the density of the forest only twelve were captured. Early in a.d.1618 he visited Cambay which he notes only vessels of small draught could reach and where he ordered a gold and silver tanka twenty times heavier than the gold mohar to be minted. From Cambay after a stay of ten days he went to ÁhmedÁbÁd and received the RÁja of Ídar. As the climate of ÁhmedÁbÁd disagreed with him, JehÁngÍr retired to the banks of the Mahi.25 Here the JÁm of NavÁnagar came to pay homage, and presented fifty Kachh horses, a hundred gold mohars, and a hundred rupees, and received a dress of honour. The emperor now returned to ÁhmedÁbÁd, where he was visited by RÁi BhÁra of Kachh, who presented 100 Kachh horses, 100 ashrafis26 and 2000 rupees. The RÁi, who was ninety years of age,
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
JehÁngir Emperor, 1605–1627.
Mukarrab KhÁn Fourteenth Viceroy, 1616. had never paid his respects to any emperor. JehÁngÍr, much pleased with the greatest of GujarÁt ZamÍndÁrs, who, in spite of his ninety years was hale and in full possession of all his senses, gave him his own horse, a male and female elephant, a dagger, a sword with diamond-mounted hilt, and four rings of different coloured precious stones. As he still suffered from the climate, the emperor set out to return to Ágra, and just at that time (a.d.1618–19) he heard of the birth of a grandson, afterwards the famous AbÚl Muzaffar Muhiyy-ud-dÍn Muhammad AurangzÍb who was born at Dohad in GujarÁt.27 In honour of this event ShÁh JehÁn held a great festival at Ujjain.

Prince ShÁh JehÁn Fifteenth Viceroy, 1618–1622.Before the emperor started for Ágra, he appointed prince ShÁh JehÁn fifteenth viceroy of GujarÁt in the place of Mukarrab KhÁn whose general inefficiency and churlish treatment of the European traders he did not approve. Muhammad Safi was continued as minister. As ShÁh JehÁn preferred remaining at Ujjain he chose Rustam KhÁn as his deputy; but the emperor, disapproving of this choice, selected RÁja VikramÁjit in Rustam KhÁn’s stead. Shortly after, ShÁh JehÁn Rebels, 1622–1623.in a.d.1622–23, ShÁh JehÁn rebelled, and in one of the battles which took place RÁja VikramÁjit was killed. ShÁh JehÁn, during his viceroyalty, Builds the ShÁhi BÁgh at ÁhmedÁbÁd.built the ShÁhi BÁgh and the royal baths in the Bhadar at ÁhmedÁbÁd. After the death of VikramÁjit, his brother succeeded as deputy viceroy. While ShÁh JehÁn was still in rebellion, the emperor SultÁn DÁwar Baksh Sixteenth Viceroy, 1622–1624.appointed SultÁn DÁwar Baksh the son of prince Khusrao, sixteenth viceroy of GujarÁt, Muhammad Safi being retained in his post of minister. ShÁh JehÁn, who was then at MÁndu in MÁlwa, appointed on his part AbdullÁh KhÁn BahÁdur FÍrÚz Jang viceroy and a khÁjahsara or eunuch of AbdullÁh KhÁn his minister. SultÁn DÁwar Baksh, the emperor’s nominee, was accompanied by KhÁn-i-Ázam MÍrza ÂzÍz KokaltÁsh to instruct him in the management of affairs. Prince ShÁh JehÁn had directed his minister to carry away all the treasure; but Muhammad Safi, who appears to have been a man of great ability, at once imprisoned the prince’s partisans in ÁhmedÁbÁd, and, among others, captured the eunuch of AbdullÁh KhÁn. When this news reached the prince at MÁndu, he sent AbdullÁh KhÁn BahÁdur with an army to GujarÁt by way of Baroda. Muhammad Safi KhÁn met and defeated him, and forced him to fly and rejoin the prince at MÁndu. For his gallant conduct Muhammad Safi received the title of Saif KhÁn, with an increase in his monthly pay from £70 to £300 (Rs. 700–3000) and the command of 3000 horse. Meanwhile SultÁn DÁwar Baksh, with the KhÁn-i-Ázam, arrived and assumed the charge of the government, but the KhÁn-i-Ázam died soon after in a.d.1624, and was buried at Sarkhej. SultÁn DÁwar Baksh was
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
JehÁngir Emperor, 1605–1627.
Saif KhÁn Seventeenth Viceroy, 1624–1627. re-called, and KhÁn JehÁn was appointed deputy viceroy with YÚsuf KhÁn as his minister. On his arrival at ÁhmedÁbÁd, prince ShÁh JehÁn employed KhÁn JehÁn in his own service, and sent him as his ambassador to the emperor. Saif KhÁn, who acted for him, may be called the seventeenth viceroy, as indeed he had been the governing spirit for the last eight or ten years. He held the post of viceroy of GujarÁt until the death of the emperor in a.d.1627.

ShÁh JehÁn Emperor, 1627–1658.On the death of the emperor JehÁngir, his son Abul Muzaffar ShahÁb-ud-dÍn ShÁh JehÁn ascended the throne. Remembering Saif KhÁn’s hostility he at once caused him to be imprisoned, and Sher KhÁn TÚar Eighteenth Viceroy, 1627–1632.appointed Sher KhÁn TÚar eighteenth viceroy with KhwÁjah HayÁt as his minister. When the emperor was near Surat, he appointed MÍr Shams-ud-dÍn to be governor of Surat castle. In a.d.1627, ShÁh JehÁn on his way to Dehli visited ÁhmedÁbÁd and encamped outside of the city near the KÁnkariya lake. Sher KhÁn was advanced to the command of 5000 men, and received an increase of salary and other gifts. At the same time KhÁn JehÁn was appointed his minister, and MÎrza Ísa TarkhÁn was made viceroy of Thatta in Sindh. In a.d.1628 KhwÁjah AbÚl Hasan was sent to conquer the country of NÁsik and Sangamner which he ravaged, and returned after taking the fort of ChÁndo? and levying tribute from the chief of BÁglÁn. In a.d.1630, JamÁl KhÁn KarÁwal came to the GujarÁt-KhÁndesh frontier and captured 130 elephants in the SultÁnpur forests, seventy of which valued at a lÁkh of rupees were sent to Dehli. Famine, 1631–32.In a.d.1631–32 GujarÁt was wasted by the famine known as the SatiÁsio KÁl or ’87 famine. So severe was the scarcity that according to the BÁdshÁh NÁma, rank sold for a cake, life was offered for a loaf, the flesh of a son was preferred to his love. The emperor opened soup kitchens and alms-houses at Surat and ÁhmedÁbÁd and ordered Rs. 5000 to be distributed.28

IslÁm KhÁn Nineteenth Viceroy, 1632.Sher KhÁn was re-called in a.d.1632, but died ere he could be relieved by IslÁm KhÁn, the nineteenth viceroy of GujarÁt, along with whom KhwÁjah JehÁn was chosen minister. IslÁm KhÁn’s monthly salary was £400 (Rs. 4000), and his command was raised from 5000 to 6000. In a.d.1632, KhwÁjah JehÁn went on pilgrimage to Makkah, and was succeeded as minister by Ágha Afzal with the title of Afzal KhÁn. Afzal KhÁn was soon appointed commander of Baroda, and RiÁyat KhÁn succeeded him as minister. The post of viceroy of GujarÁt appears to have been granted to whichever of the nobles of the court was in a position to make the most valuable presents to the emperor. Disorder, 1632.Government became lax, the Kolis of the KÁnkrej committed excesses, and the JÁm of NavÁnagar withheld his tribute. BÁkar KhÁn Twentieth Viceroy, 1632.At this time BÁkar KhÁn presented the emperor with golden and jewelled ornaments to the value of Rs. 2,00,000 and was appointed viceroy, RiÁyat KhÁn being continued as minister. In a.d.1633 SipÁhdÁr KhÁn Twenty-first Viceroy, 1633.SipÁhdÁr KhÁn was appointed viceroy, and presented the emperor with costly embroidered velvet tents with golden posts worthy to hold the famous Takhti-TÁÚs or Peacock Throne which was just completed at a cost of one kror of rupees. RiÁyat KhÁn was continued as minister.
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
ShÁh JehÁn Emperor, 1627–1658.
Saif KhÁn Twenty-second Viceroy, 1633–1635. Saif KhÁn Twenty-second Viceroy, 1633–1635.In a.d.1635 Saif KhÁn was appointed twenty-second viceroy, with RiÁyat KhÁn as minister. During Saif KhÁn’s tenure of power MÍrza Ísa TarkhÁn received a grant29 of the province of Sorath, which had fallen waste through the laxity of its governors. Before he had been in power for more than a year Saif KhÁn was recalled. As he was preparing to start, he died at ÁhmedÁbÁd and was buried in ShÁhi Álam’s shrine to which he had added the dome over the tomb and the mosque to the north of the enclosure.

Ázam KhÁn Twenty-third Viceroy, 1635–1642.At the end of a.d.1635 Ázam KhÁn was appointed twenty-third viceroy, with RiÁyat KhÁn in the first instance, and afterwards with MÍr Muhammad SÁbir, as minister. The men who had recently been allowed to act as viceroys had shown themselves unfit to keep in order the rebellious chiefs and predatory tribes of GujarÁt. For this reason the emperor’s choice fell upon Ázam KhÁn, a man of ability, who perceived the danger of the existing state of affairs, and saw that to restore the province to order, firm, even severe, measures were required. When Ázam KhÁn reached Sidhpur, the merchants complained bitterly of the outrages of one KÁnji, a ChÚnvÁlia Koli, who had been especially daring in plundering merchandise and committing highway robberies. Punishes the Kolis,Ázam KhÁn, anxious to start with a show of vigour, before proceeding to ÁhmedÁbÁd, marched against KÁnji, who fled to the village of BhÁdar in the KherÁlu district of Kadi, sixty miles north-east of ÁhmedÁbÁd. Ázam KhÁn pursued him so hotly that KÁnji surrendered, handed over his plunder, and gave security not only that he would not again commit robberies, but that he would pay an annual tribute of £1000 (Rs. 10,000). Ázam KhÁn then built two fortified posts in the Koli country, naming one ÁzamÁbÁd after himself, and the other KhalÍlÁbÁd after his son. He next marched to KÁthiÁvÁ?a30 and Subdues the KÁthis.subdued the KÁthis, who were continually ravaging the country near DhandhÚka, and to check them erected a fortified post called ShÁhpÚr, on the opposite side of the river to Chuda-RÁnpur. Ágha FÁzil known as FÁzil KhÁn, who had at one time held the post of minister, and had, in a.d.1636, been appointed governor of Baroda, was now selected to command the special cavalry composing the bodyguard of prince Muhammad AurangzÍb. At the same time Sayad IlahdÁd was appointed governor of Surat fort, Ísa TarkhÁn remaining at JunÁga?h. In a.d.1637, MÍr Muhammad SÁbir was chosen minister in place of RiÁyat KhÁn, and in a.d.1638 MuÎz-zul-Mulk was re-appointed to the command of Surat fort. Shortly after Ázam KhÁn’s daughter was sent to Dehli, and espoused to the emperor’s son Muhammad ShujÁ BahÁdur. In a.d.1639, Ázam KhÁn, who for his love of building was known as Udhai or the Whiteant, devoted his attention to establishing fortified posts to check rebellion and robbery in the country of the Kolis and the KÁthis. So complete were his arrangements that people could travel safely all over JhÁlÁvÁ?a,
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
ShÁh JehÁn Emperor, 1627–1658.
Ázam KhÁn Twenty-third Viceroy, 1635–1642. KÁthiÁvÁ?a, NavÁnagar, and Kachh.Revolt of the JÁm of NavÁnagar, 1640. The JÁm, who of late years had been accustomed to do much as he pleased, resented these arrangements, and in a.d.1640 withheld his tribute, and set up a mint to coin koris.31 When Ázam KhÁn heard of this, he marched with an army against NavÁnagar, and, on arriving about three miles from the city, he sent the JÁm a peremptory order to pay the arrears of tribute and to close his mint, ordering him, if any disturbance occurred in that part of the country, at once to send his son to the viceroy to learn his will. He further ordered the JÁm to dismiss to their own countries all refugees from other parts of GujarÁt. The JÁm being unable to cope with Ázam KhÁn, acceded to these terms; and Ázam KhÁn, receiving the arrears of tribute, returned to ÁhmedÁbÁd. As Ázam KhÁn’s stern and somewhat rough rule made him unpopular, Sayad JÁlÁl BukhÁri whose estates were being deserted from fear of him brought the matter to the emperor’s notice.

Ísa TarkhÁn Twenty-fourth Viceroy, 1642–1644.In consequence in a.d.1642 the emperor recalled Ázam KhÁn and appointed in his place MÍrza Ísa TarkhÁn, then governor of Sorath, twenty-fourth viceroy of GujarÁt. And as it was feared that in anger at being re-called Ázam KhÁn might oppress some of those who had complained against him, this order was written by the emperor with his own hand. Thanks to Ázam KhÁn’s firm rule, the new viceroy found the province in good order, and was able to devote his attention to financial reforms, among them the introduction of the share, bhÁgvatÁi, system of levying land revenue in kind. When MÍrza Ísa TarkhÁn was raised to be viceroy of GujarÁt, he appointed his son InÁyatullÁh to be governor of JunÁga?h, and Muiz-zul-Mulk to fill the post of minister. During the viceroyalty of MÍrza Ísa Sayad JalÁl BukhÁri a descendant of Saint ShÁhi Álam was appointed to the high post of Sadr-us-SudÚr or chief law officer for the whole of India. This was a time of prosperity especially in Surat, whose port dues which were settled on the PÁdshÁh Begam had risen from two and a half to five lÁkhs. MÍrza Ísa TarkhÁn’s term of power was brief. In a.d.1644 the emperor appointed prince Muhammad AurangzÍb to the charge of GujarÁt, Muiz-zul-Mulk being ordered by the emperor to continue to act as his minister. An event of interest in the next year (a.d.1645) is the capture of seventy-three elephants in the forests of Dohad and ChÁmpÁner.32

Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
ShÁh JehÁn Emperor, 1627–1658.
Prince Muhammad AurangzÍb Twenty-fifth Viceroy, 1644–1646. Prince Muhammad AurangzÍb Twenty-fifth Viceroy, 1644–1646.Prince AurangzÍb’s rule in GujarÁt was marked by religious disputes. In 1644 a quarrel between Hindus and MusalmÁns ended in the prince ordering a newly built (1638) temple of ChintÁman near Saraspur, a suburb of ÁhmedÁbÁd, above a mile and a half east of the city, to be desecrated by slaughtering a cow in it. He then turned the building into a mosque, but the emperor ordered its restoration to the Hindus. In another case both of the contending parties were MusalmÁns, the orthodox believers, aided by the military under the prince’s orders, who was enraged at Sayad RÁju one of his followers joining the heretics, attacking and slaughtering the representatives of the Mahdawiyeh sect in ÁhmedÁbÁd. Sayad RÁju’s spirit, under the name of RÁjÚ ShahÍd or RÁjÚ the martyr, is still worshipped as a disease-scaring guardian by the PinjÁrÁs and MansÚris and DÚdhwÁlas of ÁhmedÁbÁd.33 ShÁistah KhÁn Twenty-sixth Viceroy, 1646–1648.In consequence of the part he had taken in promoting these disturbances, prince AurangzÍb was relieved and ShÁistah KhÁn appointed twenty-sixth viceroy of GujarÁt. In the following year Muiz-zul-Mulk, who had till then acted as minister, was recalled, and his place supplied by HÁfiz Muhammad NÁsir. At the same time the governorship of Surat and Cambay was given to Áli Akbar of IspahÁn. This Áli Akbar was a Persian horse merchant who brought to Agra seven horses of pure Arabian breed. For six of these ShÁh JehÁn paid Rs. 25,000. The seventh a bay so pleased the emperor that he paid Rs. 15,000 for it, named it the Priceless Ruby, and considered it the gem of the imperial stud. In a.d.1646 Áli Akbar was assassinated by a Hindu and Muiz-zul-Mulk succeeded him as governor of Surat and Cambay. Prince Muhammad DÁrÁ Shikoh Twenty-seventh Viceroy, 1648–1652.As ShÁistah KhÁn failed to control the GujarÁt Kolis, in a.d.1648 prince Muhammad DÁrÁ Shikoh was chosen viceroy, with Ghairat KhÁn as his deputy and HÁfiz Muhammad NÁsir as minister, while ShÁistah KhÁn was sent to MÁlwa to relieve ShÁh NawÁz KhÁn. While DÁrÁ Shikoh was viceroy an ambassador landed at Surat from the court of the Turkish SultÁn Muhammad IV. (a.d.1648–1687).34 In a.d.1651, MÍr YahyÁ was appointed minister in place of HÁfiz Muhammad NÁsir, and in a.d.1652 prince DÁrÁ was sent to KandahÁr. On
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
ShÁh JehÁn Emperor, 1627–1658.
ShÁistah KhÁn Twenty-eighth Viceroy, 1652–1654. ShÁistah KhÁn Twenty-eighth Viceroy, 1652–1654.the transfer of the prince ShÁistah KhÁn became viceroy for the second time, with MÍr YahyÁ as minister and SultÁn YÁr governor of Baroda with the title of Himmat KhÁn. MÍrza Ísa TarkhÁn was summoned to court from his charge of Sorath and his son Muhammad SÁlih was appointed his successor. In a.d.1653 an ill-advised imperial order reducing the pay of the troopers, as well as of the better class of horsemen who brought with them a certain number of followers, created much discontent. During this year several changes of governors were made. Muhammad NÁsir was sent to Surat, Himmat KhÁn to Dholka, the governor of Dholka to Baroda, Kutb-ud-dÍn to JunÁga?h, Sayad Sheikhan son-in-law of Sayad Diler KhÁn to TharÁd under PÁtan, and JagmÁl, the holder of SÁnand, to Dholka. In the same year ShÁistah KhÁn made an expedition against the ChunvÁlia Kolis, who, since Ázam KhÁn’s time (a.d.1642), had been ravaging VÍramgÁm, Dholka, and Kadi, and raiding even as far as the villages round ÁhmedÁbÁd.

Prince MurÁd Bakhsh Twenty-ninth Viceroy, 1654–1657.In spite of ShÁistah KhÁn’s success in restoring order the emperor in a.d.1654 appointed in his place prince Muhammad MurÁd Bakhsh twenty-ninth viceroy of GujarÁt. DiÁnat KhÁn, and immediately after him Rehmat KhÁn, was appointed minister in place of MÍr YahyÁ. MujÁhid KhÁn JhÁlori relieved MÍr Shams-ud-dÍn as governor of PÁtan and Godhra was entrusted to Sayad Hasan, son of Sayad Diler KhÁn, and its revenues assigned to him. When prince MurÁd Bakhsh reached JhÁbua35 on his way to ÁhmedÁbÁd, the chief presented him with £1500 (Rs. 15,000) as tribute; and when he reached ÁhmedÁbÁd, KÁnji, the notorious leader of the ChunvÁlia Kolis; surrendered through Sayad Sheikhan, and promised to remain quiet and pay a yearly tribute of £1000 (Rs. 10,000). Dildost, son of SarfarÁz KhÁn, was appointed to the charge of the post of BÍjÁpur under PÁtan; while Sayad Sheikhan was made governor of SÁdra and PÍplod, and Sayad Áli paymaster, with the title of Radawi KhÁn. Many other changes were made at the same time, the prince receiving a grant of the district of JunÁga?h. One PÍrjÍ, a Bohora, said to have been one of the richest merchants of Surat, is noted as sending the emperor four Arab horses and prince MurÁd as presenting the emperor with eighteen of the famous GujarÁt bullocks. During the viceroyalty of DÁrÁ Shikoh sums of Rs. 1,00,000 to Rs. 2,00,000 used to be spent on articles in demand in Arabia. The articles were sent under some trustworthy officer and the proceeds applied to charitable purposes in the sacred cities.

MurÁd proclaims himself Emperor, 1657.At the end of a.d.1657, on the receipt of news that ShÁh JehÁn was dangerously ill prince MurÁd Bakhsh proclaimed himself emperor by the title of Murawwaj-ud-dÍn and ordered the reading of the Friday sermon and the striking of coin in his own name.36 His next step was to put to death the minister Áli Naki, and direct his men to seize the fort of Surat then held by his sister the Begam SÁhibah and to take possession of the property of the Begam. He imprisoned Abdul-LatÍf, son of IslÁm KhÁn, an old servant of the empire. DÁrÁ Shikoh representing MurÁd’s conduct to the emperor obtained an order to
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
ShÁh JehÁn Emperor, 1627–1658.
KÁsam KhÁn Thirtieth Viceroy, 1657–1659. KÁsam KhÁn Thirtieth Viceroy, 1657–1659.transfer him to the governorship of the BerÁrs. MurÁd Bakhsh borrowing £55,000 (5½ lÁkhs of rupees) from the sons of SÁntidÁs Jauhari, £4000 (Rs. 40,000) from RavÍdÁs partner of SÁntidÁs, and £8800 (Rs. 88,000) from SÁnmal and others, raised an army and arranged to meet his brother prince AurangzÍb, and with him march against the MahÁrÁja Jasvatsingh of Jodhpur and KÁsam KhÁn, whom ShÁh JehÁn had appointed viceroys of MÁlwa and GujarÁt, and had ordered to meet at Ujjain and march against the princes. Victory of MurÁd and AurangzÍb.MurÁd Bakhsh and AurangzÍb, uniting their forces early in a.d.1658, fought an obstinate battle with Jasvantsingh, in which they were victorious, and entered Ujjain in triumph. From Ujjain prince MurÁd Bakhsh wrote MuÂtamid KhÁn his eunuch an order allotting to MÁnikchand £15,000 (Rs. 1,50,000) from the revenues of Surat, £10,000 (Rs. 1,00,000) from Cambay, £10,000 (Rs. 1,00,00) from PitlÁd, £7500 (Rs. 75,000) from Dholka, £5000 (Rs. 50,000) from Broach, £4500 (Rs. 45,000) from VÍramgÁm, and £3000 (Rs. 30,000) from the salt works, in all £55,000 (5½ lÁkhs of rupees). Further sums of £4000 (Rs. 40,000) are mentioned as due to RavidÁs partner of SÁntidÁs, and £8800 (Rs. 88,000) to SÁnmal and others. From Ujjain the princes advanced on Agra. At DholpÚr they fought a still more obstinate battle with the imperial forces commanded by prince DÁrÁ Shikoh and after a long and doubtful contest were victorious. Prince DÁrÁ Shikoh fled to Dehli, and the princes advanced and took possession of Agra. After confining his father, AurangzÍb marched for Mathura, AurangzÍb confines MurÁd, 1658.and having no further use of MurÁd, he there seized and imprisoned him. From Mathura, AurangzÍb went to Dehli from which DarÁ Shikoh had meanwhile retired to LÁhor.

AurangzÍb Emperor, 1658–1707.In a.d.1658, while his father was still alive, AurangzÍb assumed the imperial titles and ascended the throne. In a.d.1659 he appointed ShÁh NawÁz KhÁn SafÁvi thirty-first viceroy of GujarÁt, with Rahmat KhÁn as minister. ShÁh NawÁz KhÁn SafÁvi Thirty-first Viceroy, 1659.On this occasion SÁntidÁs received a decree directing that the provincial officials should settle his accounts and Kutb-ud-dÍn Kheshgi was appointed to Sorath. ShÁh NawÁz KhÁn was the father-in-law of both AurangzÍb and MurÁd Bakhsh. Shortly after his appointment, while MurÁd’s wife was paying a visit to her father, Prince DÁrÁ Rebels, 1659.prince DÁrÁ Shikoh leaving Kachh, where he had been hospitably received by the RÁv, made a sudden descent on GujarÁt. The viceroy, won over by the entreaties of his daughter who saw in the success of DÁrÁ a hope of release for her husband, joined the prince who entered ÁhmedÁbÁd. After raising funds from Surat and ÁhmedÁbÁd he collected an army of 22,000 horse and appointing Sayad Áhmed deputy viceroy, marched towards AjmÍr, once more to try his chance of empire. Is Defeated, 1659.He was defeated and fled to ÁhmedÁbÁd, where SardÁr KhÁn, who had confined Sayad Áhmed, closed the gates of the city in his face. The unhappy prince retired to Kachh, but finding no support fled to Sindh, where he was treacherously seized and handed to his brother by the chief of JÚn. Jasvantsingh Thirty-second Viceroy, 1659–1662.The emperor AurangzÍb, forgiving Jasvantsingh his opposition at Ujjain, conferred on him the government of GujarÁt, and in the place of Rahmat KhÁn appointed Makramat KhÁn to act as minister. SardÁr
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
AurangzÍb Emperor, 1658–1707.
Jasvantsingh Thirty-second Viceroy, 1659–1662. KhÁn was thanked for his loyal conduct and made governor of Broach. Praise was also given to Sher and Ábid of the BÁbi family. Presents were bestowed on Kutb-ud-dÍn, governor of Sorath, and, shortly after, for his refusal to help prince DÁrÁ, TamÁchi chief of Kachh was rewarded. These measures removed all signs of disaffection at the accession of AurangzÍb. A decree was issued directing Rahmat KhÁn the minister to forbid the cultivation of the bhang plant. Mohtasibs or censors were appointed to prevent the drinking of wine or the use of intoxicating drugs and preparations. On the formal installation of AurangzÍb in a.d.1658–59 the ÁhmedÁbÁd KÁzi was ordered to read the sermon in his name. The KÁzi objected that ShÁh JehÁn was alive. Sheikh Abdul WahhÁb, a Sunni Bohora of Pattan, whom on account of his learning and intelligence AurangzÍb had made KÁzi of his camp, contended that the weakness and age of ShÁh JehÁn made a successor necessary. The Bohora prevailed and the sermon was read in AurangzÍb’s name.

Jasvantsinghji sent against ShivÁji, 1662.In a.d.1662 Jasvantsingh received orders to march to the Dakhan and join prince MuÂzzam against ShivÁji the MarÁtha leader; and Kutb-ud-dÍn, governor of Sorath, was directed to act for him in his absence. In this year MahÁbat KhÁn was appointed thirty-third viceroy of GujarÁt, and SardÁr KhÁn, the governor of Broach, was sent to Ídar to suppress disturbances. MahÁbat KhÁn Thirty-third Viceroy, 1662–1663.About a.d.1664 Ranmalji or SatarsÁla JÁm of NavÁnagar died, leaving by a RÁhtho? mother a child named LÁkha whom the late chief’s brother RÁisinghji with the aid of the RÁv of Kachh and other JÁdejÁs, set aside and himself mounted the throne. Malik Ísa, a servant of the family, took LÁkha to ÁhmedÁbÁd and invoked the aid of the viceroy. Capture of NavÁnagar (IslÁmnagar), 1664.Kutb-ud-dÍn marching on NavÁnagar, defeated and slew RÁisingh, took possession of NavÁnagar, and annexed the territory, changing the name of the city into IslÁmnagar. RÁisingh’s son, TamÁchi, then an infant, escaped and was sheltered in Kachh. In the same year (a.d.1664) a BalÚch personating DÁrÁ Shikoh, was joined by many Kolis, and disturbed the peace of the ChÚnvÁl, now a portion of the ÁhmedÁbÁd collectorate north of VÍramgÁm. With the aid of SherkhÁn BÁbi, MahÁbat KhÁn quelled these disturbances, and established two new military posts, one at GÁjna under Cambay and one at BelpÁr under PetlÁd.

In this year an imperial decree was received requiring the discontinuance of the following abuses: The charging of blackmail by executive subordinates; A tax on private individuals on their cutting their own trees; Forced purchases by state servants; The levy by local officers of a tax on persons starting certain crafts; The levy of a tax on laden carts and on cattle for sale; The closing of Hindu shops on the Jain Pachusan and at the monthly elevenths or EkÁdasi; Forced labour; The exclusive purchase of new grain by revenue officers; The exclusive sale by officers of the vegetables and other produce of their gardens; A tax on the slaughtering of cattle in addition to that on their sale; Payments to the Ahmednagar Kolis to prevent MusalmÁns praying in the Ahmednagar mosque; The re-opening of certain Hindu temples; The aggressive conduct and obscenity practised during the Holi and DivÁli holidays; The sale by Hindus of toy horses and elephants
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
AurangzÍb Emperor, 1658–1707.
MahÁbat KhÁn Thirty-third Viceroy, 1662–1663. during MusalmÁn holidays; The exclusive sale of rice by certain rich Banias; The exclusive purchase by Imperial officers of roses for the manufacture of rosewater; The mixed gatherings of men and women at MusalmÁn shrines; The setting up of nezas or holy hands and the sitting of harlots on roadsides or in markets; The charging by revenue officers of scarcity rates; The special tax in ParÁntij, Modasa, Vadnagar, BisnÁpur, and Harsol on MusalmÁn owners of mango trees; The levy of duty both at Surat and ÁhmedÁbÁd from English and Dutch merchants.37

ShivÁji Plunders Surat, 1664.In the same year (a.d.1664) ShivÁji made a rapid descent on Surat, then undefended by walls, and, by plundering the city, created great alarm over the whole province. The viceroy MahÁbat KhÁn marched to Surat with the following chiefs and officers: JagmÁl, proprietor of SÁnand; the governor of Dholka; ShÁdimal, chief of Ídar; Sayad Hasan KhÁn, governor of Ídar; Muhammad Ábid with 200 superior landholders of the district of Kadi; the RÁja of DÚngarpur; Sabalsingh RÁja of WadhwÁn and other chiefs of JhÁlÁvÁ?h; LÁl KaliÁn chief of MÁndva in the GÁikwÁr’s dominions near Atarsumba; the chief of Elol under Ahmednagar in the Mahi KÁntha Agency; PrathirÁj of HaldarvÁs; and the chief of BelpÁr. Before the viceroy’s army arrived at Surat ShivÁji had carried off his plunder to his head-quarters at RÁygad.38 After remaining three months at Surat levying tribute from the superior landholders, the viceroy returned to AhmedÁbÁd, and InÁyat KhÁn, the revenue collector of Surat, built a wall round the town for its protection. About this time Kutb-ud-dÍn KhÁn, governor of Sorath, was sent with an army to aid the MahÁrÁja Jasvantsingh in the Dakhan and SardÁr KhÁn was appointed in his place. In a.d.1666 the MarÁthÁs again attacked and plundered Surat, and in the same year the deposed emperor ShÁh JehÁn died. AurangzÍb attempted to induce the English to supply him with European artillerymen and engineers. The request was evaded. Copper Coinage Introduced, 1668.In this year the viceroy, MahÁbat KhÁn, in place of the old iron coins, introduced a copper coinage into GujarÁt. SardÁr Khan, the governor of JunÁga?h, was put in charge of IslÁmnagar (NavÁnagar) and 500 additional horsemen were placed under him. Special checks by branding and inspection were introduced to prevent nobles and others keeping less than their proper contingent of horse. In the same year the cultivator who paid the rent was acknowledged to be the owner of the land and a system of strengtheners or takÁwi after due security was introduced.

KhÁn JehÁn Thirty-fourth Viceroy, 1668–1671.In a.d.1668, BahÁdur KhÁn KhÁn JehÁn, who had formerly been viceroy of AllahÁbÁd, was appointed viceroy of GujarÁt, with HÁji Shafi KhÁn, and afterwards KhwÁjah Muhammad HÁshÍm, as his ministers. KhÁn JehÁn joined his government in a.d.1669, and in a.d.1670 ShivÁji again plundered Surat. In a.d.1670 ShivÁji made
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
AurangzÍb Emperor, 1658–1707.
KhÁn JehÁn Thirty-fourth Viceroy, 1668–1671. an attempt on Janjira,39 the residence and stronghold of the SÍdi or Abyssinian admirals of BÍjÁpur. SÍdi YÁkÚt the Mughal Admiral, 1670.SÍdi YÁkÚt the commander of Janjira applied for aid to the governor of Surat. On his offering to become a vassal of the emperor and place his fleet at the emperor’s disposal, SÍdi YÁkÚt received the title of YÁkÚt KhÁn, and a yearly subsidy of £15,000 (Rs. 1,50,000) payable from the port of Surat. About the same time Sayad Diler KhÁn, who had accompanied MahÁrÁja Jasvantsingh to the Dakhan, was recalled by the viceroy KhÁn JehÁn and appointed governor of Sorath in place of SardÁr KhÁn, who was sent to Ídar. Sayad Haidar, in charge of the military post of HaidarÁbÁd, about twenty-four miles south of ÁhmedÁbÁd, reported that he had put down the rebellion but recommended that a small fort should be built. In a.d.1670 the emperor summoned Diler KhÁn to discuss Dakhan affairs, and sent him to the seat of war, replacing him in the government of Sorath by SardÁr KhÁn.

MahÁrÁja Jasvantsingh Thirty-fifth Viceroy, 1671–1674.In a.d.1671, BahÁdur KhÁn KhÁn JehÁn was sent as viceroy to the Dakhan. He was relieved by the MahÁrÁja Jasvantsingh, who, as viceroy, received an assignment of the districts of DhandhÚka and PitlÁd. In a.d.1673 through the intercession of the viceroy, JÁm ?amÁchi, the son of RÁisingh, on condition of serving the viceroy and of keeping order was restored to NavÁnagar, and twenty-five villages were granted to certain dependent JÁdeja RÁjputs. So long as the emperor AurangzÍb lived the city of NavÁnagar (IslÁmnagar) remained in the hands of a MusalmÁn noble, the JÁm residing at KhambhÁlia, a town about thirty miles south-west of the head-quarters of the state. In a.d.1707, on AurangzÍb’s death, the JÁm was allowed to return to NavÁnagar where he built a strong fort. Similarly so long as AurangzÍb lived, the JÁm forbore to work the pearl fisheries in the Gulf of Kachh, but afterwards again made use of this source of revenue. Early in 1674 an order issued forbidding the levy from MusalmÁns of rahÁdari or transit dues, of taxes on fish vegetables grass firewood and other forest produce, on Muhammadan artisans, and many other miscellaneous dues. The officer in charge of MorvÍ, which was then an imperial district, was ordered to strive to increase its population and revenue, and the chief of Porbandar, also an imperial district, on condition of service and of protecting the port was allowed a fourth share of its revenue. Much discontent was caused by enforcing an imperial order confiscating all wazÍfah land, that is all land held on religious tenure by Hindus.

Muhammad AmÍn KhÁn Umdat-ul-Mulk Thirty-sixth Viceroy, 1674–1683.About the close of the year a.d.1674, MahÁrÁja Jasvantsinghji was relieved and sent to KÁbul, and Muhammad AmÍn KhÁn Umdat-ul-Mulk, who had just been defeated at KÁbul, was appointed thirty-sixth viceroy of GujarÁt, receiving an assignment of the districts of PÁtan and VÍramgÁm. Among the military posts mentioned in the Mirat-i-Áhmedi is that of SÁdra or ShÁhdarah the present head-quarters of the Mahi KÁntha Agency, also called IslÁmÁbÁd,40 which was under the
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
AurangzÍb Emperor, 1658–1707.
Muhammad AmÍn KhÁn Umdat-ul-Mulk Thirty-sixth Viceroy, 1674–1683. command of Sayad KamÁl, son of Sayad KÁmil. Increased Power of the BÁbi Family.The BÁbi family were now rising into importance. Muhammad Muzaffar, son of Sher KhÁn BÁbi, was governor of Kadi, and Muhammad MubÁriz, another son of Sher BÁbi, was in charge of one of the posts under Kadi. KamÁl KhÁn JhÁlori, who had been removed from the government of PÁlanpur and replaced by Muhammad Fateh, was now restored to his former post. About the same time, at the representation of Mulla Hasan GujarÁti, twenty-one villages were taken from BijÁpur and Kadi and PÁtan and formed into the separate division of Visalnagar. In a.d.1676, the fort of JunÁga?h was put into repair, and Sheikh NizÁm-ud-dÍn Áhmed, minister of GujarÁt, was sent to MÁlwa, and was succeeded by Muhammad SharÍf. The KÁnkrej Kolis were again rebellious, and Muhammad AmÍn KhÁn Umdat-ul-Mulk went against them and remained four months in their country, subduing them and enforcing tribute. In the end of a.d.1678, the viceroy paid his respects to the emperor at AjmÍr. The emperor forbade the fining of MusalmÁn officials as contrary to the Muhammadan law and directed that if guilty of any fault they should be imprisoned or degraded from office, but not fined. An order was also given to change the name of the new Visalnagar district to RasÚlnagar.

At this time (a.d.1679) the emperor was doing his utmost to crush both the RÁna of Udepur and the RÁtho?s of MÁrwÁr. While the emperor was at Chitor, BhÍmsing the RÁna’s youngest son raided into GujarÁt plundering Vadnagar Visalnagar and other towns and villages. Revolt of Ídar, 1679.The chief of Ídar, thinking the opportunity favourable for regaining his independence, expelled the Muhammadan garrison from Ídar and established himself in his capital. Muhammad AmÍn KhÁn sent Muhammad Bahlol KhÁn ShirwÁni who with the help of the KasbÁtis of ParÁntij re-took Ídar, and the chief pursued by Bahlol KhÁn fled to the hills, where he died in a cave from want of his usual dose of opium to which he was much addicted. His body was found by a woodcutter who brought the head to Bahlol KhÁn. The head was recognized by the chief’s widow, who from that day put on mourning. Muhammad Bahlol KhÁn was much praised, and was appointed to the charge of Ídar, and at the same time the minister Muhammad SharÍf was succeeded by AbdÚl LatÍf.41

To this time belongs an imperial decree imposing the jazyah or head tax on all subjects not professing the Muhammadan faith, and another regulating the levy from MusalmÁns of the zakÁt or poor rate.42 In 1681 a severe famine led to riots in ÁhmedÁbÁd. As the
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
AurangzÍb Emperor, 1658–1707.
Muhammad AmÍn KhÁn Umdat-ul-Mulk Thirty-sixth Viceroy, 1674–1683. viceroy Muhammad AmÍn was returning in state from the Íd prayers Abu Bakr an ÁhmedÁbÁd Sheikh instigated the people to throw stones and dust. The viceroy’s bodyguard attacked the mob, but owing to the viceroy’s forbearance no serious results followed. On hearing of the riot the emperor ordered the city to be put under martial law. The more politic viceroy contented himself by inviting Sheikh Abu Bakr and others to a banquet. After dinner he gave a piece of a poisoned watermelon to Abu Bakr, who died and the riot with him. In a.d.1683 Muhammad AmÍn the viceroy died. According to the Mirat-i-Áhmedi, Muhammad AmÍn was one of the best of GujarÁt governors. The emperor AurangzÍb used to say ‘No viceroy of mine keeps order like AmÍn KhÁn.’

MukhtÁr KhÁn Thirty-seventh Viceroy, 1683–1684AmÍn KhÁn was succeeded by MukhtÁr KhÁn as thirty-seventh viceroy, Abdul LatÍf continuing to hold the office of minister. Fresh orders were passed forbidding import dues on merchandise, fruit, grass, firewood, and similar produce entering ÁhmedÁbÁd. In 1682 a decree was received ordering pauper prisoners to be provided with rations and dress at the cost of the state. In 1683 the SÁbarmati rose so high that the water reached as far as the TÍn DarwÁzah or Triple Gateway in the west of ÁhmedÁbÁd city. In consequence of disturbances in Sorath the viceroy called on the minister to advance funds for an expedition. The minister refused to make advances without special orders from the emperor. On a reference to court the minister was directed to make advances in emergent cases. In a.d.1684, at the request of the inhabitants of that city AbdÚr RahmÁn Krori, the governor of Deva PÁtan, was removed and in his place Muhammad Sayad chose SardÁr KhÁn as governor of Sorath. In the following year on the death of SardÁr KhÁn at Thatha in Sindh, where he had gone as viceroy, he was, in the first instance, succeeded in the government of Sorath by Sayad Muhammad KhÁn. Not long after Sorath was assigned as a personal estate to the emperor’s second son prince Muhammad Ázam ShÁh BahÁdur and during the prince’s absence ShÁhwardi KhÁn was sent to manage its affairs. Famine, 1684.In a.d.1684 a famine in GujarÁt raised the price of grain in ÁhmedÁbÁd to such a degree that Sheikh Muhy-ud-dÍn, the son of the KÁzi and regulator of prices, was mobbed.

ShujÁÂt KhÁn (KÁrtalab KhÁn) Thirty-eighth Viceroy, 1684–1703.On the death of the viceroy in 1684 prince Muhammad Ázam ShÁh was nominated to succeed him with KÁrtalab KhÁn, governor of Sorath, as his deputy. Before the prince took charge KÁrtalab KhÁn was raised to the post of viceroy, and Muhammad TÁhir appointed minister. In addition to his command as viceroy of GujarÁt, KÁrtalab KhÁn was afterwards placed in charge of Jodhpur. In this rearrangement besides his previous personal estate, the district of PetlÁd was assigned to prince Muhammad Ázam ShÁh, and Sher Afghan KhÁn, son of ShÁhwardi KhÁn, was appointed governor of Sorath. In a.d.
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
AurangzÍb Emperor, 1658–1707.
ShujÁÂt KhÁn (KÁrtalab KhÁn) Thirty-eighth Viceroy, 1684–1703. 1687, Sher Afghan KhÁn was relieved by Bahlol ShirwÁni, but in the following year was restored to his command. In a.d.1689, on the news of the death of its governor InÁyat KhÁn, KÁrtalab KhÁn started to settle the affairs of Jodhpur. As soon as he left ÁhmedÁbÁd, a rumour spread that a new viceroy was coming, and the troops, with whom as well as with the people of GujarÁt KÁrtalab was most popular, grew mutinous. He Quells a Mutiny, 1689.On hearing of this disturbance KÁrtalab KhÁn at once returned to ÁhmedÁbÁd and quelled the mutiny. His firmness so pleased the emperor that he gave him the title of ShujaÂt KhÁn, and placed the governor of Jodhpur under his orders. ShujaÂt KhÁn now proceeded to Jodhpur, where DurgÁdÁs RÁtho?, who had incited prince Abkar to rebellion, and AjÍtsingh, the son of MahÁrÁja Jasvantsingh, were causing disturbance. Finding that a strong resident governor was required to keep the insurgents in check, ShujaÂt KhÁn appointed KÁzim Beg Muhammad AmÍn, a brave and resolute soldier, to be his deputy and returned to ÁhmedÁbÁd. During this viceroyalty the pay of the leader or jamÁdÁr of a troop of fifty horse was fixed at £10 (Rs. 100); of a do-aspah or two-horse trooper at £6 (Rs. 60); and of an ek-aspah or one-horse trooper at £3 (Rs. 30) a month. An imperial order was also issued directing the levy on merchandise to be taken at the place and time of sale instead of the time and place of purchase. As this change caused loss to the revenue the old system was again adopted. In a.d.1690 the minister AmÁnat KhÁn, with the title of ÍtimÁd KhÁn, was made military governor of Surat, and Sayad MuhsÍn was chosen minister in his place. To prevent the peons of great officials extorting fees and dues officials were forbidden to entertain peons without payment.

Revolt of MatiÁs and MomnÁs, 1691.In the following year (a.d.1691) an attempt on the part of the emperor to suppress a body of MusalmÁn sectarians led to a somewhat serious insurrection. Sayad ShÁhji was the religious preceptor of the MatiÁs of KhÁndesh and the MomnÁs of GujarÁt, two classes of converted Hindus closely allied to the KhojÁs of KÁthiÁvÁ?a, all of them being followers of Sayad ImÁm-ud-dÍn an IsmÁÎliÁh missionary who came to GujarÁt during the reign of MahmÚd Begada (a.d.1459–1513). Hearing that his followers paid obeisance to their veiled spiritual guide by kissing his toe, the emperor ordered the guide to be sent to court to be examined before the religious doctors. Afraid of the result of this examination, the Sayad committed suicide and was buried at Karamtah nine miles south of ÁhmedÁbÁd. The loss of their leader so enraged his followers that, collecting from all sides, they marched against Broach, seized the fort, and slew the governor. The insurgents held the fort of Broach against the governor of Baroda who was sent to punish them, and for a time successfully resisted the efforts of his successor Nazar Áli KhÁn. At last, at an unguarded spot, some of the besiegers stole over the city wall and opening the gates admitted their companions. The MomnÁs were defeated and almost all slain as they sought death either by the sword or by drowning to merit their saint’s favour in the next world.

Disturbances in KÁthiÁvÁ?a, 1692.In a.d.1692 ShujÁÂt KhÁn, during his tribute-gathering campaign in JhÁlÁvÁ?a and Sorath, stormed the fort of ThÁn, the head-quarters
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AurangzÍb Emperor, 1658–1707.
ShujÁÂt KhÁn (KÁrtalab KhÁn) Thirty-eighth Viceroy, 1684–1703. of the plundering KÁthis and after destroying the fort returned to ÁhmedÁbÁd. ShujÁÂt KhÁn was one of the ablest of GujarÁt viceroys. He gave so much of his attention to the management of Jodhpur, that he used to spend about six months of every year in MÁrwÁr. He beautified ÁhmedÁbÁd by building the college and mosque still known by his name near the LÁl Gate. In a.d.1642 two hundred cart-loads of marble were received from the ancient buildings at PÁtan and the deputy governor Safdar KhÁn BÁbi wrote that if a thousand cart-loads more were required they could be supplied from the same source. At this time the emperor ordered that Sheikh Akram-ud-dÍn, the local tax-collector, should levy the head tax from the Hindus of PÁlanpur and JhÁlor. The viceroy deputed Muhammad MujÁhid, son of KamÁl KhÁn JhÁlori, governor of PÁlanpur to help in collecting. Disturbances in MÁrwÁr.As DurgÁdÁs RÁtho? was again stirring tumults and sedition in MÁrwÁr, the viceroy went to Jodhpur, and by confirming their estates to the chief vassals and landholders and guaranteeing other public measures on condition of service, persuaded them to abandon their alliance with DurgÁdÁs against whom he sent his deputy KÁzim Beg, who expelled him from MÁrwÁr. After appointing KunvÁr Muhkamsingh, governor of Mertha in MÁrwÁr, ShujÁÂt KhÁn returned to ÁhmedÁbÁd. In a.d.1693, at the request of Sher Afghan KhÁn, governor of Sorath, the walls of the fort of Jagat were restored. In this year the viceroy went to JhÁlÁvÁ?a to exact tribute. On his return to ÁhmedÁbÁd Safdar KhÁn BÁbi, governor of PÁtan, wrote to the viceroy, and at his request the forts of Kambhoi and SÁmprah were repaired. The viceroy now went to JodhpÚr and from that returned to ÁhmedÁbÁd. A circumstance in connection with a sum of Rs. 7000 spent on the repairs of forts illustrates the close imperial supervision of provincial accounts. The item having come to imperial notice from the provincial disbursement sheets was disallowed as unfair and ordered to be refunded under the rule that such charges were to be met out of their incomes by the local governors and military deputy governors. Imperial officers were also from time to time deputed to collect from the books of the desÁi’s statements of provincial disbursements and receipts for periods of ten years that they might render an independent check. In this year the emperor hearing that AjÍtsingh and DurgÁdÁs were again contemplating rebellion ordered the viceroy to Jodhpur. Muhammad MubÁriz BÁbi was at the same time appointed deputy governor of Vadnagar, and an order was issued that the revenue of PÁtan should be paid to ShujÁÂt KhÁn instead of as formerly into the imperial treasury. In this year also Safdar KhÁn BÁbi, governor of PÁtan, was succeeded by MubÁriz KhÁn BÁbi. Not long afterwards under imperial orders the viceroy directed Muhammad MubÁriz BÁbi to destroy the Vadnagar temple of Hateshwar-MahÁdev the NÁgar BrÁhmans’ special guardian.

In a.d.1696, Muhammad Bahlol ShÍrwÁni, governor of Baroda, died, and his place was supplied by Muhammad Beg KhÁn. During this year the viceroy again went to JodhpÚr and remained there for some months. In a.d.1697 BulÁki Beg the mace-bearer arrived from the imperial court to settle disputes connected with the NavÁnagar succession,
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AurangzÍb Emperor, 1658–1707.
ShujÁÂt KhÁn (KÁrtalab KhÁn) Thirty-eighth Viceroy, 1684–1703. and to inquire into complaints made by the inhabitants of Sorath. In 1696 an imperial circular was addressed to all officers in charge of districts ordering them to show no respect or consideration for royalty in their efforts to capture or kill the rebel prince Akbar. DurgÁdÁs RÁtho? reconciled to the Emperor, 1697.About the same time DurgÁdÁs RÁtho?, in whose charge were the son and daughter of prince Akbar, made an application to ShujÁÂt KhÁn, proposing a truce, and saying that he wished personally to hand the children to their grandfather. ShujaÂt KhÁn agreed and DurgÁdÁs restored Akbar’s children to the emperor. AurangzÍb finding the children able to repeat the whole KurÂÁn was much pleased with DurgÁdÁs, and made peace with him, assigning him as a personal estate the lands of Mertha in Jodhpur, and afterwards adding to this the grant of DhandhÚka and other districts of GujarÁt. In consequence of a failure of crops the price of grain rose so high that the government share of the produce was brought to ÁhmedÁbÁd and sold in public to the poor and needy. About this time Muhammad MubÁriz BÁbi was killed by a Koli who shot him with an arrow while he was sacking the village of SÁmprah.43 Safdar KhÁn BÁbi was appointed deputy governor of PÁtan in his stead.

In the same year it was reported to the emperor that the money-changers and capitalists of ÁhmedÁbÁd in making payments passed money short of weight to poor men and in receiving charged an exchange of two to three tankÁs the rupee. The SÚbah and minister were ordered to stop the currency of rupees more than two surkhs short.44

Scarcity, 1698.In a.d.1698, on the death of ÍtimÁd KhÁn, his son Muhammad MuhsÍn was made minister, and he was ordered to hand the district of Mertha to DurgÁdÁs RÁtho?. Among other changes Muhammad MunÍm was raised to the command of the fort of Jodhpur and KhwÁjÁh Abdul HamÍd was appointed minister. Owing to a second failure of rain 1698 was a year of much scarcity in MÁrwÁr and north GujarÁt. The accounts of this year notice a petition addressed to the viceroy by a Sinor BrÁhman, praying that he might not be seized as a carrier or labourer.45 In connection with some revenue and civil affairs, a difference of opinion arose between ShujÁÂt KhÁn and Safdar KhÁn BÁbi, deputy governor of PÁtan. Safdar KhÁn resigned, and, until a successor was appointed, Muhammad Bahlol ShÍrwÁni was directed to administer the PÁtan district. In the same year the emperor bestowed the government of Sorath on Muhammad Beg KhÁn. In a.d.1699 DurgÁdÁs RÁtho? obtained from the emperor not only a pardon for AjÍtsingh, son of the late MahÁrÁja Jasvantsingh, but procured him
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AurangzÍb Emperor, 1658–1707.
ShujÁÂt KhÁn (KÁrtalab KhÁn) Thirty-eighth Viceroy, 1684–1703. an assignment of lands in, as well as the official charge of, the districts of JhÁlor and SÁchor in MÁrwÁr. MujÁhid KhÁn JhÁlori, who as representing a family of landholders dating as far back as the GujarÁt SultÁns, had held JhÁlor and SÁchor, now received in their stead the lands in PÁlanpur and DÍsa which his descendants still hold. In this year also (a.d.1699) AmÁnat KhÁn, governor of Surat, died, and the MarÁthÁs making a raid into the province, ShujÁÂt KhÁn sent Nazar Áli KhÁn to drive them out. About this time an imperial order arrived, addressed to the provincial dÍwÁn directing him to purchase 1000 horses for the government at the average rate of £20 (Rs. 200).

Prince Muhammad AÂzam Thirty-ninth Viceroy, 1703–1705.In a.d.1700 on the death of FÍrÚz KhÁn MewÁti, deputy governor of JodhpÚr, the viceroy appointed in his place Muhammad ZÁhid from VÍramgÁm. RÁja AjÍtsingh of MÁrwÁr was now ordered to repair to court, and as he delayed, a mohsal or speed fine was imposed upon him in agreement with ShujÁÂt KhÁn’s directions. About this time an order came to KamÁl KhÁn JhÁlori for the despatch to the emperor of some of the PÁlanpur chÍtÁhs or hunting leopards which are still in demand in other parts of India. In the same year the manager of DhandhÚka on behalf of DurgÁdÁs RÁtho?, asked the viceroy for aid against the KÁthis, who were plundering that district. The viceroy ordered Muhammad Beg, governor of Sorath, to march against them. At this time ShujÁÂt KhÁn despatched Nazar Áli KhÁn with a large force to join the imperial camp which was then at PanhÁla in KolhÁpur. ShujÁÂt KhÁn, who had so long and ably filled the office of viceroy in a most critical time, died in a.d.1703. In his place prince Muhammad AÂzam ShÁh, who was then at DhÁr in MÁlwa, was appointed thirty-ninth viceroy of GujarÁt, as well as governor of AjmÍr and Jodhpur; and until his arrival the minister KhwÁjÁh Abdul HamÍd KhÁn was ordered to administer the province. Owing to the recall of the late governor’s troops from many of the posts disorders broke out in the PÁtan districts and the Kolis plundered the country and made the roads impassable.

On his way from the Dakhan to ÁhmedÁbÁd, the chief of JhÁbua, a state now under the BhopÁwar Agency, paid his respects to the new viceroy and presented him with a tribute of £1600 (Rs. 16,000). Among other arrangements the prince sent to Jodhpur JÁfar Kuli, son of KÁzim Beg, as deputy governor, and appointed DurgÁdÁs RÁtho? governor of PÁtan. Shortly after, on suspicion of his tampering with the RÁtho? RÁjputs, an order came from the emperor to summon DurgÁdÁs to the prince’s court at ÁhmedÁbÁd, and there confine him or slay him.46 Intrigue against DurgÁdÁs RÁtho?, 1703.Safdar KhÁn BÁbi, who, in displeasure with ShujÁÂt KhÁn had retired to MÁlwa, returned and offered to slay or capture DurgÁdÁs, who was accordingly invited to the prince’s court at ÁhmedÁbÁd. DurgÁdÁs came and pitched his camp at the village of BÁreja on the SÁbarmati near ÁhmedÁbÁd. On the day DurgÁdÁs was to present himself, the prince, on pretence of a hunt, had ordered the attendance of a strong detachment of the army.
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AurangzÍb Emperor, 1658–1707.
Prince Muhammad AÂzam Thirty-ninth Viceroy, 1703–1705. When all was ready and Safdar KhÁn BÁbi and his sons appeared mailed and gauntleted the prince sent for DurgÁdÁs. As this day was an eleventh or agiÁras DurgÁdÁs had put off waiting on the prince until the fast was over. DurgÁdÁs RÁtho? Escapes.Growing suspicious of the number of messengers from the prince, he burned his tents and fled. Safdar KhÁn BÁbi was sent in pursuit. He was overtaking DurgÁdÁs when DurgÁdÁs’ grandson praying his grandfather to make good his escape, stayed behind with a band of followers, charged the pursuers, and after a gallant combat, he and his RÁjputs were slain. The grandson of DurgÁdÁs was killed in a hand-to-hand fight with SalÁbat KhÁn, the son of Safdar KhÁn BÁbi. Emerald rings are to this day worn by youths of the BÁbi families of North GujarÁt in memory of the emerald earrings which adorned the young RÁjput and were afterwards worn by SalÁbat as trophies of this fight. Meanwhile DurgÁdÁs had reached UnjÁh-UnÁwa, forty miles east of PÁtan, and from UnjÁh made his way to PÁtan. From PÁtan, taking his family with him, he retired to TharÁd, and from that to MÁrwÁr, where he was afterwards joined by AjÍtsingh of MÁrwÁr, whom the emperor opposed on the ground of illegitimacy. The imperial troops followed and took possession of PÁtan, putting to death the head of the city police.

In his old age the emperor AurangzÍb became more and more strict in religious matters. In 1702 an imperial order forbad the making of almanacs as contrary to the Muhammadan law. Hindus were also forbidden to keep Muhammadan servants.

Surat, 1700–1703.About this time (a.d.1700) news arrived that the MarÁthÁs with a force of 10,000 horse were threatening Surat from the foot of the KÁsÁra pass and the confines of SultÁnpur and NandurbÁr. The viceroy despatched a body of troops to guard Surat against their incursions. Disputes between the government and the Portuguese were also injuring the trade of the province. In a.d.1701 the viceroy received an order from Court directing him to destroy the temple of SomnÁth beyond possibility of repair. The despatch adds that a similar order had been issued at the beginning of AurangzÍb’s reign. In a.d.1703, at the request of the merchants of GujarÁt, with the view of inducing the Portuguese to let ships from Surat pass unmolested and release some MusalmÁns who had been imprisoned on their way back from Makkah, orders were issued that certain confiscated Portuguese merchandise should be restored to its owners. An imperial order was also received to encourage the art of brocade weaving in ÁhmedÁbÁd. In a.d.1704, Safdar KhÁn BÁbi was raised to be governor of BijÁpur, about fifty miles north-east of ÁhmedÁbÁd. SarandÁz KhÁn was at the same time appointed to Sorath instead of Muhammad Beg KhÁn, who was placed in charge of the lands round ÁhmedÁbÁd. As the MarÁthÁs once more threatened Surat, Mustafa Kuli, governor of Broach, was sent with 1000 horse to defend the city.

Certain passages in AurangzÍb’s letters to prince AÂzam when (a.d.1703–1705) viceroy of GujarÁt, show how keen and shrewd an interest the aged emperor maintained in the government of his viceroys. In Letter 19 he writes to prince AÂzam: To take the government of Sorath
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AurangzÍb Emperor, 1658–1707.
Prince Muhammad AÂzam Thirty-ninth Viceroy, 1703–1705. from Fateh Jang KhÁn BÁbi and give it to your chamberlain’s brother is to break a sound glass vessel with your own hands. These BÁbis have been time out of mind a respected race in GujarÁt and are well versed in the arts of war. There is no sense in giving the management of Sorath to anyone but to a BÁbi. Sorath is a place which commanders of five thousand like Hasan ÁlikhÁn and Safshikan KhÁn have with difficulty administered. If your officers follow the principles laid down by the late ShujÁÂt KhÁn, it will be well. If they do not, the province of GujarÁt is such that if order is broken in one or two places, it will not soon be restored. For the rest you are your own master. I say not, do this or do that; look that the end is good, and do that which is easiest. In another passage (Letter 37 to the same prince AÂzam) AurangzÍb writes: You who are a well intentioned man, why do you not retaliate on oppressors? Over HÁjipÚr AminpÚr and other posts where atrocities occur every day, and at Kapadvanj where the Kolis rob the highways up to the posts, you have made your chamberlain and artillery superintendent your commandant. He entrusted his powers to his carrion-eating and fraudulent relatives. Owing to his influence the oppressed cannot come to you …. You ought to give the command to one of the GujarÁtis like Safdar KhÁn BÁbi or one of the sons of BahlÚl ShÍrwÁni who have earned reputations during the administration of the late ShujÁÂt KhÁn and who are popular with the people. Else I tell you plainly that on the Day of Justice we shall be caught for neglecting to punish the oppressions of our servants.

IbrÁhÍm KhÁn Fortieth Viceroy, 1705.In a.d.1705, as the climate of GujarÁt did not agree with prince AÂzam, IbrÁhÍm KhÁn, viceroy of KashmÍr, was appointed fortieth viceroy of GujarÁt, and his son Zabardast KhÁn, viceroy of LÁhor, was appointed to the government of AjmÍr and Jodhpur. Prince AÂzam at once went to BurhÁnpur in KhÁndesh, handing charge of GujarÁt to the minister AbdÚl HamÍd KhÁn until the new viceroy should arrive. DurgÁdÁs RÁtho? now asked for and received pardon. AbdÚl HamÍd KhÁn was ordered to restore the lands formerly granted to DurgÁdÁs, and DurgÁdÁs was directed to act under AbdÚl HamÍd’s orders. In a.d.1705 the emperor learned that KhÁnji, a successor of Kutb the high priest of the IsmÁÎlia BohorÁs, had sent out twelve missionaries to win people to his faith, and that his followers had subscribed Rs. 1,14,000 to relieve those of their number who were imprisoned. The emperor ordered that the twelve missionaries should be secured and sent to him and appointed Sunni MullÁs to preach in their villages and bring the Bohoras’ children to the Sunni form of faith.

The MarÁthÁs enter GujarÁt.About this time (a.d.1705) the MarÁthÁs, who had long been hovering on the south-east frontiers of the province, bursting into south GujarÁt with an army 15,000 strong, under the leadership of DhanÁji JÁdhav, defeated the local forces and laid the country waste. AbdÚl HamÍd KhÁn, who was then in charge of the province, ordered all governors of districts and officers in charge of posts to collect their men and advance to Surat. Between Nazar Áli KhÁn and Safdar KhÁn BÁbi, the officers in command of this
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
AurangzÍb Emperor, 1658–1707.
IbrÁhÍm KhÁn Fortieth Viceroy, 1705. army, an unfortunate jealousy prevailed. Not knowing where the MarÁthÁs were to be found, they halted on the Narbada near the BÁba PiÁrah ford. Here they remained for a month and a half, the leaders contenting themselves with sending out spies to search for the enemy. At last, hearing of the approach of the MarÁthÁs, they sent to head-quarters asking for artillery and other reinforcements. In reply, AbdÚl HamÍd KhÁn, a man of hasty temper, upbraided them for their inactivity and for allowing so much time to pass without making their way to Surat. Battle of RatanpÚr. Defeat of the MusalmÁns, 1705.Orders were accordingly at once issued for an advance, and the army next halted at RatanpÚr in RÁjpÍpla. Here, apparently from the jealousy of the commanders, the different chiefs pitched their camps at some distance from each other. Finding the enemy’s forces thus scattered, the MarÁthÁs, under the command of DhanÁji JÁdhav, lost no time in advancing against them. First attacking the camp of Safdar KhÁn BÁbi, they defeated his troops, killed his son, and took prisoner the chief himself. Only a few of his men, with his nephew Muhammad AÂzam, escaped to the camp of Nazar Áli KhÁn. Next, the MarÁthÁs attacked the army under Muhammad Purdil KhÁn ShirwÁni; and it also they defeated. Of the MusalmÁn army those who were not slain, drowned in the Narbada, or captured, reached Broach in miserable plight, where they were relieved by Akbar Áli KhÁn. Nazar Áli KhÁn burned his tents and surrendered to the MarÁthÁs, by whom he was well treated.

Battle of the BÁba PiÁrah Ford. Second Defeat of the MusalmÁns, 1705.The MarÁthÁs now heard that AbdÚl HamÍd KhÁn was coming with an army to oppose them. Thinking he would not risk a battle, they went to the BÁba PiÁrah ford, and there crossed the Narbada. That very day AbdÚl HamÍd KhÁn, with Muhammad Sher and Muhammad SalÁbat, sons of Safdar KhÁn BÁbi, and others came to the spot where the MarÁthÁs were encamped. All night long they were harassed by the MarÁthÁs, and next morning found the enemy ready for a general attack. The Muhammadans, weary with watching, dispirited from the defeats of Safdar KhÁn, and inferior in number to their assailants, were repulsed and surrounded. The two sons of Safdar KhÁn BÁbi, and two other nobles, seeing that the day was lost, cut their way through the enemy and escaped, AbdÚl HamÍd KhÁn, Nazar Áli KhÁn, and many others were taken prisoners. The MarÁthÁs plundered the Muhammadan camp, declared their right to tribute, levied sums from the adjacent towns and villages and extorted heavy ransoms which in the case of AbdÚl HamÍd KhÁn was fixed at as large a sum as £30,000 (Rs. 3 lÁkhs). Koli Disturbances.The Kolis, seeing the disorganized state of GujarÁt, began ravaging the country, and plundered Baroda for two days. At ÁhmedÁbÁd Muhammad Beg KhÁn, who had been appointed governor of Sorath, was recalled to defend the capital. When the news of the defeat at BÁba PiÁrah reached Dehli, the emperor despatched prince Muhammad BidÁr Bakht with a large army to drive out the invaders. Before this force reached GujarÁt the MarÁthÁs had retired.

Prince Muhammad BÍdÁr Bakht Forty-First Viceroy, 1705–1706.Prince Muhammad BÍdÁr Bakht arrived in a.d.1705 as forty-first viceroy, and appointed AmÁnat KhÁn governor of the ports of Surat and Cambay. News was now received that AjÍtsingh of Jodhpur and VerisÁlji of RÁjpÍpla were about to rebel, and the prince took
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AurangzÍb Emperor, 1658–1707.
Prince Muhammad BÍdÁr Bakht Forty-First Viceroy, 1705–1706. measures to check their plans. About this time the emperor, hearing that an attack had been made on the Muhammadan post at DwÁrka, ordered the temple to be levelled to the ground. It seems doubtful whether this order was carried out. Nazar Áli KhÁn, who had formerly enjoyed a grant of Halvad in JhÁlÁvÁ?a, had been driven out by Chandrasingh, chief of VÁnkÁner; but, on condition of his expelling Chandrasingh, these lands were again granted to him. KamÁl KhÁn JhÁlori, leaving under his son FÍrÚz KhÁn at PÁlanpur a body of men for the defence of his charge, advanced to ÁhmedÁbÁd to guard the city from MarÁtha attack. He petitioned that according to GujarÁt custom his troops should receive rations so long as they were employed on imperial service. To this request the emperor agreed and issued orders to the provincial minister. DurgÁdÁs RÁtho? again in Rebellion.Shortly after DurgÁdÁs RÁtho? took advantage of the general confusion to rejoin AjÍtsingh, and an army was sent to TharÁd against them. AjÍtsingh was at first forced to retire. Finally he succeeded in defeating Kunvar Muhkamsingh, and marching on Jodhpur recovered it from JaÂfar Kuli, son of KÁzÍm Beg. DurgÁdÁs meanwhile had taken shelter with the Kolis. At the head of a band of robbers, meeting ShÁh KÚli the son of KÁzÍm Beg on his way to join his appointment as deputy governor of PÁtan, DurgÁdÁs attacked and killed him. And soon after at ChaniÁr in the ChunvÁl, laying in wait for MaÂsÚm KÚli, the governor of VÍramgÁm, he routed his escort, MaÂsum KÚli escaping with difficulty. On condition of being appointed governor of PÁtan Safdar KhÁn BÁbi now offered to kill or capture DurgÁdÁs. His offer was accepted, and as from this time DurgÁdÁs is no more heard of, it seems probable that Safdar KhÁn succeeded in killing him. IbrÁhÍm KhÁn Forty-second Viceroy, 1706.As the disturbed state of the province seemed to require a change of government IbrÁhÍm KhÁn, who had been appointed viceroy in the previous year, was ordered to join his post. This order he reluctantly obeyed in a.d.1706.

The MarÁthÁs advance to ÁhmedÁbÁd and levy Tribute, 1707.With the death of the emperor AurangzÍb, early in a.d.1707, the period of strong government which had latterly from year to year been growing weaker came to an end. As soon as AurangzÍb’s death was known, the MarÁthÁs under BÁlÁji VishvanÁth burst into east GujarÁt, marching by JhÁbua and Godhra, where they were ineffectually opposed by the governor MurÁd Baksh. From Godhra they went to and plundered the town of Mahuda in Kaira, and proposed marching on ÁhmedÁbÁd by way of Na?iÁd. The viceroy prepared to resist them, and, enlisting special troops, camped outside of the city near the KÁnkariya lake. Of the warlike population on the north bank of the SÁbarmati opposite ÁhmedÁbÁd nearly eight thousand MusalmÁn horse and three thousand foot together with four thousand RÁjpÚts and Kolis in three days gathered at the KÁnkariya camp. The viceroy was also joined by AbdÚl HÁdi Pandemal the viceroy’s minister, AbdÚl HamÍd KhÁn provincial minister, Muhammad Beg KhÁn, Nazar Áli KhÁn, Safdar KhÁn BÁbi, and several other deputy governors with their retinues and artillery. Though strong in numbers the practised eye of the viceroy failed to find in the host that
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
BahÁdur ShÁh I. Emperor, 1707–1712.
IbrÁhÍm KhÁn Forty-second Viceroy, 1706. firmness and unity of purpose which could alone ensure victory over the MarÁtha hordes. The MarÁthÁs did much mischief, plundering as far as Batva, only four-and-a-half miles from the viceroy’s camp. The author of the Mirat-i-Áhmedi, whose father was an actor in these scenes, describes the panic in the capital of GujarÁt which since its capture by Muzaffar in a.d.1583 had been free from the horrors of war. Crowds of scared and terror-stricken men, women and children laden with as much of their property as they could carry were pressing from the suburbs into the city. In the city the streets were crowded with squatters. The cries of parents bereft of children, added to the din and turmoil of the soldiery, was like the horror of the Day of Resurrection. The dejected faces of the soldiers beaten in the late engagements added to the general gloom. The viceroy, thoroughly alarmed, concluded a treaty with BÁlÁji, and on receiving a tribute of £21,000 (Rs. 2,10,000) the MarÁthÁs withdrew. Meanwhile, in the contest between the princes for the throne of Dehli, prince Muhammad AÂzam ShÁh was defeated and slain, and prince Muhammad MuÂzzam ShÁh mounted the throne with the title of BahÁdur ShÁh. IbrÁhÍm KhÁn was confirmed in the post of viceroy of GujarÁt, but, fearing that the emperor might be displeased at his concession of tribute to the MarÁthÁs, he went to Dehli to explain his conduct, and there resigned office.

GhÁzi-ud-dÍn Forty-third Viceroy, 1708–1710.In a.d.1708, in consequence of IbrÁhÍm KhÁn’s resignation, GhÁzi-ud-dÍn KhÁn BahÁdur FÍrÚz Jang was appointed forty-third viceroy of GujarÁt. The leaning of the new emperor towards ShÍÂh tenets and his order to insert in the Friday sermon the words the lawful successor of the Prophet after the name of ‘Ali, the fourth KhalÍfah, besides giving general dissatisfaction, caused a small disturbance in ÁhmedÁbÁd. On the first Friday on which the sermon was read the TÚrÁni or Turk soldiers publicly called on the preacher to desist on pain of death. The preacher disregarding their threats on the next Friday was pulled down from the pulpit by the TÚrÁnis and brained with a mace. In the same year (a.d.1708), hearing that the representative of ShÁhi Álam had a copy of a KurÂan written by the ImÁm Áli Taki son of MÚsa RazÁ (a.d.810–829), the emperor expressed a wish to obtain a sight of it, and the viceroy sent it to him at MÁndu in charge of Sayad Âkil and SalÁbat KhÁn BÁbi. In a.d.1709, ShariÂt KhÁn, brother of AbdÚl HamÍd KhÁn, was appointed minister in place of his brother, who obtained the office of chief KÁzi. Much treasure was sent to the imperial camp by order of the emperor. AjÍtsingh of MÁrwÁr now rebelled and recovered Jodhpur. As the emperor wished to visit AjmÍr the viceroy of GujarÁt was directed to join him with his army. At this time the pay of a horseman is said to have been £3 8s. (Rs. 34) and of a footman 8s. (Rs. 4) a month. During his administration FÍrÚz Jang introduced the practice, which his successors continued, of levying taxes on grain piece-goods and garden produce on his own account, the viceroy’s men by degrees getting into their hands the whole power of collecting. In a.d.1710, when on tour exacting tribute, the viceroy fell ill at DÁnta and was brought to ÁhmedÁbÁd, where he died. As FÍrÚz Jang had not submitted
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
BahÁdur ShÁh I. Emperor, 1707–1712.
GhÁzi-ud-dÍn Forty-third Viceroy, 1708–1710. satisfactory accounts, his property was confiscated, and in a.d.1711 AmÁnat KhÁn, governor of Surat, was appointed deputy viceroy with the title of ShahÁmat KhÁn. When ShahÁmat KhÁn was levying tribute from the Kadi and BijÁpur districts, he heard that a MarÁtha force had advanced to the BÁba PiÁrah ford on the Narbada. He at once marched to oppose them, summoning Sayad Áhmed GÍlÁni, governor of Sorath, to his assistance. When he reached Ankleshvar, the MarÁthÁs met him, and a battle was fought in which the MarÁthÁs were defeated. ShahÁmat KhÁn then proceeded to Surat, and, after providing for its safety returned to ÁhmedÁbÁd. In spite of their reverse at Ankleshvar the MarÁthÁs from this time began to make yearly raids into GujarÁt.

JehÁndÁr ShÁh Emperor, 1712–1713.In a.d.1712, the emperor died, and was succeeded by his son AbÚl Fateh MuÎzz-ud-dÍn JehÁndÁr ShÁh, and Ásif-ud-daulah Asad KhÁn BahÁdur was appointed Ásif-ud-Daulah Forty-fourth Viceroy, 1712–13.forty-fourth viceroy of GujarÁt. As Muhammad Beg KhÁn, who was then at Kharkol, was a favourite of the new viceroy and through his interest was appointed deputy, he went to ÁhmedÁbÁd, and ShahÁmat KhÁn was transferred to MÁlwa as viceroy. In the meantime Muhammad Beg KhÁn was appointed governor of Surat, and Sarbuland KhÁn BahÁdur was sent to ÁhmedÁbÁd as deputy viceroy. On his way to GujarÁt, Sarbuland KhÁn was robbed in the SÁgbÁra wilds to the east of RÁjpÍpla. On his arrival he promptly marched against the rebellious Kolis of the ChunvÁl and subdued them. At the end of the year, as Farrukhsiyar son of ÁzÍm-us-ShÁn, second son of the late emperor, was marching with a large army on the capital, Sarbuland KhÁn returned to Dehli.

Farrukhsiyar Emperor, 1713–1719.This expedition of Farrukhsiyar was successful. He put JehÁndÁr ShÁh to death and mounted the throne in a.d.1713. As he had been raised to the throne mainly by the aid of Sayads Husain Áli and Abdullah KhÁn, the new emperor fell under the power of these nobles. Husain Áli was sent against AjÍtsingh of MÁrwÁr, and concluded a treaty with that chief, whereby AjÍtsingh engaged to send his son to court and to give his daughter to the emperor in marriage: and the marriage was solemnised in a.d.1715. In a.d.1714, shortly after this treaty was concluded, AjÍtsingh sent his son Abheysingh to court, and on him in place of one Sayad Áhmed GÍlÁni was conferred the post of governor of Sorath. Abheysingh remained at court and sent his deputy KÁyath Fatehsingh to JunÁga?h. AbdÚl HamÍd KhÁn was appointed revenue officer of Surat. After some time he resigned his Surat office and went to court, where on being made superintendent of the shrine of Sheikh Ahmed Khattu he returned to ÁhmedÁbÁd. In a.d.1713 Muhtarim KhÁn was appointed to succeed him in Surat. Early in a.d.1714, ShahÁmat KhÁn Forty-fifth Viceroy, 1713.ShahÁmat KhÁn, who had been appointed forty-fifth viceroy of GujarÁt, was superseded by DÁud KhÁn Panni as forty-sixth viceroy. The reckless courage of DÁud KhÁn Panni was renowned throughout India. His memory survives in the tales and proverbs of the Dakhan. On giving battle he used to show his contempt for his enemies by wearing nothing stronger than a muslin jerkin. So stern was his discipline that none of his AfghÁn soldiers dared to touch a leaf of the standing crops where they were encamped. When at
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Farrukhsiyar Emperor 1713–1719.
DÁud KhÁn Panni Forty-sixth Viceroy, 1714–15. ÁhmedÁbÁd he was either engaged in scattering the Kolis or in coursing with greyhounds. He preferred life under canvas on the SÁbarmati sands to the viceregal surroundings of the Bhadar Palace. His civil work he used to trust to Dakhan BrÁhmans and Pandits. He was much devoted to the use of bhang. DÁud KhÁn Panni Forty-sixth Viceroy, 1714–15.Until DÁud KhÁn’s arrival AbdÚl HamÍd KhÁn was appointed viceroy and took charge of the province from ShahÁmat KhÁn. At this time, on the security of RÁja Muhkamsingh of NÁgor, a sum of £5000 (Rs. 50,000) was granted to the brother of DurgÁdÁs RÁtho?. In a.d.1714 in ÁhmedÁbÁd HarÍrÁm, the agent of Madan GopÁl a successful North Indian banker, who came to ÁhmedÁbÁd as treasurer with FÍrÚz Jang, while celebrating the Holi with his friends, seized a MusalmÁn gentleman and handled him with great roughness. Religious Riots in ÁhmedÁbÁd, 1714.Aggrieved with this treatment the MusalmÁn complained to a preacher of much eloquence and influence, Mulla Muhammad Áli. The preacher took the Muslim to the Assembly Mosque and sent for Mulla AbdÚl ÂzÍz the chief or leading member of the Sunni Bohora community. He answered the call with a strong party of his men, and on his way was joined by numbers of MusalmÁns both soldiers and citizens. With cries of ‘DÍn’ ‘DÍn’ they went to the mosque and carried off the insulted man and the priest and the Bohora leader to the house of the KÁzi Khair-ul-lÁh. The KÁzi closed his doors against the crowd who returned abusing him to the Jewellers’ quarter pillaging and killing as they went. They next swarmed towards Madan GopÁl’s Haveli in the Jewellers’ quarters. But the Nagarsheth Kapurchand BhansÁli closed its strong gates and with his MusalmÁn soldiers met the swarm with firearms. The viceroy who was camped at the ShÁhi BÁgh sent soldiers and under the influence of the leading citizens of both classes the disturbance was quelled. When the particulars of the riots were known in the imperial camp the Hindus, clamouring against Mulla Muhammad Áli and Sheikh AbdÚl ÂzÍz GujarÁti, struck business and closed their shops. The emperor ordered mace-bearers to proceed to GujarÁt and bring the MusalmÁn ringleaders together with the Hindu Nagarsheth Kapurchand BhansÁli. Some Bohoras at the imperial camp, sending advance news to ÁhmedÁbÁd, the Mullah and the Bohora Sheth and after him the BhansÁli started for the imperial camp. On reaching the camp the Mulla, who was very impressive and eloquent, preached a sermon in the Assembly Mosque and his fame reaching the emperor he was called to court and asked to preach. He and the Sheth were now able to explain their case to the emperor and the BhansÁli was imprisoned. It is said that the BhansÁli made the Mulla the medium of his release and that he and the Bohora returned to GujarÁt while the Mulla remained in honour at court till he died. About the same time a great flood in the SÁbarmati did much damage.

AbdÚl HamÍd KhÁn was now chosen governor of Sorath in place of Abheysingh, and MomÍn KhÁn was appointed from Dehli, governor of Surat, and was at the same time placed in charge of Baroda, Broach, Dholka, PetlÁd, and Na?iÁd. DÁud KhÁn the viceroy now went into KÁthiÁvÁ?a and NavÁnagar to collect tribute, and on his return to ÁhmedÁbÁd, married the daughter of the chief of Halvad in the
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Farrukhsiyar Emperor 1713–1719.
DÁud KhÁn Panni Forty-sixth Viceroy, 1714–15. JhÁlÁvÁ?a sub-division of KÁthiÁvÁ?a. It is related that this lady, who was with child, on hearing of DÁud KhÁn’s death cut open her womb and saved the child at the sacrifice of her own life.47 DÁud KhÁn, though an excellent soldier and strict disciplinarian failed to distinguish himself as a civil administrator. He introduced Dakhani pandits into official posts, who levied a fee called chithyÁman from landholders and took taxes from the holdings of Sayads and otherwise made themselves unpopular.

About this time MomÍn KhÁn, governor of Surat, arrived in GujarÁt, and placing his deputies in PetlÁd, Dholka, Baroda, and Na?iÁd, went himself to Surat in a.d.1715. Here he was opposed by the commandant of the fort, Zia KhÁn, who was obliged to give way, his subordinate, Sayad KÁsim, being defeated by FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn. Further Riots in ÁhmedÁbÁd, 1715.At this time much ill-feeling was caused by the plunder by Muhammadan troops of the shops of some Hindu merchants in ÁhmedÁbÁd. On this account, and for other reasons, DÁud KhÁn was recalled, and Ghazni KhÁn JhÁlori was directed to act in his place until the arrival of a new viceroy. MahÁrÁja AjÍtsingh Forty-seventh Viceroy, 1715–16.In this year, a.d.1715, the MahÁrÁja AjÍtsingh was appointed forty-seventh viceroy of GujarÁt, and his son Kunvar Abheysingh was appointed governor of Sorath. AjÍtsingh sent VajerÁj BhandÁri to act as his deputy until his arrival, and Fatehsingh KÁyath was chosen deputy governor of Sorath. Perhaps one of the most remarkable appointments of this time was that of Haidar KÚli KhÁn to be minister as well as military commandant of Baroda, NÁndod, Arhar-MÁtar in the district48 of Kaira, and of the ports of Surat and Cambay. Haidar KÚli chose an officer to act for him as minister, and after appointing deputies in his different charges himself went to Surat.

The MahÁrÁja AjÍtsingh, on reaching ÁhmedÁbÁd, appointed Ghazni KhÁn JhÁlori governor of PÁlanpur and JawÁn Mard KhÁn BÁbi governor of RÁdhanpur.49 During this year an imperial order conferred on Haidar KÚli KhÁn, Sorath and GohilvÁ? or south-east KÁthiÁvÁ?a50 then in charge of Fatehsingh, the viceroy’s deputy.51 On receiving this order Haidar sent Sayad Âkil as his deputy, and that officer went to JambÚsar, and, collecting men, set out to join his appointment. He
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Farrukhsiyar Emperor 1713–1719.
MahÁrÁja AjÍtsingh Forty-seventh Viceroy, 1715–16. first camped at LoliÁnah, where the province of Sorath begins, and from LoliÁnah marched against PÁlitÁna and plundered the town. Disagreement between the Viceroy and Haidar KÚli KhÁn, 1715.The viceroy, who was by no means well disposed to Haidar KÚli KhÁn, sent a message that if any injury was done in Sorath he would take vengeance on the aggressors; and as neither AjÍtsingh nor Haidar KÚli KhÁn was of a very compliant temper, civil war was on the point of breaking out. By the help of SalÁbat KhÁn BÁbi, the deputy in GohilvÁ?a, matters were arranged, and Sayad Âkil returned from Sorath. Haidar was anxious to send SalÁbat KhÁn as deputy to Sorath. But as SalÁbat demanded too high a salary, Raza KÚli, brother of the late governor of Baroda, was chosen. When this officer, with his brother MaÂsÚm KÚli, reached Amreli Fatehsingh, the viceroy’s deputy, evacuated JunÁga?h. After this Haidar KÚli KhÁn, in company with KÁzÍm Beg, governor of Baroda, marched against and defeated the chief of Munjpur, now under RÁdhanpur, who had refused to pay the usual tribute. The viceroy went to Sorath to collect the imperial revenue, and, owing to his excessive demands, met with armed resistance from the JÁm of NavÁnagar. Finally, the matter of tribute was settled, and after visiting the shrine of DwÁrka, the viceroy returned to ÁhmedÁbÁd.

KhÁn DaurÁn Nasrat Jang BahÁdur Forty-eighth Viceroy, 1716–1719.In a.d.1716, while the viceroy was at DwÁrka, in consequence of numerous complaints against AjÍtsingh and his MÁrwÁri followers, the emperor sent SamsÁm-ud-daulah KhÁn DaurÁn Nasrat Jang BahÁdur as forty-eighth viceroy of GujarÁt. As it was expected that AjÍtsingh would not give up his government without a contest, an army was prepared to compel him to leave. On the arrival of the army AjÍtsingh marched straight on ÁhmedÁbÁd and encamped at Sarkhej, but Nahar KhÁn persuaded him to retire to Jodhpur without giving battle. In a.d.1717, after the departure of AjÍtsingh, Haidar KÚli Khan, who had been appointed deputy viceroy, leaving Surat set out for ÁhmedÁbÁd. When Haidar arrived at PetlÁd, some of the ÁhmedÁbÁd nobles, among whom was Safdar KhÁn BÁbi, went out to meet him. A dispute arose between one of Haidar’s water carriers and a water-carrier in the army of the BÁbi, which increased to a serious affray, which from the camp followers spread to the soldiers and officers, and the BÁbi’s baggage was plundered. Safdar KhÁn took serious offence, and returning to ÁhmedÁbÁd collected his kinsmen and followers and marched against Haidar KÚli KhÁn. In a battle fought on the following day Safdar KhÁn was defeated. The other BÁbis escaped to PÁlanpur, and Safdar KhÁn, who in the first instance had fled to Atarsumba, joined his party at PÁlanpur. Muhammad FÍrÚz JhÁlori, governor of PÁlanpur, with the title of Ghazni KhÁn, afterwards succeeded in reconciling the BÁbis and Haidar KÚli KhÁn. Famine, 1719.a.d.1719 was a year of great famine. AbdÚl HamÍd KhÁn, who had filled so many appointments in GujarÁt, went to court, and was made governor of Sorath. Haidar KÚli KhÁn now marched against the Mahi Kolis. In the meantime news was received of the appointment of a new viceroy, and Ghazni KhÁn, governor of PÁlanpur, was ordered to stay at ÁhmedÁbÁd for the defence of the city.

Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Muhammad ShÁh Emperor, 1721–1748.
MahÁrÁja AjÍtsingh Forty-ninth Viceroy, 1719–1721. Muhammad ShÁh Emperor, 1721–1748.Early in a.d.1719, the emperor FarrÛkhsiyar was deposed and put to death by the Sayads; and a prince named RafÍÂ-ud-DarajÁt, a grandson of the emperor, was raised to the throne. RafÍÂ-ud-DarajÁt was put to death by the Sayads after a reign of three months, and his brother RafÍÂ-ud-daulah, who succeeded him, also died after a few days’ reign. The Sayads then raised to the throne prince Raushan Akhtar with the title of Muhammad ShÁh. MahÁrÁja AjÍtsingh Forty-ninth Viceroy, 1719–1721.After the murder of FarrÛkhsiyar, the most powerful vassal in the neighbourhood of Delhi was AjÍtsingh of MÁrwÁr. To win him to their side the Sayads granted him the viceroyalty of GujarÁt, and MÍhr Áli KhÁn was appointed to act for him until his arrival, while Muhammad BahÁdur BÁbi, son of SalÁbat Muhammad KhÁn BÁbi, was placed in charge of the police of the district immediately round ÁhmedÁbÁd. Shortly after, through the influence of the MahÁrÁja AjÍtsingh, NÁhir KhÁn superseded MÍhr Áli KhÁn as deputy viceroy. NÁhir KhÁn was also appointed to the charge of Dholka Dohad and PetlÁd, and made superintendent of customs. About this time the head tax was repealed, and orders were issued that its levy in GujarÁt should cease.

PÍlÁji GÁikwÁr at Songa?, 1719.In the same year, a.d.1719, PÍlÁji GÁikwÁr marched on Surat with a large army and defeated the imperial troops commanded by Sayad Âkil and Muhammad PanÁh, the latter commander being taken prisoner and forced to pay a heavy ransom. PÍlÁji, finding GujarÁt an easy prey, made frequent incursions, and taking Songa? in the extreme south-east established himself there. MÍhr Áli KhÁn, who had been acting for NÁhir KhÁn, marched against and subdued the Kolis, who were committing piracy in the Mahi estuary. Decay of Imperial Power, 1720.From this year Mughal rule in GujarÁt was doomed. PÍlÁji GÁikwÁr was established at Songa?, and in the anarchy that ensued, the great GujarÁt houses of the BÁbis and JhÁloris, as well as the newly arrived MomÍn KhÁn, turned their thoughts to independence. AjÍtsingh so hated Muhammadan rule that he secretly favoured the MarÁthÁs, and strove to establish his own authority over such portions of GujarÁt as bordered on MÁrwÁr. In after years, Sarbuland KhÁn made a vigorous attempt to reassert imperial dominion, but the seeds of dissolution were sown and efforts at recovery were vain.

In a.d.1720, AjÍtsingh the viceroy sent Anopsingh BhandÁri to GujarÁt as his deputy. In this year NizÁm-ul-Mulk, viceroy of Ujjain, was superseded by Sayad DilÁwar KhÁn. While DilÁwar KhÁn was yet on the MÁlwa frontiers the NizÁm desirous of possessing himself of the Dakhan and its resources retired to BurhÁnpur pursued by Sayad DilÁwar KhÁn, who giving battle was killed, the NizÁm retiring to AurangÁbÁd in the Dakhan. Álam Áli KhÁn, deputy viceroy of the Dakhan, was directed to march against him, while from north GujarÁt Anopsingh BhandÁri was ordered to send 10,000 horse to Surat, and NÁhir KhÁn, the deputy viceroy, was instructed to proceed thither in person. The NizÁm and Álam Áli KhÁn met near BÁlÁpur in the BerÁrs and a battle was fought in which the NizÁm was successful and Álam KhÁn was slain. At this time Anopsingh BhandÁri committed many oppressive acts, of which the
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Muhammad ShÁh Emperor, 1721–1748.
MahÁrÁja AjÍtsingh Forty-ninth Viceroy, 1719–1721. chief was the murder of Kapurchand BhansÁli, the leading merchant of ÁhmedÁbÁd. The cause of Kapurchand’s murder was that he had hired a number of armed retainers who used to oppose the BhandÁri’s orders and set free people unjustly imprisoned by him. To remove this meddler from his way the BhandÁri got him assassinated. NizÁm-ul-Mulk Prime Minister, of the Empire, 1721.In a.d.1721, NizÁm-ul-Mulk was appointed prime minister of the empire, AbdÚl HamÍd KhÁn was recalled from Sorath, and in his stead Asad Kuli KhÁn, with the title of Amir-ul-Umara, was appointed governor of Sorath and sent Muhammad SharÍf KhÁn into Sorath as his deputy.

Haidar KÚli KhÁn Fiftieth Viceroy, 1721–22.In a.d.1721, in conjunction with Muhammad AmÍn and SaÁdat KhÁn, Haidar KÚli KhÁn freed the emperor from the tyranny of the Sayads, and was rewarded with the title of MuÎz-ud-daulah Haidar KÚli KhÁn BahÁdur Zafar Jang and the viceroyalty of GujarÁt. He obtained the appointment of minister for his brother JaÂfar KÚli KhÁn. MaÂsÚm KÚli KhÁn was dignified by the title of ShujÁÂt KhÁn BahÁdur and appointed deputy viceroy. As soon as this change was notified, the people of ÁhmedÁbÁd, who were discontented with the rule of Anopsingh, attacked his palace, the Bhadar, and he escaped with difficulty. Disorder in ÁhmedÁbÁd, 1721.In consequence of the enmity between Haidar KÚli KhÁn and the MÁrwÁris, ShujÁÂt KhÁn, the deputy viceroy, attacked the house of NÁhir KhÁn who had been AjÍtsingh’s minister, and forced him to pay £10,000 (Rs. 1 lÁkh) and leave the city. ShujÁÂt KhÁn next interfered with the lands of Safdar KhÁn BÁbi, the deputy governor of Godhra, and his brothers. On one of the brothers repairing to Dehli and remonstrating, Haidar KÚli, who, above all things, was a Muhammadan and anxious to strengthen himself with the Muhammadan nobility of GujarÁt, restored their lands to the BÁbis. In consequence of this decision ill-feeling sprung up between ShujÁÂt KhÁn and the BÁbis, and when ShujÁÂt KhÁn went to exact tribute he forced Muhammad KhÁn BÁbi, governor of Kaira, to pay a special fine of £1000 (Rs. 10,000). Shortly after one of the viceroy’s officers, KÁsÍm Áli KhÁn, while employed against the Kolis of that part of the country, was killed at PethÁpur. ShujÁÂt KhÁn advanced, and revenged KÁsÍm Áli’s death by burning the town. Next, he passed into Sorath, and after exacting tribute, crossed to Kachh. The chief opposed him, and in the fight that followed was beaten and forced to pay about £22,500 (Rs. 2¼ lÁkhs).52 In a.d.1721, a Sayad was sent to Sorath as deputy governor in place of Muhammad SharÍf, and Haidar KÚli was appointed governor of Kadi, the ChÚnvÁl, and Halvad (called Muhammadnagar), and put in charge of TharÁd, Arjanpur, BhÁmnÁrli, PethÁpur, and KherÁlu in place of Vakhatsingh, son of the MahÁrÁja AjÍtsingh.

Leaves Dehli for GujarÁt, 1722.Early in a.d.1722, NizÁm-ul-Mulk took up the office of prime minister of the empire, to which he had been appointed in the previous year. Strenuous efforts were made to embroil him with Haidar KÚli
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Muhammad ShÁh Emperor, 1721–1748.
Haidar KÚli KhÁn Fiftieth Viceroy, 1721–22. KhÁn, as the NizÁm’s austerity and craft were a source of not less anxiety to the Dehli court than Haidar KÚli’s more daring and restless ambition. Haidar KÚli KhÁn, unable to contend with the NizÁm, left Dehli and retired to GujarÁt. On his way the villagers of DabhÁli opposed him killing one of his chief men named Alif Beg KhÁn. Haidar burned the village and put all the people to death, a severity which caused such terror that throughout his rule no difficulty was experienced in realizing tribute or in keeping the roads safe. About this time, among other changes, Muhammad BahÁdÚr, son of SalÁbat KhÁn BÁbi, was placed in charge of SÁdra and VÍrpur, with the title of Sher KhÁn. Shortly after his arrival the viceroy marched against and subdued the rebellious Kolis of the ChunvÁl, appointing Rustam Áli KhÁn his governor there. Then, returning to ÁhmedÁbÁd, he took up his residence in the Bhadra. Shows signs of Independence and is Recalled, 1722.There is little doubt that at this time Haidar KÚli aimed at bringing all GujarÁt under his rule. He seized the imperial horses which passed through ÁhmedÁbÁd on their way to Dehli, and confiscated many estates and gave them to his own men. On his way to enforce tribute from the DungarpÚr chiefs, he levied £8000 (Rs. 80,000) from LunÁvÁ?a. Through the mediation of the Udepur RÁna, and as he agreed to pay a tribute of £10,000 (1 lÁkh of rupees), the RÁval of Dungarpur escaped. Haidar KÚli next proceeded to BijÁpur, north of ÁhmedÁbÁd, but hearing that the emperor was displeased at his assumption of the power of giving and changing grants of land, he returned to ÁhmedÁbÁd and restored several estates which he had confiscated. NizÁm-ul-Mulk Fifty-first Viceroy, 1722.The court continued to distrust him, and at the close of a.d.1722 appointed Jumlat-ul-Mulk NizÁm-ul-Mulk fifty-first viceroy.

Haidar KÚli KhÁn, finding himself no match for the NizÁm, was induced to retire quietly, and accordingly left GujarÁt by way of Dungarpur. ShujÁÂt KhÁn and Rustam Áli KhÁn accompanied him as far as DungarpÚr, and then returned to ÁhmedÁbÁd. In the meantime the NizÁm had reached Ujjain, and thence directed Safdar KhÁn BÁbi to carry on the government till he should arrive, appointing at the same time his uncle HÁmid KhÁn Deputy Viceroy; MomÍn KhÁn Governor of Surat, 1722.HÁmid KhÁn as deputy viceroy and Fidwi KhÁn as minister. Subsequently the NizÁm came to GujarÁt and chose officers of his own for places of trust, the chief of whom was MomÍn KhÁn, who was appointed governor of Surat. The NizÁm then returned to Dehli, but, after a short time, disgusted with his treatment at court, he retired to the Dakhan, where, making HaidarÁbÁd his capital, he gradually began to act as an independent ruler. Meanwhile in GujarÁt dissensions sprang up between HÁmid KhÁn and other officers, but matters were arranged without any outbreak of hostility. Tribute was exacted from the chiefs on the banks of the VÁtrak and from Modhera an unruly Koli village was burned down, and garrisons were placed in the Koli country. In a.d.1723 Rustam Áli KhÁn and ShujÁÂt KhÁn were ordered from Dehli to march on Jodhpur, which they captured and plundered, and then returned to ÁhmedÁbÁd.

Increase of MarÁtha Power, 1723.In a.d.1723 PilÁji GÁikwÁr, who had been long hovering on the frontier, marched on Surat and was opposed by MomÍn KhÁn, whom he defeated. After levying contributions from the surrounding country,
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Muhammad ShÁh Emperor, 1721–1748.
Sarbuland KhÁn Fifty-second Viceroy, 1723–1730. he returned to his head-quarters at Songad, and from this overran a considerable portion of the Surat territory, building several forts in the RÁjpÍpla country. At the same time KÁntÁji Kadam BÁnde, invading GujarÁt from the side of Dohad, began to levy fixed contributions. Though before this occasional demands had often been made, a.d.1723 was the first year in which the MarÁthÁs imposed a regular tribute on GujarÁt. MomÍn KhÁn was now appointed provincial minister, and Rustam Áli KhÁn succeeded him as revenue officer of Surat, and, as the NizÁm had gone to the Dakhan without the emperor’s leave, Sarbuland KhÁn Fifty-second Viceroy, 1723–1730.MubÁriz-ul-Mulk Sarbuland KhÁn BahÁdur DilÁwar Jang was appointed fifty-second viceroy of GujarÁt. Appoints ShujÁÂt KhÁn his Deputy.He selected ShujÁÂt KhÁn as his deputy, and made other arrangements for the government of the province. HÁmid KhÁn, uncle and deputy of the NizÁm, prepared to oppose ShujÁÂt KhÁn, but through the intervention of BÁbis SalÁbat KhÁn, Safdar KhÁn, and JawÁn Mard KhÁn, HÁmid KhÁn evacuated the Bhadra, and withdrew to Dohad. ShujÁÂt KhÁn now went to collect tribute, leaving IbrÁhÍm KÚli KhÁn at ÁhmedÁbÁd, while RÁmrÁi was posted at Mahudha in Kaira, with orders to watch the movements of HÁmid KhÁn. As the viceroy was in need of money, he farmed to one JÍvan Jugal the districts of JambÚsar, MakbÚlÁbad or Ámod about twenty-two miles north of Broach, Dholka, and Broach. In a.d.1724, he came to ÁhmedÁbÁd with Áli Muhammad KhÁn father of the author of the MirÁt-i-Áhmedi, as his private minister.

NizÁm-ul-Mulk and Sarbuland KhÁn.Rustam Áli, governor of Surat, having succeeded twice or thrice in defeating the MarÁthÁs under PÍlÁji GÁikwÁr, now offered, in conjunction with his brother ShujÁÂt KhÁn, that if 20,000 men were placed under their orders, they would march against the NizÁm. The emperor accepted this offer, allowing Rustam Áli to draw on the Surat treasury to the extent of £20,000 (Rs. 2 lÁkhs). Rustam Áli accordingly, with the aid of Áhmed KÚli his brother’s son, equipped an army. In the meantime the NizÁm was not idle. He promised to KÁntÁji Kadam BÁnde a one-fourth share of the revenue of GujarÁt, provided he should be able, in concert with HÁmid KhÁn, to re-conquer the province from MubÁriz-ul-Mulk. ShujÁÂt KhÁn, who was now at Kadi, instead of following the advice of his minister and carefully watching HÁmid KhÁn’s movements from Kapadvanj, went to a distant part of the province. HÁmid KhÁn seeing his opportunity, united his forces with those of KÁntÁji Kadam, and marched to Kapadvanj. Sarbuland KhÁn’s Deputy Defeated, 1724.ShujÁÂt KhÁn hearing of this, advanced towards ÁhmedÁbÁd and encamped at Dabhora under Bahyal, eighteen miles east of ÁhmedÁbÁd and thence proceeded to Mota Medra, about six miles east of the capital. When he came so near ÁhmedÁbÁd, many of his soldiers went without leave into the city to visit their families. The MarÁthÁs attacked his rear guard, and his men giving way took to flight. HÁmid KhÁn seeing that ShujÁÂt KhÁn had but a small force, marched between him and the capital. A battle was fought, in which ShujÁÂt KhÁn was slain, and his two sons Hasan KÚli and Mustafa KÚli were taken prisoners. ShujÁÂt KhÁn’s head was cut off and sent to Safdar KhÁn BÁbi, to be sent to IbrÁhÍm KÚli his son, who was doing duty as commandant at ÁhmedÁbÁd. HÁmid KhÁn took up his quarters in
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Muhammad ShÁh Emperor, 1721–1748.
Sarbuland KhÁn Fifty-second Viceroy, 1723–1730. the ShÁhi BÁgh, and got possession of all ÁhmedÁbÁd except the city. HÁmid KhÁn now sent a message to the emperor, that the MarÁthÁs had been successful in defeating ShujÁÂt KhÁn and conquering GujarÁt, but that he had defended ÁhmedÁbÁd against them. The emperor sent him a dress of honour, but after a few days discovered that HÁmid’s message was false. The MarÁthÁs now marched through the country, collecting their chauth or one-fourth and their sardeshmukhi or one-tenth shares of the revenue. KÁntÁji went to VÍramgÁm and besieged the town, but on the promise of one of the chief inhabitants to raise a sum of £35,000 (Rs. 3½ lÁkhs) the MarÁthÁs retired. HÁmid KhÁn who was now independent began to bestow lands and districts many of which remained with the grantees and were never recovered by future governors. IbrÁhÍm KÚli, son of ShujÁÂt KhÁn, in revenge for his father’s death, determined to assassinate HÁmid KhÁn. The attempt failed. HÁmid KhÁn escaped and IbrÁhÍm KÚli was slain.

The MarÁthÁs engaged as Allies.Rustam Áli KhÁn, governor of Surat, in the hope of being revenged on HÁmid KhÁn, invited the aid of PÍlÁji GÁikwÁr, and it was agreed that they should meet on the north bank of the Narbada. PÍlÁji promised to aid Rustam KhÁn, and the allied armies, crossing the Mahi, encamped at Aras in the plain between Anand and the Mahi. HÁmid KhÁn, accompanied by MÍr Nathu, Muhammad SalÁbat Rohila, and KÁntÁji Kadam, marched to oppose Rustam KhÁn. HÁmid KhÁn also entered into secret negotiations with PÍlÁji GÁikwÁr, who resolved to remain neutral and side with the conqueror. Battle of ArÁs. HÁmid KhÁn defeated by Rustam Áli, 1723.A battle was fought, in which, though PilÁji took no part, HÁmid KhÁn was defeated and put to flight, and MÍr Nathu was killed. After the fight Rustam Áli remained on the field of battle and liberated his nephews, plundering HÁmid KhÁn’s camp. PÍlÁji plundered Rustam Áli’s camp and then moved off, while KÁntÁji carried away what was left in the camp of HÁmid KhÁn. HÁmid KhÁn reproached KÁntÁji for his inactivity; but he pleaded in excuse that he was watching the mode of warfare amongst Muhammadans, and promised to attack Rustam Áli shortly. MarÁthÁs join HÁmid KhÁn against Rustam Áli.Now, as the MarÁthÁs really desired to ruin Rustam Áli, who was their bitter foe, they after a few days surrounded him and cut off his supplies. Rustam Áli stood a blockade of eight days, and then forced his way through his enemies and went to NÁpÁd, about fourteen miles west of the VÁsad railway station in the Anand sub-division of the Kaira district, and thence through Kalamsar to NÁpa or NÁba under PetlÁd. The MarÁthÁs still pursuing Rustam Áli retired to Vasu under PetlÁd, ten miles east of Na?iÁd and about twenty-five miles south of ÁhmedÁbÁd, where he gave battle, and by a furious charge broke the MarÁtha line. The MarÁthÁs rallied, and Rustam Áli and his men were defeated, Rustam Áli being slain and his nephews again taken prisoners. Rustam was buried on the field of battle and his head sent to ÁhmedÁbÁd.

HÁmid KhÁn returned to ÁhmedÁbÁd with the MarÁthÁs, who saw that their only means of effecting a permanent footing in the province was by supporting him. HÁmid KhÁn then assigned a one-fourth share of the revenue of the territory north of the Mahi to KÁntÁji, and to PÍlÁji a corresponding interest in the territory south of the Mahi,
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Muhammad ShÁh Emperor, 1721–1748.
Sarbuland KhÁn Fifty-second Viceroy, 1723–1730. including Surat and Baroda. After this HÁmid KhÁn acted tyrannically. He extorted large sums from the rich, and poisoned the two sons of ShujÁÂt KhÁn. When the news of KÁntÁji’s and PÍlÁji’s success reached the Dakhan, TrimbakrÁv DhÁbÁde, son of KhanderÁv SenÁpati, came with a large army and laid siege to Cambay. While the siege was being pressed a quarrel among the MarÁtha leaders culminated in strife and bloodshed. TrimbakrÁv SenÁpati was wounded and the MarÁtha army had to disperse and retire.53 SalÁbat KhÁn, leaving ÁhmedÁbÁd, went to VÍramgÁm, and after some time, placing his nephew at VÍramgÁm, he went into GohilvÁ?a. When the news of the defeat and death of Rustam Áli reached Dehli, the emperor ordered MubÁriz-ul-Mulk sent against the MarÁthÁs, 1725.MubÁriz-ul-Mulk to take a strong army and proceed in person to GujarÁt and expel HÁmid KhÁn and the MarÁthÁs. MubÁriz-ul-Mulk marched on GujarÁt with a large army, assisted by MahÁrÁja Abheysingh of Jodhpur, Chatarsingh RÁja of Narwar in Bundelkhand, Gandrapsingh, and the MahÁrÁna of Udepur. On his arrival at AjmÍr MubÁriz-ul-Mulk was received by his private minister Áli Muhammad KhÁn, who afterwards joined JawÁn Mard KhÁn BÁbi in RÁdhanpur, and united their troops with those under MubÁriz-ul-Mulk. At that time SalÁbat KhÁn was removed from his government, and Safdar KhÁn BÁbi died. In obedience to the imperial order, MubÁriz-ul-Mulk marched from AjmÍr and came to the GujarÁt frontier. On his approach HÁmid KhÁn returned to ÁhmedÁbÁd. He placed RÚpsingh and SardÁr Muhammad Ghorni in charge of the city and himself withdrew to MehmÚdÁbÁd. MubÁriz-ul-Mulk now sent Sheikh AlÍyÁr in advance with an army against ÁhmedÁbÁd. When Sheikh AlÍyÁr arrived before the city, Muhammad Ghorni, who was dissatisfied with HÁmid KhÁn for bringing in the MarÁthÁs, persuaded RÚpsingh to fly. HÁmid KhÁn and other MarÁthÁs Retire.In the meantime MubÁriz-ul-Mulk with the main body of his forces reached Sidhpur. HÁmid KhÁn, accompanied by a detachment of MarÁtha horse, now returned to ÁhmedÁbÁd; but Muhammad Ghorni closed the gates, and would not suffer him to enter the city. MubÁriz-ul-Mulk marched to MesÁna. About this time Áli Muhammad KhÁn, the father of the author of the Mirat-i-Áhmedi, who was now with MubÁriz-ul-Mulk at MesÁna, advised him to conciliate the influential Muhammadan family of BÁbi. Under his advice, SalÁbat Muhammad KhÁn BÁbi was appointed governor of VÍramgÁm, and JawÁn Mard KhÁn governor of PÁtan. Shortly afterwards MurlidhardÁs, the GujarÁti minister of HÁmid KhÁn, deserted his master’s declining cause. When KantÁji heard that MubÁriz-ul-Mulk had arrived at PethÁpur, only eighteen miles from ÁhmedÁbÁd, he retired to MehmÚdÁbÁd. MubÁriz-ul-Mulk enters ÁhmedÁbÁd, 1725.Before the close of a.d.1725, MubÁriz-ul-Mulk reached ÁhmedÁbÁd, where he was well received by the officials and merchants.

Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Muhammad ShÁh Emperor, 1721–1748.
Sarbuland KhÁn Fifty-second Viceroy, 1723–1730. HÁmid KhÁn and KantÁji, who had by this time reached the banks of the Mahi, were now joined by PÍlÁji GÁikwÁr. The MarÁtha leaders, seeing that the only way to preserve their footing in the province was to espouse the cause of HÁmid KhÁn, united their forces with his, and prepared to march on ÁhmedÁbÁd. MubÁriz-ul-Mulk deputed his son KhÁnahzÁd KhÁn with an army to oppose them, and made several appointments, among other changes raising Áli Muhammad KhÁn to the post of minister. Defeat of the MarÁthÁs at Sojitra and Kapadvanj, 1725.KhÁnahzÁd KhÁn met the MarÁthÁs near Sojitra, about ten miles north-west of PetlÁd, and defeated them, pursuing them as far as the Mahi. Then, returning, he was reinforced by his brother ShÁh NawÁz KhÁn, and marched against the MarÁthÁs, who were encamped at Kapadvanj. Another battle was fought, and the MarÁthÁs were again defeated and pursued as far as the hills of Áli-Mohan now Chhota Udepur in the extreme east of the province. KhÁnahzÁd KhÁn now appointed Hasan-ud-dÍn governor of Baroda, Broach, JambÚsar, and MakbulÁbÁd. MarÁtha Expedition against Vadnagar, 1725.Meanwhile AntÁji BhÁskar, a MarÁtha noble, entering GujarÁt from the side of Ídar, laid siege to the town of Vadnagar, which, according to the old GujarÁt proverb, with Umreth in the Kaira district, are the two golden feathers of the kingdom of GujarÁt. Vadnagar was inhabited by wealthy BrÁhmans of the NÁgar caste who prayed MubÁriz-ul-Mulk to march to their relief; but as both his sons were in pursuit of the other MarÁtha bands defeated at Kapadvanj, the viceroy had no troops to spare from the ÁhmedÁbÁd garrison. The NÁgars accordingly, seeing no prospect of help, paid a sum of £40,000 (Rs. 4 lÁkhs) and AntÁji BhÁskar retired. KantÁji and PÍlÁji, encouraged by this raid of AntÁji’s, entered GujarÁt from different quarters. KÁntÁji again laid siege to Vadnagar. The NÁgars, unable to pay the contribution demanded, leaving their property fled and KÁntÁji in his attempts to unearth the buried treasure burned down the town. Shortly afterwards Umreth in the Kaira district suffered a similar fate at the hands of KÁntÁji. In one of his raids PÍlÁji GÁikwÁr advancing as far as Baroda was met by KhÁnahzÁd KhÁn, the son of the viceroy. Distrusting the issue of a battle PÍlÁji fled to Cambay, and from Cambay withdrew to Sorath. For these services the emperor raised KhÁnahzÁd KhÁn to the rank of a noble, with the title GhÁlib Jang. About this time Áli Muhammad KhÁn was dismissed from the post of minister, and in his stead first Muhammad Sayad Beg and afterwards Muhammad SulaimÁn were appointed. Not long afterwards Áli Muhammad KhÁn was again entrusted with a command and raised to be governor of Dholka.

MubÁriz-ul-Mulk pays the MarÁtha Tribute, 1726.The MarÁthÁs retired to the Dakhan, but, returning in a.d.1726, compelled MubÁriz-ul-Mulk to confirm his predecessor’s grants in their favour. The emperor refused to acknowledge any cessions of revenue to the MarÁthÁs; and the viceroy, hard pressed for money, unable to obtain support from the court and receiving little help from his impoverished districts, was forced to impose fresh taxes on the citizens of ÁhmedÁbÁd, and at the same time to send an army to collect their tribute from the Mahi chiefs. As part of the agreement between MubÁriz-ul-Mulk and the MarÁtha chiefs PÍlÁji was to receive a share in the
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Muhammad ShÁh Emperor, 1721–1748.
Sarbuland KhÁn Fifty-second Viceroy, 1723–1730. revenue of the districts south of the Mahi. But Peshwa BÁjirÁv BalÁl, to whom, as agent of his rival KhanderÁv DÁbhÁde, PÍlÁji was obnoxious, sent UdÁji PavÁr to drive PÍlÁji away. In this UdÁji was successful, and defeating PÍlÁji forced him to seek the aid of KÁntÁji. KÁntÁji, perceiving that if the Peshwa became supreme his own independence would suffer, joined PÍlÁji, and marching together upon Baroda they endeavoured, but without success, to prevent the MusalmÁn governor Sadr-ud-dÍn KhÁn from entering the city. About this time want of funds forced MubÁriz-ul-Mulk to sell the greater part of the Dholka district to different landholders.

Alliance with the Peshwa, 1727.In the following year, a.d.1727, BÁjirÁv Peshwa began to negotiate with MubÁriz-ul-Mulk, undertaking that if the one-fourth and one-tenth shares in the revenue of the province were guaranteed to him, he would protect GujarÁt from other invaders. Though he did not consent to these proposals, the viceroy so far accepted the alliance of the Peshwa as to allow the governor of Baroda to aid UdÁji PavÁr against PÍlÁji. PilÁji GÁikwÁr obtains Baroda and Dabhoi, 1727.PilÁji and KÁntÁji outmanoeuvred UdÁji and prevented him from effecting a junction with the governor of Baroda, who in the end was forced to abandon both that city and the stronghold of Dabhoi, while UdÁji retired to MÁlwa. PÍlÁji GÁikwÁr now obtained possession of Baroda. MubÁriz-ul-Mulk, still sorely pressed for funds, marched into Sorath to exact tribute. On reaching VÍramgÁm, SalÁbat Muhammad KhÁn BÁbi, on behalf of the JÁm of NavÁnagar, presented the viceroy with £10,000 (Rs. 1 lÁkh), and for this service was rewarded with the gift of an elephant. MubÁriz-ul-Mulk then marched against ChhÁya, the capital of the chief of Porbandar in the south-west of KÁthiÁvÁ?a. This chief, by putting to sea, hoped to escape the payment of tribute. But on hearing that the viceroy proposed to annex his territory and appoint an officer to govern it, he returned and agreed to pay a tribute of £4000 (Rs. 40,000).54 On his way back to ÁhmedÁbÁd, MubÁriz-ul-Mulk passed through Halvad in JhÁlÁvÁ?a, and there married the daughter of JhÁla PratÁpsingh, the chief of that district, whom he accordingly exempted from the payment of tribute. About this time the viceroy received orders from the emperor to restore certain land which he had confiscated, and as he neglected to obey, certain estates of his in the PanjÁb were resumed. Capture of ChÁmpÁner by the MarÁthÁs, 1728.In the meantime KrishnÁji, foster son of KÁntÁji, made a sudden attack upon ChÁmpÁner and captured that fortress, and from that time KÁntÁji’s agents remained permanently in GujarÁt to collect his share of the tribute.

In a.d.1728 the minister MomÍn KhÁn died, and in his place the emperor selected MomÍn KhÁn’s brother Abd-ul-Ghani KhÁn. About this time Asad Áli, governor of JunÁga?h, also died, and on his deathbed appointed SalÁbat Muhammad KhÁn BÁbi deputy governor of that fortress. SalÁbat Muhammad KhÁn sent his son Sher KhÁn BÁbi to act on his behalf. When the emperor heard of the death of Asad Áli, he appointed GhulÁm Muhy-ud-dÍn KhÁn, son of the late Asad Áli, governor. GhulÁm Muhy-ud-dÍn did not proceed to JunÁga?h but continued Sher KhÁn BÁbi as his deputy. MubÁriz-ul-Mulk, now
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Muhammad ShÁh Emperor, 1721–1748.
Sarbuland KhÁn Fifty-second Viceroy, 1723–1730. perceiving that neither PÍlÁji nor KÁntÁji afforded any protection to GujarÁt, but rather pillaged it, closed with the offers of BÁjirÁv Peshwa, and Grant of Tribute to the Peshwa, 1729.in a.d.1729 formally granted to him the one-fourth and one-tenth shares of the revenue of the province. The Peshwa accordingly sent his brother ChimnÁjirÁv to collect the tribute. ChimnÁji plundered Dholka and the country near ChÁmpÁner, while MubÁriz-ul-Mulk exacted tribute from the chiefs on the banks of the VÁtrak. KÁntÁji now entered GujarÁt and prepared for war in case ChimnÁji and the viceroy should unite against him. His movements were not interfered with, and after collecting his share of the tribute, he retired to Sorath. The viceroy now marched against the Kolis, and after destroying many of them together with their wives and children, returned to ÁhmedÁbÁd by way of Modasa and Ahmednagar. GhulÁm Muhy-ud-dÍn KhÁn, governor of JunÁga?h, who had not yet proceeded to his command, appointed a second deputy. Through the influence of the viceroy this appointment was not confirmed, and instead Sher KhÁn BÁbi, son of SalÁbat Muhammad KhÁn, was placed in charge of that fortress.

Mulla Muhammad Áli raises a Disturbance at Surat, 1729.In Surat the year a.d.1729 was marked by a severe flood in the TÁpti and by a somewhat serious local disturbance. The chief cause of the disturbance was Mulla Muhammad Áli, a rich MusalmÁn trader of Surat. This man who, as Ûmda-tut-tujjÁr or chief of the merchants, had already a special rank in the city, was tempted to take advantage of the disorders of the time to raise himself to the position of an independent ruler. With this object he chose as his head-quarters the island of PÍram in the Gulf of Cambay, near the port of Gogha, and there spent considerable sums in strengthening the island and tempting settlers to place themselves under his protection. As PÍram was not popular Mulla Muhammad fixed on the village of Athva, on the left bank of the TÁpti, about twelve miles from its mouth. Here he began to build a fort, but was ordered to desist by SohrÁb KhÁn, the governor of Surat, from which city the proposed stronghold was only three miles distant. Mulla Muhammad so far from obeying, persuaded Beglar-Beg KhÁn the commander of the fort of Surat to side with him. Accordingly, next day, Beglar-Beg KhÁn bombarded the governor SohrÁb KhÁn’s residence, proclaiming that his own brother Teghbeg KhÁn was appointed governor of Surat. In the end Mulla Muhammad Áli induced the chief merchants of the city to pray for the removal of SohrÁb who pending receipt of orders from the emperor was made to hand over his official residence in the city to Teg-Beg KhÁn.

Na?iÁd given in Farm, 1729.In the same year, a.d.1729, JawÁn Mard KhÁn BÁbi was chosen governor of PetlÁd, Áli Muhammad KhÁn was made collector of ÁhmedÁbÁd, and Áli Muhammad’s son, the author of the Mirat-i-Áhmedi and his brother were appointed governor and superintendent of the customs of that district. Áli Muhammad KhÁn shortly resigned and was succeeded by RÚ-Ín KhÁn. At this time JawÁn Mard KhÁn BÁbi, while punishing the Kolis of BÁlor, probably BhÁtod about fifteen miles east of Broach, was killed by a man of that tribe, and in revenge for his death the town of BÁlor was plundered. On the death of JawÁn Mard KhÁn, at the request of SalÁbat Muhammad KhÁn BÁbi, his eldest son KamÁl-ud-dÍn KhÁn BÁbi received the districts of
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Muhammad ShÁh Emperor, 1721–1748.
Sarbuland KhÁn Fifty-second Viceroy, 1723–1730. Sami and Munjpur and the title of JawÁn Mard KhÁn. At the same time the second son, Muhammad Anwar, with the title of Safdar KhÁn, was appointed to the government of RÁdhanpur. The viceroy now went to Na?iÁd, where RÁi KishandÁs, agent of JawÁn Mard KhÁn, received the district of PetlÁd in farm. From Na?iÁd MubÁriz-ul-Mulk went to collect tribute from Sar?Ársingh, the chief of BhÁdarva in the Rewa KÁntha about fifteen miles north of Baroda, on the banks of the Mahi, who, after some fighting, agreed to pay a sum of £2000 (Rs. 20,000). On his way back to ÁhmedÁbÁd the viceroy levied tribute from the chief of Umeta, fifteen miles west of Baroda. As RÁi KishandÁs failed to pay the sum agreed on for the farm of PetlÁd, an order was issued for his imprisonment. To save himself from the indignity he committed suicide.

Athva Fort, 1730.When KÁntÁji returned from Sorath he camped at SÁnand, and his advanced guard carried off some of the viceroy’s elephants which were grazing there. Men were sent in pursuit, but in vain, and the MarÁthÁs escaped. Meanwhile, at Surat, Mulla Muhammad Áli continued to build the fort at Athva. At last his accomplice, Beglar-Beg KhÁn the commander of the Surat fort, began to perceive that if the Athva fort were completed the Mulla would be in a position to obstruct the trade of the port of Surat. He consequently ordered him to stop building. In spite of this the Mulla succeeded in persuading SohrÁb KhÁn to allow him to go on with his fort promising in return to get him confirmed as governor of Surat. SohrÁb KhÁn agreed, and the fort was completed, and SohrÁb KhÁn was duly appointed governor. As the fort was immediately below Surat the revenue of Surat was greatly diminished, and SohrÁb KhÁn, when it was too late, saw his mistake.

The Viceroy in KÁthiÁvÁ?a and Kachh, 1730.In a.d.1730 MubÁriz-ul-Mulk went into GohilvÁ?a in south-east KÁthiÁvÁ?a and levied tribute from BhÁvsingh, chief of Sihor; thence he proceeded to MÁdhupur, a town under Porbandar, and laid it waste. While engaged at MÁdhupur, MomÍn KhÁn, son-in-law of the late MomÍn KhÁn, owing to some misunderstanding with the viceroy suddenly set out for ÁhmedÁbÁd and from ÁhmedÁbÁd proceeded to Ágra. The viceroy now marched in the direction of Kachh and refusing the offer of a yearly tribute of about £33,000 (10,00,000 mahmÚdis), advanced against BhÚj. He experienced great difficulty in crossing the Ran, and as the RÁo had cut off all supplies, and as at the same time news arrived of disturbances in ÁhmedÁbÁd, he was obliged, after a month and a half, to retire to RÁdhanpur. Riots at ÁhmedÁbÁd.The author of the Mirat-i-Áhmedi was ordered to suppress the ÁhmedÁbÁd riots, which had arisen out of the levy of some fresh taxes, and was invested with the title of Hasan Muhammad KhÁn. In this year Udaikaran, DesÁi of VÍramgÁm, was murdered by a KasbÁti55 of that town named Áli, and SalÁbÁt Muhammad KhÁn BÁbi, who was sent to investigate this murder, died on his way at PÁldi, a village on the right bank of the SÁbarmati opposite to ÁhmedÁbÁd.

MahÁrÁja Abheysingh Fifty-third Viceroy, 1730–1733.News was now (a.d.1730) received that MahÁrÁja Abheysingh of Jodhpur had been appointed viceroy and had reached PÁlanpur.
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Muhammad ShÁh Emperor, 1721–1748.
MahÁrÁja Abheysingh Fifty-third Viceroy, 1730–1733. The friends of order endeavoured to arrange a peaceable transfer between the MahÁrÁja and the late viceroy, but MubÁriz-ul-Mulk Resists the New Viceroy.MubÁriz-ul-Mulk determined to try the chances of war, and prepared for resistance. At this time MÍr IsmÁÍl, deputy of GhulÁm Muhy-ud-dÍn KhÁn, arrived and took charge of the government of JunÁga?h from Sher KhÁn BÁbi. MahÁrÁja Abheysingh, after making various appointments, set out with his brother Vakhatsingh and 20,000 men to take over the government of GujarÁt. When he reached PÁlanpur and saw that MubÁriz-ul-Mulk was determined on resistance, he sent an order to SardÁr Muhammad Ghorni appointing him his minister and directing him to take possession of the city of ÁhmedÁbÁd and drive out the late viceroy. As SardÁr Muhammad was not strong enough to carry out these orders he awaited the MahÁrÁja’s arrival. When the MahÁrÁja reached Sidhpur he was joined by Safdar KhÁn BÁbi and JawÁn Mard KhÁn BÁbi from RÁdhanpur. They then advanced together to AdÁlaj, distant only about eight miles from the capital, their army increasing daily. Battle of AdÁlaj; the MahÁrÁja defeated by MubÁriz-ul-Mulk, 1730.MubÁriz-ul-Mulk was already encamped between AdÁlaj and the city, and on the approach of the MahÁrÁja a battle was fought in which the MahÁrÁja was defeated. Abheysingh changed his position, and another and bloodier engagement took place, in which both sides tried to kill the opposing commander. But as both MubÁriz-ul-Mulk and the MahÁrÁja fought disguised as common soldiers, neither party succeeded. At first the MahÁrÁja who had the advantage in position repulsed the enemy, but MubÁriz-ul-Mulk fought so desperately in the river-bed that the RÁtho?s gave way. They rallied and made one more desperate charge, but were met, repulsed, and finally pursued as far as Sarkhej. The MahÁrÁja, who had not expected so determined an opposition, now sent MomÍn KhÁn and Amarsingh to negotiate with MubÁriz-ul-Mulk, who was still determined to resist to the uttermost. It was finally agreed that MubÁriz-ul-Mulk Retires.MubÁriz-ul-Mulk should receive a sum of £10,000 (Rs. 1 lÁkh) and should surrender ÁhmedÁbÁd to the MahÁrÁja. MubÁriz-ul-Mulk accordingly quitted the city and left for Ágra by way of Udepur.

Government of Abheysingh.The MahÁrÁja entering ÁhmedÁbÁd, appointed Ratansingh BhandÁri his deputy, and placed FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn, cousin of MomÍn KhÁn, in charge of the city police. Shortly afterwards KarÍmdÁd KhÁn JhÁlori, governor of PÁlanpur, who had accompanied the MahÁrÁja into GujarÁt, died. After the death of SalÁbat Muhammad KhÁn BÁbi, his son, Sher KhÁn BÁbi, was dismissed from the government of JunÁga?h. He retired to his estate of Gogha, and when the MahÁrÁja arrived in ÁhmedÁbÁd he paid his respects, presenting the viceroy with an elephant and some horses. The MahÁrÁja confirmed the lands assigned to his father, and reported his action to the emperor. MomÍn KhÁn Ruler of Cambay, 1730.MomÍn KhÁn was made ruler of Cambay, and FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn, his cousin, was made governor of the lands near that city, the revenue of which had been assigned to the MahÁrÁja. So great was the fear of the MarÁthÁs, that MustafÍd KhÁn, the governor elect of Surat, instead of proceeding direct by land, went to Cambay. From Cambay he moved to Broach, and from Broach entered into negotiations with PÍlÁji GÁikwÁr, promising, if allowed to retain
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Muhammad ShÁh Emperor, 1721–1748.
MahÁrÁja Abheysingh Fifty-third Viceroy, 1730–1733. possession of Surat, to pay PÍlÁji the one-fourth share of its revenues. PÍlÁji agreed, but SohrÁb KhÁn, who was still in possession of Surat, refused to hand it over to MustafÍd KhÁn. In this year also Vakhatsingh, brother of the MahÁrÁja Abheysingh, was appointed governor of PÁtan, and sent a deputy to act for him. About the same time MÍr Fakhr-ud-dÍn, a follower of the late viceroy MubÁriz-ul-Mulk, leaving him secretly, came to ÁhmedÁbÁd, and in an interview with the MahÁrÁja obtained for himself the post of deputy governor of JunÁga?h. When he proceeded to take up his appointment he was opposed by MÍr IsmÁÍl, and was killed in a battle fought near Amreli in central KÁthiÁvÁ?a. Muhammad PahÁr, son of KarÍmdÁd KhÁn JhÁlori, was appointed governor of PÁlanpur in succession to his father, and JawÁn Mard KhÁn was sent to Vadnagar.

The Peshwa and Viceroy against PilÁji GÁikwÁr, 1731.In the following year, a.d.1731, BÁjirÁv Peshwa, entering GujarÁt at the head of an army, advanced against Baroda, then in the possession of PÍlÁji GÁikwÁr. Afterwards, at the invitation of the MahÁrÁja, he visited ÁhmedÁbÁd and had a meeting with the viceroy in the ShÁhi BÁgh. At this meeting it was agreed that BÁjirÁv should assist ÁzmatullÁh, the governor of Baroda, in taking possession of that town and in expelling PÍlÁji GÁikwÁr. By this arrangement the viceroy hoped by playing off the Peshwa against PÍlÁji, to succeed in getting rid of the latter, while the Peshwa intended that if PÍlÁji was forced to give up Baroda, he himself should gain possession of that city. Accordingly the Peshwa, together with an army from the viceroy, marched on Baroda. They had scarcely laid siege to the city when the Peshwa heard that NizÁm-ul-Mulk was advancing on GujarÁt against him. The Peshwa Withdraws.Abandoning all operations against Baroda, the Peshwa withdrew, with all speed, to the Dakhan. On his way he encountered the army of TrimbakrÁv SenÁpati, who, together with PilÁji KÁntÁji and UdÁji PavÁr, had united to resist the pretensions of the Peshwa in GujarÁt, and were also secretly leagued with the NizÁm. Defeats his Opponents.An engagement was fought in which the Peshwa was victorious and TrimbakrÁv was slain.56 The Peshwa at once pushed on to the Dakhan, contriving to avoid the NizÁm, though his baggage was plundered by that chief, who had camped at Ghala KÁmrej, on the river TÁpti, about ten miles above Surat.

AbdÚllÁh Beg appointed the NizÁm’s Deputy at Broach.During these changes the city of Broach, which on account of the strength of its fort the MarÁthÁs had failed to take, was governed by AbdÚllÁh Beg, an officer originally appointed to that command by MubÁriz-ul-Mulk. Dissatisfied that the government of GujarÁt should be in the hands of Abheysingh, AbdÚllÁh Beg, in a.d.1731, entered into negotiations with the NizÁm, offering to hold Broach as the NizÁm’s deputy. NizÁm-ul-Mulk agreed, appointed AbdÚllÁh his deputy, and ennobled him with the title of Nek Álam KhÁn. About the same time Vakhatsingh, brother of the viceroy, withdrew to his chiefship of NÁgor in Jodhpur, and Ázmat-ullÁh went to Ágra. After his safe arrival in the Dakhan BÁjirÁv Peshwa entered into an agreement
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Muhammad ShÁh Emperor, 1721–1748.
MahÁrÁja Abheysingh Fifty-third Viceroy, 1730–1733. with the NizÁm under the terms of which the grants of Dholka, Broach, Jambusar, and MakbÚlÁbÁd were continued to the NizÁm. MomÍn KhÁn received the farm of PetlÁd, and KÁntÁji was confirmed in the share he had acquired of the revenues of GujarÁt. In a.d.1732 the paymaster, AmÁnatdÁr KhÁn, died, and was succeeded by GhulÁm Hasan KhÁn, who sent MujÁhid-ud-dÍn KhÁn to act as his deputy. Through the influence of Mulla Muhammad Ali, SohrÁb Áli was now confirmed as governor of Surat, and MustafÍd KhÁn was obliged to return to ÁhmedÁbÁd.

PÍlÁji GÁikwÁr as the agent of the deceased KhanderÁv DÁbhÁde SenÁpati, as the owner of the fort of Songad, and as the ally of the BhÍls and Kolis, was naturally a thorn in the side of the viceroy Abheysingh. The recent acquisition of the town of Baroda and of the strong fortress of Dabhoi had made PilÁji still more formidable. The Viceroy procures the Death of PilÁji GÁikwÁr, 1732;Under these circumstances, Abheysingh, who had long wished to recover Baroda and Dabhoi determined to assassinate PilÁji, and this was effected by a MÁrvÁdi at the holy village of DÁkor. The MarÁthÁs slew the assassin and withdrew across the Mahi, burning the body of PilÁji at the village of SÁnoli or SÁonli, fourteen miles north of Baroda. They then evacuated the district of Baroda, retiring to the fortress of Dabhoi. On hearing of the death of PÍlÁji the viceroy immediately advanced against the MarÁthÁs, and, and takes Baroda.after taking possession of Baroda, laid siege to Dabhoi. He failed to capture this fortress, and as the rainy season had set in and provisions were scarce, he was obliged to retire. He then went to Baroda, and after placing Sher KhÁn BÁbi in charge of the city, returned to ÁhmedÁbÁd. In this year, Famine, 1732.a.d.1732, GujarÁt was wasted by famine.

Affairs at Surat, 1732.Meanwhile at Surat MÚlla Muhammad Ali of Athva was again the cause of disturbance. Resisting with force the demand of a sum of £10,000 (Rs. 1 lÁkh) by SohrÁb KhÁn, the governor of Surat, he succeeded in driving SohrÁb KhÁn out of the city, and the government of Surat was then usurped by Teghbeg KhÁn Governor of Surat.Teghbeg KhÁn, a brother of Beglar-Beg KhÁn. The success of the MÚlla against SorÁb KhÁn made him so forgetful of his position that he arrogated to himself all the emblems of the governor’s office and wrote to the emperor asking a patent of the governorship of Surat in the name of his son MÚlla Fakhr-ud-dÍn. The messengers bearing these communications were intercepted at Broach by the partisans of Teghbeg, who determined to remove this powerful cause of anxiety. Teghbeg KhÁn, inviting Muhammad Ali to an entertainment, placed him in confinement, and after keeping him in prison for two years, in a.d.1734 put him to death. Teghbeg also took possession of the fort of Athva, and plundered it. SohrÁb KhÁn, seeing that he could not recover Surat, went with Sayad Wali to Gogha, where his relatives lived, and from that, proceeding to BhÁvnagar settled there. When the emperor heard what had happened, he appointed MomÍn KhÁn to Surat and Teghbeg KhÁn to Cambay. MomÍn KhÁn sent Sayad NÚrullah to act for him, but he was defeated by Teghbeg KhÁn, who afterwards contrived, in a.d.1733, to be formally appointed governor of Surat with the title of BahÁdur.

Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Muhammad ShÁh Emperor, 1721–1748.
MahÁrÁja Abheysingh Fifty-third Viceroy, 1730–1733. When UmÁbÁi, widow of KhanderÁv SenÁpati, heard of the assassination of PÍlÁji GÁikwÁr, she determined to avenge his death. Collecting an army and taking with her KÁntÁji Kadam and DÁmÁji GÁikwÁr, son of PÍlÁji, she marched upon ÁhmedÁbÁd. As the MarÁthÁs failed to do more than slay a RÁjput leader named JÍvarÁj they came to terms. In the end it was agreed that in addition to the one-fourth and the one-tenth shares of the revenue a sum of £8000 (Rs. 80,000) should be paid from the ÁhmedÁbÁd treasury, JawÁn Mard KhÁn being kept as a hostage till the payments were made. For his services on this occasion JawÁn Mard KhÁn was made governor of VÍramgÁm. During this year an imperial order appointed KhushÁlchand Sheth, son of SÁntidÁs, Nagar Sheth or chief merchant of ÁhmedÁbÁd. The MarÁthÁs plundered RasÚlÁbÁd a mile south of ÁhmedÁbÁd and its excellent library was pillaged. UmÁbÁi now marched upon Baroda, and the governor, Sher KhÁn BÁbi, prepared to oppose the MarÁthÁs. But UmÁbÁi, sending a message to Sher KhÁn, explained that she had just concluded a peace with the MahÁrÁja, and was suffered to pass unmolested. The emperor, satisfied with the arrangements made by the MahÁrÁja, presented him with a dress of honour. Ratansingh BhandÁri Deputy Viceroy, 1733–1737.In this year the MahÁrÁja went to court by way of Jodhpur, and appointed Ratansingh BhandÁri as his deputy, and the author of the Mirat-i-Áhmedi as news recorder. In the same year, a.d.1733, GhulÁm Muhy-ud-dÍn KhÁn, governor of JunÁga?h died, and his son MÍr Hazabr KhÁn was selected to fill his place.

The MarÁthÁs Return.Meanwhile as the MarÁthÁs had not received their rights, JÁdoji DÁbhÁde, son of UmÁbÁi, returned to GujarÁt. Peace was concluded on the former basis, and JÁdoji marched into Sorath to exact tribute. In this year the Kolis of the ChÚnvÁl and KÁnkrej committed many excesses, and a RÁjput noble was robbed in the PÁtan district. In the meantime SohrÁb KhÁn, the former governor of Surat, who had been kindly received by BhÁvsinghji the chief of Sihor, began to raise a following and was appointed collector of arrears in Sorath. He chose Sayad NÚrullah as his deputy, and sent him to recover the revenue for the current year.

Contest for the government of Gogha.On the death of SalÁbat KhÁn BÁbi, though the MahÁrÁja had endeavoured to get Sher KhÁn BÁbi appointed in place of his father, Gogha had been granted to BurhÁn-ul-Mulk, who chose SohrÁb KhÁn as his deputy. At this time Sher KhÁn BÁbi was at Baroda, and his younger brother, though he resisted, was compelled to leave Gogha. The deputy governor of Sorath complained to the governor of the oppressive conduct of SohrÁb KhÁn. But BurhÁn-ul-Mulk supported SohrÁb and having obtained for himself the government of Sorath, sent SohrÁb KhÁn as his deputy to JunÁga?h. Disturbance at VÍramgÁm, 1734.In a.d.1734, Ratansingh BhandÁri, the deputy viceroy, who held in hatred BhÁvsingh, son of Udaikaran, the hereditary officer of VÍramgÁm, persuaded JawÁn-Mard KhÁn to imprison him and send him to ÁhmedÁbÁd. Jawan-Mard KhÁn went so far as to arrest BhÁvsingh, but was forced by his supporters to release him.

Baroda recovered by the MarÁthÁs, 1734.In this year Sher KhÁn BÁbi, governor of Baroda, went to visit his lands at BÁlÁsinor, leaving Muhammad SarbÁz in command at Baroda,
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Muhammad ShÁh Emperor, 1721–1748.
Ratansingh BhandÁri Deputy Viceroy in charge, 1733–1737. MÁhadÁji GÁikwÁr, brother of PÍlÁji, who then held JambÚsar, sending to Songad to DÁmÁji for aid, marched on Baroda with a strong force. The garrison made a brave defence, and Sher KhÁn hearing of the attack at BÁlÁsinor, called for aid from Ratansingh BhandÁri, the deputy viceroy, who directed MomÍn KhÁn, the governor of Cambay, to join Sher KhÁn and drive back the MarÁthÁs. Sher KhÁn started at once for Baroda. But MÁhadaji leaving a sufficient force before the town pushed on with the bulk of his army to meet Sher KhÁn, and, though he and his men fought bravely, defeated him, and then returned to Baroda, Sher KhÁn retiring to BÁlÁsinor. MomÍn KhÁn, who arrived after Sher KhÁn’s defeat, did not deem it prudent to engage the MarÁthÁs, and retired to Cambay. In the meantime the garrison of Baroda, hopeless of succour, surrendered the town, and since that day Baroda has continued to be the head-quarters of the GÁikwÁr family.

Change of Governor at VÍramgÁm.Since JawÁn Mard KhÁn’s capture of BhÁvsingh of VÍramgÁm he had become much disliked. For this reason Ratansingh BhandÁri, the deputy viceroy, transferred him to Kadi and BijÁpur, and in his place appointed Sher KhÁn BÁbi, whose father Muhammad SalÁbÁt KhÁn BÁbi had been a popular governor of VÍramgÁm. At this time DhanrÚp BhandÁri, governor of PetlÁd, died, and the farm of the districts of Na?iÁd, Arhar-MÁtar, PetlÁd, and Mahudha was given to MomÍn KhÁn. Mulla Muhammad Áli managed to write letters from his confinement at Surat to the NizÁm; and as that chief was now not far from Surat, he wrote urgently to Teghbeg KhÁn to release him. Teghbeg KhÁn put the Mulla to death, and bribing the NizÁm’s messenger, gave out that he had died of joy at his release. KhushÁlchand, the chief of the merchants of ÁhmedÁbÁd, having had a difference with Ratansingh, was forced to leave the city, and sought shelter at Cambay and afterwards at JunÁga?h. JawÁn Mard KhÁn fails in an attempt on Ídar.JawÁn Mard KhÁn, who was of an ambitious temperament, now conceived the design of conquering Ídar from Anandsingh and RÁisingh, brothers of the MahÁrÁja Abheysingh. He accordingly marched upon Ídar, taking with him as allies AghrÁji Koli of Katosan and Koli Amra of Elol KÁnrah. In this strait Anandsingh and RÁisingh sought the aid of MalhÁrrÁv Holkar and RÁnoji Sindia, who were at this time in MÁlwa. The MarÁtha chiefs at once marched to the help of Ídar, and JawÁn Mard KhÁn, disbelieving the report of MarÁtha aid, continued to advance until he found himself opposed by an overwhelming force. Negotiations were entered into, and JawÁn Mard KhÁn agreed to pay a sum of £17,500 (Rs. 1,75,000). Of the total amount £2500 (Rs. 25,000) were paid at once, and ZorÁwar KhÁn, brother of JawÁn Mard KhÁn, and Ajabsingh, agent of AghrÁji Koli, were kept as hostages until the balance should be paid. In this year Teghbeg KhÁn of Surat caused a wealthy merchant named Áhmed Chalabi to be assassinated, and confiscated his property. He also caused a fanatic named Sayad Áli to be put to death by certain AfghÁns, as he considered that he might excite sedition.

Rivalry of Ratansingh BhandÁri and SohrÁb KhÁn, 1735.In the following year (a.d.1735) Dholka was assigned to Ratansingh BhandÁri, and through the influence of BurhÁn-ul-Mulk, SohrÁb
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Muhammad ShÁh Emperor, 1721–1748.
Ratansingh BhandÁri Deputy Viceroy in charge, 1733–1737. KhÁn was appointed governor of VÍramgÁm. Ratansingh resented this, and eventually VÍramgÁm was conferred on the MahÁrÁja Abheysingh. When this order reached SohrÁb KhÁn, he forwarded it to BurhÁn-ul-Mulk, and in consequence of BurhÁn-ul-Mulk’s remonstrances, the arrangements were changed and SohrÁb KhÁn appointed governor. Upon this SohrÁb KhÁn, leaving SÁdak Ali as his deputy in JunÁga?h, marched for VÍramgÁm; while Ratansingh BhandÁri, hearing of SohrÁb KhÁn’s approach, summoned MomÍn KhÁn and others to his assistance, and with his own army proceeded to Dholka and plundered Koth. From Koth he advanced and pitched at HarÁlah, about ten miles from SohrÁb KhÁn’s camp, and here he was joined by MomÍn KhÁn and others whom he had summoned to support him. Battle of Dholi. Defeat and Death of SohrÁb KhÁn, 1735.After the union of these forces he marched to Dholi, six miles from Dhandhuka, at which place SohrÁb KhÁn was then encamped. Ratansingh BhandÁri now proposed that peace should be concluded, and that SohrÁb KhÁn should enjoy VÍramgÁm until final orders were passed by the emperor. Safdar KhÁn BÁbi and others went to SohrÁb KhÁn and endeavoured to bring him to consent to these terms; but he would not listen, and on both sides preparations were made for battle. During the following night Ratansingh BhandÁri planned an attack on SohrÁb KhÁn’s camp. The surprise was complete. SohrÁb KhÁn’s troops fled, and himself, mortally wounded, shortly afterwards died. By the death of SohrÁb KhÁn the family of KÁzÍm Beg KhÁn became extinct. He was buried at Sihor in KÁthiÁvÁ?a.

Rivalry between Ratansingh BhandÁri and MomÍn KhÁn, 1735.After this success a single horseman attacked and wounded Ratansingh BhandÁri in two places. The horseman was at once slain, but no one was able to recognize him. Ratansingh, who in two months had recovered from his injuries, now determined to attack MomÍn KhÁn, as that officer in the recent struggle had taken part with SohrÁb KhÁn. MomÍn KhÁn hearing of Ratansingh’s intentions, withdrew to Cambay. In the course of this year, on the expiry of the period of the farm of Mahudha, Arhar-MÁtar, and Na?iÁd, these districts were transferred from MomÍn KhÁn to Safdar KhÁn BÁbi. KaliÁnchand, a man of low origin, was appointed to VÍramgÁm in place of Sher KhÁn BÁbi, and instead of SohrÁb KhÁn, Muhsin KhÁn KhÁlvi was made deputy governor of Sorath.

MarÁtha Affairs.About this time DÁmÁji GÁikwÁr, who had been chosen by UmÁbÁi as her representative in GujarÁt, appointed Rangoji to act as his agent. DÁmÁji GÁikwÁr and KÁntÁji, 1735.KÁntÁji being dissatisfied with this arrangement, in which his rights were ignored, marched into GujarÁt. Rangoji met him, and a battle was fought at Battle of Ánand-Mogri. Defeat of KÁntÁji.Ánand-Mogri, twenty-five miles south-east of Kaira, in which KÁntÁji was defeated and his son killed. In consequence of this reverse KÁntÁji retired to PetlÁd. MomÍn KhÁn, who with his army was drawn up near PetlÁd to oppose Rangoji, was compelled to retire to Cambay, where peace was concluded on condition that DÁmÁji should receive the one-fourth share of the revenues of the country north of the Mahi. As the districts where these battles were fought were held in farm by Safdar KhÁn BÁbi, he suffered much loss, and consequently retired to RÁdhanpur. Rangoji was joined by DÁmÁji GÁikwÁr, and these two leaders went together to Dholka. While they
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Muhammad ShÁh Emperor, 1721–1748.
Ratansingh BhandÁri Deputy Viceroy in charge, 1733–1737. were there, The MarÁthÁs help BhÁvsingh to expel the VÍramgÁm KasbÁtis.BhÁvsingh of VÍramgÁm invited them to that town, both on account of the annoyance he suffered from the MÁrvÁdis and that he might take vengeance on the KasbÁtis for the murder of his father Udaikaran. He accordingly treacherously admitted the MarÁthÁs and slew Daulat Muhammad TÁnk, brother of the murderer of his father, and expelled the rest of the KasbÁtis, while KaliÁn, the MÁrvÁdi administrator, was permitted to go to ÁhmedÁbÁd. Leaving Rangoji at VÍramgÁm, DÁmÁji marched into Sorath to levy tribute from the chiefs, and after collecting a portion of his dues, returned to the Dakhan. In the following year (a.d.1736) Rangoji advanced as far as BÁvla near Dholka wasting the country. Ratansingh BhandÁri, the deputy viceroy, marched against him, and forced him to retire to VÍramgÁm. Ratansingh pursued the MarÁthÁs to VÍramgÁm, attacked and defeated them capturing their baggage, but failed to prevent them taking shelter in the town. About this time some MarÁtha horse who were at SarnÁl, otherwise called ThÁsra, joined the Kolis of those parts, advanced with them against Kapadvanj and without any serious resistance succeeded in capturing the town. Meanwhile though Ratansingh had summoned MomÍn KhÁn to his aid, he delayed coming, as he began to scheme independence at Cambay.

Ratansingh BhandÁri heard that PratÁprÁv, brother of DÁmÁji, and DevÁji TÁkpar were advancing on ÁhmedÁbÁd with 10,000 horse. At first he thought this a device to draw him from VÍramgÁm, to whose walls his mines had reached. On ascertaining from trusty spies that the report was true, he raised the siege of VÍramgÁm, returned rapidly to ÁhmedÁbÁd, and pushing forward to meet PratÁprÁv, exacted tribute from the chiefs on the banks of the VÁtrak. As PratÁprÁv drew near, the governor of the BhÍl district retired before him, and he continuing his advance, passed through Valad and PethÁpur, and so by way of ChhÁla reached Dholka. Here, through Muhammad IsmÁÍl, the governor of Dholka, he demanded from the BhandÁri his share of the revenue. Afterwards, leaving 2000 horse in Dholka, he went to DhandhÚka. The GÁikwÁr and Peshwa Plunder the Country.In the meantime KÁntÁji, who was a follower of BÁjirÁv Peshwa, joining with MalhÁrrÁv Holkar, advanced upon Ídar, and coming against DÁnta, plundered that town. Some NÁgar BrÁhmans of the town of Vadnagar, who were settled in DÁnta, tried to escape to the hills, but were intercepted and pillaged. The MarÁthÁs then proceeded to Vadnagar and plundered the town. From Vadnagar they went as far as PÁlanpur, where PahÁr KhÁn JhÁlori, being unable to oppose them, agreed to pay a tribute of £10,000 (Rs. 1 lÁkh). KÁntÁji and MalhÁrrÁv Holkar then marched into MÁrwÁr, while PratÁprÁv and Rangoji crossed over from Dhandhuka into KÁthiÁvÁ?a and GohilvÁ?a. About this time Muhammad PahÁr KhÁn JhÁlori was appointed deputy governor of PÁtan on behalf of Vakhatsingh. As no settlement of his demands on the revenues of Dholka had yet been made, PratÁprÁv returned to that town and sent Narhar Pandit to receive the tribute due to him. Afterwards proceeding to Baroda with Rangoji they were summoned to Sorath by DÁmÁji to assist him. Sher KhÁn BÁbi, who up to his time had been at Kaira, now came to ÁhmedÁbÁd, and as the deputy viceroy
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Muhammad ShÁh Emperor, 1721–1748.
Ratansingh BhandÁri Deputy Viceroy in charge, 1733–1737. was displeased with MomÍn KhÁn’s conduct when VÍramgÁm was besieged, he appointed Sher KhÁn his own deputy at PetlÁd, Arhar-MÁtar, and Na?iÁd. Afterwards on MomÍn KhÁn’s remonstrance SubhÁchand MÁrvÁdi was appointed to examine the accounts and receive the revenue in place of Sher KhÁn. In a.d.1737 DÁmÁji’s brother PratÁprÁv, returning to his country after exacting tribute from the chiefs of Sorath, died of small-pox at KÁnkar near Dholka. MomÍn KhÁn seeing that Sher KhÁn had not yet left Kaira, collected some men and came to PetlÁd, while Sher KhÁn went to DehgÁm and awaited the departure of Rangoji. Ratansingh BhandÁri made preparations to help Sher KhÁn and MomÍn KhÁn returned to Cambay.

MomÍn KhÁn Fifty-fourth Viceroy, 1737.At this time as the MahÁrÁja Abheysingh was not in favour at court, MomÍn KhÁn was appointed fifty-fourth viceroy. As he was unable to effect anything by himself he persuaded JawÁn Mard KhÁn BÁbi to join him by a promise of the government of PÁtan and directed him to proceed and take up that appointment. Now the JhÁloris were allies of the RÁtho?s, and PahÁr KhÁn JhÁlori, then in command of PÁtan, opposed JawÁn Mard KhÁn, but was finally obliged to vacate PÁtan. MomÍn KhÁn, who had not hitherto produced the order appointing him viceroy, now made it public and began to act as viceroy with the title of Najm-ud-daulÁh MomÍn KhÁn BahÁdur FÍrÚz Jang, and in a.d.1737 sent a copy of this order to AbdÚl Husain KhÁn, the deputy minister, and to MustafÍd KhÁn, who held the office of KÁzi.

Sher KhÁn BÁbi, wishing to remain neutral, retired to BÁlÁsinor and MomÍn KhÁn summoned Rangoji, who was in the neighbourhood of Cambay, to his assistance. Rangoji agreed to aid him in expelling the MÁrvÁdis, on condition that, if successful, he should be granted one-half of the produce of GujarÁt except the city of ÁhmedÁbÁd, the lands in the neighbourhood of the city, and the port of Cambay. This disastrous alliance with the MarÁthÁs gave the last blow to Mughal power in GujarÁt, which otherwise might have lingered for at least a quarter of a century. MomÍn KhÁn lived to repent his conduct.

When Ratansingh BhandÁri heard of the appointment of MomÍn KhÁn to be viceroy he wrote to MahÁrÁja Abheysingh for orders. Meanwhile he sent Muhammadan officials to Cambay to persuade MomÍn KhÁn to take no further steps until a reply should be received to the reference MomÍn KhÁn had made to Ágra. The reply of the MahÁrÁja was that Ratansingh should resist MomÍn KhÁn if he could. Ratansingh prepared to defend ÁhmedÁbÁd while MomÍn KhÁn collecting an army, camped at the NÁransar lake.

From the NÁransar lake where MomÍn KhÁn remained encamped for one and a half months collecting his partisans he advanced to Sojitra, where he was joined by JawÁn Mard KhÁn BÁbi; and proceeding together they came to Vasu under PetlÁd, about twenty-six miles from ÁhmedÁbÁd, and from Vasu to Kaira, about eighteen miles from the capital. At Kaira they encamped on the banks of the VÁtrak, where, owing to the incessant rain, they were forced to remain for about a month. When the rain abated and the rivers were fordable, MomÍn KhÁn, moving to ÁhmedÁbÁd, encamped in front of the city
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Muhammad ShÁh Emperor, 1721–1748.
MomÍn KhÁn Fifty-fourth Viceroy, 1737. on the KÁnkariya tank and Lays Siege to ÁhmedÁbÁd.prepared for a siege. About the same time MomÍn KhÁn’s manager, VajerÁm, whom he had sent to Songad to solicit DÁmÁji to march in person to his assistance, arrived and informed him that DÁmÁji would join him shortly. ZorÁwar KhÁn, who had been left at the MarÁtha camp as security for the payment of the tribute, was recalled, and instead the district of ParÁntij was formally assigned to the MarÁthÁs in payment of their demands. Some of the MahÁrÁja’s guns, which were being sent to ÁhmedÁbÁd by his agents at Surat through Cambay for facility of transit, were about this time captured by a party of MomÍn KhÁn’s men. When Ratansingh BhandÁri wrote to the MahÁrÁja of MomÍn KhÁn’s advance on ÁhmedÁbÁd, the MahÁrÁja was much displeased, and went from the emperor’s presence in anger. The nobles fearing the consequences, recalled him, and persuaded the emperor to re-appoint him viceroy of GujarÁt.

MomÍn KhÁn continues the Siege of ÁhmedÁbÁd.MomÍn KhÁn was secretly enjoined to disregard the MahÁrÁja’s appointment and persevere in expelling the RÁtho?s, and was assured of the emperor’s approbation of this line of conduct. He therefore continued to prosecute the siege with vigour. In the meantime another order was received from the imperial court, confirming the reappointment of the MahÁrÁja Abheysingh Fifty-fifth Viceroy, 1737.MahÁrÁja and appointing FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn to guard the city with 500 men, directing also that MomÍn KhÁn should return to Cambay. It was further stated that, as Ratansingh BhandÁri had acted oppressively, some other person should be appointed deputy to fill his place, and that in the meantime a RÁjput noble, named Abhaikaran, was to carry on the government. Shortly before this Muhammad BÁkir KhÁn, son of MuÂtamid KhÁn, joined MomÍn KhÁn from Surat, while SÁdik Áli KhÁn and his nephew reinforced him from JunÁga?h. When MomÍn KhÁn was informed of the purport of the imperial order he agreed to return to Cambay, provided Ratansingh BhandÁri would quit the city, hand over charge to Abhaikaran, and admit FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn and his men into the city.

Defence of the City by Ratansingh BhandÁri.Ratansingh BhandÁri determined not to leave the city, and prepared to defend himself to the last. DÁmÁji GÁikwÁr now joined MomÍn KhÁn from Songad. MomÍn KhÁn met DÁmÁji at Ísanpur, three miles from ÁhmedÁbÁd, and made great show of friendship, calling him his brother. When Ratansingh BhandÁri heard of the arrangements made between DÁmÁji and MomÍn KhÁn, he sent a message to DÁmÁji saying, ‘MomÍn KhÁn has promised Rangoji half of the revenues of GujarÁt excepting the city of ÁhmedÁbÁd, the lands immediately round it, and Cambay. If you will join me, I will give you half of everything not excepting the city nor Cambay, and will send to your camp some of my chief landholders as security if you agree.’ DÁmÁji showed this to MomÍn KhÁn, and asked him what he proposed to do. MomÍn KhÁn now perforce agreed to do the same; but instead of Cambay offered to make over to the MarÁthÁs the whole district of VÍramgÁm. DÁmÁji, accepting these terms, ceased to negotiate with Ratansingh. He then went on pilgrimage to DÚdesar, and returning in the same year, a.d.1738, he and Rangoji began active operations against ÁhmedÁbÁd. Their bombardment did so much
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Muhammad ShÁh Emperor, 1721–1748.
MahÁrÁja Abheysingh Fifty-fifth Viceroy, 1737. damage to the city that MomÍn KhÁn repented having called them to his aid, and foresaw that if the MarÁthÁs once gained any portion of the city it would be no easy matter to drive them out. MomÍn KhÁn now sent the writer of the Mirat-i-Áhmedi to Ratansingh BhandÁri, in hopes that he might withdraw peaceably, but Ratansingh refused to listen to any terms. After some time the MusalmÁns under KÁzim Áli KhÁn and others, and the MarÁthÁs under BÁburÁv endeavoured to take the city by storm, but after a bloody contest were forced to retire. Next day Ratansingh, seeing that he could not long hold the city, entered into a negotiation with MomÍn KhÁn, and, on receiving a sum of money for his expenses, and on being allowed to retire with the honours of war, left the city.

MomÍn KhÁn captures ÁhmedÁbÁd, 1738.MomÍn KhÁn entered ÁhmedÁbÁd. On the capture of the city, in accordance with MomÍn KhÁn’s engagement, half of it was handed to the MarÁthÁs. MomÍn KhÁn sent news of what had taken place to the emperor, and appointed FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn his deputy. DÁmÁji, who in the meantime had been to Sorath, now returned and was met by Rangoji, who accompanied him as far as the banks of the Mahi, whence Rangoji proceeded to Dholka. After spending a few days at Dholka, Rangoji returned to ÁhmedÁbÁd and took charge of his share of the city, which comprised the RÁikhar, KhÁnjchÁn, and JamÁlpur quarters as far as the Astoria and RÁipur gates. The city was thus equally divided, and the Astoria and Raipur gates were guarded by the MarÁthÁs. At that time the inhabitants of ÁhmedÁbÁd were chiefly Muhammadans, and the MarÁthÁs, accustomed to extortion, attempting to oppress them, they rose against the strangers, and after a severe affray expelled the greater part of them from the city. MomÍn KhÁn, though secretly pleased, affected ignorance and sent FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn to reassure Rangoji. This with some difficulty he succeeded in doing and Rangoji remained in the city. JawÁn Mard KhÁn was sent to PÁtan, and, instead of ParÁntij, the district of KherÁlu was granted to ZorÁwar KhÁn BÁbi.

Prosperity of ÁhmedÁbÁd, 1738.With the cessation of MarÁtha oppression, ÁhmedÁbÁd began to recover its splendour and opulence. The emperor was much pleased with MomÍn KhÁn, and, raising his rank, presented him with a dress of honour, a sword, and other articles of value. MomÍn KhÁn Fifth-sixth Viceroy, 1738–1743.At the close of the rainy season MomÍn KhÁn went to levy tribute from the chiefs on the banks of the SÁbarmati, and Rangoji was asked to accompany him. They marched to AdÁlaj whence FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn, the deputy viceroy, returned to the city accompanied by RÁmÁji as deputy of Rangoji. JawÁn Mard KhÁn and Sher KhÁn BÁbi now joined the viceroy’s camp, and, about the same time Hathising, chief of PethÁpur, paid a visit to the viceroy and settled his tribute. From AdÁlaj they advanced to MÁnsa, and were met by the MÁnsa chief. From MÁnsa they proceeded to Kadi, and from Kadi to BÍjÁpur. After MomÍn KhÁn left the people of ÁhmedÁbÁd were badly treated, and Rangoji, leaving his brother Akoji in camp, returned to the capital, whence he marched towards VÍramgÁm and Sorath. MomÍn KhÁn went from BÍjÁpur to Ídar, and there levied tribute from the chiefs of Mohanpur and RanÁsan.

Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Muhammad ShÁh Emperor, 1721–1748.
MomÍn KhÁn Fifth-sixth Viceroy, 1738–1743. When MomÍn KhÁn arrived at Ídar, Ánandsingh and RÁisingh, brothers of MahÁrÁja Abheysingh, went to him and paid the tribute of Mohanpur and RanÁsan as being within the limits of the Ídar territory. The matter was amicably settled, and the two brothers accompanied the viceroy as far as the Ídar frontier, when Ánandsingh returned to Ídar, and RÁisingh, at MomÍn KhÁn’s request, remained with him, MomÍn KhÁn undertaking to pay the expenses of his men. PrathirÁj, the chief of MÁnsa, The Viceroy collects Tribute, 1738.agreed to pay £2300 (Rs. 23,000) and the chief of Varsoda £1000 (Rs. 10,000) as tribute. At this time Sher Muhammad KhÁn BÁbi was appointed to succeed MÍr Dost Áli as deputy governor of Sorath. The MarÁthÁs, who had attempted to deprive some of the RasÚlÁbÁd and Batwa Sayads of their land, were attacked by the Muhammadan population, and a few men were wounded on either side. MomÍn KhÁn, receiving tribute from various chiefs, had now reached PÁlanpur, and PahÁr KhÁn JhÁlori, the governor of that place, was introduced to the viceroy by Sher KhÁn BÁbi. As news was now received that DevÁji TÁkpar was advancing through the Baroda districts, MomÍn KhÁn marched towards ÁhmedÁbÁd, dismissing PahÁr KhÁn JhÁlori on the PÁlanpur frontier. JawÁn Mard KhÁn BÁbi, appointing his brother Safdar KhÁn BÁbi as his deputy at PÁtan, pushed forward in advance for ÁhmedÁbÁd. MÁmÚr KhÁn, who had been chosen by MÍr Huzabr Áli as his deputy in Sorath, now arrived and complained to MomÍn KhÁn regarding Sher KhÁn BÁbi’s appointment. MomÍn KhÁn said that, as neither had assumed charge of their duties, they should await final orders from the emperor. He then advanced to HÁjipur, and thence encamped on the side of the city near BahrÁmpur and occupied himself in strengthening the city defences. From that camp he proceeded to Ísanpur four miles south of ÁhmedÁbÁd on his way to levy tribute from the Koli chiefs of the banks of the VÁtrak. After this he proceeded to KÚlej on the VÁtrak and levied tribute from the Koli chiefs of that neighbourhood. Hearing that DÁmÁji had left Songad, and crossing the Mahi had gone to ArÁs, MomÍn KhÁn struck his camp and returned to the city, while DÁmÁji going to Dholka marched from that to Sorath. MomÍn KhÁn now permitted Sher KhÁn to return to his lands in Gogha, whence he proceeded to JunÁga?h and took charge of the office of deputy governor.

Sher KhÁn BÁbi Deputy Governor of Sorath, 1738.In a.d.1738, MÍr Huzabr KhÁn, the governor of Sorath, died, and as Sher KhÁn had occupied JunÁga?h, and taken into his employ all the troops of Mir Dost Áli, MÁmÚr KhÁn was obliged to resign his pretensions and return. The emperor now appointed Himmat Áli KhÁn, nephew of MomÍn KhÁn, governor of Sorath, and he wrote to his uncle to choose a fitting deputy. MomÍn KhÁn, as the MarÁtha incursions into Sorath increased yearly, and as Sher KhÁn BÁbi was a man able to hold his own with them, suffered him to remain as deputy. When DÁmÁji returned to VÍramgÁm, after levying tribute from the chiefs of Sorath, he was obliged to march against KÁnji Koli, the chief of ChhaniÁr in the ChÚnvÁl. As he could not prevail against them he was forced to call on MomÍn KhÁn for aid. MomÍn KhÁn sent FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn at the head of a well-equipped army. On their approach the
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Muhammad ShÁh Emperor, 1721–1748.
MomÍn KhÁn Fifth-sixth Viceroy, 1738–1743. Kolis fled, and the village was burned, and FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn returned to the capital. DÁmÁji, leaving Rangoji as his deputy, returned to Songad. In this year, a.d.1738, HindustÁn was invaded by the great Persian NÁdir ShÁh, Dehli sacked, and the emperor made prisoner. Except that coin was struck in NÁdir’s name, the collapse of Mughal power caused little change in GujarÁt.

The Deputy Viceroy collects Tribute, 1739.In a.d.1739 FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn was sent to levy tribute from the chiefs on the banks of the SÁbarmati, and, accompanied by JawÁn Mard KhÁn BÁbi and RÁja RÁisingh of Ídar, marched to CharÁrah. As the village of PÁnmul under BijÁpur had been assigned to the author of the Mirat-i-Áhmedi, he accompanied FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn, who marched to Ahmednagar, and demanded tribute from JÍtsingh of Mohanpur and RanÁsan. JÍtsingh resisted and a doubtful battle was fought. Next day FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn changed his position and again attacked JÍtsingh, who being defeated agreed to pay £1000 (Rs. 10,000). They then went to Ídar, where they were hospitably received by RÁja RÁising, who presented the leaders with horses. From Ídar they proceeded to Vadnagar, which was under JawÁn Mard KhÁn, who also received them courteously and presented horses. The army then marched to Visalnagar. On the arrival of the troops at Visalnagar, JawÁn Mard KhÁn requested FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn to subdue JÁmÁji the Koli chief of Thara-JÁmpur in the KÁnkrej, who was then at BÁlÍsana under PÁtan and who was continually plundering the country. FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn marched to BÁlÍsÁna, but JÁmÁji fled to Thara-JÁmpur without risking a battle and the Muhammadans plundered Thara-JÁmpur. From BÁlÍsÁna FidÁ-ud-dÍn marched to Kadi, and allowing JawÁn Mard KhÁn to return to PÁtan proceeded to ÁhmedÁbÁd.

At ÁhmedÁbÁd disputes between Rangoji and MomÍn KhÁn regarding the government of the city were frequent. In one serious disturbance MomÍn KhÁn was worsted and forced to sue for peace and grant Rangoji his half share both in the government and revenue, which, since the affray in a.d.1738, MomÍn KhÁn had withheld. A formal agreement was drawn up but did not long remain in force. About this time MomÍn KhÁn’s nephew Muhammad MomÍn KhÁn Bakhshi received a patent granting him the title of Nazar Áli KhÁn. The year a.d.1739 was marked by a disastrous flood in the SÁbarmati. Capture of Bassein by the MarÁthÁs, 1739.In this year also the MarÁthÁs under ChimnÁji Ápa achieved the memorable success of taking the fort of Bassein from the Portuguese.

Tribute Expedition, 1740.In a.d.1740 on his return from Sorath, DÁmÁji GÁikwÁr took Rangoji to the Dakhan and appointed MalhÁrrÁv KhÚni his deputy at ÁhmedÁbÁd. FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn met the new deputy at Ísanpur and escorted him to the city. Shortly after FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn and Nazar Áli KhÁn started to collect tribute, and JawÁn Mard KhÁn sent his brother ZorÁwar KhÁn BÁbi to accompany them. They advanced against Dabhora under Bahyal eighteen miles east of ÁhmedÁbÁd in the BhÍl district and fought with the chief, who agreed to pay tribute. Thence they went to Atarsumba, where the Kolis after a vain attempt to carry off their cannon agreed to pay tribute. The force then proceeded to MÁndva and levied a contribution from the MÁndva chief. They next went to Kapadvanj, and passing
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Muhammad ShÁh Emperor, 1721–1748.
MomÍn KhÁn Fifth-sixth Viceroy, 1738–1743. through BÁlÁsinor reached VÍrpur under LunÁvÁ?a. Here, from SultÁnsingh, agent of the LunÁvÁ?a chief, they received two horses and £300 (Rs. 3000) as tribute. While at LunÁvÁ?a an order of recall came from MomÍn KhÁn, who intimated that MalhÁrrÁv KhÚni had laid up large stores of grain and contemplated war. FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn at once pushed forward through BÁlÁsinor and Kapadvanj, advancing rapidly towards the capital. On the way he received a second despatch from MomÍn KhÁn saying that, as the risk of war had for the present passed, they should advance to PetlÁd, where they would find MalhÁrrÁv KhÚni and settle with him about the revenue accounts. They continued their march, and in two days reached Kaira, being joined on the way by Muhammad KÚli KhÁn, who was charged with messages from MomÍn KhÁn. At Kaira they found Muhammad Husain, nephew of FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn who had been sent with a force to Mahudha. As MalhÁrrÁv KhÚni was at Pinj near Kaira, FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn expressed a wish to meet him, and it was agreed that both sides should go to the PetlÁd district and there settle the disputed collections. Shortly after they met and arrangements were in progress when the Kolis of the BhÍl district rebelled and AbdÚl Husain KhÁn and VajerÁm were sent against them. After burning two or three villages this detachment rejoined the main body, and not long after all returned to ÁhmedÁbÁd. During a.d.1740 BÁjirÁv Peshwa died.

The Viceroy at Cambay, 1741.In a.d.1741 MomÍn KhÁn went to Cambay, and while residing at GhiÁspur near that city received information that DÁmÁji had again appointed Rangoji his deputy in place of MalhÁrrÁv KhÚni, and shortly after Rangoji arrived at PetlÁd. At this time MomÍn KhÁn turned his attention to the falling off in the customs revenue of Cambay and appointed IsmÁil Muhammad collector of customs. As he was anxious to clear some misunderstanding between Rangoji and himself, MomÍn KhÁn set out to visit Rangoji and assure him of his good wishes. At this time BhÁvsingh of VÍramgÁm, who found the MarÁthÁs even more troublesome than the Muhammadans, as soon as he heard of MalhÁrrÁv’s recall, suddenly attacked the fort of VÍramgÁm and with the aid of some Arabs and RohillÁs expelled the MarÁtha garrison and prepared to hold the fort on his own account. Shortly after Rangoji demanded that a tower in ÁhmedÁbÁd, which had been raised a story by MomÍn KhÁn so as to command the residence of the MarÁtha deputy at the JamÁlpur gate, should be reduced to its original height. At the same time he suggested that MomÍn KhÁn and he, uniting their forces, should advance and expel BhÁvsingh from VÍramgÁm. MomÍn KhÁn agreed to both proposals. The addition to the tower was pulled down, and MomÍn KhÁn and Rangoji, marching against VÍramgÁm, laid siege to the town. BhÁvsingh made a gallant defence, and MomÍn KhÁn, who was not sorry to see the MarÁthÁs in difficulties, after a time left them and marched to Kadi and BijÁpur to levy tribute. BhÁvsingh surrenders VÍramgÁm and receives PÁtdi.Rangoji continued the siege, and as BhÁvsingh saw that even without MomÍn KhÁn the MarÁtha army was sufficient to reduce the place, he agreed to surrender VÍramgÁm, provided the fort of PÁtdi and its dependent villages were granted
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Muhammad ShÁh Emperor, 1721–1748.
MomÍn KhÁn Fifth-sixth Viceroy, 1738–1743. to him. Rangoji agreed, and thus the MarÁthÁs again obtained possession of VÍramgÁm, while BhÁvsingh acquired PÁtdi,57 a property which his descendants hold to this day.

Siege of Broach by the MarÁthÁs, 1741.When MomÍn KhÁn arrived at MÁnsa, about twenty-six miles north-west of ÁhmedÁbÁd, hearing that DÁmÁji had crossed the Mahi with 10,000 men, he at once returned to the capital. DÁmÁji arrived at MÁnsa and besieged it. The chiefs and Kolis defended the place bravely for about a month, when it fell into DÁmÁji’s hands, who not only cleared the prickly-pear stockade which surrounded it, but also burned the town. From MÁnsa DÁmÁji marched to Sorath. On his return he laid siege to Broach, a fort which, from its natural strength as well as from its favourable position on the Narbada, it had been the constant ambition both of DÁmÁji and of his father PÍlÁji to capture. On the approach of DÁmÁji, Nek Álam KhÁn, who held the place in the interests of the NizÁm, prepared to defend the fort, and wrote to the NizÁm for aid. In reply the NizÁm warned DÁmÁji not to attack his possessions. On receiving this letter DÁmÁji raised the siege and returned to Songad. It seems probable that concessions were made to tempt DÁmÁji to retire from Broach, and that the GÁikwÁr’s share in the Broach customs dates from this siege.

Battle of Dholka. Defeat of the MarÁthÁs, 1741.In a.d.1741 in a battle between KÁim KÚli KhÁn, governor of Dholka, and Rangoji’s deputy, the MarÁthÁs were defeated. MomÍn KhÁn, at the request of Rangoji, made peace between them. FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn, who had recently been raised in rank with the title of BahÁdur, starting to collect tribute burned down the refractory Koli village of Dabhora, and placing a post there, passed to SÁtumba, BÁlÁsinor, and ThÁsra. After the battle at Dholka, the building by Rangoji of the fort of Borsad, caused renewed fighting between the Muhammadans and MarÁthÁs of Dholka. At the request of Muhammad HÁdi KhÁn, governor of Dholka, FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn, passing through Mahudha to PetlÁd pushed forward to help him. Contests between the MusalmÁns and MarÁthÁs.In the meantime a battle was fought, in which the MarÁthÁs under MalhÁrrÁv attacked Muhammad HÁdi KhÁn, and after a short contest withdrew. Next day the Muhammadans, strengthened by the arrival of FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn, besieged Sojitra. A letter was written to Rangoji, asking the meaning of the attack, and he replied excusing himself and attributing it to the ignorance of MalhÁrrÁv. Muhammad HÁdi KhÁn and the author of the Mirat-i-Áhmedi eventually met Rangoji at Borsad, and settled that he and FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn should come together and arrange matters. But Rangoji in his heart intended to fight and wrote to his deputy RÁmÁji at ÁhmedÁbÁd to be ready for war. MalhÁrrÁv now joined Rangoji at Borsad. At this time many misunderstandings and several fights between the MarÁthÁs and the Muhammadans were appeased by MomÍn KhÁn and Rangoji, who, in spite of the ill-feeling among their subordinates and a certain distrust of each other’s designs, appear throughout to have maintained a warm
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Muhammad ShÁh Emperor, 1721–1748.
MomÍn KhÁn Fifth-sixth Viceroy, 1738–1743. mutual regard. DÁmÁji from his stronghold at Songad was too much occupied in Dakhan politics to give much attention to GujarÁt. Rangoji, on the other hand, gained so much influence with the GujarÁt chiefs, that at one time he succeeded in engaging Sajansingh HazÁri in his service, and also induced RÁja RÁisingh of Ídar to join him. But MomÍn KhÁn detached RÁisingh from this alliance, by placing him in charge of the post of AmaliÁra and granting him the districts of ModÁsa, Meghrej, Ahmednagar, ParÁntij, and Harsol. Moreover the customary GujarÁt sum at first sent daily by Rangoji to RÁja RÁisingh for the expenses of his troops had begun to fall into arrears. RÁja RÁisingh made his peace with MomÍn KhÁn through the mediation of Nazar Áli KhÁn, MomÍn KhÁn’s nephew, who appears to have been one of the leading spirits of the time.

Disturbance at ÁhmedÁbÁd, 1742.In a.d.1742 in another fight between the MarÁthÁs and Muhammadans in ÁhmedÁbÁd, the Muhammadans gained a slight advantage. After this Rangoji left the city, appointing as before RÁmÁji as his deputy, and joining JagjÍwan PavÁr went to Borsad, where he had built a fort. At this time one JÍvandÁs came with authority from the NizÁm to act as collector of Dholka, part of the lands assigned to the NizÁm as a personal grant, but failed to enforce his position. Shortly after this RÁja Ánandsing of Ídar was killed, and his brother RÁising, taking leave, went to Ídar to settle matters. MomÍn KhÁn had his patent increased to the personal rank of commander of 6000 with a contingent of 6000 cavalry. He received a dress of honour, a jewelled turban, a plume, six pieces of cloth, an elephant, the order of MÁhi-marÁtib,58 and the title of Najm-ud-daulah MomÍn KhÁn BahÁdur DilÁwar Jang. Differences again broke out between MomÍn KhÁn and Rangoji, and again matters were settled by a friendly meeting between the two chiefs at Borsad, where Rangoji had taken up his residence. MomÍn KhÁn now went to PetlÁd, and from that to Cambay, where he was taken ill, but after six weeks came to Vasu, where Rangoji visited him. Here though again unwell he went to Dholka, and shortly afterwards he and Rangoji marched upon Limb?i, which at this time is mentioned as under VÍramgÁm. While before Limb?i, Rangoji was summoned by DÁmÁji to help him against BÁpu NÁik, and at once started to his assistance. MomÍn KhÁn now marched into GohilvÁ?a, and proceeded by LoliÁna to Gogha, then under the charge of a resident deputy of Sher KhÁn BÁbi. Here he received tribute from the chief of Sihor, and from that, marching into HÁlÁr, went against NavÁnagar. The Viceroy collects Tribute in KÁthiÁvÁ?a.The JÁm resisted for twenty days, and eventually, on his agreeing to pay £5000 (Rs. 50,000) as tribute, MomÍn KhÁn returned to ÁhmedÁbÁd. During his absence in spite of stubborn resistance Nazar Áli KhÁn and VajerÁm had collected tribute from the Koli chiefs. Rangoji, who had now left DÁmÁji, joined battle with BÁpu NÁik ere he crossed the Mahi, and BÁpu NÁik turned back. Rangoji therefore remained at Borsad, but hearing that MomÍn KhÁn’s illness had become serious, he went once or twice to ÁhmedÁbÁd to visit him.

Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Muhammad ShÁh Emperor, 1721–1748.
MomÍn KhÁn Fifth-sixth Viceroy, 1738–1743. Death of MomÍn KhÁn, 1743.In a.d.1743 MomÍn KhÁn died. His wife, fearing lest FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn and Muftakhir KhÁn, MomÍn KhÁn’s son, would deprive her of her estate, sought the protection of Rangoji. In the meantime FidÁ-ud-dÍn acts as Viceroy, 1743.FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn and Muftakhir KhÁn received an imperial order to carry on the government until a new viceroy should be appointed. At this time a man named ÁnandrÁm, who had been disgraced by MomÍn KhÁn, went over to Rangoji and incited him to murder FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn and Muftakhir KhÁn. Rangoji with this intention invited them both to his house, but his heart failed him, and shortly afterwards FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn went to Cambay. Rangoji now determined at all hazards to assassinate Muftakhir KhÁn. With this object he took Muftakhir KhÁn’s associates, VajerÁm and KÁim KÚli KhÁn, into his confidence. Muftakhir KhÁn accidentally heard of his designs, and remained on his guard. As Rangoji had failed to carry out his promise to raise Sher KhÁn BÁbi to the post of deputy viceroy, Sher KhÁn advanced to Dholka and began plundering some Cambay villages. Rangoji, after another futile attempt to assassinate Muftakhir KhÁn, sent for his deputy RÁmÁji, who was then in the neighbourhood, and prepared to fight. Muftakhir KhÁn Defeats the MarÁthÁs.Muftakhir KhÁn, on his part, summoned FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn from Cambay, and in a few days they succeeded in uniting their forces. Sher KhÁn BÁbi deserting the cause of Rangoji, the MarÁthÁs were worsted and Rangoji’s house was besieged. Rangoji, being hard pressed, agreed to give up ÁnandrÁm and to surrender both Borsad and VÍramgÁm, Sher KhÁn BÁbi becoming his security. In this way FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn became sole master of GujarÁt.

DÁmÁji GÁikwÁr Returns to GujarÁt.Shortly after DÁmÁji GÁikwÁr returned from SÁtÁra and came to Cambay. In the meantime Rangoji, who had been living with Sher KhÁn BÁbi, his security, contrived, with the connivance of Sher KhÁn, to escape together with his family. FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn was so greatly enraged with Sher KhÁn for this treachery, that Sher KhÁn leaving ÁhmedÁbÁd on pretence of hunting, escaped to BÁlÁsinor, where his wife joined him. FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn put ÁnandrÁm to death, while Rangoji through the aid of Sher KhÁn BÁbi’s wife, made good his escape to Borsad. FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn had set out to collect tribute, when news arrived that KhanderÁv GÁikwÁr, brother of DÁmÁji, had crossed the Mahi and joining Rangoji had laid siege to PetlÁd. On hearing this, FidÁ-ud-dÍn at once returned to ÁhmedÁbÁd, and sent ValabhdÁs KotwÁl to KhanderÁv to complain of the misconduct of Rangoji.

AbdÚl ÁzÍz KhÁn of Junnar, Viceroy (by a forged order).After the death of MomÍn KhÁn, JawÁn Mard KhÁn BÁbi was the greatest noble in GujarÁt. He began to aspire to power, and FidÁ-ud-dÍn, who was not good in the field, had thoughts of appointing him as a deputy. While matters were in this state, and JawÁn Mard KhÁn was already laying claim to the revenue of the district round ÁhmedÁbÁd, an order was received appointing AbdÚl ÁzÍz KhÁn the commander of Junnar, near Poona, to be viceroy of GujarÁt. This order was forged by AbdÚl ÁzÍz KhÁn in JawÁn Mard KhÁn’s interests, whom he appointed his deputy. Though FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn doubted the genuineness of the order, he was not powerful enough to remove JawÁn Mard KhÁn, who accordingly proclaimed himself deputy viceroy. Mutiny of the Troops.At this time the troops, clamorous on account of arrears,
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Muhammad ShÁh Emperor, 1721–1748. placed both FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn and Muftakhir KhÁn under confinement. JawÁn Mard KhÁn assumed charge of the city and stationed his own men on guard. While FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn and Muftakhir KhÁn were in confinement, KhanderÁv GÁikwÁr sent them a message that if they would cause the fort of PetlÁd to be surrendered to him, he would help them. To this they returned no answer. FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn now entreated JawÁn Mard KhÁn to interfere between him and his troops. JawÁn Mard KhÁn accordingly persuaded the mutineers to release FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn, who eventually escaped from the city and went to Ágra.

MarÁthÁs Capture PetlÁd.Meanwhile Rangoji continued to press the siege of PetlÁd and the commander, Ágha Muhammad Husain, after in vain appealing for help to JawÁn Mard KhÁn, was forced to surrender. Rangoji demolished the fort of PetlÁd and marched upon ÁhmedÁbÁd. As he approached the city JawÁn Mard KhÁn sent the writer of the Mirat-i-Áhmedi and Ajabsingh to negotiate with Rangoji, who demanded all his former rights and possessions.

Muftakhir KhÁn Fifty-seventh Viceroy, 1743–44.News had now reached Dehli that a false viceroy was governing GujarÁt, and accordingly Muftakhir KhÁn was chosen fifty-seventh viceroy, the order explaining that AbdÚl ÁzÍz had never been appointed viceroy, and directing JawÁn Mard KhÁn to withdraw from the conduct of affairs. Muftakhir KhÁn was perplexed how to act. He succeeded in persuading his troops that he would be able to pay them their arrears, and he sent a copy of the order to JawÁn Mard KhÁn; and, as he dared not displace him, Appoints JawÁn Mard KhÁn his Deputy.he informed JawÁn Mard KhÁn that he had appointed him as his deputy, and that he himself would shortly leave ÁhmedÁbÁd. JawÁn Mard KhÁn, so far from obeying, ordered Muftakhir KhÁn’s house to be surrounded. Eventually Muftakhir KhÁn, leaving the city, joined Rangoji, and then retired to Cambay.

The MarÁthÁs in ÁhmedÁbÁd.KhanderÁv GÁikwÁr returned, and, with the view of enforcing his claims, uniting with Rangoji, marched to Banjar, about five miles south of ÁhmedÁbÁd. JawÁn Mard KhÁn issuing from the city camped near the KÁnkariya lake. Narhar Pandit and KrishnÁji on behalf of the MarÁtha leaders were sent to JawÁn Mard KhÁn to demand their former rights and possessions. JawÁn at first refused, but in the end gave way and the MarÁthÁs appointed DÁdu MorÁr deputy of the city. Sher KhÁn BÁbi now returned to BÁlÁsinor. KhanderÁv and KÁnÁji then went to Dholka, Rangoji to PetlÁd, and KhanderÁv GÁikwÁr to Sorath. FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn requested Rangoji to help Muftakhir KhÁn; he replied that he was willing to help him, but had no money. Rangoji then accompanied FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn to Cambay, where Muftakhir KhÁn was. Negotiations were entered into, and the KhÁns tried to collect £10,000 (Rs. 1 lÁkh) which Rangoji asked for to enable him to make military preparations to aid them. They raised £8000 (Rs. 80,000) with great difficulty and admitted Rangoji’s NÁib to a share in the administration. Rangoji withdrew to Borsad with the £8000 (Rs. 80,000) under the pretext that when the remaining £2000 (Rs. 20,000) were paid he would take action. FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn, annoyed at Rangoji’s conduct, went to reside at Dhowan, a village belonging to JÁlam JÁlia Koli.

Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Muhammad ShÁh Emperor, 1721–1748.
Muftakhir KhÁn Fifty-seventh Viceroy, 1743–44. In a.d.1744 JawÁn Mard KhÁn, after appointing one of his brothers, ZorÁwar KhÁn, his deputy at PÁtan, and keeping his other brother Safdar KhÁn at ÁhmedÁbÁd, advanced from the city to Kadi to collect tribute. His next step was to invite AbdÚl ÁzÍz KhÁn, the commander of Junnar, near Poona, to join him in GujarÁt. Abdul ÁzÍz accordingly set out from Junnar, taking with him FatehyÁb KhÁn, commander of the fort of Mulher in BÁglÁn and RustamrÁv MarÁtha. Directing his march in the first instance to Surat he was there watched in the interests of DÁmÁji GÁikwÁr, by DevÁji TÁkpar, the lieutenant of that chief, who, seeing that on leaving Surat, AbdÚl ÁzÍz continued to advance to ÁhmedÁbÁd, Battle of KÍm Kathodra.pursued him to KÍm Kathodra, about fifteen miles north-west of Surat, and there attacked him. In the engagement DevÁji TÁkpar, who had gained over RustamrÁv MarÁtha, one of the leading men in AbdÚl ÁzÍz’s army, was victorious. AbdÚl ÁzÍz KhÁn retired, but was so closely followed by the MarÁthÁs, that at PÁnoli he was forced to leave his elephant, and, mounting a horse, fled with all speed towards Broach. On reaching the Narbada he failed to find any boats, and, as his pursuers were close upon him, putting his horse at the water, Defeat and Death of AbdÚl ÁzÍz KhÁn, 1744.he tried to swim the river; but, sticking fast in the mud, he was overtaken and slain by the MarÁthÁs.

Fakhr-ud-daulah Fifty-eighth Viceroy, 1744–1748.On hearing of the death of AbdÚl ÁzÍz, JawÁn Mard KhÁn thought of joining Muftakhir KhÁn. Ere he could carry this plan into effect, the emperor receiving, it is said, a present of £20,000 (Rs. 2 lÁkhs) for the nomination, appointed Fakhr-ud-daulah Fakhr-ud-dÍn KhÁn ShujÁÂt Jang BahÁdur fifty-eighth viceroy of GujarÁt. The new viceroy forwarded a blank paper to a banker of his acquaintance named SitÁrÁm, asking him to enter in it the name of a fitting deputy. JawÁn Mard KhÁn BÁbi, Deputy Viceroy.SitÁrÁm filled in the name of JawÁn Mard KhÁn, and Fakhr-ud-daulah was proclaimed viceroy. About this time Safdar KhÁn BÁbi, after levying tribute from the SÁbarmati chiefs, returned to ÁhmedÁbÁd, and KhanderÁv GÁikwÁr, as he passed from Sorath to Songad, appointed Rangoji his deputy. On being appointed deputy Rangoji sent KrishnÁji instead of MorÁr NÁik as his deputy to ÁhmedÁbÁd, and himself proceeded to Arhar-MÁtar on the VÁtrak, and from that moved to Kaira to visit JawÁn Mard KhÁn, with whom he established friendly relations. In the same year Áli Muhammad KhÁn, superintendent of customs, died, and in his place the author of the Mirat-i-Áhmedi was appointed. In this year, too, PahÁr KhÁn JhÁlori died, and his uncle, Muhammad BahÁdur, was appointed governor of PÁlanpur in his stead.

KhanderÁv GÁikwÁr called to SÁtÁra.About this time UmÁbÁi, widow of KhanderÁv DÁbhÁde, summoned KhanderÁv GÁikwÁr to help her in her attempt to lessen the power of the Peshwa. As DÁmÁji GÁikwÁr could not be spared from the Dakhan KhanderÁv was appointed his deputy in GujarÁt, and he chose one RÁmchandra to represent him at ÁhmedÁbÁd. When Fakhr-ud-daulah advanced to join his appointment as viceroy he was received at BÁlÁsinor with much respect by Sher KhÁn BÁbi. JawÁn Mard KhÁn BÁbi, on the other hand, determining to resist Fakhr-ud-daulah to the utmost of his power, summoned GangÁdhar with a body of MarÁtha horse from PetlÁd, and posting them at Ísanpur, about ten miles south-west of the city, himself leaving the fortifications of ÁhmedÁbÁd, encamped at
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Muhammad ShÁh Emperor, 1721–1748.
Fakhr-ud-daulah Fifty-eighth Viceroy, 1744–1748. AsÁrva, about a mile and a half from the walls. During his progress towards the capital the new viceroy was joined by RÁisinghji of Ídar at Kapadvanj, and, advancing together, they arrived at BhÍlpur, eighteen miles east of ÁhmedÁbÁd. On their approach JawÁn Mard KhÁn sent Safdar KhÁn and GangÁdhar to oppose them, and the two armies met about six miles from the capital. After some fighting Fakhr-ud-daulah succeeded in forcing his way to the suburb of RÁjpura, and next day continuing to drive back the enemy occupied the suburb of BahrÁmpura and began the actual siege of the city. At this point affairs took a turn. Fakhr-ud-daulah was wounded and returned to his camp, while JawÁn Mard KhÁn succeeded in winning over to his side Sher KhÁn BÁbi and RÁisinghji of Ídar, two of the viceroy’s chief supporters. The Mirat-i-Áhmedi especially notes that RÁja RÁisingh asked for money to pay his troops but Fakhr-ud-daulah, not knowing that this rule had long been a dead letter, said that as he held a district on service tenure, it was not proper for him to ask for a money aid when on imperial service. Defeat and capture of the Viceroy by JawÁn Mard KhÁn BÁbi.Next day Fakhr-ud-daulah was surrounded by Safdar KhÁn BÁbi and the MarÁthÁs, and himself one wife and some children were taken prisoners, while another of his wives and his son, who had managed to escape to Sidhpur, were captured and brought back to ÁhmedÁbÁd.

Rangoji Disgraced by KhanderÁv GÁikwÁr.After this KhanderÁv GÁikwÁr returned to GujarÁt to receive his share of the spoil taken from Fakhr-ud-daulah. Reaching Borsad, he took Rangoji with him as far as ÁhmedÁbÁd, where he met JawÁn Mard KhÁn, and obtained from Rangoji his share of the tribute. KhanderÁv was not satisfied with Rangoji’s accounts, and appointing a fresh deputy, he attached Rangoji’s property, and before leaving ÁhmedÁbÁd for Sorath, put him in confinement at Borsad. He also confined Fakhr-ud-daulah in the GhiÁspur outpost on the bank of the river Mahi. Meanwhile in consequence of some misunderstanding between JawÁn Mard KhÁn BÁbi and his brother Safdar KhÁn, the latter retired to Udepur, and JawÁn Mard KhÁn went to Visalnagar then in the hands of his brother ZorÁwar KhÁn. From Visalnagar, JawÁn Mard KhÁn proceeded to RÁdhanpur, and meeting his brother Safdar KhÁn, they became reconciled, and returned together to ÁhmedÁbÁd. KhanderÁv GÁikwÁr, who had in the meantime returned from Sorath, encamping at Dholka appointed TrimbakrÁv Pandit as his deputy at ÁhmedÁbÁd in place of Moro Pandit. On hearing that Rangoji had been thrown into confinement, UmÁbÁi sent for him, and he along with KhanderÁv GÁikwÁr repaired to the Dakhan.

PunÁji Vithal and Fakhr-ud-daulah oppose Rangoji and JawÁn Mard KhÁn.Shortly afterwards PunÁji Vithal, in concert with Trimbak Pandit, being dissatisfied with JawÁn Mard KhÁn, began to intrigue with Fakhr-ud-daulah. In the meantime UmÁbÁi had appointed Rangoji as her deputy, and, as he was a staunch friend of JawÁn Mard KhÁn, he expelled TrimbakrÁv from ÁhmedÁbÁd, and himself collected the MarÁtha share of the city revenues. Upon this PunÁji Vithal sent GangÁdhar and KrishnÁji with an army, and they, expelling the Muhammadan officers from the districts from which the MarÁthÁs levied the one-fourth share of the revenue, took the management of them into their own hands. Rangoji now asked Sher KhÁn BÁbi to help him. Sher
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Muhammad ShÁh Emperor, 1721–1748.
Fakhr-ud-daulah Fifty-eighth Viceroy, 1744–1748. KhÁn agreed; but as he had not funds to pay his troops, he delayed, and afterwards plundered Mahudha and Na?iÁd. As Rangoji failed to join him, Sher KhÁn proceeded by himself to Kapadvanj, and from Kapadvanj marched against the MarÁtha camp, with which Fakhr-ud-daulah was then associated. On the night after his arrival, the MarÁthÁs made an attack on Sher KhÁn’s camp, in which many men on both sides were slain. Next morning the battle was renewed, but on Sher KhÁn suggesting certain terms the fighting ceased. That very night, hearing that Rangoji had reached BÁlÁsinor, Sher KhÁn stole off towards Kapadvanj. PunÁji and Fakhr-ud-daulah followed in pursuit but failed to prevent Rangoji and Sher KhÁn from joining their forces.

Siege of Kapadvanj by Fakhr-ud-daulah, 1746.In a.d.1746 a battle was fought in the neighbourhood of the town of Kapadvanj in which Sher KhÁn was wounded. He was forced to take shelter with Rangoji in Kapadvanj, while Fakhr-ud-daulah, GangÁdhar, and KrishnÁji laid siege to that town. At this time the LunÁvÁ?a chief asked MalhÁrrÁv Holkar on his way back from his yearly raid into MÁlwa, to join him in attacking Virpur. Holkar agreed and Virpur was plundered. Rangoji, hearing of the arrival of Holkar, begged him to come to his aid, and on promise of receiving a sum of £20,000 (Rs. 2 lÁkhs) and two elephants, Holkar consented. At the approach of Holkar the Siege is raised.GangÁdhar, KrishnÁji, and Fakhr-ud-daulah, hearing of the approach of Holkar, raised the siege of Kapadvanj, and marching to Dholka expelled the governor of that district. Shortly afterwards on a summons from DÁmÁji and KhanderÁv GÁikwÁr Rangoji retired to Baroda. Meanwhile Fakhr-ud-daulah, KrishnÁji, and GangÁdhar advanced to Jetalpur in the Daskroi sub-division of ÁhmedÁbÁd and, taking possession of it, expelled Ámbar Habshi, the deputy of JawÁn Mard KhÁn. DÁmÁji and KhanderÁv GÁikwÁr passed from Baroda to Vasu, where they were met by KrishnÁji and GangÁdhar, whom DÁmÁji censured for aiding Fakhr-ud-daulah. On this occasion DÁmÁji bestowed the districts of Baroda Na?iÁd and Borsad on his brother KhanderÁv, an action which for ever removed any ill feeling on the part of KhanderÁv. Then, proceeding to Goklej, DÁmÁji had an interview with JawÁn Mard KhÁn. From Goklej he sent KÁnoji TÁkpar with Fakhr-ud-daulah to Sorath, and himself returned to Songa?. As Borsad had been given to KhanderÁv, Rangoji fixed on Umreth as his residence.

In this year, a.d.1746, Teghbeg KhÁn, governor of Surat, died, and was succeeded by his brother Safdar Muhammad KhÁn, who, in acknowledgment of a present of seven horses, received from the emperor the title of BahÁdur. At this time TÁlib Áli KhÁn died, and the writer of the Mirat-i-Áhmedi was appointed minister by the emperor. In a.d.1747 Rangoji returned to ÁhmedÁbÁd, and JawÁn Mard KhÁn had an interview with him a few miles from the city. Shortly after this the Kolis of MehmÚdÁbÁd and Mahudha rebelled, but the revolt was speedily crushed by ShÁhbÁz Rohilla.

MomÍn KhÁn II. Governor of Cambay, 1748.During this year Najm KhÁn, governor of Cambay, died. Muftakhir KhÁn, son of Najm-ud-daulah MomÍn KhÁn I., who had also received the title of MomÍn KhÁn, informed the emperor of Najm
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Muhammad ShÁh Emperor, 1721–1748.
Fakhr-ud-daulah Fifty-eighth Viceroy, 1744–1748. KhÁn’s death, and himself assumed the office of governor in which in a.d.1748 he was confirmed. On hearing of the death of Najm KhÁn, on pretence of condoling with the family of the late governor, FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn marched to Cambay, but as he was not allowed to enter the town he retired. He afterwards went to Umreth and lived with Rangoji. KÁnoji TÁkpar, who had gone with Fakhr-ud-daulah into Sorath, now laid siege to and took the town of Vanthali. As it was nearly time for the MarÁthÁs to return to their country, KÁnoji and Fakhr-ud-daulah, retiring to Dholka, expelled Muhammad JÁnbÁz, the deputy governor. Rangoji, who had at this time a dispute with JawÁn Mard KhÁn regarding his share of tribute, now came and joined them, and their combined forces marched upon SÁnand, where, after plundering the town, they encamped. It was now time for KÁnoji to withdraw to the Dakhan. Rangoji and Fakhr-ud-daulah, remaining behind to collect tribute from the neighbouring districts, marched to Ísanpur, where they were opposed by JawÁn Mard KhÁn. Increased Strength of Fakhr-ud-daulah’s Party.On this occasion both JawÁn Mard KhÁn and Fakhr-ud-daulah sought the alliance of RÁja RÁisingh of Ídar. But, as he offered more favourable terms, RÁja RÁisingh determined to join Fakhr-ud-daulah. Sher KhÁn BÁbi also joined Fakhr-ud-daulah, who, thus reinforced, laid siege to ÁhmedÁbÁd. While these events were passing at ÁhmedÁbÁd, Hariba, an adopted son of KhanderÁv GÁikwÁr, at that time in possession of the fort of Borsad, began to plunder Rangoji’s villages under PetlÁd, and, attacking his deputy, defeated and killed him. Dissensions among the MarÁthÁs.On this Rangoji withdrew from ÁhmedÁbÁd, attacked and captured the fort of Borsad, and forced Hariba to leave the country. JawÁn Mard KhÁn now sent for JanÁrdhan Pandit, KhanderÁv’s deputy at Na?iÁd, and, in place of Rangoji’s representative, appointed him to manage the MarÁtha share of ÁhmedÁbÁd.

Surat Affairs, 1748.During these years important changes had taken place in the government of Surat. In a.d.1734, when Mulla Muhammad Áli, the chief of the merchants and builder of the Athva fort, was killed in prison by Teghbeg KhÁn, the NizÁm sent Sayad Miththan to revenge his death. Sayad Miththan was forced to return unsuccessful. After Teghbeg KhÁn’s death Sayad Miththan again came to Surat and lived there with his brother Sayad Achchan, who held the office of paymaster. Sayad Miththan tried to get the government of the town into his hands, but, again failing, committed suicide. His brother Sayad Achchan then attacked and took the citadel, expelling the commander; and for several days war was waged between him and the governor Safdar Muhammad KhÁn with doubtful success. At last Sayad Achchan called to his aid MalhÁrrÁv, the deputy at Baroda, and their combined forces took possession of the whole city. During the sack of the city MalhÁrrÁv was killed and the entire management of affairs fell into the hands of Sayad Achchan. Safdar Muhammad KhÁn, the late governor, though obliged to leave the city, was determined not to give up Surat without a struggle, and raising some men opened fire on the fort. Sayad Achchan now begged the Arab, Turk, English, Dutch and Portuguese merchants to aid him. A deed addressed to the emperor and the NizÁm, begging that Sayad Achchan should be appointed
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Muhammad ShÁh Emperor, 1721–1748.
Fakhr-ud-daulah Fifty-eighth Viceroy, 1744–1748. governor, was signed by all the merchants except by Mr. Lamb the English chief, and though he at first refused, he was in the end persuaded by the other merchants to sign. The merchants then assisted Sayad Achchan, and Safdar Muhammad KhÁn retired to Sindh.

Meanwhile, on account of some enmity between Mulla Fakhr-ud-dÍn, the son of Mulla Muhammad Áli, chief of the merchants, and Sayad Achchan, the Mulla was thrown into prison. Mr. Lamb went to Sayad Achchan, and remonstrating with him suggested that the Mulla should be sent for. Mulla Fakhr-ud-din Escapes to Bombay.Sayad Achchan agreed, but on the way Mr. Lamb carried off Mulla Fakhr-ud-dÍn to the English factory, and afterwards sent him to Bombay in disguise. In the meantime KedÁrji GÁikwÁr, a cousin of DÁmÁji’s, whom, with MalhÁrrav, Sayad Achchan had asked to his help, arrived at Surat, and though Sayad Achchan had been successful without his aid, KedÁrji demanded the £30,000 (Rs. 3 lÁkhs) which had been promised him. As the Sayad was not in a position to resist KedÁrji’s demands, and as he had no ready money to give him, Cession of Surat Revenue to the GÁikwÁr, 1747.he made over to him a third of the revenues of Surat until the amount should be paid. As before this another third of the revenues of Surat had been assigned to HÁfiz MasÛud KhÁn, the deputy of YÁkut KhÁn of Janjira, the emoluments of the governor of Surat were reduced to one-third of the entire revenue and this was divided between the Mutasaddi and Bakhshi.

Famine, 1747.In this year (a.d.1747, S. 1803) there was a severe shock of earthquake and a great famine which caused many deaths. In the following year JawÁn Mard KhÁn endeavoured to recapture Jetalpur, but failed. MarÁtha Dissensions.About the same time UmÁbÁi died, and DÁmÁji’s brother KhanderÁv, who was on good terms with AmbikÁ wife of BÁburÁv SenÁpati, the guardian of UmÁbÁi’s son, procured his own appointment as deputy of his brother DÁmÁji in GujarÁt. On being appointed deputy KhanderÁv at once marched against Rangoji to recover Borsad, which, as above mentioned, Rangoji had taken from Hariba. Their forces were joined by two detachments, one from MomÍn KhÁn under the command of Ágha Muhammad Husain, the other from JawÁn Mard KhÁn commanded by JanÁrdhan Pandit. The combined army besieged Borsad. After a five months’ siege Fall of Borsad.Borsad was taken, and Rangoji was imprisoned by KhanderÁv. On the fall of Borsad Sher KhÁn BÁbi and RÁja RÁisingh of Ídar, who were allies of Rangoji, returned to BÁlÁsinor and Ídar; Fakhr-ud-daulah was sent to PetlÁd and FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn, leaving Umreth, took shelter with Jetha, the chief of Atarsumba.

Ahmed ShÁh Emperor 1748–1754.In this year the emperor Muhammad ShÁh died and was succeeded by his son Ahmed ShÁh (a.d.1748–1754). Shortly after Ahmed’s accession MahÁrÁja Vakhatsingh, brother of MahÁrÁja Abheysingh, was appointed MahÁrÁja Vakhatsingh Fifty-ninth Viceroy, 1748.fifty-ninth viceroy of GujarÁt. When he learned what was the state of the province, he pleaded that his presence would be more useful in his own dominions, and never took up his appointment of viceroy. Vakhatsingh was the last viceroy of GujarÁt nominated by the imperial court, for although by the aid of the MarÁthÁs Fakhr-ud-daulah was of importance in the province, he had never been able
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Ahmed ShÁh Emperor, 1748–1754.
MahÁrÁja Vakhatsingh Fifty-ninth Viceroy, 1748. to establish himself as viceroy. In this year also occurred the death of KhushÁlchand Sheth, the chief merchant of ÁhmedÁbÁd.

KhanderÁv GÁikwÁr appointed RÁghavshankar his deputy at ÁhmedÁbÁd, and Safdar KhÁn BÁbi issued from ÁhmedÁbÁd with an army to levy tribute from the chiefs on the banks of the SÁbarmati. When Fakhr-ud-daulah, the former viceroy, heard of the appointment of MahÁrÁja Vakhatsingh, seeing no chance of any benefit from a longer stay in GujarÁt, he retired to Dehli. In a.d.1748 Ásif JÁh, NizÁm-ul-Mulk, died at an advanced age, leaving six sons and a disputed succession.

Disorder Spreads.About the same time BÁlÁjirÁv Peshwa, who was jealous of the power of the GÁikwÁr, sent a body of troops, and freed Rangoji from the hands of KhanderÁv GÁikwÁr. During these years adventurers, in different parts of the country, taking advantage of the decay of the central power, endeavoured to establish themselves in independence. Of these attempts the most formidable was the revolt of one of the PÁtan KasbÁtis who established his power so firmly in PÁtan that JawÁn Mard KhÁn found it necessary to proceed in person to reduce him. Shortly afterwards JawÁn Mard KhÁn deemed it advisable to recall his brothers Safdar KhÁn and ZorÁwar KhÁn, who were then at Únja under PÁtan, and took them with him to ÁhmedÁbÁd. FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn who had been residing at Atarsumba now asked permission to return to ÁhmedÁbÁd, but as JawÁn Mard KhÁn did not approve of this suggestion, FidÁ-ud-dÍn departed to Broach and there took up his residence. JanÁrdhan Pandit marched to Kaira and the BhÍl district to levy tribute, and KhanderÁv appointed ShevakrÁm his deputy.

Surat Affairs, a.d.1750.In the meantime at Surat, Sayad Achchan endeavoured to consolidate his rule, and with this view tried to expel HÁfiz MasÛud HabshÍ, and prevent him again entering the city. But his plans failed, and he was obliged to make excuses for his conduct. Sayad Achchan Unpopular.Sayad Achchan then oppressed other influential persons, until eventually the HabshÍ and others joining, attacked him in the citadel. Except Mr. Lamb, who considered himself bound by the deed signed in a.d.1747 in favour of Sayad Achchan, all the merchants of Surat joined the assailants. Safdar Muhammad brought back by the Dutch.Among the chief opponents of Sayad Achchan were the Dutch, who sending ships brought back Safdar Muhammad KhÁn from Thatta, and established him as governor of Surat. The English factory was next besieged, and, though a stout resistance was made, the guards were bribed, and the factory plundered. Sayad Achchan Retires.In a.d.1750 Sayad Achchan, surrendering the citadel to the HabshÍ, withdrew first to Bombay and then to Poona, to BÁlÁjirÁv Peshwa. Shortly afterwards, in consequence of the censure passed upon him by the Bombay Government for his support of Sayad Achchan, Mr. Lamb committed suicide. Wearied by these continual contests for power, the merchants of Surat asked RÁja RaghunathdÁs, minister to the NizÁm, to choose them a governor. RÁja RaghunathdÁs accordingly nominated his own nephew, RÁja HarprasÁd, to be governor, and the writer of the Mirat-i-Áhmedi to be his deputy. But before RÁja HarprasÁd could join his appointment at Surat, both he and his father were slain in battle.

Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Ahmed ShÁh Emperor, 1748–1754. In the same year, a.d.1750, occurred the deaths of RÁja RÁisingh of Ídar, of Safdar KhÁn BÁbi of BÁlÁsinor, and of FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn, who had for some time been settled at Broach. JawÁn Mard KhÁn and the Peshwa, 1750.JawÁn Mard KhÁn, who, seeing that they were inclined to become permanent residents in GujarÁt, was always opposed to the GÁikwÁr’s power, now entered into negotiations with BÁlÁjirÁv Peshwa. He chose Patel Sukhdev to collect the MarÁtha revenue and asked the Peshwa to help him in expelling DÁmÁji’s agents. The Peshwa, being now engaged in war in the Dakhan with SalÁbat Jang BahÁdur, son of the late NizÁm, was unable to send JawÁn Mard KhÁn any assistance. Towards the close of the year JawÁn Mard KhÁn started from ÁhmedÁbÁd to collect tribute from the SÁbarmati chiefs. Returning early in a.d.1751, at the request of Jetha Patel a subordinate of BhÁvsingh DesÁi, he proceeded to Banod or Vanod under VÍramgÁm and reduced the village. Áli Muhammad KhÁn, the author of the Mirat-i-Áhmedi, who about this time was raised in rank with the title of BahÁdur, states that owing to the MarÁtha inroads most of the districts had passed entirely into their possession; in others according to agreements with JawÁn Mard KhÁn they held a half share. Consequently in spite of new taxes, the entire remaining income of the province was only four lÁkhs of rupees, and it was impossible to maintain the military posts or control the rebellious Kolis.

The Peshwa and GÁikwÁr, 1751.It was in this year (a.d.1751) that the Peshwa, decoying DÁmÁjirÁv into his power, imprisoned him and forced him to surrender half of his rights and conquests in GujarÁt. Taking advantage of the absence of the GÁikwÁr and his army in the Dakhan, JawÁn Mard KhÁn marched into Sorath. He first visited Gogha, and then levying tribute in GohilvÁ?a advanced into KÁthiÁvÁ?a and marched against NavÁnagar, and, after collecting a contribution from the JÁm, returned to ÁhmedÁbÁd: In the following year (a.d.1752), as soon as the news reached GujarÁt that the MarÁthÁs’ share in the province had been divided between the Peshwa and GÁikwÁr, MomÍn KhÁn, who was always quarrelling with the GÁikwÁr’s agent, sending VarajlÁl his steward to BÁlÁjirÁv Peshwa begged him to include Cambay in his share and send his agent in place of the GÁikwÁr’s agent. BÁlÁjirÁv agreed, and from that time an agent of the Peshwa was established at Cambay. In the same year RaghunÁthrÁv, brother of the Peshwa, entering GujarÁt took possession of the Rewa and Mahi KÁntha districts and marched on Surat. Shiaji Dhangar was appointed in ShevakrÁm’s place as DÁmÁji’s deputy, and KrishnÁji came to collect the Peshwa’s share.

Broach Independent, 1752.Up to this time the city of Broach had remained part of the NizÁm’s personal estate, managed by AbdÚllah Beg, whom, with the title of Nek Álam KhÁn, Ásif JÁh the late NizÁm-ul-Mulk had chosen his deputy. On the death of AbdÚllah Beg in a.d.1752 the emperor appointed his son to succeed him with the same title as his father, while he gave to another son, named Mughal Beg, the title of Khertalab KhÁn. During the contests for succession that followed upon the death of the NizÁm in a.d.1752, no attempt was made to enforce the NizÁm’s claims on the lands of Broach; and for the future, except for the share of the revenue paid to the MarÁthÁs, the governors of Broach were practically independent.

Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Ahmed ShÁh Emperor, 1748–1754. The Peshwa now sent PÁndurang Pandit to levy tribute from his share of GujarÁt, and that officer crossing the Mahi marched upon Cambay. MomÍn KhÁn prepared to oppose him, but the Pandit made friendly overtures, and eventually MomÍn KhÁn not only paid the sum of £700 (Rs. 7000) for grass and grain for the Pandit’s troops, but also lent him four small cannon. PÁndurang Pandit Repulsed at ÁhmedÁbÁd, 1752.PÁndurang Pandit then marched upon ÁhmedÁbÁd, and encamping near the KÁnkariya lake laid siege to the city which was defended by JawÁn Mard KhÁn. During the siege PÁndurang Pandit, sending some troops, ravaged NÍkol, part of the lands of Áli Muhammad KhÁn BahÁdur, the author of the Mirat-i-Áhmedi. Meanwhile, as the operations against ÁhmedÁbÁd made no progress, PÁndurang Pandit made offers of peace. These JawÁn Mard KhÁn accepted, and on receiving from JawÁn Mard KhÁn the present of a mare and a small sum of money under the name of entertainment, the MarÁtha leader withdrew to Sorath.

MarÁtha Invasion.About this time the Peshwa released DÁmÁji GÁikwÁr on his promise to help the Peshwa’s brother RaghunÁthrÁv, who was shortly afterwards despatched with an army to complete the conquest of GujarÁt. Meanwhile JawÁn Mard KhÁn’s anxiety regarding the MarÁthÁs was for a time removed by the departure of PÁndurang Pandit. And, as the harvest season had arrived, he with his brother ZorÁwar KhÁn BÁbi, leaving Muhammad MubÁriz SherwÁni behind as his deputy, set out from ÁhmedÁbÁd to levy tribute from the chiefs of the SÁbar KÁntha. Certain well informed persons, who had heard of RaghunÁthrÁv’s preparations for invading GujarÁt, begged JawÁn Mard KhÁn not to leave the city but to depute his brother ZorÁwar KhÁn BÁbi to collect the tribute. JawÁn Mard KhÁn, not believing their reports, said that he would not go more than from forty-five to sixty miles from the city, and that, should the necessity of any more distant excursion arise, he would entrust it to his brother. JawÁn Mard KhÁn then marched from the city, levying tribute until he arrived on the PÁlanpur frontier about seventy-five miles north of ÁhmedÁbÁd. Here meeting Muhammad BahÁdur JhÁlori, the governor of PÁlanpur, JawÁn Mard KhÁn was foolishly induced to join him in plundering the fertile districts of Sirohi, till at last he was not less than 150 miles from his head-quarters. Meanwhile RaghunÁthrÁv, joining DÁmÁji GÁikwÁr, entered suddenly by an unusual route into GujarÁt, and news reached ÁhmedÁbÁd that the MarÁthÁs had crossed the Narbada. On this the townspeople sent messenger after messenger to recall JawÁn Mard KhÁn, and building up the gateways prepared for defence, while the inhabitants of the suburbs, leaving their houses, crowded with their families into the city for protection. RaghunÁthrÁv, hearing that JawÁn Mard KhÁn and his army were absent from the city, pressed on by forced marches, and crossing the river Mahi despatched an advance corps under Vithal Sukhdev. KosÁji, proprietor of Na?iÁd, at DÁmÁji GÁikwÁr’s invitation also marched towards ÁhmedÁbÁd, plundering MehmÚdÁbÁd Khokhri, only three miles from the city. In the meantime Vithal Sukhdev reached Kaira, and taking with him the chief man of that place, Muhammad DaurÁn, son of Muhammad BÁbi, continued his march. He was shortly joined by RaghunÁthrÁv, and the combined forces now proceeded to ÁhmedÁbÁd and encamped by the KÁnkariya
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Ahmed ShÁh Emperor, 1748–1754. lake. Next day RaghunÁthrÁv moved his camp to near the tomb of Hazrat ShÁh BhÍkan,59 on the bank of the SÁbarmati to the south-west of the city. RaghunÁthrÁv now proceeded to invest the city, distributing his thirty to forty thousand horse into three divisions. The operations against the north of the city were entrusted to DÁmÁji GÁikwÁr; those on the east to GopÁl Hari; while the troops on the south and west were under the personal command of RaghunÁthrÁv and his officers.

Return of JawÁn Mard KhÁn.After leaving Sirohi JawÁn Mard KhÁn had gone westwards to TharÁd and VÁv, so that the first messengers failed to find him. One of the later messengers, MÁndan by name, who had not left ÁhmedÁbÁd until the arrival of RaghunÁthrÁv at the KÁnkariya lake, made his way to VÁv and TharÁd, and told JawÁn Mard KhÁn what had happened. JawÁn Mard KhÁn set out by forced marches for RÁdhanpur, and leaving his family and the bulk of his army at PÁtan, he pushed on with 200 picked horsemen to Kadi and from that to ÁhmedÁbÁd, contriving to enter the city by night. He enters ÁhmedÁbÁd.The presence of JawÁn Mard KhÁn raised the spirits of the besieged, and the defence was conducted with ardour. In spite of their watchfulness, a party of about 700 MarÁthÁs under cover of night succeeded in scaling the walls and entering the city. Ere they could do any mischief they were discovered and driven out of the town with much slaughter. The bulk of the besieging army, which had advanced in hopes that this party would succeed in opening one of the city gates, were forced to retire disappointed. RaghunÁthrÁv now made proposals for peace, but JawÁn Mard KhÁn did not think it consistent with his honour to accept them. On his refusal, the MarÁtha general redoubled his efforts and sprung several mines, but owing to the thickness of the city walls no practicable breach was effected. JawÁn Mard KhÁn now expelled the MarÁtha deputies, and Gallant Defence of the City.continuing to defend the city with much gallantry contrived at night to introduce into the town by detachments a great portion of his army from PÁtan. At length, embarrassed by want of provisions and the clamour of his troops for pay, he extorted £5000 (Rs. 50,000) from the official classes. As JawÁn Mard was known to have an ample supply of money of his own this untimely meanness caused great discontent. The official classes who were the
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Ahmed ShÁh Emperor, 1748–1754. repository of all real power murmured against his rule and openly advocated the surrender of the city, and JawÁn Mard KhÁn Surrenders.JawÁn Mard KhÁn, much against his will, was forced to enter into negotiations with RaghunÁthrÁv.

RaghunÁthrÁv was so little hopeful of taking ÁhmedÁbÁd that he had determined, should the siege last a month longer, to depart on condition of receiving the one-fourth share of the revenue and a safe conduct. Had JawÁn Mard KhÁn only disbursed his own money to pay the troops, and encouraged instead of disheartening the official class, he need never have lost the city. At last to RaghunÁthrÁv’s relief, JawÁn Mard KhÁn was reduced to treat for peace through Vithal Sukhdev. It was arranged that the MarÁthÁs should give JawÁn Mard KhÁn the sum of £10,000 (Rs. 1 lÁkh) to pay his troops, besides presenting him with an elephant and other articles of value. It was at the same time agreed that the garrison should leave the city with all the honours of war. And that, for himself and his brothers, JawÁn Mard KhÁn should receive, free from any MarÁtha claim, the districts of PÁtan, Vadnagar, Sami, Munjpur, Visalnagar, TharÁd, KherÁlu, and RÁdhanpur with Tervada and BijÁpur. It was further agreed that one of JawÁn Mard KhÁn’s brothers should always serve the MarÁthÁs with 300 horse and 500 foot, the expenses of the force being paid by the MarÁthÁs. It was also stipulated that neither the Peshwa’s army nor his deputy’s, nor that of any commander should enter JawÁn Mard KhÁn’s territory, and that in ÁhmedÁbÁd no MarÁtha official should put up at any of the KhÁn BahÁdur’s mansions, new or old, or at any of those belonging to his brothers followers or servants. Finally that the estates of other members of the family, namely Kaira, Kasba MÁtar and BÁnsa Mahudha, which belonged to Muhammad KhÁn, KhÁn DaurÁn, and Ábid KhÁn were not to be meddled with, nor were encroachments to be allowed on the lands of KÁyam KÚli KhÁn or of ZorÁwar KhÁn. This agreement was signed and sealed by RaghunÁthrÁv, with DÁmÁji GÁikwÁr (half sharer), MalhÁrrÁv Holkar, Jye Ápa Sindhia, RÁmchandar Vithal Sukhdev, SakhÁrÁm Bhagvant, and MÁdhavrÁv GopÁlrÁv as securities. The MarÁthÁs take Possession, 1753.The treaty was then delivered to JawÁn Mard KhÁn, and he and his garrison, marching out with the honours of war, the MarÁthÁs took possession of ÁhmedÁbÁd on April 2nd, 1753.

Collect Tribute.On leaving ÁhmedÁbÁd JawÁn Mard KhÁn retired to PÁtan. At ÁhmedÁbÁd RaghunÁthrÁv with DÁmÁji arranged for the government of the city, appointing ShripatrÁv his deputy. He then marched into JhÁlÁvÁ?a to levy tribute from the Limb?i and WadhwÁn chiefs; and was so far successful that Harbhamji of Limb?i agreed to pay an annual tribute of £4000 (Rs. 40,000). As the rainy season was drawing near RaghunÁthrÁv returned to Dholka, while Patel Vithal Sukhdev forced Muhammad BahÁdur, the governor of PÁlanpur, to consent to a payment of £11,500 (Rs. 1,15,000). From Dholka RaghunÁthrÁv went to TÁrÁpur, about twelve miles north of Cambay, and compelled MomÍn KhÁn to submit to an annual payment of £1000 (Rs. 10,000). At the same time Áli Muhammad KhÁn BahÁdur, the author of the Mirat-i-Áhmedi, was appointed collector of customs, and his former grants were confirmed and he was allowed to retain
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Ahmed ShÁh Emperor, 1748–1754. his villages of Sayadpur and KÛjÁdh close to ÁhmedÁbÁd, as well as the village of PÁnmÛl in BijÁpur. DÁmÁji GÁikwÁr, after levying tribute in the VÁtrak KÁntha, went to Kapadvanj, which he took from Sher KhÁn BÁbi. From Kapadvanj he passed to Na?iÁd and appointed ShevakrÁi to collect his half share of the revenue of GujarÁt. Mughal Coinage Ceases.In the ÁhmedÁbÁd mint, coin ceased to be struck in the emperor’s name and the suburbs of the city which had been deserted during the siege were not again inhabited. The Kolis commenced a system of depredation, and their outrages were so daring that women and children were sometimes carried off and sold as slaves. After the rains were over (a.d.1754) Shetuji, commander of the ÁhmedÁbÁd garrison, and Shankarji, governor of VÍramgÁm, were sent to collect tribute from Sorath. Though the imperial power was sunk so low, the emperor was allowed to confer the post of KÁzi of the city on KÁzi RÛkn-ul-Hak KhÁn who arrived at ÁhmedÁbÁd and assumed office. Failure of an Attempt on Cambay, 1753.At the close of the year ShripatrÁv, who was anxious to acquire Cambay, marched against MomÍn KhÁn. After two doubtful battles in which the MarÁthÁs gained no advantage, it was agreed that MomÍn KhÁn should pay a sum of £700 (Rs. 7000), and ShripatrÁv departed from ÁhmedÁbÁd early in a.d.1754. The Kolis.When the Kolis heard of the ill success of the MarÁthÁs at Cambay, they revolted and RÁghoshankar was sent to subdue them. In an engagement near LuhÁra in Bahyal in His Highness the GÁikwÁr’s territory about eighteen miles east of ÁhmedÁbÁd, RÁghoshankar scattered the Kolis, but they again collected and forced the MarÁthÁs to retire. At this time Shetuji and Shankarji returned from Sorath, where they had performed the pilgrimage to DwÁrka. Shetuji was sent to the BhÍl district against the Kolis. He was unsuccessful, and was so ashamed of his failure that he returned to the Dakhan and Dandu DÁtÁtri was appointed in his place.

In this year died Nek Álam KhÁn II. governor of Broach. He was succeeded by his brother Khertalab KhÁn who expelled his nephew HÁmid Beg, son of Nek Álam KhÁn. HÁmid Beg took refuge in Surat. At BÁlÁsinor a dispute arose between Sher KhÁn BÁbi and a body of Arab mercenaries who took possession of a hill, but in the end came to terms. With the Peshwa’s permission his deputy BhagvantrÁv marched on Cambay. But VarajlÁl, MomÍn KhÁn’s steward, who was then at Poona, sent word to his master, who prepared himself against any emergency. When BhagvantrÁv arrived at Cambay he showed no hostile intentions and was well received by MomÍn KhÁn. Subsequently a letter from BhagvantrÁv to SÁlim JamÁdÁr at ÁhmedÁbÁd ordering him to march against Cambay fell into MomÍn KhÁn’s hands. He at once surrounded BhagvantrÁv’s house and made him prisoner. MarÁthÁs Attack Cambay, 1754.When the Peshwa heard that BhagvantrÁv had been captured, he ordered Ganesh Ápa, governor of Jambusar, as well as the governors of VÍramgÁm, Dhandhuka, and other places to march at once upon Cambay. They went and besieged the town for three months, but without success. Eventually ShripatrÁv, the Peshwa’s deputy, sent the author of the Mirat-i-Áhmedi to negotiate, and it was agreed that BhagvantrÁv should be released and that no alteration should be made in the position of MomÍn KhÁn. Shortly afterwards ShripatrÁv was recalled by the Peshwa and his place supplied by an
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Ahmed ShÁh Emperor, 1748–1754. officer of the name of RÁgho. About this time Khertalab KhÁn, governor of Broach, died, and quarrels arose regarding the succession. Ultimately Hamid Beg, nephew of Khertalab KhÁn, obtained the post, and he afterwards received an imperial order confirming him as governor, and bestowing on him the title of NeknÁm KhÁn BahÁdur.

Álamgir II. Emperor, 1754–1759.At Dehli, during a.d.1754, the emperor Áhmed ShÁh was deposed, and ÂzÍz-ud-dÍn, son of JahÁndÁr ShÁh, was raised to the throne with the title of ÁlamgÍr II. After his release BhagvantrÁv established himself in the Cambay fort of NÁpÁd and not long after began to attack MomÍn KhÁn’s villages. Contest with MomÍn KhÁn Renewed, 1754.After several doubtful engagements peace was concluded on MomÍn KhÁn paying £1000 (Rs. 10,000) on account of the usual share of the MarÁthÁs which he had withheld. This arrangement was made through the mediation of TukÁji, the steward of SadÁshiv DÁmodar, who had come to GujarÁt with an army and orders to help BhagvantrÁv. As MomÍn KhÁn had no ready money TukÁji offered himself as security and BhagvantrÁv and TukÁji withdrew to the Dakhan. MomÍn KhÁn’s soldiery now clamoured for pay. As he was not in a position to meet their demands he sent a body of men against some villages to the west belonging to Limb?i and plundered them, dividing the booty among his troops. In the following year, MomÍn KhÁn takes Gogha, 1755.a.d.1755, MomÍn KhÁn went to Gogha, a port which, though at one time subordinate to Cambay, had fallen into the hands of Sher KhÁn BÁbi, and was now in the possession of the Peshwa’s officers. Gogha fell and leaving a garrison of 100 Arabs under IbrÁhÍm KÚli KhÁn, MomÍn KhÁn returned to Cambay, levying tribute. He then sent the bulk of his army under the command of Muhammad ZamÁn KhÁn, son of FidÁ-ud-dÍn KhÁn, and VarajlÁl his own steward, to plunder and collect money in GohilvÁ?a and KÁthiÁvÁ?a. Here they remained until their arrears were paid off, and then returned to Cambay. After this MomÍn KhÁn plundered several PetlÁd villages and finally, in concert with the Kolis of Dhowan, attacked Jambusar and carried off much booty. MomÍn KhÁn next marched against Borsad, and was on the point of taking the fort when SayÁji, son of DÁmÁji GÁikwÁr, who lived at Baroda, hearing of MomÍn KhÁn’s success, came rapidly with a small body of men to the relief of the fort and surprised the besiegers. The Muhammadan troops soon recovered from the effects of the surprise, and SayÁji fearing to engage them with so small a force retired. On SayÁji’s departure MomÍn KhÁn raised the siege of Borsad and returned to Cambay.

MomÍn KhÁn recovers ÁhmedÁbÁd, 17th Oct. 1756.In the year a.d.1756 the rains were very heavy, and the walls of ÁhmedÁbÁd fell in many places. MomÍn KhÁn, hearing of this as well as of the discontent of the inhabitants, resolved to capture the city. He sent spies to ascertain the strength of the garrison and set about making allies of the chief men in the province and enlisting troops. About this time RÁghoji, the MarÁtha deputy, was assassinated by a Rohilla. As soon as MomÍn KhÁn heard of RÁghoji’s death he sent his nephew, Muhammad ZamÁn KhÁn, with some men in advance, and afterwards himself at the close of the year, a.d.1756, marched from Cambay and camped on the VÁtrak. From this camp they moved to Kaira, and from Kaira to ÁhmedÁbÁd. After one or two fights in
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Álamgir II. Emperor, 1754–1759. the suburbs the Muhammadans, finding their way through the breaches in the walls, opened the gates and entered the town. The Kolis commenced plundering, and a hand-to-hand fight ensued, in which the MarÁthÁs were worsted and were eventually expelled from the city. The Kolis attempted to plunder the Dutch factory, but met with a spirited resistance, and when ShambhÚrÁm, a NÁgar BrÁhman, one of MomÍn KhÁn’s chief supporters, heard it he ordered the Kolis to cease attacking the factory and consoled the Dutch.

JawÁn Mard KhÁn allies himself with the MarÁthÁs.In the meantime JawÁn Mard KhÁn, who had been invited by the MarÁthÁs to their assistance, set out from PÁtan, and when he arrived at PethÁpur and MÁnsa he heard of the capture of ÁhmedÁbÁd. On reaching Kalol he was joined by HarbhamrÁm, governor of Kadi. They resolved to send ZorÁwar KhÁn BÁbi to recall SadÁshiv DÁmodar, and to await his arrival at VÍramgÁm. ShevakrÁm, the GÁikwÁr’s deputy, had taken refuge at Dholka. MomÍn KhÁn himself now advanced, and entering ÁhmedÁbÁd on the 17th October 1756, appointed ShambhÚrÁm his deputy. SadÁshiv DÁmodar now joined JawÁn Mard KhÁn at VÍramgÁm, and at JawÁn Mard KhÁn’s advice it was resolved, before taking further steps, to write to the Peshwa for aid. JawÁn Mard KhÁn, although he held large service estates, charged the MarÁthÁs £150 (Rs. 1500) a day for his troops. JawÁn Mard KhÁn and the MarÁthÁs then advanced to SÁnand and Jitalpur, and thence marched towards Cambay. On their way they were met, and, after several combats, defeated by a detachment of MomÍn KhÁn’s army. MomÍn KhÁn sent troops to overrun Kadi, but HarbhamrÁm, the governor of Kadi, defeated the force, and captured their guns. When the emperor heard of the capture of Gogha, he sent a sword as a present to MomÍn KhÁn; and when the news of the capture of ÁhmedÁbÁd reached Ágra, MomÍn KhÁn received many compliments. BÁlÁjirÁv Peshwa on the other hand was greatly enraged at these reverses. He at once sent off SadÁshiv RÁmchandra to GujarÁt as his deputy, and DÁmÁji and KhanderÁv GÁikwÁr also accompanied him with their forces. MomÍn KhÁn refusing to give up ÁhmedÁbÁd, prepared for defence. SadÁshiv RÁmchandra, DÁmÁji and KhanderÁv GÁikwÁr advanced, and, crossing the Mahi, reached Kaira. Here they were met by JawÁn Mard KhÁn and the rest of the MarÁtha forces in GujarÁt, and the combined army advancing against the capital camped by the KÁnkariya lake.

MarÁthÁs Invest ÁhmedÁbÁd, 1756.The MarÁthÁs now regularly invested the city, but MomÍn KhÁn, aided by ShambhÚrÁm, made a vigorous defence. Up to this time JawÁn Mard KhÁn was receiving £150 (Rs. 1500) daily for the pay of his own and his brother’s troops. SadÁshiv RÁmchandra, considering the number of the troops too small for so large a payment, reduced the amount and retained the men in his own service. After a month’s siege, MomÍn KhÁn’s troops began to clamour for pay, but ShambhÚrÁm, by collecting the sum of £10,000 (Rs. 1 lÁkh) from the inhabitants of the town managed for the time to appease their demands. When they again became urgent for pay, ShambhÚrÁm diverted their thoughts by a general sally from all the gates at night. On this occasion many men were slain on both sides, and many of the inhabitants deserted the town. The copper vessels of such of the townspeople as had fled
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Álamgir II. Emperor, 1754–1759. were melted and coined into money and given to the soldiery. In this state of affairs an order arrived from the imperial court bestowing on MomÍn KhÁn a dress of honour and the title of BahÁdur. Although the imperial power had for years been merely a name MomÍn KhÁn asked and obtained permission from the besiegers to leave the city and meet the bearers of the order. The MarÁthÁs redoubled their efforts. Still though the besiegers were successful in intercepting supplies of grain the garrison fought gallantly in defence of the town.

RÁv of Ídar helps MomÍn KhÁn, 1757.At this juncture, in a.d.1757, RÁja Shivsingh of Ídar, son of the late Anandsingh, who was friendly to MomÍn KhÁn, sent SajÁnsingh HazÁri with a force to assist the besieged. On their way to ÁhmedÁbÁd, HarbhamrÁm with a body of MarÁthÁs attacked this detachment, while MomÍn KhÁn sent to their aid Muhammad LÁl Rohilla and others, and a doubtful battle was fought. Shortly afterwards SadÁshiv RÁmchandar made an attempt on the fort of KÁlikot. The fort was successfully defended by JamÁdÁr NÚr Muhammad, and the MarÁthÁs were repulsed. The MarÁthÁs endeavoured in vain to persuade ShambhÚrÁm to desert MomÍn KhÁn, and though the garrison were often endangered by the faithlessness of the Kolis and other causes, they remained staunch. MomÍn KhÁn, though frequently in difficulties owing to want of funds to pay his soldiery, continued to defend the town. The MarÁthÁs next tried to seduce some of MomÍn KhÁn’s officers, but in this they also failed, and Successful Sally under ShambhurÁm.in a sally ShambhÚrÁm attacked the camp of SadÁshiv RÁmchandar, and burning his tents all but captured the chief himself.

Negotiations for Peace.When the siege was at this stage, Hassan KÚli KhÁn BahÁdur, viceroy of Oudh, relinquishing worldly affairs and dividing his property among his nephews, set out to perform a pilgrimage to Makkah. Before he started Shuja-Ûd-daulah, the NawÁb of Lucknow, requested him on his way to visit BÁlÁjirÁv, and endeavour to come to some settlement of ÁhmedÁbÁd affairs. Accordingly, adopting the name of ShÁh NÚr, and assuming the dress of an ascetic, Hassan KÚli made his way to Poona, and appearing before the Peshwa offered to make peace at ÁhmedÁbÁd. ShÁh NÚr with much difficulty persuaded the Peshwa to allow MomÍn KhÁn to retain Cambay and Gogha without any MarÁtha share, and to grant him a lÁkh of rupees for the payment of his troops, on condition that he should surrender ÁhmedÁbÁd. He obtained letters from the Peshwa addressed to SadÁshiv RÁmchandra to this effect, and set out with them for ÁhmedÁbÁd. When he arrived SadÁshiv RÁmchandra was unwilling to accede to the terms, as the ÁhmedÁbÁd garrison were reduced to great straits. ShÁh NÚr persuaded him at last to agree, provided MomÍn KhÁn would surrender without delay. Accordingly ShÁh NÚr entered the city and endeavoured to persuade MomÍn KhÁn. MomÍn KhÁn demanded in addition a few PetlÁd villages, and to this the MarÁthÁs refused their consent. ShÁh NÚr left in disgust. Before many days MomÍn KhÁn was forced to make overtures for peace. After discussions with DÁmÁji GÁikwÁr, it was agreed that MomÍn KhÁn should surrender the city, receive £10,000 (Rs. 1 lÁkh) to pay his soldiery, and be allowed to retain Cambay as heretofore, that is to say that the Peshwa should, as
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Álamgir II. Emperor, 1754–1759. formerly, enjoy half the revenues. In addition to this MomÍn KhÁn had to promise to pay the MarÁthÁs a yearly tribute of £1000 (Rs. 10,000) and to give up all claims on the town of Gogha and hand over ShambhÚrÁm to the MarÁthÁs. It was also arranged that the £3500 (Rs. 35,000) worth of ashrafis which he had taken through JamÁdÁr SÁlim should be deducted from the £10,000 (Rs. 1 lÁkh). MomÍn KhÁn surrendered the town on February 27th, 1758.

MarÁtha Arrangements in ÁhmedÁbÁd.SadÁshiv RÁmchandar and DÁmÁji GÁikwÁr entered the city and undertook its management on behalf of the MarÁthÁs. Of the other chiefs who were engaged in prosecuting the siege, SadÁshiv DÁmodar returned to the Dakhan and JawÁn Mard KhÁn receiving some presents from SadÁshiv RÁmchandar departed for PÁtan after having had a meeting with DÁmÁji GÁikwÁr at a village a few miles from the capital. ShambhurÁm, the NÁgar BrÁhman, who had so zealously supported MomÍn KhÁn, when he saw that further assistance was useless, tried to escape, but was taken prisoner and sent in chains to Baroda. SadÁshiv RÁmchandar, on taking charge of the city, had interviews with the principal officials, among whom was the author of the Mirat-i-Áhmedi, and, receiving them graciously, confirmed most of them in their offices. Then, after choosing NÁro Pandit, brother of PÁndurang Pandit, to be his deputy in ÁhmedÁbÁd, he started on an expedition to collect tribute in JhÁlÁvÁ?a and Sorath. New Coins.On receiving the government of the city the MarÁtha generals ordered new coin bearing the mark of an elephant goad to be struck in the ÁhmedÁbÁd mint. SayÁjirÁv GÁikwÁr remained in ÁhmedÁbÁd on behalf of his father DÁmÁji, and shortly afterwards went towards Kapadvanj to collect tribute. Thence at his father’s request he proceeded to Sorath to arrange for the payment of the GÁikwÁr’s share of the revenues of that district. On his return to Cambay MomÍn KhÁn was much harassed by his troops for arrears of pay. The timely arrival of his steward VarajlÁl with the Peshwa’s contribution of £10,000 (Rs. 1 lÁkh) enabled him to satisfy their demands.

MomÍn KhÁn at Cambay.MomÍn KhÁn now began to oppress and extort money from his own followers, and is said to have instigated the murder of his steward VarajlÁl. SadÁshiv RÁmchandar went from Porbandar to JunÁga?h, where he was joined by SayÁjirÁv GÁikwÁr. At JunÁga?h Sher KhÁn BÁbi presented SadÁshiv RÁmchandra and SiyÁjirÁv with horses and they spoke of the necessity of admitting a MarÁtha deputy into JunÁga?h. Nothing was settled as the MarÁthÁs were forced to return to ÁhmedÁbÁd. In accordance with orders from the Peshwa, ShambhurÁm and his sons, who were still in confinement, were sent to Poona. DÁmÁji GÁikwÁr was also summoned to Poona, but he did not go. In this year RÁo Lakhpat of Kachh presented Kachh horses and GujarÁt bullocks to the emperor, and in return received the title of MÍrza RÁja.

Expedition from Kachh against Sindh, 1758.About this time the RÁo of Kachh, who planned an expedition against Sindh, solicited aid both from DÁmÁji GÁikwÁr and SadÁshiv RÁmchandar to enable him to conquer Thatta, and, as he agreed to pay expenses, SadÁshiv sent RanchordÁs, and DÁmÁji sent ShevakrÁm to help him. In this year also NeknÁm KhÁn, governor of Broach, received the title of BahÁdur and other honours. In a.d.1758, SadÁshiv RÁmchandar advanced to Kaira and after settling accounts
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Álamgir II. Emperor, 1754–1759. with DÁmÁji’s agent proceeded against Cambay. MomÍn KhÁn, who was about to visit the Peshwa at Poona, remained to defend the town, but was forced to pay arrears of tribute amounting to £2000 (Rs. 20,000). In this year Sher KhÁn BÁbi died at JunÁga?h, and the nobles of his court seated his son Muhammad MahÁbat KhÁn in his place.

The MarÁthÁs levy Tribute.Shortly after at the invitation of the Peshwa, DÁmÁji GÁikwÁr went to Poona, and sent his son SayÁjirÁv into Sorath. After his success at Cambay SadÁshiv RÁmchandra levied tribute from the chiefs of Umeta, and then returned. On his way back, on account of the opposition caused by SardÁr Muhammad KhÁn son of Sher KhÁn BÁbi, the chief of BÁlÁsinor, SadÁshiv RÁmchandar besieged BÁlÁsinor and forced the chief to pay £3000 (Rs. 30,000). Next marching against LunÁvÁ?a, he compelled the chief DÍpsingh to pay £5000 (Rs. 50,000). SadÁshiv then went to Visalnagar and so to PÁlanpur, where Muhammad KhÁn BahÁdur JhÁlori resisted him; but after a month’s siege he agreed to pay a tribute of £3500 (Rs. 35,000). Passing south from PÁlanpur, SadÁshiv went to Únja-UnÁva, and from that to Katosan where he levied £1000 (Rs. 10,000) from the chief Shuja, and then proceeded to Limb?i.

Surat Affairs, 1758.During a.d.1758 important changes took place in Surat. In the early part of the year Sayad MuÎn-ud-dÍn, otherwise called Sayad Achchan, visited the Peshwa at Poona, and received from him the appointment of governor of Surat. Sayad Achchan then set out for his charge, and as he was aided by a body of MarÁtha troops under the command of Muzaffar KhÁn GÁrdi and had also secured the support of NeknÁm KhÁn, the governor of Broach, he succeeded after some resistance in expelling Áli NawÁz KhÁn, son of the late Safdar Muhammad KhÁn, and establishing himself in the government. During the recent troubles, the English factory had been plundered and two of their clerks murdered by Ahmed KhÁn Habshi, commandant of the fort. The English take command of Surat, 1759.The English therefore determined to drive out the Habshi and themselves assume the government of the castle. With this object men-of-war were despatched from Bombay to the help of Mr. Spencer, the chief of the English factory, and the castle was taken in March a.d.1759, and Mr. Spencer appointed governor. The Peshwa appears to have consented to this conquest. The MarÁtha troops aided and made a demonstration without the city, and a MarÁtha man-of-war which had been stationed at Bassein, came to assist the English. A Mr. Glass appears to have been appointed kiledÁr under Governor Spencer.

MomÍn KhÁn Visits Poona, 1759.Shortly afterwards MomÍn KhÁn, by the advice of Sayad Husain, an agent of the Peshwa, contracted friendship with the English through Mr. Erskine, the chief of the English factory at Cambay. MomÍn KhÁn then asked Mr. Erskine to obtain permission for him to go to Poona by Bombay. Leave being granted, MomÍn KhÁn set out for Surat, and was there received by Mr. Spencer. From Surat he sailed for Bombay, where the governor, Mr. Bourchier, treating him with much courtesy, informed the Peshwa of his arrival. The Peshwa sending permission for his further advance to Poona, MomÍn KhÁn took leave of Mr. Bourchier and proceeded to Poona.

Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Álamgir II. Emperor, 1754–1759.
SadÁshiv RÁmchandra Peshwa’s Viceroy, 1760. SadÁshiv RÁmchandra Peshwa’s Viceroy, 1760.From Limb?i, to which point his tribute tour has been traced, SadÁshiv RÁmchandra advanced against DhrÁngadhra, when the chief who was at Halvad sent an army against him. The MarÁthÁs, informed of the chief’s design, detaching a force, attacked Halvad at night, and breaching the walls forced open the gates. The chief retired to his palace, which was fortified, and there defended himself, but was at last forced to surrender, and was detained a prisoner until he should pay a sum of £12,000 (Rs. 1,20,000). The neighbouring chiefs, impressed with the fate of Halvad, paid tribute without opposition. The MarÁthÁs in KÁthiÁvÁ?a, 1759.SadÁshiv RÁmchandra now went to JunÁga?h, but ere he could commence operations against the fortress, the rainy season drew near, and returning to ÁhmedÁbÁd he prepared to depart for Poona. SayÁji GÁikwÁr, who was also in Sorath collecting tribute, amongst other places besieged Kundla, and levying from that town a tribute of £7500 (Rs. 75,000) returned to the capital. During this time KhanderÁv GÁikwÁr had been levying tribute from the Kolis, and after visiting the BhÍl district went to BijÁpur, Ídar, Kadi, Dholka, and Na?iÁd. The chief of Halvad on paying his £12,000 (Rs. 1,20,000) was allowed to depart, and DÍpsingh of LunÁvÁ?a, who was also a prisoner, was sent to LunÁvÁ?a and there released after paying his tribute. On receiving the news of the capture of the Surat fort by the English the emperor issued an order, in the name of the governor of Bombay, confirming the command of the fort to the English instead of to the Habshis of Janjira, appointing the Honourable East India Company admirals of the imperial fleet, and at the same time discontinuing the yearly payment of £2000 (Rs. 20,000) formerly made to the Habshi on this account. When in the course of the following year, a.d.1760, this imperial order reached Surat, Mr. Spencer and other chief men of the city went outside of the walls to meet and escort the bearers of the despatch. SadÁshiv RÁmchandra was appointed viceroy of ÁhmedÁbÁd on behalf of the Peshwa. BhagvantrÁv now conquered BÁlÁsinor from SardÁr Muhammad KhÁn BÁbi, and then marching to Sorath, collected the Peshwa’s share of the tribute of that province, according to the scale of the previous year. SayÁji GÁikwÁr, when BhagvantrÁv had returned, set out to Sorath to levy the GÁikwÁr’s share of the tribute. He was accompanied by HarbhamrÁm whom DÁmÁji GÁikwÁr had specially sent from his own court to act as KÁmdÁr to SayÁji. When SadÁshiv RÁmchandra reported to the Peshwa the conquest of BÁlÁsinor by BhagvantrÁv he was highly pleased, and gave BhagvantrÁv a dress of honour and allowed him to keep the elephant which he had captured at LunÁvÁ?a; and passed a patent bestowing BÁlÁsinor upon him. MomÍn KhÁn, after making firm promises to the Peshwa never to depart from the terms of the treaty he had made with the MarÁthÁs, left Poona and came to Bombay, where he was courteously entertained by the Governor, and despatched by boat to Surat. From Surat he passed to Cambay by land through Broach. SayÁji GÁikwÁr had returned to ÁhmedÁbÁd from Sorath in bad health, and his uncle KhanderÁv GÁikwÁr, who had been vainly endeavouring to subdue the Kolis of LÚhÁra, came to ÁhmedÁbÁd and took SayÁji GÁikwÁr to Na?iÁd. In 1761 SadÁshiv RÁmchandra was displaced as viceroy of GujarÁt by
Chapter III.
Mughal Viceroys.
Álamgir II. Emperor, 1754–1759.
Ápa Ganesh Viceroy, 1761. Ápa Ganesh Viceroy, 1761.Ápa Ganesh. This officer acted in a friendly manner to MomÍn KhÁn, and marching to Cambay, he fixed the MarÁtha share of the revenues of that place for that year at £8400 (Rs. 84,000), and then went to ÁhmedÁbÁd by way of DÁkor. NarbherÁm collected this year the GÁikwÁr’s share of the tribute of Sorath and SayÁji GÁikwÁr went to Baroda. On his return to ÁhmedÁbÁd at the end of the year, SayÁji sacked and burned the Koli village of LÚhÁra in Bahyal about eighteen miles east of ÁhmedÁbÁd. JawÁn Mard KhÁn now issued from PÁtan and levied small contributions from the holdings in VÁgad, as far as AnjÁr in Kachh. From VÁgad he proceeded to Sorath, and in concert with Muhammad MahÁbat KhÁn of JunÁga?h and Muhammad MuzÁffar KhÁn BÁbi, between whom he made peace, he levied tribute in Sorath as far as LoliyÁna, and returned to PÁtan.

PÁnipat, 1761.While their power and plunderings were thus prospering in GujarÁt the crushing ruin of PÁnipat (a.d.1761) fell on the MarÁthÁs. Taking advantage of the confusion that followed, the Dehli court despatched instructions to the chief MusalmÁn nobles of GujarÁt, directing MomÍn KhÁn, JawÁn Mard KhÁn, and the governor of Broach to join in driving the MarÁthÁs out of the province. In consequence of this despatch SardÁr Muhammad KhÁn BÁbi, defeating the MarÁtha garrison, regained BÁlÁsinor, while the governor of Broach, with the aid of MomÍn KhÁn, succeeded in winning back JambÚsar. Ápa Ganesh, the Peshwa’s viceroy, remonstrated with MomÍn KhÁn for this breach of faith. In reply his envoy was shown the despatch received from Dehli, and was made the bearer of a message, that before it was too late, it would be wisdom for the MarÁthÁs to abandon GujarÁt. Things were in this state when DÁmÁji GÁikwÁr, wisely forgetting his quarrels with the Peshwa, marched to the aid of SadÁshiv with a large army. Advancing against Cambay he attacked and defeated MomÍn KhÁn, plundering one of his villages. But the MarÁthÁs were too weak to follow up this success, or exact severer punishment from the MusalmÁn confederates. Ápa Ganesh invited SardÁr Muhammad KhÁn BÁbi to Kaira, and on condition of the payment of tribute, agreed to allow him to keep possession of BÁlÁsinor. Subsequently DÁmÁji’s energy enabled him to enlarge the power and possessions of the GÁikwÁr’s house, besides acquisitions from other chiefs, recovering the districts of Visalnagar, KherÁlu, Vadnagar, BijÁpur, and PÁtan from JawÁn Mard KhÁn. After the death of the great DÁmÁji, the importance of the GÁikwÁr’s power sensibly diminished. Had it not been for their alliance with the British, the feeble hands of SayÁjirÁv I. (a.d.1771–1778) would probably have been the last to hold the emblem of GÁikwÁr rule. If in the zenith of GÁikwÁr power MomÍn KhÁn could reconquer, and for so long successfully defend ÁhmedÁbÁd, what might not have been possible in its decline?

1 The emperor Akbar took Muzaffar ShÁh with him to Agra, and settled on him the districts of SÁrangpur and Ujjain in MÁlwa with a revenue of Rs. 20,00,000 (50 lÁkhs of tankÁs) (Elliot, V. 353). When Mun’im KhÁn KhÁn KhÁnÁn was going to Bengal, the emperor made Muzaffar over to him. Mun’im KhÁn gave his daughter ShÁhzÁdah KhÁnam in marriage to Muzaffar, but shortly afterwards having reason to suspect him imprisoned him, whence Muzaffar finding an opportunity fled to GujarÁt in a.d.1581 (H. 989) according to Farishtah (II. 460), 1583 according to the Mirat-i-Sikandari.?

2 Both the TabakÁt-i-Akbari (Elliot, V. 342) and Farishtah (I. 491) name four other nobles MÍr Abu TurÁb, Sayad Áhmed BhukhÁri, Malik Ashraf, and WajÍh-ul-Mulk. The Sayad Áhmed of these two writers is a misprint for the Sayad HÁmid of the text.?

3 Mirat-i-Sikandari, 415; TabakÁt-i-Akbari in Elliot, V. 343.?

4 These details of the Surat expedition are taken from the TabakÁt-i-Akbari in Elliot, V. 343–346 and AbÚl Fazl’s Akbar-nÁmah in Elliot, VI. 42.?

5 The emperor JehÁngÍr in his Diary (Tuzuk-i-JehÁngÍri, Persian Text, Sir Sayad Ahmed’s Edition, page 196) says that Biharji or Viharji was the hereditary title of the chiefs of BÁglÁn. The personal name of the BaglÁn BihÁrji of his time was PartÁp.?

6 According to the Áin-i-Akbari (Blochmann, I. 325) the province of GujarÁt over which the KokaltÁsh was placed did not pass further south than the river Mahi.?

7 Tuzuki JehÁngÍri or JehÁngÍr’s Memoirs, Pers. Text, Sayad Áhmed KhÁn’s Edition page 20. For Akbar’s march compare TabakÁt-i-Akbari in Elliot, V. 365 and Blochman’s Áin-i-Akbari, I. 325 and note. The Mirat-i-Áhmedi (Pers. Text, 131) records these further details: When starting from his last camp Akbar began to mount his horse on the day of the battle that took place near ÁhmedÁbÁd. The royal steed unable to bear the weight of the hero laden with the spirit of victory sat down. RÁja BhagwÁndÁs KachwÁhah ran up to the rather embarrassed emperor and offered him his congratulations saying: This, your Majesty, is the surest sign of victory. There are also two further signs: the wind blows from our back and the kites and vultures accompany our host.?

8 TabakÁt-i-Akbari in Elliot, V. 405.?

9 MÁngrÚl (north latitude 21° 8'; east longitude 70° 10'), a seaport on the south coast of KÁthiÁvÁ?a, about twenty miles west of SomnÁth. This town, which is supposed to be the Monoglossum emporium of Ptolemy (a.d.150) (see Bird, 115), is spelt MÁnglÚr by the Muhammadan historians. Barbosa (a.d.1511–1514), under the name of Surati-mangaler, calls it a ‘very good port where many ships from MalabÁr touch for horses, wheat, rice, cotton goods, and vegetables.’ In a.d.1531 the city was taken by the Portuguese general Sylveira with a vast booty and a great number of prisoners (Churchill’s Travels, III. 529). It is incidentally mentioned in the Áin-i-Akbari (a.d.1590). In a.d.1638 Mandelslo describes it as famous for its linen cloth, and in a.d.1700 it is mentioned by Hamilton (New Account, I. 136) as a place of trade.?

10 This has been rendered by Bird, 353, ‘the mountain of DÍnÁr,’ as if Koh DÍnÁr.?

11 H. 992 (1584a.d.) according to the TabakÁt-i-Akbari (Elliot, V. 428).?

12 Mirat-i-Sikandari, 422. Compare Blochman’s Áin-i-Akbari, I. 386.?

13 Mirat-i-Sikandari, 426: Farishtah, I. 503; Elliot, V. 434. In honour of this victory the KhÁn KhÁnÁn built, on the site of the battle, a palace and garden enclosing all with a high wall. This which he named JÍtpur the City of Victory was one of the chief ornaments of ÁhmedÁbÁd. In November 1613 the English merchant Wittington writes (Kerr’s Voyages, IX. 127): A kos from Sarkhej is a pleasant house with a large garden all round on the banks of the river which Chon-Chin-Naw (KhÁn KhÁnÁn) built in honour of a great victory over the last king of GujarÁt. No person inhabits the house. Two years later (1615) another English merchant Dodsworth (Kerr, IX. 203) describes the field of Victory as strongly walled all round with brick about 1½ miles in circuit all planted with fruit trees and delightfully watered having a costly house called by a name signifying Victory in which KhÁn KhÁnÁn for some time resided. In 1618, the emperor JehÁngÍr (Memoirs Persian Text, 210–213) on his way to Sarkhej visited the KhÁn-i-KhÁnÁn’s BÁghi Fateh or Garden of Victory which he had built at a cost of two lÁkhs of rupees ornamenting the garden with buildings and surrounding it with a wall. The natives he notices call it Fateh-WÁdi. In 1626 the English traveller Herbert (Travels, 66) writes: Two miles nearer ÁhmedÁbÁd than Sirkhej are the curious gardens and palace of KhÁn KhÁnÁn where he defeated the last of the Cambay kings and in memory built a stately house and spacious gardens the view whereof worthily attracts the traveller. Mandelslo writing in 1638 is still louder in praise of TschietbÁg the Garden of Victory. It is the largest and most beautiful garden in all India because of its splendid buildings and abundance of fine fruits. Its site is one of the pleasantest in the world on the border of a great tank having on the water side many pavilions and a high wall on the side of ÁhmedÁbÁd. The lodge and the caravanserai are worthy of the prince who built them. The garden has many fruit trees oranges, citrons, pomegranates, dates, almonds, mulberries, tamarinds, mangoes, and cocoanuts so closely planted that all walking in the garden is under most pleasing shade (Mandelslo’s Travels, French Ed. 111–112). When (a.d.1750) the Mirat-i-Áhmedi was written several of the buildings and the remains of the summer house were still to be seen (Bird’s History of GujarÁt, 375). A few traces of the buildings known as Fateh BÁdi or Victory Garden remains 1879). (ÁhmedÁbÁd Gazetteer, 292.)?

14 Two lÁkhs of mahmÚdis. The mahmÚdi varied in value from about one-third to one-half of a rupee. See Introduction page 222 note 2.?

15 Morvi (north latitude 29° 48'; east longitude 70° 50'), a town in KÁthiÁvÁ?a, about twenty-one miles south of Kachh.?

16 Jagat (north latitude 22° 15'; east longitude 69° 1'), the site of the temple of DwÁrka, at the western extremity of the peninsula of KÁthiÁvÁ?a.?

17 VerÁval (north latitude 20° 55'; east longitude 70° 21'), on the south-west coast of KÁthiÁvÁ?a. On the south-east point of VerÁval bay stood the city of Dev or Mungi PÁtan and within its walls the temple of SomanÁtha.?

18 JehÁngÍr’s Memoirs, Persian Text, 23; Blochman’s Áin-i-Akbari, I. 470. BahÁdur died about a.d.1614: JehÁngÍr’s Memoirs, 134.?

19 Now belonging to His Highness the GÁikwÁr about twenty-seven miles north-west of ÁhmedÁbÁd.?

20 BelpÁr, belonging to the ThÁkor of Umeta in the Rewa KÁntha.?

21 This MÁndwa is probably the MÁndwa under His Highness the GÁikwÁr in his district of Atarsumba, but it may be MÁndwa on the Narbada in the Rewa KÁntha. Atarsumba is about ten miles west of Kapadvanj in the British district of Kaira.?

22 JehÁngÍr’s Memoirs, Persian Text, 75.?

23 Now belonging to the RÁja of Dharampur, east of the British district of Surat.?

24 In this year (a.d.1611) the English East India Company sent vessels to trade with Surat. The Portuguese made an armed resistance, but were defeated. The Mughal commander, who was not sorry to see the Portuguese beaten, gave the English a warm reception, and in a.d.1612–13 a factory was opened in Surat by the English, and in a.d.1614 a fleet was kept in the TÁpti under Captain Downton to protect the factory. In a.d.1615, Sir Thomas Roe came as ambassador to the emperor JehÁngÍr, and obtained permission to establish factories, not only at Surat but also at Broach, Cambay and Gogha. The factory at Gogha seems to have been established in a.d.1613. The emperor JehÁngÍr notes in his memoirs (Persian Text, 105) that Mukarrab KhÁn, viceroy from a.d.1616–1618, regardless of cost had bought from the English at Gogha a turkey, a lemur and other curiosities. On his return from JehÁngÍr’s camp at ÁhmedÁbÁd in January 1618 Roe obtained valuable concessions from the viceroy. The governor of Surat was to lend ships to the English, the resident English might carry arms, build a house, practise their religion, and settle their disputes. Kerr’s Voyages, IX. 253. The Dutch closely followed the English at Surat and were established there in a.d.1618.?

25 At first JehÁngÍr, who reached ÁhmedÁbÁd in the hot weather (March a.d.1618), contented himself with abusing its sandy streets, calling the city the ‘abode of dust’ gardÁbÁd. After an attack of fever his dislike grew stronger, and he was uncertain whether the ‘home of the simoom’ samumistÁn, the ‘place of sickness’ bÍmÁristÁn, the ‘thorn brake’ zakumdÁr, or ‘hell’ jahÁnnamÁbÁd, was its most fitting name. Even the last title did not satisfy his dislike. In derision he adds the verse, ‘Oh essence of all goodnesses by what name shall I call thee.’ Elliot’s History of India, VI. 358; JehÁngÍr’s Memoirs Persian Text, 231. Of the old buildings of ÁhmedÁbÁd, the emperor (Memoirs, Persian Text, 208–210) speaks of the KÁnkariya tank and its island garden and of the royal palaces in the Bhadar as having nearly gone to ruin within the last fifty years. He notes that his Bakhshi had repaired the KÁnkariya tank and that the viceroy Mukarrab KhÁn had partly restored the Bhadar palaces against his arrival. The emperor was disappointed with the capital. After the accounts he had heard it seemed rather poor with its narrow streets, its shops with ignoble fronts, and its dust, though to greet the emperor as he came on elephant-back scattering gold the city and its population had put on their holiday dress. The emperor speaks (Memoirs, Persian Text page 211) of having met some of the great men of GujarÁt. Chief among these was Sayad Muhammad BukhÁri the representative of ShÁhi Álam and the sons of ShÁh WajÍh-ud-dÍn of ÁhmedÁbÁd. They came as far as Cambay to meet the emperor. After his arrival in the capital JehÁngÍr with great kindness informally visited the house and garden of Sikandar GujarÁti the author of the Mirat-i-Sikandari, to pick some of the author’s famous figs off the trees. JehÁngÍr speaks of the historian as a man of a refined literary style well versed in all matters of GujarÁt history, who six or seven years since had entered his (the imperial) service (Memoirs, 207–211). On the occasion of celebrating ShÁh JehÁn’s twenty-seventh birthday at ÁhmedÁbÁd JehÁngÍr records having granted the territory from MÁndu to Cambay as the estate of his son ShÁh JehÁn (Prince Khurram). Memoirs, Persian Text, 210–211. Before leaving GujarÁt the emperor ordered the expulsion of the Sevadas or Jain priests, because of a prophecy unfavourable to him made by MÁn Sing Sewda (Memoirs, Persian Text, 217).?

26 This was probably the gold ashrafi or seraph of which Hawkins (1609–1611) says, ‘Serraffins Ekberi, which be ten rupees a-piece.’ Thomas Chron. Pat. Kings of Dehli, 425.?

27 The peaked masonry tomb over AurangzÍb’s after-birth with its mosque, enclosure, and intact endowment is one of the curiosities of Dohad. In a letter to his eldest son Muhammad MuÂzzam then (a.d.1704) viceroy of GujarÁt the aged AurangzÍb writes: My son of exalted rank, the town of Dohad, one of the dependencies of GujarÁt, is the birth-place of this sinner. Please to consider a regard for the inhabitants of that town incumbent on you, and continue in office its decrepid old FaujdÁr. In regard to that old man listen not to the whisperings of those suffering from the disease of self-interest: “Verily they have a sickness in their hearts and Allah addeth to their ailments.” (Letters of the Emperor AurangzÍb: Persian Text, Cawnpur Edition, Letter 31.)?

28 Elliot, VII. 24.?

29 The words used in the text is tuyÚl. In meaning it does not differ from jÁgir.?

30 This is one of the first mentions in history of peninsular GujarÁt as KÁthiÁvÁ?a, or as anything other than Sorath or SaurÁsh?ra. The district referred to was probably united to the eastern possessions of the KhÁchar KÁthis and PanchÁl.?

31 The author of the Mirat-i-Áhmedi says that in his time, a.d.1746–1762, these NavÁnagar koris were current even in ÁhmedÁbÁd, two koris and two-thirds being equal to one imperial rupee. They were also called jÁmis. The Mirat-i-Áhmedi (Persian Text, 225) calls them mahmÚdis. The legend on the reverse was the name of the GujarÁt SultÁn Muzaffar and on the obverse in GujarÁti the name of the JÁm. Usually two mahmÚdis and sometimes three went to the imperial rupee. The author says that in ÁhmedÁbÁd up to his day (a.d. 1756) the account for ghi clarified butter was made in mahmÚdis. When the order for melting the mahmÚdis was passed a mint was established at JunÁga?h but was afterwards closed to suit the merchants from Diu and other parts who transmitted their specie to ÁhmedÁbÁd.?

32 The traveller Mandelslo, who was in ÁhmedÁbÁd in 1638, says: No prince in Europe has so fine a court as the governor of GujarÁt. Of none are the public appearances so magnificent. He never goes out without a great number of gentlemen and guards on foot and horse. Before him march many elephants with housings of brocade and velvet, standards, drums, trumpets, and cymbals. In his palace he is served like a king and suffers no one to appear before him unless he has asked an audience. (Travels, French Edition, 151.) Of the general system of government be says: The viceroy is absolute. It is true he summons leading lords of the country to deliberate on judgments and important matters. But they are called to ascertain their views not to adopt them. On the one hand the king often changes his governors that they may not grow overpowerful. On the other hand the governors knowing they may be recalled at any time take immense sums from the rich merchants especially from the merchants of ÁhmedÁbÁd against whom false charges are brought with the view of forcing them to pay. As the governor is both civil and criminal judge if the merchants did not temper his greed they would be ruined beyond remedy. (Ditto, 150.) The frequent changes of viceroys in GujarÁt is explained by Terry, 1615–17 (Voyage to East Indies, 364): To prevent them from becoming popular the king usually removes his viceroys after one year sending them to a new government remote from the old one. Terry adds a curious note: When the king sends any one to a place of government they never cut their hair till they return into his presence as if they desired not to appear beautiful except in the king’s sight. As soon as he sees them the king bids them cut their hair (Ditto, 365). It does not seem to have been cheating to keep up fewer horse than the number named. Terry (Voyage to East Indies, 391) says: He who hath the pay of five or six thousand must always have one thousand or more in readiness according to the king’s need of them, and so in proportion all the rest.?

33 Mirat-i-Áhmedi Persian Text, II. 46–47. PinjÁrÁs are cotton teasers, MansÚris are PinjÁrÁs who worship MansÚr a tenth century (3rd century Hijrah) saint.?

34 Mirat-i-Áhmedi Persian Text, 237.?

35 JhÁbua, now under the BhopÁwar Agency.?

36 Mirat-i-Áhmedi Persian Text, 249.?

37 Mirat-i-Áhmedi, Persian Text, 274, 279.?

38 RÁygad (north latitude 18° 14'; east longitude 73° 30'), the name given in a.d.1662 to Rairi, a hill fortress in the MahÁd sub-division of the KolÁba collectorate. ShivÁji took the place and made it his capital in a.d.1662.?

39 Janjira (north latitude 17° 59' to 18° 32') that is JazÍrah the Island, on the western coast, about forty-four miles south of Bombay.?

40 Another post of IslÁmÁbÁd was at PunÁdra in the parganah of ÁzamÁbÁd on the WÁtrak about twenty-one miles east-south-east of ÁhmedÁbÁd. ÁzamÁbÁd was built by Ázam KhÁn during his viceroyalty (a.d.1635–1642) and at his request by permission of the emperor ShÁh JehÁn was erected into a parganah. For the pay of the garrison twelve villages were attached from the neighbouring parganahs of Bahyal and Kapadvanj.?

41 The Mirat-i-Áhmedi (Persian Text, 311) adds that Bahlol’s following of KasbÁtis was so poorly equipped that he had to mount many of them, for whom he could not find horses, on bullocks. The sense of security in the mind of the Ídar chief bred by contempt at the sight of this motley crowd was the chief cause of Bahlol’s success.?

42 The zakÁt or purification is the tax required by law to be given annually to the poor. It is levied on camels, oxen, buffaloes, sheep, goats, horses, asses, mules, and gold or silver whether in money or ornaments or vessels. The tax is not levied on any one who owns less than a minimum of five camels, thirty oxen, forty-five sheep, five horses, two hundred dirhems or twenty dinÁrs. The proportion to income is generally one-fortieth; the amount may be paid either in kind or in money. Compare Stanley Lane Poole’s Arabian Society in the Middle Ages, 14.?

43 This SÁmprah according to the Mirat-i-Áhmedi, Persian Text, II. 127, was a small police post or thÁna in Parganah Bahyal, twenty miles north-east of ÁhmedÁbÁd. It is now in the GÁekwÁr’s territory. Bahyal was under PÁtan, so in the text the place is described as under PÁtan.?

44 The surkh or little black-dotted red seed of the Abrus precatorius is called ghÚngchi in Hindi and cock’s-eye, chashmi-i-khurÚs, in Persian. As a weight the seed is known as a rati 96 going to the tola. It is used in weighing precious stones. Blochmann’s Áin-i-Akbari, I. 16 note 1 and Mirat-i-Áhmedi Persian Text, 366.?

45 Sinor in Baroda territory on the right bank of the Narbada about thirty miles south of Baroda.?

46 Mirat-i-Áhmedi, Persian Text, 372.?

47 Mirat-i-Áhmedi, Persian Text, 427–434.?

48 Arhar-MÁtar is according to the Mirat-i-Áhmedi (Persian Text, II. 126) the present Kaira sub-division of MÁtar. The Mirat-i-Áhmedi places it twenty miles south-west of ÁhmedÁbÁd. It is four miles south-west of Kaira.?

49 In the beginning of AjÍtsingh’s administration the Sacrifice Íd of the MusalmÁns very nearly ended in a riot. An overzealous police officer belonging to the KÁlÚpÚr section of ÁhmedÁbÁd, hoping to please the Hindu viceroy, by force deprived some of the Sunni BohorÁs of that quarter of a cow which they had purchased for the sacrifice. The BohorÁs in a mass appealed to the KÁzi who not succeeding in his representation to the viceroy was obliged to allay the popular excitement by publicly sacrificing a cow after the Íd prayers. Mirat-i-Áhmedi Royal Asiatic Society MS., I. 567–568.?

50 This is the first known mention of GohilvÁ?a, the Gohils country, as a separate district.?

51 During the governorship of Haidar KÚli at Surat the Mirat-i-Áhmedi (Royal Asiatic Society MS., I. 567–568) notices the death of Mulla Abdul GhafÚr the founder of the wealthy family of the MullÁs of Surat. Haidar KÚli confiscated Abdul GhafÚr’s property representing to the emperor that the Mulla died issueless. But the Mulla’s son AbdÚl Hye proceeding to Dehli not only obtained from the emperor an order of restitution of property but the title of chief of merchants, Umda-tut-TujjÁr, and an elephant.?

52 The sum is 6,75,000 mahmÚdis. Like the changÍzi (see above page 222 note 2) the mahmÚdi seems to have varied in value from one-third to one-half of a rupee.?

53 See note 1 page 312. The author of the Mirat-i-Áhmedi (Persian Text Royal Asiatic Society’s Library Edition, I. 658) says TrimbakrÁv was slain. This seems an oversight as in another passage (Ditto, 738–739, see below page 312) he states that TrimbakrÁv was killed in 1731. The latter statement is in agreement with Grant Duff (History of the MarÁthÁs, I. 364).?

54 The amount was 1,25,000 mahmÚdis.?

55 KasbÁtis are the descendants of the MusalmÁn garrisons of some towns of north GujarÁt. The KasbÁtis of VÍramgÁm were originally TÁnk RÁjputs.?

56 See note on page 306.?

57 PÁtdi (north latitude 23° 10'; east longitude 71° 44'), at the south-east angle of the Ran of Cutch, fifty-two miles west of ÁhmedÁbÁd.?

58 The MÁhi-marÁtib was a banner having the likeness of a fish at its top.?

59 Of the death at the age of nine years of this son of Saint ShÁh-i-Álam the Mirat-i-Áhmedi (Printed Persian Text, II. 26) gives the following details: Malik Seif-ud-dÍn, the daughter’s son of SultÁn Áhmed I., had a son who he believed was born to him by the prayer of Saint ShÁh-i-Álam. This boy who was about nine years old died. Malik Seif-ud-dÍn ran to ShÁh-i-Álam, who used then to live at AsÁwal, two or three miles east of ÁhmedÁbÁd, and in a transport of grief and rage said to the Saint: ‘Is this the way you deceive people? Surely you obtained me the gift of that boy to live and not to die? This I suppose is how you will keep your promise of mediating for our sinful souls before AllÁh also?’ The Saint could give no reply and retired to his inner apartments. The stricken father went to the Saint’s son ShÁh BhÍkan, who, going in to his father, entreated him to restore the Malik’s boy to life. The Saint asked his son ‘Are you prepared to die for the boy?’ ShÁh BhÍkan said ‘I am ready.’ The Saint, going into an inner room, spread his skirts before AllÁh crying ‘RÁjanji,’ a pet name by which the Saint used to address AllÁh, meaning Dear King or Lord, ‘RÁjanji, here is a goat for a goat; take thou this one and return the other.’ Lamentations in the Saint’s harem showed that half of the prayer was granted and the Malik on returning to his house found the other half fulfilled.?