Chapter I.
Early MusalmÁn Governors.
AlÁ-ud-dÍn Khilji Emperor, 1295–1315.
Ulugh KhÁn, 1297–1317. AlÁ-ud-dÍn Khilji Emperor, 1295–1315.Except the great expedition of MahmÚd Ghaznawi against SomnÁth in a.d.10241; the defeat of Muhammad Muiz-ud-dÍn or ShahÁb-ud-dÍn Ghori by BhÍm Dev II. of A?ahilavÁ?a about a.d.11782; and the avenging sack of A?ahilavÁ?a and defeat of BhÍm by Kutb-ud-dÍn Eibak in a.d.1194, until the reign of AlÁ-ud-dÍn Khilji in a.d.1295–1315, GujarÁt remained free from Muhammadan interference.3 Ulugh KhÁn, 1297–1317.In a.d.1297, Ulugh KhÁn, general of AlÁ-ud-dÍn and Nasrat KhÁn WazÍr were sent against A?ahilavÁ?a. They took the city expelling Karan WÁghela, usually called Ghelo The Mad, who took refuge at Devga?h with RÁmdeva the YÁdav sovereign of the north Dakhan.4 They next seized KhambÁt (the modern Cambay), and, after appointing a local governor, returned to Dehli. From this time GujarÁt remained under Muhammadan power, and Ulugh KhÁn, a man of great energy, by repeated expeditions consolidated the conquest and established Muhammadan rule. The KÁnaddeva RÁsa says that he plundered SomnÁth, and there is no doubt that he conquered JhÁlor (the ancient JhÁlindar) from the Songarha ChohÁns.5 After Ulugh KhÁn had governed GujarÁt for about twenty years, at the instigation of Malik KÁfur, he was recalled and put to death by the emperor AlÁ-ud-dÍn.6

Ain-ul-Mulk Governor, 1318.Ulugh KhÁn’s departure shook Muhammadan power in GujarÁt, and KamÁl-ud-dÍn, whom MubÁrak Khilji sent to quell the disturbances, was slain in battle. Sedition spread till Ain-ul-Mulk MultÁni arrived
Chapter I.
Early MusalmÁn Governors.
Muhammad Tughlak Emperor, 1325–1351.
Ain-ul-Mulk Governor, 1318. with a powerful army, defeated the rebels and Order Established, 1318.restored order. He was succeeded by Zafar KhÁn, who after completing the subjection of the country was recalled, and his place supplied by HisÁm-ud-dÍn ParmÁr.7 This officer, showing treasonable intentions, was imprisoned and succeeded by Malik WÁjid-ud-dÍn Kuraishi, who was afterwards ennobled by the title of TÁj or Sadr-ul-Mulk. Khusraw KhÁn ParmÁr was then appointed governor, but it is not clear whether he ever joined his appointment. The next governor to whom reference is made is TÁj-ul-Mulk Governor, 1320.TÁj-ul-Mulk, who about a.d.1320, was, for the second time, chosen as governor by SultÁn GhiÁs-ud-dÍn Tughlak. He was succeeded by Malik Mukbil, who held the titles of KhÁn JahÁn and NÁib-i-MukhtÁr, and who was appointed by Muhammad Tughlak Emperor, 1325–1351.SultÁn Muhammad Tughlak, a.d.1325–1351. Subsequently the same emperor granted the government of GujarÁt to Áhmad AyÁz, Malik Mukbil continuing to act as his deputy. Afterwards when Áhmad AyÁz, who received the title of KhwÁjah JahÁn, proceeded as governor to GujarÁt, Malik Mukbil acted as his minister. And about a.d.1338, when KhwÁjah JahÁn was sent against the emperor’s nephew KarshÁsp and the RÁja of Kampila8 who had sheltered him, Malik Mukbil succeeded to the post of governor. On one occasion between Baroda and Dabhoi Malik Mukbil, who was escorting treasure and a caravan of merchants to Dehli, was plundered by some bands of the AmÍrÁni Sadah or Captains of Hundreds freelances and freebooters, most of them New MusalmÁns or Mughal converts, and the rest Turk and AfghÁn adventurers. This success emboldened these banditti and for several years they caused loss and confusion in GujarÁt. At last, about a.d.1346, being joined by certain Muhammadan nobles and Hindu chieftains, they broke into open rebellion and defeated one ÁzÍz, who was appointed by the emperor to march against them. The Emperor Quells an Insurrection, 1347.In the following year, a.d.1347, Muhammad Tughlak, advancing in person, defeated the rebels, and sacked the towns of Cambay and Surat. During the same campaign he drove the Gohil chief MokherÁji out of his stronghold on Piram Island near Gogha on the Gulf of Cambay, and then, landing his forces, after a stubborn conflict, defeated the Gohils, killing MokherÁji and capturing Gogha. Afterwards Muhammad Tughlak left for DaulatÁbÁd in the Dakhan, and in his absence the chiefs and nobles under Malik TÚghÁn, a leader of the AmÍrÁni Sadah, again rebelled, and, obtaining possession of PÁtan, imprisoned MuÎzz-ud-dÍn the viceroy. The insurgents then plundered Cambay, and afterwards laid siege to Broach. Muhammad Tughlak at once marched for GujarÁt and relieved Broach, Malik TÚghÁn retreating to Cambay, whither he was followed by Malik YÚsuf, whom the emperor sent in pursuit of him. In the battle that ensued near Cambay, Malik YÚsuf was defeated and slain, and
Chapter I.
Early MusalmÁn Governors.
Muhammad Tughlak Emperor, 1325–1351.
TÁj-ul-Mulk Governor, 1320. all the prisoners, both of this engagement and those who had been previously captured, were put to death by Malik TÚghÁn. Among the prisoners was MuÎzz-ud-dÍn, the governor of GujarÁt. Muhammad Tughlak now marched to Cambay in person, whence Malik TÚghÁn retreated to PÁtan, pursued by the emperor, who was forced by stress of weather to halt at AsÁwal.9 Eventually the emperor came up with Malik TÚghÁn near Kadi and gained a complete victory, Malik TÚghÁn fleeing to Thatha in Sindh. Subdues GirnÁr and Kachh, 1350.To establish order throughout GujarÁt Muhammad Tughlak marched against GirnÁr,10 reduced the fortress,11 and levied tribute from the chief named KhengÁr. He then went to Kachh, and after subduing that country returned to Sorath. At Gondal he contracted a fever, and before he was entirely recovered, he advanced through Kachh into Sindh with the view of subduing the Sumra chief of Thatha, who had sheltered Malik TÚghÁn. Before reaching Thatha he succumbed to the fever, and died in the spring of a.d.1351. Shortly before his death he appointed NizÁm-ul-Mulk to the government of GujarÁt.

FÍrÚz Tughlak Emperor, 1351–1388.In a.d.1351, FÍrÚz Tughlak succeeded Muhammad Tughlak on the throne of Dehli. Shortly after his accession the emperor marched to Sindh and sent a force against Malik TÚghÁn. About a.d.1360 he again advanced to Sindh against JÁm BÁbunia. From Sindh he proceeded to GujarÁt, where he stayed for some months. Zafar Khan Governor, 1371.Next year, on leaving for Sindh for the third time, he bestowed the government of GujarÁt on Zafar KhÁn in place of NizÁm-ul-Mulk. On Zafar KhÁn’s death, in a.d.1373 according to Farishtah and a.d.1371 according to the Mirat-i-Áhmedi, he was succeeded by his son DaryÁ KhÁn who appears to have governed by a deputy named Shams-ud-dÍn Anwar KhÁn. In a.d.1376, besides presents of elephants horses and other valuables, one Shams-ud-dÍn DÁmghÁnÍ offered a considerable advance on the usual collections from GujarÁt. As DaryÁ KhÁn would not agree to pay this sum he was displaced and Shams-ud-dÍn DÁmghÁnÍ was appointed governor. Finding himself unable to pay the stipulated amount this officer rebelled and withheld the revenue. FÍrÚz Tughlak sent an army against him, and by the aid of the chieftains and people, whom he had greatly oppressed, Shams-ud-dÍn was slain. The government of the province was then entrusted to Farhat-ul-Mulk RÁsti KhÁn. Farhat-ul-Mulk Governor, 1376–1391.In about a.d.1388, a noble named Sikandar KhÁn was sent to supersede Farhat-ul-Mulk, but was defeated and slain by him. As the emperor FÍrÚz Tughlak died shortly after no notice was taken of Farhat-ul-Mulk’s conduct and in the short reign of FÍrÚz’s successor GhiÁs-ud-dÍn Tughlak, no change was made in the government of GujarÁt. During the brief rule of Abu Bakr, Farhat-ul-Mulk continued
Chapter I.
Early MusalmÁn Governors.
Muhammad Tughlak II. Emperor, 1391–1393. undisturbed. Muhammad Tughlak II. Emperor, 1391–1393.But in a.d.1391, on the accession of NÁsir-ud-dÍn Muhammad Tughlak II., a noble of the name of Zafar KhÁn was appointed governor of GujarÁt, and despatched with an army to recall or, if necessary, expel Farhat-ul-Mulk.

This Zafar KhÁn was the son of WajÍh-ul-Mulk, of the TÁnk tribe of RÁjputs who claim to be of Suryavansi descent and together with the Gurjjaras appear from very early times to have inhabited the plains of the PunjÁb. Of WajÍh-ul-Mulk’s rise to power at the Dehli court the following story is told. Before he sat on the throne of Dehli, FÍrÚz Tughlak, when hunting in the PunjÁb, lost his way and came to a village near ThÁnesar, held by chieftains of the TÁnk tribe. He was hospitably entertained by two brothers of the chief’s family named SÁhÁran and SÁdhu, and became enamoured of their beautiful sister. When his hosts learned who the stranger was, they gave him their sister in marriage and followed his fortunes. Afterwards FÍrÚz persuading them to embrace IslÁm, conferred on SahÁran the title of WajÍh-ul-Mulk, and on SÁdhu the title of ShamshÍr KhÁn. Finally, in a.d.1351, when FÍrÚz Tughlak ascended the throne, he made ShamshÍr KhÁn and Zafar KhÁn, the son of WajÍh-ul-Mulk, his cup-bearers, and raised them to the rank of nobles.

Zafar KhÁn Governor, 1391–1403.In a.d.1391, on being appointed viceroy, Zafar KhÁn marched without delay for GujarÁt. In passing NÁgor12 he was met by a deputation from Cambay, complaining of the tyranny of RÁsti KhÁn. Consoling them, he proceeded to PÁtan, the seat of government, and thence marched against RÁsti KhÁn. Battle of Jitpur; Farhat-ul-Mulk Slain, 1391.The armies met near the village of Khambhoi,13 a dependency of PÁtan, and Farhat-ul-Mulk RÁsti KhÁn was slain and his army defeated. To commemorate the victory, Zafar KhÁn founded a village on the battle-field, which he named JÍtpur (the city of victory), and then, starting for Cambay, redressed the grievances of the people.

Zafar KhÁn Attacks Ídar, 1393.Zafar KhÁn’s first warlike expedition was against the RÁv of Ídar,14 who, in a.d.1393, had refused to pay the customary tribute, and this chief he humbled. The contemporary histories seem to show that the previous governors had recovered tribute from all or most of the chiefs of GujarÁt except from the RÁv of JunÁga?h15 and the RÁja of RÁjpÍpla,16 who had retained their independence. Zafar KhÁn now planned an expedition against the celebrated Hindu shrine of SomnÁth, but, hearing that Ádil KhÁn of ÁsÍr-BurhÁnpur had invaded SultÁnpur and NandurbÁr,17 he moved his troops in that direction, and Ádil KhÁn retired to Ásir.18
Chapter I.
Early MusalmÁn Governors.
Zafar KhÁn Governor, 1391–1403. Exacts Tribute from JunÁga?h, 1394.In a.d.1394, he marched against the RÁv of JunÁga?h and exacted tribute. Afterwards, proceeding to SomnÁth, he destroyed the temple, built an Assembly Mosque, introduced IslÁm, left MusalmÁn law officers, and established a thÁna or post in the city of PÁtan SomnÁth or Deva PÁtan. He now heard that the Hindus of MÁndu19 were oppressing the Muslims, and, accordingly, marching thither, he beleaguered that fortress for a year, but failing to take it contented himself with accepting the excuses of the RÁja. From MÁndu he performed a pilgrimage to AjmÍr.20 Here he proceeded against the chiefs of SÁmbhar and DandwÁna, and then attacking the RÁjputs of DelvÁ?a and JhÁlÁvÁ?a,21 he defeated them, and returned to PÁtan in a.d.1396. About this time his son TÁtÁr KhÁn, leaving his baggage in the fort of PÁnipat,22 made an attempt on Dehli. But IkbÁl KhÁn took the fort of PÁnipat, captured TÁtÁr KhÁn’s baggage, and forced him to withdraw to GujarÁt. Lays Siege to Ídar Fort, 1397.In a.d.1397, with the view of reducing Ídar, Zafar KhÁn besieged the fort, laying waste the neighbouring country. Before he had taken the fort Zafar KhÁn received news of TimÚr’s conquests, and concluding a peace with the Ídar RÁja, returned to PÁtan.23 In a.d.1398, hearing that the SomnÁth people claimed independence, Zafar KhÁn led an army against them, defeated them, and Establishes IslÁm at SomnÁth, 1398.established IslÁm on a firm footing.