1: Parkyn's Shoulder-Belt Plates and Buttons contains a wealth of information on British regimental devices. 2: For history of the organization of the Army, see American Military History, 1607-1953; Mahon, "History of the Organization of the United States Infantry"; and Jones, "History of the Organization of the United States Field Artillery."

Unfortunately, there is no single, completely satisfactory source on the militia system of the United States. The following works, however, contain sound information and, when taken together, provide an excellent background on the subject: Todd, "Our National Guard"; Mahon, "Citizen Soldier"; Lundeberg, "History of the North Carolina Militia"; Ansell, "Legal and Historical Aspects of the Militia"; Gronert, "First National Pastime in the Middle West"; and Riker, Soldiers of the States. 3: Writings of George Washington, vol. 27, p. 222. 4: Ibid., pp. 256-258; also letter dated January 3, 1784, from Henry Knox, Commander in Chief of the Army, to President of the Continental Congress (in Knox papers). 5: Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. 27, p. 524; also, Upton, p. 69. 6: Act of March 3, 1791 (Military Laws, pp. 90-91). 7: Act of March 5, 1792 (Military Laws, pp. 92-94). 8: American State Papers, pp. 40-41. 9: Act of May 9, 1794 (Military Laws, p. 104). 10: Act of May 30, 1796 (Military Laws, p. 114). 11: Act of April 27, 1798 (Military Laws, pp. 119-120). 12: Acts of July 16, 1798, and March 2, 1799 (Military Laws, pp. 127-128). 13: American State Papers, p. 137. 14: Acts of February 20 and May 14, 1800 (Military Laws, pp. 139, 141); also, American State Papers, p. 139. 15: Act of March 16, 1802 (Military Laws, pp. 141-149). 16: Act of April 12, 1808 (Military Laws, pp. 200-203). 17: Acts of January 11, April 23, and June 26, 1812 (Military Laws, pp. 212-215, 222-223, 230). 18: Act of January 1813 (Military Laws, pp. 238-240). There is some confusion as to just how many infantry regiments were organized and actually came into being. The Act of January 29, 1813, authorized the President to raise such regiments of infantry as he should see fit, "not exceeding twenty." It seems that 19 were actually formed, made up partly of 1-year men and partly of 5-year men. There are 46 regiments listed in the Army Register for January 1, 1815, and it is known that several volunteer regiments were designated as units of the Regular Establishment and that a 47th and a 48th were redesignated as lower numbered units when several regiments were consolidated because of low recruitment rate. Mahon (in "History of the Organization of the United States Infantry") is not clear on this point. There is an organizational chart of the Army for this period in the files of the Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. 19: Act of February 10, 1814 (Military Laws, pp. 251-252). 20: Act of March 30, 1814 (Military Laws, pp. 252-255); Jones, p. 58; "History of the Organization of the United States Cavalry." 21: Act of March 3, 1815 (Military Laws, pp. 266-267). 22: The reorganization of 1815 is treated by Mahon "History of the Organization of the United States Infantry" (pp. 11-12), Jones "History of the Organization of the United States Field Artillery" (pp. 59-60), and Wike, unpublished study. 23: Act of March 2, 1821 (Military Laws, pp. 303-309). 24: Acts of April 5 and June 15, 1832 (Military Laws, pp. 322-323, 325-326). 25: Act of March 2, 1833 (Military Laws, pp. 329-330). 26: Act of May 23, 1836 (Military Laws, pp. 336-337). 27: Act of July 5, 1838 (Military Laws, pp. 341-349). 28: Act of May 19, 1846 (Military Laws, pp. 371-372). 29: Act of February 11, 1847 (Military Laws, pp. 379-382). 30: Mahon, "History of the Organization of the United States Infantry," p. 16. 31: Official Army Register, 1848. 32: Upton, p. 223. 33: General Orders, March 30, 1800 (Records AGO). 34: Standing Order Book, folio 1, October 1, 1801. 35: Records AGO. 36: Records AGO. 37: General Order, Southern Department, U.S. Army, January 24, 1813 (photostatic copy in files of division of military history, Smithsonian Institution); also, American State Papers, p. 434. 38: Specimen no. 156 in Johnson, vol. 1, p. 43, vol. 2, p. 9. 39: Todd, "Three Leather Cockades," pp. 24-25. 40: General Order, March 30, 1800 (Records AGO). 41: "Statement of Articles of Clothing, 1802," in papers of Purveyor of Public Supplies (Records AGO). 42: General Order, Southern Department, U.S. Army, January 24, 1813 (photostatic copy in files of division of military history, Smithsonian Institution); also, American State Papers, p. 434. 43: Engraved by Robert Scott after a design by Gilbert Stuart. 44: Todd, "Notes on the Dress," p. 10. Also, receipts from George Green and Son, and letter dated August 6, 1808, from J. Smith (Commissary General at Washington) to Tench Coxe requesting "brass letters U.S.R.R." (Records AGO). George Green is listed in Philadelphia directories of the period as a "brass founder and gilder." 45: Letter dated July 8, 1812, from J. Burn to William Eustis (Secretary of War) and letter dated July 9, 1812, from B. Mifflin (Deputy Commissary General of Purchases). Both letters are in Records AGO. 46: General Orders, January 24, 1813 (Records AGO). 47: Letter dated March 30, 1812, from Coxe to Eustis (Records AGO); McBarron, "Regiment of Riflemen," p. 100. 48: Bill dated February 24, 1812, from William Crumpton (Records AGO). 49: Letter dated August 31, 1812, from Eustis to Irvine; General Order of January 24, 1813, Southern Department; letter dated March 31, 1813, from Irvine to Amasa Stetson (Deputy Commissary General of Purchases, Boston); and letter dated July 13, 1813, from Irvine to M. T. Wickham. This material is in Records AGO. 50: Letter from Irvine to Wickham dated July 13, 1813, and bill from William Crumpton dated February 24, 1812 (both in Records AGO). 51: Statement of purchases for September 1813, by Stetson (Records AGO). 52: Bill dated February 24, 1812, from William Crumpton (Records AGO). 53: Letter dated November 8, 1812, from Irvine to Colonel Simonds (Commanding Officer, 6th Infantry); letter dated November 3, 1812, from Irvine to Colonel Pike (Commanding Officer, 15th Infantry); and letter dated November 23, 1812, from Irvine to Armitage. These letters are in Records AGO. 54: Letter from Irvine to Simonds cited in preceding note. 55: Letter in Records AGO. 56: "A Bit of U.S. Mint History," pp. 45-50; and Chamberlain, pp. 588-592. 57: Letter in Records AGO. 58: Letter from Secretary of War to Irvine (Records AGO). 59: Letters in Records AGO. 60: Letters in Records AGO: Irvine to James Calhoun (Deputy Commissary General of Purchases, Baltimore), January 14, 1815; Irvine to General Scott, January 13, 1815; Irvine to George Armitage, July 10, 1815. 61: See McBarron, "The 18th U.S. Infantry," pp. 48-49. 62: See Johnson, vol. 1, p. 45, and vol. 2, p. 10. 63: See Johnson, vol. 2, specimen nos. 183, 184, 210-213. 64: Letter dated February 26, 1812, from Irvine to Secretary of War (Records AGO). In clothing returns for 1812 of light artillery companies stationed at Williamsville, N. Y., "caps and plates" are listed as being "on hand" (Records AGO). 65: Letter in Records AGO. 66: See Kuhn, pp. 263-267, and Davis, pp. 13-14 and pl. 3. 67: Act of February 10, 1814 (Military Laws, pp. 251-252). 68: Letter dated January 12, 1814, from Irvine to Secretary of War (Records AGO). 69: See Kivett, p. 59. 70: A letter dated July 29, 1817, from Irvine to Secretary of War describes the device; a letter dated August 4, 1817, from the Adjutant and Inspector General (Daniel Parker) to Irvine authorizes the plate but gives no description. Both letters are in Records AGO. 71: See McClellan, pp. 25, 44. 72: General Regulations, pp. 154-162. 73: Letter dated January 4, 1822, from Secretary of War to Irvine (Records AGO). 74: General Order No. 38, Headquarters of the Army, May 2, 1833. (Photostatic copy in files of division of military history, Smithsonian Institution.) 75: Townsend and Todd, pp. 1-2. 76: General Regulations for the Army of the United States, 1847, pp. 192-193. 77: A detailed description is given in Military Collector and Historian (June 1952), vol. 4, no. 2, p. 44. 78: A partial republication of this work appears in Military Collector and Historian, vol. 10, no. 1 (spring 1958), pp. 16, 17; no. 2 (summer 1958), pp. 43-45. 79: Lewis, p. 64. 80: Act of May 19, 1846 (Military Laws, pp. 371-372). 81: General Order No. 18, June 4, 1846, War Department (photostatic copy in files of division of military history, Smithsonian Institution). 82: Insignia of the riflemen are discussed by Townsend and Todd, pp. 2-3. 83: General Order No. 2, February 13, 1850, War Department (photostatic copy in files of division of military history, Smithsonian Institution). 84: General Order, Southern Department U.S. Army, January 24, 1813 (photostatic copy in files of division of military history, Smithsonian Institution). 85: Letters from Irvine in Records AGO: To Colonel Bogardus (Commanding Officer, 41st Infantry), February 16, 1814; to James Calhoun, January 14, 1815; and to General Scott, January 31, 1815. 86: Letter to the Purveyor of Public Supplies in 1808. 87: Letters from Irvine in Records AGO: To Colonel Bogardus, February 16, 1814; to James Calhoun, January 14, 1815. 88: Detailed descriptions of this sword are given by Harold L. Peterson, pp. 193-194, and Belote, pp. 30-31. 89: Mr. Michael Arpad, well known and highly regarded silversmith, of Washington, D.C., has called this specimen "an exquisite piece of work by a master craftsman." 90: General Regulations for the Army, pp. 154-162. 91: General Regulations for the Army of the United States, p. 222. 92: Regulations for the Government of the Ordnance Department, p. 64; and Harold L. Peterson, pp. 42-43. 93: See Patterson, p. 8. 94: General Order No. 38, Headquarters of the Army, May 2, 1833 (photostatic copy in files of the division of military history, Smithsonian Institution). 95: U.S. Military Magazine (April 1841), illustrations for "United States Infantry, Full Dress" and "United States Artillery (Captain)." 96: See Military Collector and Historian (June 1950), vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 29-30. 97: Letter dated June 29, 1813, from Irvine to Secretary of War (Records AGO). 98: The cavalry waist-belt plate is actually specified to be 3.6 inches by 2.2 inches. 99: Regulations for the Uniform and Dress, pl. 21. 100: Finke, pp. 71-73. 101: Todd, "Three Leather Cockades," pp. 24-25. 102: Reproduced in Antiques (July 1947), vol. 52, no. 7, p. 16. 103: Johnson, specimen nos. 101-105. 104: U.S. Military Magazine (March 1839), p. 4. 105: April 1839, pl. 5; June 1839, pl. 11. 106: U.S. Military Magazine (March 1839), p. 3 and pl. 2. 107: U.S. Military Magazine (October 1841), p. 32. 108: See U.S. Military Magazine (February 1840), pl. 29. 109: See Zieber, pp. 141-144. 110: Illustrated in Lefferts, pls. 4, 7, 21. 111: In the collections of the Morristown National Historical Park. The Morris Rangers was one of three uniformed Militia units in Morris County, New Jersey, at the outbreak of the War of 1812; it saw service at Paulus Hook in 1814 (Hopkins, pp. 271-272). 112: Illustrated in Military Collector and Historian (1951), vol. 3, no. 3, p. 59. 113: See U.S. Military Magazine (April 1839), pl. 5. 114: May 1839, pl. 7. 115: U.S. Military Magazine (February 1840), pl. 28; (November 1840), unnumbered plate. 116: U.S. Military Magazine (May 1841), unnumbered plate; (March 1841), unnumbered plate. 117: Illustrated in U.S. Military Magazine (January 1840), pl. 26. 118: Illustrated in U.S. Military Magazine (August 1839), pl. 15. 119: A volunteer Militia company known as the Republican Blues was organized in Savannah in 1808. From notes filed under "Georgia National Guard" in Organizational History and Honors Branch, Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, Washington, D.C. 120: Depicted in U.S. Military Magazine (November 1839), pl. 22. 121: Barnes, p. 106 and pl. 2(14). 122: U.S. Military Magazine (August 1841), unnumbered plate

123: New York Military Magazine (June 26, 1841), vol. 1, no. 3, p. 45. 124: Johnson, vol. 1, pp. 40, 74. 125: Swanson, pp. 253, 382. 126: The national collections contain several such Militia colors. 127: See Wall. 128: Johnson, vol. 1, pp. 61. 129: Johnson, vol. 1, pp. 161, 162. 130: The spelling of "Grays" may or may not be significant. A Huddy and Duval print of the Washington Greys in U.S. Military Magazine (April 1839, pl. 5) used "Greys" in the title and "Grays" on an ammunition box in the same print. 131: Old Print Shop Folio, p. 216. 132: April 1839, pl. 5; June 1839, pl. 10. 133: Zieber, p. 166. 134: March 1839, pl. 2. 135: New York Military Magazine (1841), vol. 1, p. 118. 136: April 1839, pl. 5; June 1839, pl. 10. 137: U.S. Military Magazine (January 1840), pl. 27. 138: U.S. Military Magazine (November 1839), pl. 21. 139: Zieber, pp. 143-144. 140: Zieber, p. 114. 141: For the variations in the arms of New York see Zieber, pp. 166-167. 142: For an interesting discussion of the evolution of the arms of Ohio see Preble, pp. 639-642. 143: Johnson, vol. 1, p. 145, vol. 2, pl. 63. 144: U.S. Patent 6281 (April 10, 1849). 145: In the national collections are a uniform jacket, chapeau, and gorget once owned by Frederick Forsyth, a member of the Portland Rifle Corps in 1857. 146: Personal communication from Frederick P. Todd, July 6, 1960. Mr. Todd is the foremost authority on New York Militia units.