1 As regards the distinctive characters of these various snakes, and of the majority of those that we shall describe in this book, we have followed the statements in the “Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History),” vol. iii., by George Albert Boulenger, F.R.S. (London: Printed by order of the Trustees, 1896.)

2 Acad. de mÉdecine, March 19, 1889.

3 ErpÉtologie gÉnÉrale, t. vii.

4 “Le serpent cracheur de la cÔte occidentale d’Afrique,” SociÉtÉ Zool. de France, 1895, p. 210. Bavay thinks that the Spitting Snake is a Naja haje, but the description that he gives of the head of the reptile, which was sent to him by Le Naour, certainly agrees with the characters of Sepedon. Moreover, I have satisfied myself that the many specimens of Naja haje that I have kept in captivity in my laboratory never possessed the faculty of spitting their poison to a distance.

5 “The Snakes of Australia,” Sydney, 1869.

6 L. Lannoy, “ThÈse de doctorat Ès sciences,” Paris, 1903, No. 1,138, sÉrie A, 454.

7 “Snake Commission Report,” 1874.

8 Bulletin de l’AcadÉmie de MÉdecine, t. x., 1883, p. 947.

9 Zeitschrift fÜr Biologie, xxiii.

10 KÜhne and Chittenden, “Ueber Albumosen,” Zeitschrift fÜr Biologie, 1884.

11 Comptes rendus de la SociÉtÉ de Biologie, 29 fÉvrier, 1896.

12 Annales de l’Institut Pasteur, 1896, p. 489.

13 Province mÉdicale, 21 Septembre, 1901.

14 Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, 1906.

15 Proc. Roy. Soc., London, lxxiv., 1904, pp. 108-109.

16 Ibid., pp. 104-108.

17 “Communication de l’Institut SÉrothÉrapique de l’État danois,” tome i., Copenhagen, 1906.

18 Indian Annals, July, 1868.

19 Medical News, Philadelphia, 1884.

20 “Zur Pathologie des Schlangenbisses,” Forschungen der Medicin, Berlin, 1890.

21 Annales de l’Institut Pasteur, t. xii., 1898, p. 369.

22 ThÈse Bordeaux, 1902.

23 Virchow’s Archiv fÜr Pathologie, Anatomie, und Physiologie, Band 179, 1905.

24 SociÉtÉ de MÉdecine et de Chirurgie de SÃo Paulo (Brazil), June 15, 1904.

25 Medical Record, September 15, 1900.

26 Lancet, January 2, August 20, October 22, 1904, and September 23, 1905.

27 Proceedings of the Royal Society, vol. lxxi., 1903.

28 “The Constitution of Snake-venom and Snake-sera,” University of Pennsylvania Medical Bulletin, vol. xv., 1902, p. 345.

29 Fontana, “On Poisons,” translated by J. Skinner: London, 1787.

30 Smithsonian Reports, 1854.

31 Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 1860.

32 Medical Times and Gazette, vol. ii., 1873.

33 “On the Physiological Action of the Venom of the Australian Black Snake,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, July, 1895.

34 Indian Medical Gazette, December, 1901.

35 Comptes rendus de la SociÉtÉ de Biologie, November 4, 1899.

36 Ibid., October 28, 1899.

37 Annales de l’Institut Pasteur, June, 1904.

38 At the Serum-therapic Laboratory of SÃo Paulo (Brazil), Dr. Vital, Brazil, is at the present time preparing serum specific against Lachesis-venom.

39 Medical Times and Gazette, vol. ii., 1873.

40 “The Thanatophidia of India.” Churchill, London, 1872.

41 “On the Physiological Action of the Venom of the Australian Black Snake,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, July 3, 1895.

42 Archives biologiques, 1897 and 1898; Comptes rendus de la SociÉtÉ de Biologie, October 28, 1899.

43 Comptes rendus de la SociÉtÉ de Biologie, October 28, 1899; November 4, 1899; July 26, 1902.

44 Annales de l’Institut Pasteur, June, 1904.

45 Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology, 1899-1900.

46 Journal of Experimental Medicine, March 17, 1902; University of Pennsylvania Medical Bulletin, November, 1902.

47 Comptes rendus de l’AcadÉmie des Sciences, June 16, 1902.

48 Comptes rendus de la SociÉtÉ de Biologie, No. 27, 1902.

49 Berliner klinische Wochenschrift, Nos. 38, 39, 1902; Nos. 2-4, 1903; Nos. 42-43, 1903.

50 Annales de l’Institut Pasteur, 1904, p. 387.

51 Journal of Experimental Medicine, 1905, No. 2, pp. 191-222.

52 Lancet, April 2, 1904, pp. 916-921.

53 “The Constitution of Snake-venoms and Snake-sera,” University of Pennsylvania Medical Bulletin, vol. xv., November, 1902, p. 345.

54 Comptes rendus de l’AcadÉmie des Sciences, August 11, 1902.

55 Annales de l’Institut Pasteur, June, 1904.

56 “Sur l’action protÉolytique des venins,” Comptes rendus de l’AcadÉmie des Sciences, September, 1902, and ThÈse Paris, No. 1,138, 1903.

57 “On the Plurality of Cytolysins in Snake-venom,” University of Pennsylvania Medical Bulletin, vol. xvi., 1903, p. 163.

58 Ann. Soc. MÉd. de Gand, 1905, fasc. 3.

59 Annales de l’Institut Pasteur, April, 1905.

60 Annales de l’Institut Pasteur, 1898.

61 ThÈse Paris, No. 1138, 1903.

62 Comptes rendus de l’AcadÉmie des Sciences, August 11, 1902.

63 Comptes rendus de la SociÉtÉ de Biologie, January 11, 1896.

64 Wehrmann, Annales de l’Institut Pasteur, 1897 and 1898.

65 CarriÈre, “Sur le sort des toxines et des antitoxines dans le tube digestif,” ibid., 1898, p. 435.

66 British Medical Journal, 1895 and 1897.

67 Chatenay, “Les rÉactions leucocytaires vis-À-vis de certaines toxines,” ThÈse Paris, 1894.

68 Flexner and Noguchi, “Snake-venom in Relation to HÆmolysis, Bacteriolysis, and Toxicity,” Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. vi., March 17, 1902.

69 “Trattado del veneno della vipera,” 1787.

70 Archiv fÜr mikroskopische Anatomie, Bd. ix., 1873.

71 Morphologisches Jahrbuch, Bd. viii., 1883.

72 Comptes rendus de la SociÉtÉ de Biologie, January 20, 1894.

73 Archives de Physiologie, 1894.

74 Comptes rendus de l’AcadÉmie des Sciences, Paris, January 22, 1894.

75 Comptes rendus de la SociÉtÉ de Biologie, January 13, 1894.

76 Annales de l’Institut Pasteur, 1897.

77 Archives italiennes de Biologie, 1888 and 1889.

78 Archives de Physiologie, 1894.

79 Comptes rendus de la SociÉtÉ de Biologie, July 25, 1903.

80 Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology, May, 1903.

81 Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology, 1900, p. 273.

82 Comptes rendus de la SociÉtÉ de Biologie, July 1, 1905.

83 “The Jungle Book,” by Rudyard Kipling. London: Macmillan and Co., Ltd. Reprint of 1905, pp. 183, 184.

84 Deutsche medicinische Wochenschrift, 1898.

85 Comptes rendus de la SociÉtÉ de Biologie, 1895, p. 639, and 1899, p. 77; Bulletin du MusÉum d’Histoire naturelle, 1895, t. i., p. 294, t. ii., p. 100.

86 “AperÇu gÉnÉral sur l’Egypte.” Paris, 1840.

87 Brehm’s “Thierleben”; French edition, “Les Reptiles,” p. 480.

88 Maclure’s Magazine, April, 1894.

89 British Medical Journal, August 17, 1895.

90 Archives de mÉdecine navale, 1867, p. 390.

91 Revue scientifique, 1892, p. 254.

92 Comptes rendus de l’AcadÉmie des Sciences, February 24, 1896.

93 “The Pharsalia of Lucan, translated into blank verse by Edward Ridley, Q.C., sometime Fellow of All Souls’ College, Oxford.” (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1896). Book ix., p. 296, lines 1,046 to 1,065.

94 Journal of Physiology, vol. viii., 1887, p. 203.

95 “Les VipÈres de France,” p. 136 (1889).

96 Annales de l’Institut Pasteur, 1892, p. 181.

97 Comptes rendus de l’AcadÉmie des Sciences, t. 118, February, 1894, p. 356, March, 1894, p. 720; Comptes rendus de la SociÉtÉ de Biologie, February, 1894, pp. 111, 120; Archives de Physiologie, July, 1894; Annales de l’Institut Pasteur, May, 1894, p. 275, April, 1895, p. 225.

98 British Medical Journal, June 15, 1895.

99 Cf. papers by George Lamb, Scientific Memoirs by Officers of the Medical and Sanitary Departments of the Government of India, New Series, Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 16; L. Rogers, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, vol. lxxii., and Lancet, February 6, 1904; C. J. Martin, Intercolonial Medical Journal of Australasia, August 20, 1897, April 20, 1898; Dr. Hunter, Lancet, January 2, 1904; Dr. Tidswell, Australasian Medical Gazette, April 21, 1902; A. Calmette, Comptes rendus de l’AcadÉmie des Sciences, May 2, 1904; Dr. Vital Brazil, “Contribution a l’Étude de l’intoxication ophidienne” (separately published pamphlet), Paris, 1905; G. Bill, Intercolonial Medical Journal of Australasia, July 20, 1902.

100 Annales de l’Institut Pasteur, 1895, No. 4.

101 “The Nature of the Antagonism between Toxins and Antitoxins,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, vol. lxiii., 1898, p. 420.

102 Calmette, Comptes rendus de l’AcadÉmie des Sciences, 1902, No. 24; Preston Kyes, Berliner klinische Wochenschrift, 1904, No. 19.

103 Berliner klinische Wochenschrift, 1905, No. 50.

104 Comptes rendus de l’AcadÉmie des Sciences, Paris, September, 1881.

105 “Le venin de la vipÈre,” Paris, 1889.

106 Transactions of the Third Intercolonial Congress, 1892, p. 152.

107 “Les morsures de vipÈres chez les animaux,” Recueil de mÉdecine vÉtÉrinaire d’Alfort, May 15, 1897.

108 Comptes rendus de la SociÉtÉ de Biologie, December 13, 1902; June 6, July 25, 1903; February 20, 1904.

109 Semaine mÉdicale, June 24, 1903.

110 Comptes rendus de la SociÉtÉ de Biologie, May 19, 1906.

111 “El Latrodectus formidabilis de Chile,” by FredÉrico Puga-Borne, Santiago, 1892; and “Biologia Centrali-Americana,” Arachnida, vol. ii., pl. 35.

112 Blackwell, “Experiments and Observations on the Poison of Araneida,” Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 1855, p. 31. See also “Insect Life” (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1889), vol. i., parts 7, 8, 9 and 10, and vol. ii., part 5.

113 “BeitrÄge zur Kenntniss der Giftspinnen.” Stuttgart, 1901.

114 “Zur Kenntniss des Kreuzspinnengiftes,” Hofm. BeitrÄge, ii., p. 125, 1902.

115 Joyeux-Laffuie, “Appareil venimeux et venin de scorpion” (Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Science), Paris, 1883; and Comptes rendus de l’AcadÉmie des Sciences, November 6, 1882.

116 “Ueber die Giftwirkung des Nordafrikanischen Skorpiones,” Zeitschrift fÜr Biologie, Bd. xii., p. 170, 1876.

117 Comptes rendus de la SociÉtÉ de Biologie, 1885, p. 574.

118 Berliner klinische Wochenschrift, 1903, Nos. 42, 43.

119 Annales de l’Institut Pasteur, 1895, p. 232.

120 Proceedings of the Royal Society, vol. xlii., 1887, p. 17.

121 “L’immunitÉ dans les maladies infectieuses,” Paris, 1901.

122 Comptes rendus de la SociÉtÉ de Biologie, November 15, 1904.

123 “La scolopendre et sa piqure,” ThÈse Paris, 1887.

124 “Appareil venimeux et venin de la scolopendre,” ThÈse Montpellier, 1885.

125 “Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Wirbellosen Tiere,” 1848.

126 Arch fÜr anat. Wissensch., 1859.

127 Comptes rendus de l’Acad. des Sciences, 1884.

128 “Appareil glandulaire des hymÉnoptÈres,” Paris, 1894.

129 Comptes rendus de l’AcadÉmie des Sciences, 1898.

130 Annales sc. Anat. Zoologie, 8^e sÉrie, t. x., 1898.

131 Comptes rendus de l’AcadÉmie des Sciences, July 25, 1890.

132 Comptes rendus de l’AcadÉmie des Sciences, July 24, 1905.

133 Berliner klinische Wochenschrift, 1906, No. 44.

134 Comptes rendus de l’AcadÉmie de MÉdecine, t. liii., 1905, p. 498.

135 “TraitÉ de zoologie mÉdicale,” t. ii. (Paris).

136 Comptes rendus de la SociÉtÉ de Biologie, January 17, 1908.

137 Comptes rendus de la SociÉtÉ de Biologie, February 25, 1905.

138 “Les poissons venimeux,” ThÈse Paris, 1889.

139 “Poissons venimeux et poissons vÉnÉneux,” Archives de Physiologie, May, 1872; Archives de mÉdecine navale, February, 1865, and January, 1881.

140 “Poissons venimeux et poissons vÉnÉneux,” ThÈse Paris, 1899.

141 “Les poissons vÉnÉneux,” Paris, 1900.

142 “SÉdentaritÉ des poissons venimeux,” Comptes rendus de la SociÉtÉ de Biologie, 1895, p. 86.

143 Comptes rendus de la SociÉtÉ de Biologie, 1904, p. 666.

144 ThÈse Paris, 1884.

145 Bulletin du MusÉum d’histoire naturelle, 1899.

146 “Giftfische und Fischgifte,” VortrÄge im Rostocker Fischerverein, 1902, and Die medizinische Wochenschrift, 1902.

147 Comptes rendus de la SociÉtÉ de Biologie, October 25 and November 8, 1902, and June 21, 1904; Journal de Physiologie, March, 1903.

148 Brehm (Sauvage’s translation), “Les Merveilles de la Nature—Reptiles et Batraciens” (Paris, 1885).

149 Hoppe-Seyler’s “Med.-chem. Untersuchungen,” Berlin, 1866.

150 Comptes rendus de l’AcadÉmie des Sciences, April 1, 1889, and January 29, 1890.

151 Ibid., 1890.

152 “Beitrage zur Kenntniss des Salamandarins und SalamanderalkaloÏde,” Archiv. f. experimentale Pathologie und Pharmakologie, Bd. xli., 1898, p. 219, and Bd. xliii., 1900, p. 84.

153 Comptes rendus de la SociÉtÉ de Biologie, 1897, pp. 723, 823.

154 Comptes rendus de l’AcadÉmie des Sciences, April 21, 1851, and May, 1852.

155 Journal de ThÉrapeutique, 1877, p. 929.

156 Comptes rendus de l’AcadÉmie des Sciences, February 25, 1884.

157 Archives de Physiologie, 1893, p. 511.

158 Archiv fÜr mikroskopische Anatomie, Bd. ii., 1889, p. 57.

159 “Zur Kenntniss des Krotengiftes,” Hofm. BeitrÄge, Bd. i., 1901, p. 575.

160 “Ueber Bufonin und Bufotalin,” Leipzig, 1902; and Archiv fÜr experimentale Pathologie und Pharmakologie, December, 1902.

161 “Rapports des venins avec la biologie gÉnÉrale,” Revue gÉnÉrale des Sciences, December 30, 1903.

162 Comptes rendus de l’AcadÉmie des Sciences, December 14, 1903.

163 H. Coupin, La Nature, September 19, 1903.

164 “On the Ornithorhynchus paradoxus, its Venomous Spur and General Structure,” Trans. Linn. Soc., 1822, p. 622.

165 “Observations on the Femoral Gland of Ornithorhynchus and its Secretion;” Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. ix., July, 1894.

166 “Note sur la sÉcrÉtion venimeuse de l’Ornithorhynchus paradoxus,” ComptÉs rendus de la SociÉtÉ de Biologie, March 12, 1904.

167 “On the Effects of Wounds Inflicted by the Spurs of the Platypus,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 1876.

168 The photographs, by which this note was accompanied, are reproduced in Chapter IV. of this volume, pp. 155, 157, 158.

169 Polygala telophioides, Will.

170 We subsequently learnt that he had informed his friends of his intention, but had not said a word about it to his wife.

171 The thick and cloudy appearance of the contents of the bottles made us hesitate to have recourse to intravenous injection.