[1] Hiram I. reigned from 980 to 947 B.C.

[2] Sidon, or Zidon, in the Phoenician tongue means "fishery."

[3] Bostra, or Bozrah; hence Byrsa, the citadel.

[4] Carthage, or Kart-Khadecht, the new city.

[5] Tarshish, the Tartessus of the Greeks, Spain.

[6] Suffect, or choupheth (plural chophettim), the Hebrew and Phoenician magistrates preceding the monarchy.

[7] The silver shekel was the standard money of the Phoenicians, and was worth about 2s. It was a tenth part of a shekel of gold.

[8] Astarte. The Aphrodite of the Greeks; the goddess of navigation, and the national deity of the Sidonians.

[9] The stars in the constellation of Ursa Major were also tutelary deities of navigation; the pole-star by the Greeks being called "the Phoenician."

[10] Gaoul, a round ship, employed in merchant service.

[11] Kitonet, a short tunic, worn by Phoenician sailors.

[12] Baal Moloch, the sun god.

[13] Nergal, the Chaldean god of fire and war, always represented with a cock's head.

[14] Zeraas, small copper coin.

[15] For details of the construction of these galleys, see notes at the end of the Volume.

[16] The common cubit is about 16 inches.

[17] Nisan; part of March and April.

[18] Chittim, the classical Citium, a Phoenician colony in Cyprus.

[19] Nectar; the sweet and perfumed wine of the Phoenicians, said by the Greeks to be the drink of the gods.

[20] Senir, in Libanus, now Djebel Sannin.

[21] The Grecian Tamith; according to the Phoenician legend, she was the inventor of sails.

[22] The Mediterranean.

[23] Baaltis, feminine of Baal, lord.

[24] Melek was the title of the Kings of Judah, as Pharaoh was that of the Kings of Egypt.

[25] See note on Chap. II. at end of Volume.

[26] Jam Souph, the Red Sea.

[27] I am guilty of an anachronism here for the mere satisfaction of introducing the name of the great historian.

[28] Now Ras-el-Abiad.

[29] That is, 32½ geographical miles, the rate given by Herodotus.

[30] The Minos, Eacus, and Rhadamanthus of the Greeks.

[31] The god of subterranean fire and of the hammer. Compare Phtah with the Hephaistos of the Greeks.

[32] Italia, from ?ta???, vitulus.

[33] South of the Adriatic.

[34] The description of Utica is from M. Daux's admirable book, 'Fouilles executÉes dans le Zeugis et Byzacium.'

[35] Karth, the town; later Cirtha, the actual Constantine.

[36] The Canaries.

[37] Now Cape Palos.

[38] The ancient name of ferrets.

[39] The Guadalquivir.

[40] The Hittites of the Bible. Kheta was the general name given by the Egyptians to the Semitic tribes.

[41] B.C. 1070.

[42] The Scilly Islands, the Cassiterides, or Tin islands of the ancients.