?Importance of water-marks?

Though the water-mark in a sheet of paper may at first thought seem a comparatively unimportant detail, the story of water-marks and the part they have played in momentous transactions would easily furnish material for a volume. Especially is this true of the early water-marks, with which there is connected much interesting history. They have even become important witnesses in the courts of justice, where their silent but eloquent testimony has brought confusion to seemingly clever criminals. The proof of the time when a water-mark was introduced has been the means of fixing the crime of forgery, where the forger, in order to reach the end sought through the forged document, dated the same back, and unconsciously used a paper bearing a water-mark of a later date. As the early water-marks have suggested the names of many varieties of paper, the two subjects are fittingly coupled.

It is not known exactly how long a history the water-mark has; the first evidence of one, in the form of a ram’s horn, is said to have been found in a book of accounts in 1330. Simple designs of common objects, such as a pot, urn, or jug, were popular forms of the water-mark in early days. Mention has already been made of Henry VIII. and the curious method he adopted of showing his contempt for the Pope, by having his paper marked with a hog wearing a miter. ?Origin of “fool’s cap”? Then followed the coat-of-arms of the king, and when Charles I. was driven from the throne and beheaded, the “fool’s cap” and bells was in derision substituted for the royal arms, followed later by the figure of Britannia. Changing water-marks in those days meant stirring history. “Pot” paper had a tankard for its water-mark, and the “fool’s cap” gave its name to a larger sized paper, which has borne the name to the present day. “Post” was the old size made for letters, and bore a “post-horn” as its water-mark, the name being preserved to-day in the United States by “folio-post.” “Crown” paper, as its name suggests, bore the water-mark of a crown.

In recent years, water-marks have been used as a means of designating the manufacturer, rather than for the purpose of distinguishing the paper itself. The crane, for instance, appropriately designates the paper made by the Cranes, a family whose name has been long and prominently associated with the industry in this country.

The many and divers uses to which the paper product can be put have opened up a practically unlimited field to the originality and genius of the paper manufacturer, who has learned to so manipulate his raw materials as to permit of the finished product’s being substituted for iron, lumber, cloth, etc., and in many cases it better serves the desired purpose.

As has already been stated, paper, considered in reference to its general quality and the method of manufacture, falls into three main divisions, viz., writing, print, and wrapping papers, but these divisions give only an inadequate idea of the many varieties. The most of these are obtained by the varying manipulations of paper already complete in one or another of the three forms. The various kinds of boards furnish an interesting example of one of the most comprehensive classes of paper. Bristol board, so named from the place where it was first manufactured, cardboard, pressboard, binder’s board, trunk-board, and the like, all hold very prominent positions in this, one of the most important of industries. The heavier of these boards are made by combining as many sheets of paper as are necessary to give the desired thickness, and then by using paste or applying hydraulic pressure, consolidating them. The number of sheets used is indicated by the word “ply,” used as a suffix, as two-ply, three-ply, four-ply, and so on.

Like other articles of the commercial world, papers take their names from varying circumstances, and there is a large class whose designations have been derived from the materials or processes employed in their manufacture, as well as from the purposes for which they are to be used.

Coated paper, or paper having an enameled surface, is made by applying a mixture of clay and glue to ordinary paper. When referred to in connection with coated paper, this ordinary paper is called raw stock or body paper. It is manufactured in the regular way, but is made slack-sized and sent to the coating factory in web or roll form, and before it has been calendered. The clay used is pure kaolin or china clay, formed by the disintegration of feldspathic rock. The clay is largely found near Cornwall, England, and the pure white variety, principally used, is known as leemore clay, while the finest is called blanc fixe. The clay is ground to the fineness of fine wheat flour and mixed into solution of about the consistency of milk. Its purpose in the paper-coating process is to cover the body paper, giving it an even surface, susceptible of a high and glossy finish. The glue used is of the ordinary sort so well known in the regular market. Its presence renders the clay solution very adhesive when applied to the body paper.

The cost of illustrations having been greatly reduced through the perfection of photogravure or half-tone processes, a large and increasing demand exists for a paper of extremely smooth, firm, and sensitive surface, suitable for the reproduction of the finest half-tone cuts; a paper with such delicate fineness and susceptibility that the minute lines of a photogravure cut—so minute in instances as to be indistinguishable to the touch of the finger—will be perfectly reproduced when printed upon its enameled surface.

Large factories are devoted entirely to the coating process. They do not necessarily make their own body paper, but frequently purchase it from outside sources. At first, this clay solution was carried to and spread upon the surface of paper by the use of a fine hair brush. This was applied to one side or surface of the paper at a time, the same process being repeated on the opposite side, if both were to be coated. Since its earlier introduction, the process of surface-coating paper has undergone great improvement, and the method to-day in vogue, while seemingly complete and exceedingly rapid, is yet readily understood, and the machinery required is quite simple. This consists of:

First—A vat, to hold the enameling solution.

Second—Rollers, to regulate its distribution upon the web of paper.

Third—Brushes, to work out small lumpy particles and overcome any tendency to unevenness of coating.

Fourth—An automatic carrier, to convey the coated web through a drying-room; after which it is calendered to the surface wanted and cut into sizes required.

A roll of body paper ready to be enameled is placed before the vat which contains the coating solution. The end of the paper-web is started through the solution by being passed under a wooden roller hung in the vat—the purpose of the roller is to insure an even tension and uniform immersion of the web. After passing under the roller the paper-web leaves the vat, and is passed between two rollers that regulate the thickness of the coating and remove all surplus. From the rollers the web passes forward through two sets of brushes, one above and one below, both sets working back and forth transversely upon the top and bottom of the coated web. ?Distribution of coating? Each set of brushes is comprised, first, of a coarse, then intermediate, and finally of extremely delicate brushes, made usually of camel’s hair, which as they play upon the coated surface work out all roughness or small lumpy particles, and reduce the coating to uniform fineness. ?Carrier? Upon leaving the brushes, the paper reaches an automatic carrier. This consists of wooden slats conveyed at intervals upon two endless chains that pass at either side of the machine just outside of the coated web, the chains supporting the slats at their ends. As the paper reaches the slats it falls upon one, which by an ingenious device is carried forward and upward, permitting the coated web of damp paper to fall in long loops or folds—succeeding slats follow upon the carrier at regular intervals, and prevent any marring of the damp surface by keeping it from foreign contact. The slats upon the carrier convey the web in this festooned form through a drying-room, kept at a temperature of about 140° Fahrenheit, thus thoroughly drying the coated web. The paper, dried by its passage through the drying-room, is rerolled upon reels, and is then finished by being passed rapidly between alternate steel and paper rollers, after the ordinary method of calendering paper. ?The gloss or finish? The rollers are susceptible to regulation or adjustment, so that almost any degree of gloss can be put upon the coated surface; hence, for the highest finished paper the rolls are set slightly closer together, giving greater pressure; and if necessary, the web can be run through a second or third time. After calendering, the paper is cut to sizes required, this being done in the same manner all rolled paper is cut into sheets, except that if three or four rolls are run through the cutter at once—as is frequently the case to facilitate rapid cutting—a device is used that causes the sheets from each roll to fall in separate piles, so that all of the sheets in each pile will be from one roll, insuring uniformity.

The quality and value of coated paper depend upon the quality of the body paper, the fineness of the clay and other ingredients used in the coating, together with the perfection of its manufacture.

Glazed paper is one of the most interesting and useful forms of coated paper. The glazing is done by two processes, known as friction and flint glazing. In either process the method of coating, up to and including the drying, is practically the same as that followed in the coating of other papers, except that wax is mixed with the coating to act as a lubricator, and to permit of securing the desired glassy finish.

In friction-glazing, the paper is passed through a friction calender, which consists of a cotton roll and a chilled iron roll, the latter revolving at much greater speed than the former, the friction generated giving the paper a very high polish.

In the flint process, the paper is fed into a special burnishing machine, and passes over a groove in which operates a flint-stone, fitting closely in the groove and working back and forth upon and across the sheet. As will readily be seen, this is a very slow process as well as expensive, although it produces a finish, higher and more lasting, than can be secured by the friction method. Paper made by the two processes can be distinguished by the lines appearing on the flint-paper made by the stone in its travels across the sheet.

Glazed papers are used largely in the manufacture of boxes and numerous fancy articles.

Lithographic paper is a product especially prepared to take impressions from stones in lithographing. For ordinary use, common book or print papers are employed, but these are usually given extra care and attention in the course of their manufacture; the stock is so manipulated as to not only secure the desired quality and finish, but also to counteract the tendency of the paper to stretch, which if not overcome is apt to destroy the register and injuriously affect the quality of the work. The better grades of lithographing-paper are made by applying a clay coating especially prepared to bring about the desired results.

Asbestos-paper is made by combining paper pulp and the mineral amianthus. Its fireproof and non-conducting qualities make it a staple commodity for many purposes, such as drop-curtains for theaters, insulation of electric wires, packing of steam-pipes, etc.

Tar-paper is a coarse, thick paper soaked with a tar product, and used for covering roofs and lining walls, to secure warmth and dryness.

Paper coated with the white of eggs is known as albumen-paper, and is employed as a vehicle for silver prints in photography.

Paper which has been so chemically treated that the color of its surface may be altered by the action of light is known as sensitized paper. Under this general designation are included numerous papers differing from each other in the details of manufacture, though the name is most commonly applied to paper that has been floated in a bath of nitrate of silver, or coated with an emulsion of silver-nitrate of chloride. ?For blue-prints? One of the most common of papers included under the general term is that known in general trade as blue-process paper, which is prepared by floating white paper in a solution of potassium ferrocyanide. It is used for copying plans and maps, as well as for printing photographic negatives. After exposure to the light for the proper length of time, under the subject to be reproduced, the print is finished by immersion in several changes of clean water. Very similar to the blue-process paper is the blue or ferro-prussiate paper, which is sensitized or made sensitive by being treated with a solution in water of red prussiate of potash and peroxide of iron. This may be applied as a coating to the surface of the paper, or the latter may be floated upon the solution. When exposed to light under a drawing, those parts of the sheet to which the light has access through the transparent portions of the drawing are more or less affected, according to the greater or less transparency, as well as to the length of the exposure. When this printing has proceeded as far as desired, the sheet is washed in clear water, and those parts that have been protected from the light, become white, while those exposed to the light and affected by it take on, when dry, a permanent blue.

Another variety of what may properly be termed sensitized paper is the arrowroot-paper used in photography for positive prints. It is plain or non-glossy, and is coated with a weak solution of arrowroot in water, with sodium, chloride, and a trace of citric acid. Photographic paper, as such, includes a great variety of these sensitized papers, employed in various processes of the art; albumenized, salted, coated with emulsion, or otherwise treated. One of these, known as Pizzighelli paper, a sensitized platinum-paper, gives a neat surface, and soft, clear, gray tones, which are most artistic and pleasing for many subjects.

Other papers are so treated chemically as to produce certain effects under the application of pressure, instead of by the action of light. Such is the transfer-paper used for transferring a design mechanically, which is prepared by coating the sheet with adhesive pigments of lampblack, vermilion, indigo, or other chemical. The carbon-paper universally used in typewriting when more than one copy of a letter or paper is desired, is paper faced with carbon or lampblack. Alternate sheets of writing and carbon paper, placed one above the other, are put into the typewriter, and the impression of the letter on the surface of one sheet serves to print three or four sheets underneath.

Manifold writing or copying papers are made from strong unsized papers adapted to receive writing or printing, and to transfer this readily under pressure to another sheet which has been dampened. It is the common rule to-day to make permanent record of correspondence and business transactions by the use of this system of impression-copying. The manifold paper largely used by railroads is very thin, making possible a large number of copies from a single impression, thus effecting a great saving of time and labor.

Stencil-paper is produced by giving to a sheet of fibrous paper, as fine and thin as gauze, a thick, even coating of paraffin, and from this the stencil may be prepared in two different ways. Either it may be placed in the typewriter, from which the ink-pad or ribbon has been removed, and the stencil cut by allowing the type to strike the wax sheet, or it may be placed upon a flat steel plate, the surface of which is cut into multitudinous microscopic steel points, and then written upon by a stylus, a steel pencil made especially for the purpose, which cuts the wax without tearing the gauzy body of the sheet. Copies are produced in the same manner as with other stencils, viz., by placing the blank sheet under the stencil and then passing an inked roller over the latter.

Luminous paper is prepared by compounding the pulp with gelatine and phosphorescent powder.

Transparent papers are made by several different methods. The usual one employed is to apply a thin coating of a solution of Canada balsam in turpentine, or a solution of castor or linseed oil in absolute alcohol, the alcohol in the latter case being permitted to evaporate, thereby rendering the paper transparent. Such paper is largely used for tracing purposes, and may be restored to its original state of opacity, with the tracings left unchanged, by removing the oil with a fresh bath of alcohol.

Safety-paper is a paper so treated or coated with chemicals that any ink-writing upon its surface cannot be erased, effaced, or removed without leaving indelible marks on the paper. As its name implies, it is used for safety in bank-checks or other commercial paper, to protect against alteration.

Gunpowder-paper is prepared by spreading an explosive substance on paper, which is then dried and rolled up in the form of a cartridge.

Sand and emery papers are produced by coating a stout paper with glue, and then sprinkling sand or emery-dust upon the surface. Man’s skill has devised for this purpose an ingenious machine. This first coats the paper with glue from a revolving brush, which plays over the surface of melted glue in a steam gluing-pot below. Having accomplished this result, it softens the glue with a spray of steam, and sifts the sand upon the surface, all surplus sand dropping into a box below as the sanded or emery-surfaced paper passes over a roller. Other loose particles are blown off by a fan, while the remaining ones are still more firmly fixed by a second jet of steam.

Cork-paper, an American invention, is made by coating one side of a thick, soft and flexible paper with a preparation of glue, gelatine, and molasses, and covering it with finely ground cork lightly rolled in. This paper is used for packing bottles, glassware, etc.

Slate-paper, which takes its name from the fact that it can be cleansed like a slate, is prepared from the regular product, of the required thickness and consistency, by the use of benzine, followed by a preparation made of lead, zinc oxide, turpentine, seed-oil, copal, and sandarach.

Soft plate-paper is a thick unsized paper, especially adapted to receive impressions for fine engravings printed from steel and other plates.

Filtering-paper, much used by chemists and druggists, is simply unsized open or porous paper. With such paper, of course, the process of manufacture ceases at the first drying or crushing rollers, all the finishing or hardening operations being omitted.

Waterproof papers comprise a large and most useful class. It is practically only within the past twenty-five years that a process has been known and employed for rendering a paper waterproof by destroying its absorptive properties. At the present time there are many and various methods used in waterproofing, such as soaking the stock in dissolved shellac and borax. This method is found especially satisfactory in waterproofing heavy paper and boards. Another process is by brushing the surface of the paper with boiled oil, and paper thus prepared was formerly used largely in lieu of bladders and gut-skins for wrapping butter, covering fruit-jars, etc., but it has been almost entirely superseded by the introduction of parchment-paper, of which mention will be made later.

Since the invention of the process of clay-coating paper, it has been found possible to incorporate in the coating solution certain materials which render it waterproof. The application of wax or paraffin to paper to make it waterproof is a common method; and although this product is largely used, the process has never reached the state of development expected. A great amount of time and money has been spent in the endeavor to perfect the process, and at the same time cheapen the cost, but so far with only indifferent success, and the experiment has usually proved very discouraging and expensive to its supporters.

In its simplest form, this method consists in dipping the paper in a bath of melted paraffin, the paper being at a temperature lower than the melting-point of the paraffin, and promptly removing it from the bath, whereby the adhering paraffin is prevented from entering the paper to any considerable extent, and forms a thin coating upon its surface. This paper is odorless, and is used for wrapping meats, fish, butter, candies, etc.

Parchment-paper, which is almost like the real parchment made from the skins of animals, is prepared from unsized rag-paper by immersing it for a few seconds in a solution of two parts of sulphuric acid, or oil of vitriol, in one part of water, at a temperature of 60° Fahrenheit, then washing it in cold water and removing any remaining traces of the acid by dipping it in a weak solution of ammonia. By this treatment it is rendered tough, translucent, glossy, and almost impervious to water. It is known as vegetable parchment, and is extensively used in wrapping lard, butter, meats, etc., and also to hermetically seal jars and pots for preserving fruit.

Silver tissue, or what is known to the trade as grass-bleached tissue, is extensively used for wrapping silverware. It is specially treated to remove all chemicals that would tend to corrode or tarnish silver. The best qualities of this paper are made in England.

Metallic paper is paper washed with a solution of whiting, lime, and zinc. Characters written on this paper with a pewter pencil are almost indelible.

Test or litmus papers are used in laboratories and factories for indicating the presence of acids or alkalies and various liquids. It is prepared by treatment with a peculiar coloring matter that gives its name to the paper. It is of a blue or yellow tint, according to the chemical employed in its preparation, and changes color under the influence of different chemical agents. The blue litmus paper, for instance, when thrust into an acid solution becomes red, but may be restored to its normal color by being subjected to the action of an alkali.

The enumeration already given by no means exhausts the uses of the wonderful product evolved and perfected by centuries of study and toil. Widespread as is its use in the various departments of chemistry, and in all the graphic arts, it fills an equally wide field of usefulness in the mechanic arts, where it has become a staple.

One of its most curious uses in this field is in the manufacture of car-wheels. The material is calendered rye-straw board, or thick paper, and the credit of the invention belongs to Richard N. Allen, a locomotive engineer. The paper is sent to the car-wheel shops in circular sheets measuring from twenty-two to forty inches in diameter, and over each of these is spread an even coating of flour paste. The sheets are then placed one above the other until a dozen are pasted together, when all are subjected to a hydraulic pressure of five hundred tons or more. After two hours’ pressure, these twelve-sheet blocks of paper are kept for a whole week in a drying-room heated to a temperature of 120° Fahrenheit, after which a number are pasted together, pressed, and dried for a second week; a third combining of layers is then made, followed by a month’s drying, until there is obtained a solid block, containing from one hundred and twenty to one hundred and sixty thicknesses or sheets of the original paper. The thickness is only from four and one-half to five and one-half inches, and in weight, density, and solidity the block resembles more the finest grained, heaviest metal than it does the original paper product. It may be called car-wheel paper. To complete the wheel, there are required a steel tire, a cast-iron hub, wrought-iron plates to protect the paper on either side, and two circles of bolts, one set passing through the flange of the tire, the other through the flange of the hub, and both sets through the paper. The paper blocks are turned on a lathe, which also reams out the center-hole for the hub; two coats of paint are applied to keep out moisture; the cast-iron hub is pressed through by hydraulic pressure; the other parts are forced into place, and the paper center is forced into the steel tire by like hydraulic power; and there, a product of human ingenuity, is a paper car-wheel, which never is injured by vibrations, and is safer and longer-lived, though costing more, than any other car-wheel made.

Paper lumber is another curious form of the staple. It is produced by making the ordinary strawboard on a cylinder machine, running it through a vat of resin and other waterproofing heated to a temperature of 350° Fahrenheit, then placing together the sheets so resined and subjecting them to hydraulic pressure. The result is a paper board three-sixteenths of an inch thick, and of a dark or blackish color. It can be cut with a saw or chisel, is very hard and solid, and has been marketed in slabs thirty-two inches in width by twelve feet in length at forty dollars a thousand. It is used for the interiors of railway-cars and for perforated chairs.

A product of the paper-mill has been used quite extensively the last few years for clothing. It is called chamois fiber or mangled fiber. It is made from a long-fibered, strong sulphite stock, and is passed through a specially constructed machine which mangles or crushes the fiber, giving it a soft and flexible character, like chamois. It has been used in dress-skirts and for under-vests, and has an added advantage over cloth in being practically impervious to air.

Paper boats are made of especially prepared paper pulp, molded and pressed into shape.

Paper flour-barrels, water-pails, and other like articles are made by stamping out their form from paper pulp or heavy cylinder-made paper possessing folding properties.

Papier-machÉ is another product of paper almost unlimited in its uses. The materials of which it is made, for the commoner classes of work, are old waste and scrap paper, repulped and mixed with a strong size of glue and paste. To this are often added quantities of ground chalk, clay, and lime. For the finest class of work, a method invented in 1772 by Henry Clay, of Birmingham, England, is followed. Sheets of specially made paper are soaked together in a strong size of paste and glue, molded into the desired shape and dried in an oven, other layers being added, if necessary, to secure the required size and shape. The dried object is hardened by being dipped in oil, and is then trimmed and prepared for japanning and ornamentation. In delicate relief-work, a pulp is prepared of scrap paper, which is dried, then ground to powder and mixed with paste and a proportion of potash until a very fine, thin paste is formed. Papier-machÉ is an exceedingly strong, tough, durable substance, slightly elastic, and not liable to warp or fracture. The articles for which it is used make a long list, including ornamental boxes, trays, match-safes, dolls’ heads, toys, anatomical and botanical models, artists’ lay-figures, picture-frames, panels, and other mural ornaments. It has also been employed in the construction of coaches and for door-panels, while under the name of carton pierre, which is practically the same substance, are molded ornaments for walls and ceilings. Ordinary roofing and carpet felts are similar in manufacture. The use of moistened papier-machÉ in electrotyping, and the method followed, is too well known to need description.

In the use of paper for wall-hangings, the artistic and practical come together. From the earliest days when men made for themselves permanent abodes, mural decoration of one form or another has been known, and every branch of painting, sculpture, and decorative art has been called into service. It is not strange that paper, with its many adaptations and wonderful possibilities, should, when it reached the proper stage of development, find one of its principal uses in making beautiful the walls of our homes. The eighteenth century was well advanced when wall-papers came into use in Europe, but it is claimed that they were used much earlier by the Chinese, who, with characteristic ingenuity, have made clothing, handkerchiefs, napkins, and a great variety of other useful articles out of paper. The first patterns were very crude, but through the slow processes of development and improvement a wonderful degree of perfection has been attained. Beauty and taste in the decorative art find their highest exponent in the “repped morocco” and fine colored papers. Repped or corded papers are those having raised designs, which are produced by passing the web between rollers on which the ribs or other devices have been cut or engraved. The embossing of morocco and other paper of raised design is done in the same way. The morocco and leather papers are imitations of the old stamped leather hangings of earlier days, which were usually made of the skins of goats and calves, cut into rectangular shape. ?Embossed effects? These skins were stamped and embossed, having been first covered with silver-leaf and varnished with a transparent yellow lacquer that gave to the silver the appearance of gold. The reliefs were painted by hand in many bright colors. Leather wall-papers are treated in a similar manner, and are capable of being brought to any desired degree of richness. The richer grades of flat-surfaced figured wall-papers are printed with wooden blocks, upon which the designs are cut in relief, there being a block for each color. These blocks are applied by hand, after having been dipped in an elastic cloth sieve charged with tempera pigments. Care is used to place each block on exactly the right place, thus securing perfect register. In many cases the figures on the block are inlaid with copper, especially in the thin outlines. ?Block printing? In “block” and gold and silver printing the design is first printed in a strong size; the finely cut wool of the required color, called “flock,” or the metallic powder imitating gold or silver, is then sprinkled on by hand all over the paper, and adheres closely to the size. Where the pattern is to stand out in relief, the process is repeated until the desired results are obtained. The cheaper sorts of wall-papers, as well as some that are very rich, are printed by machinery from the web, on rollers or cylinders carrying the designs, under which the paper passes.

Reference has been made to the process of coloring paper by mixing the colors in the engine, but wall-papers and many others are surface-tinted by being run through a color-vat. An iridescent or “rainbow” surface is given by treating the paper with a wash containing sulphates of iron and of indigo, and then exposing quickly to ammoniacal vapors.

Mother-of-pearl paper is produced by a somewhat similar process. Glazed paper is first floated on a solution of silver, lead, or other metal, then, when dry, exposed to the vapors of sulphide of hydrogen, after which collodion is poured over the surface, producing rich and fascinating color effects.

Marbled paper, used largely in binding, is prepared from a shallow bath of gum tragacanth, or goat’s-horn, upon which the workmen sprinkle from a flat brush the films of colors needed for the desired pattern. When the whole surface is covered with bands and splashes of color, the workman takes a huge comb, which he draws with a wavy motion the length of the tub. The practiced marbler will so lay the colors and manipulate the comb as to copy any desired pattern. The marbling is done by deftly laying the smooth white paper on the bath for a moment, and then removing it, when the entire film of color comes with the sheet, so that a resprinkling of the bath is necessary. In marbling the edges of the leaves of a book, the body of the book, without the covers, is so held that the edges may be quickly dipped into the bath. In this case, of course, one covering of coloring matter will marble a number of volumes. Paper is also colored, as has been noted, by passing the web through a coloring-bath.

The papers briefly described in this chapter have been classified largely according to the methods of manufacture or chemical treatment, or to the purposes for which they were to be used. Another basis for classification is found in the size. In the United States, the usual writing papers of commerce are divided, according to sizes, as follows:

Commercial note	5 × 8
Letter	8 × 10
Flat cap	14 × 17
Crown cap	15 × 19
Demy	16 × 21
Folio post	17 × 22
Double cap	17 × 28
Medium	18 × 23
Royal	19 × 24
Super royal	20 × 28
Double demy	21 × 32
Double folio	22 × 34
Double medium	23 × 36
Imperial	23 × 31
Elephant	23 × 28
Double royal	24 × 38
Columbier	23 × 34
Atlas	26 × 33
Antiquarian	31 × 53

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