CHAPTER I

The Conception of a "State" in a System of Federal Government—The Different Kinds of Local Government Provided for in the Constitution of the United States—Local Government Under the Constitution of the United States—"State" Destructibility in the Federal System of Government—The Effect on "State" Existence of the Renunciation of Allegiance to the Union—The Idea of "State" Perdurance—The Constitutional Results of Attempted Secession.

CHAPTER II

Did Mr. Lincoln Have any Theory of Reconstruction?—Mr. Lincoln's Plan—Mr. Lincoln's Oath of Allegiance, and the Loyal Class to be Created by the Taking of this Oath—The Proviso in this Plan—Seward's Idea of Reconstruction and the Views of Congress and the Judiciary—Ten Per Centum "State" Governments—Reconstruction in Louisiana under Mr. Lincoln's Plan—The New Orleans Convention—The Election of a Governor—The Constitutional Convention of April, 1864, and the Constitution Framed by it and Adopted by the Voters—Reconstruction in Arkansas—The Beginning of Resistance in Congress to the President's Plans—The Wade-Davis Bill—Analysis of this Measure—The President's Attitude toward the Bill—The President's Proclamation of July 8th, 1864—The Wade-Davis Protest against the President's Proclamation—The President's Message of December 6th, 1864—The Threatened Schism in the Republican Party and the Presidential Election of 1864—The Refusal of Congress to Count the Electoral Vote from any "State" which had Passed the Secession Ordinance—Reconstruction in Tennessee—The Twenty-second Joint Rule—Reconstruction in Tennessee Continued—Civil Government Re-established in Tennessee—The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States—The Proposition of Amendment as it Came from the Judiciary Committee of the Senate—The Passage of the Proposition by the Senate—The House Draft—Rejection of the Senate's Draft in the House—Reconsideration of the Senate's Measure in the House, and its Final Passage.

CHAPTER III

The Character of Mr. Johnson—The Radical Nature of Johnson's First Views on Reconstruction—The Retention of Lincoln's Cabinet by Mr. Johnson and the Modification of Johnson's Views by Mr. Seward's Arguments—Johnson's Amnesty Proclamation of May 29th, 1865—The Excepted Classes—The Effect of these Exceptions—The President's Plan—The Realization of it—The Administering of the Oath—Reconstruction in North Carolina—The Identity of Johnson's Plan with that of Lincoln—Reconstruction in Mississippi—Reconstruction in Georgia—Reconstruction in Alabama, South Carolina and Florida—Reconstruction in Virginia—Reconstruction in Louisiana, Arkansas and Tennessee—The Constitutional Conventions of 1865—The Form of the Work Done in these Conventions, and its Substance—The Erection of "State" Governments and the Election of Members of Congress—The Orders of the President Putting the Civil Government of the United States into Operation Everywhere—The President's First Annual Message.

CHAPTER IV

The Stevens Resolution—Legislation of the Reconstructed "States" Concerning the Status of the Freedmen, and the Freedmen's Bureau—Vagrancy, Apprenticeship, and Civil Rights in the Reconstructed "States"—The View Taken of this Legislation by the Republicans—The Ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution—The Demand of the Senators- and Representatives-elect from the Reconstructed "States" to be Admitted to Seats in Congress—The Joint Committee of the Two Houses of Congress on Reconstruction—Thaddeus Stevens's Ideas on Reconstruction—Mr. Shellabarger's Theory of Reconstruction—Mr. Sumner's Theory of Reconstruction.

CHAPTER V

The Freedmen Codes in the South—The Reports of Grant and Schurz in Regard to the Status in the South—The Freedmen's Bureau Bill of 1866—The President's 22d of February Speech—The Civil Rights Bill—The Veto of the Bill—The Veto Overridden—The Fourteenth Amendment—The Discussion of the Propositions in Congress—The President's Attitude toward the Proposed Amendment—Mr. Seward's Acts in Regard to Ratification—The Requirement that the Ratification of the Proposed Amendment should be the Condition of the Admission of the Senators- and Representatives-elect to Seats in Congress—The Tennessee Precedent.

First, While the law of March 3d, 1865, provided for the appointment of a commissioner and ten assistants as the entire personnel of the Bureau, the new bill authorized the appointment of a commissioner, twelve assistant commissioners, and the appointment or detail of an agent for each county or parish throughout the section where the Bureau might operate.

Second, While in the law of March 3d, 1865, the Bureau rather appeared to be under the civil administration of the President, the new bill placed it distinctly under the military administration of the President, and authorized the President to extend "military jurisdiction and protection over all of the officers, agents, and employees of the Bureau."

Third, While the law of March 3d, 1865, confined the powers of the Bureau to the giving of aid to refugees and freedmen and the distribution of abandoned and confiscated lands among them, the new bill proposed, in addition to this, to vest in the Bureau the power to build school houses and asylums for the freedmen, and the most wide-reaching jurisdiction over all civil and criminal cases where equality in civil rights and status, and in the application of penalties, was denied, or the denial thereof attempted, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude; and it authorized military protection in all such cases to be extended to the suffering party. In a single sentence, this bill provided a sort of palatine jurisdiction over the freedmen in the section lately the scene of rebellion.

"Sect. 1. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

"Sect. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But whenever in any State the elective franchise shall be denied to any portion of its male citizens not less than twenty-one years of age, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation in such State shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens not less than twenty-one years of age.

"Sect. 3. Until the 4th day of July in the year 1870, all persons who voluntarily adhered to the late insurrection, giving it aid and comfort, shall be excluded from the right to vote for Representatives in Congress and for electors for President and Vice-President of the United States.

"Sect. 4. Neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation already incurred, or which may hereafter be incurred, in aid of insurrection or war against the United States, or any claim for compensation for loss of involuntary service or labor.

"Sect. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this Article."

CHAPTER VI

The Reports of the Committee on Reconstruction—The Idea of a New Electorate as the Basis and Condition of Reconstruction—The Freedmen's Bureau Act of July 16th, 1866—The Disaffection in the Cabinet—The New Orleans Riot—The Issue of Reconstruction in the Campaign of 1866—The Congressional Election of 1866—The President's Final Proclamation Declaring the Civil War Ended—The October Elections—The President's Message of December 3d, 1866—Rejection of the Proposed Fourteenth Amendment by the Legislatures of the Reconstructed "States."

CHAPTER VII

Negro Suffrage in the District of Columbia—The First Attempts at Impeachment—Stories of Outrages at the South—The Reconstruction Bill—Passage of the Bill by the House—The Bill as Finally Agreed upon—The Condition that the Fourteenth Amendment must be Ratified by a Sufficient Number of "States" to make it a Part of the Constitution—The Tenure-of-Office Bill—The Supplementary Reconstruction Bill—The Assignment of the Commanding Generals to the Military Districts Created by the Reconstruction Acts—The Re-establishment of Martial Law in the South—The President's Instructions to the Generals in Interpretation of the Reconstruction Acts—The Congressional Interpretation of the Reconstruction Acts—The President's Veto of the Bill Interpreting the Reconstruction Acts—The Veto Overridden—The Suspension of Stanton from Office.

First: That the oath prescribed in the second Act defined all the qualifications required for suffrage, and that any person who could take that oath should have his name entered on the list of voters; that the boards of registration provided in that Act could not require any other, or any additional, oath from the person applying for registration, nor "administer an oath to any other person touching the qualification of the applicant or the falsity of the oath taken by him," but that the person taking the oath must be registered as a voter, and if it could be afterward proved that he had sworn falsely, he could be punished for perjury.

Second: That an unnaturalized alien could not take the oath, but a naturalized alien could, and that no other proof of naturalization could be required of him.

Third: That "actual participation in rebellion or the actual commission of a felony" did not amount to disfranchisement, but there must be a law made by competent authority declaring disfranchisement, or a judicial sentence inflicting it, and that no law of the United States had declared the penalty of disfranchisement for participating in rebellion alone.

Fourth: That a person who had engaged in rebellion, but had not theretofore held an office under a "State" or the United States, or not been a member of a "State" legislature or of Congress, and not taken, as such, an oath to support the Constitution of the United States, was not disfranchised or disqualified from voting.

Fifth: That persons who were militia officers in any "State" prior to the rebellion were not disfranchised by participating in the rebellion.

Sixth: That "an act to fix upon the person the offence of engaging in rebellion under this law must be an overt and voluntary act, done with the intent of aiding or furthering the common unlawful purpose," and that "a person forced into the rebel service by conscription or under a paramount authority which he could not safely disobey, and who would not have entered such service if left to the free exercise of his own will," was not disfranchised or disqualified from voting.

And lastly: That disloyal sentiments, opinions or sympathies, or anything said or written which fell short of an incitement to others to engage in rebellion, did not disfranchise or disqualify from voting.

CHAPTER VIII

The Attempt to Prevent the Execution of the Reconstruction Acts in Mississippi and Georgia—The Case of Mississippi vs. Johnson—The Case of Georgia vs. Stanton—The Operations of the Commanders—The Registration—The Numbers Registered—The Change in the Electorate in the South—The Elections—Efforts of the Commanders to Get the Vote Out—The Result of the Elections—The Character of the Convention Delegates Chosen—The Work of the Conventions—The Vote upon Ratification—Fraudulent Voting and Unlawful Voting—The Recall of Pope and the Appointment of Meade in His Stead—Rejection of the Constitution in Alabama—The Statute of Congress Changing the Proportion of Votes to Registration in the Ratification of a Constitution—Criticism of the Statute—Ratification in Arkansas—Ratification in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida and Louisiana—Second Attempt in Georgia to Obstruct Reconstruction—Rejection of the Constitution in Mississippi.

CHAPTER IX

Grant in the War Office—The President's Message of December 3d, 1867—The President's Special Message Concerning the Suspension of Stanton—The Senate Resolution in Regard to the Suspension of Stanton—Grant's Disobedience toward the President—The Unbearable Situation in which the President now Found Himself—The Dismissal of Stanton from Office—General Thomas Appointed Secretary of War ad interim—Stanton's Resistance—Thomas and the President—The Attitude of the Senate toward the Dismissal of Stanton—The Movements in the House of Representatives—The Arrest of General Thomas—Thomas's Second Attempt to Take Possession of the War Office—The House Resolution to Impeach the President—The Withdrawal of Stanton's Complaint against Thomas—The Fear of the Republicans to Test the Tenure-of-Office Act before the Courts—The Managers of Impeachment—The Charges against the President—The President's Answer to the Complaint—The Withdrawal of Mr. Black from the President's Counsel—The Contents of the President's Answer—The Replication of the House to the President's Answer—The Trial—Conduct of the Managers—The Evidence in the Case—The Argument—The Law in the Case—Mr. Stanton's Violation of Law—The Nomination of General Schofield to be Secretary of War—The Vote upon Impeachment—The Truth of the Matter—The Abdication of Stanton—Schofield's Confirmation as Secretary of War and His Acceptance of the Office.

First, that he violated the Tenure-of-Office Act in issuing an order deposing Stanton from the office of Secretary of War, and another order appointing Thomas to the office of Secretary of War ad interim.

Second, that he violated the Anti-conspiracy Act of July 31, 1861, in conspiring with Thomas to expel Stanton by force from the War Office, and to seize upon the property and papers of the United States in the War Office, and to unlawfully disburse the money appropriated for the military service and the Department of War.

Third, that he violated the Act of March 2, 1867, which, among other things, directed that the military orders and instructions of the President and Secretary of War should be issued through the General of the army, by attempting to induce General Emory, the commander of the troops around Washington, to disregard this law and take his orders immediately from the President.

And fourthly, that he committed high misdemeanors in his speeches denouncing the Thirty-ninth Congress, and declaring it to be a Congress of only a part of the "States."

CHAPTER X

The McCardle Case—The Congressional Acts Admitting the Senators- and Representatives-elect from the Reconstructed "States" to Seats in Congress—The Veto of these Bills by the President—The Vetoes Overridden—Ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment and the President's Proclamations Declaring Reconstruction Completed—Seward's Proclamation Declaring the Ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment by the Required Number of "States"—The Questions Suggested by Mr. Seward's First Proclamation—The Concurrent Resolution of Congress upon these Questions—The Correct Procedure—The National Conventions of 1868—Platform and Nominees of the Republican Party—Democratic Platform and Nominees—The Election and the Electoral Vote—The Conduct of the President during the Campaign—Congress and the President—The President's Last Annual Message—The President's Amnesty Proclamation of December 25th, 1868—The President's Veto of the Bill in Regard to the Colored Schools in the District of Columbia—The Fifteenth Amendment—Criticism of the Republican View—Johnson's Retirement from the Presidency—The President and the Republican Party.

CHAPTER XI

The Situation at the Moment of Grant's Accession to Power—The Georgia Question—The Attitude of the New President toward Reconstruction—The Virginia Case—Grant's Message to Congress of April 7th, 1869, and His Proclamation of May 14th—Ratification of the Virginia Constitution and Election of "State" Officers under it—The Restoration of Virginia to Her Federal Relations—Ratification of the Mississippi Constitution and Election of "State" Officers and Legislative Members under it—The Restoration of Mississippi to Her Federal Relations—Ratification of the Texas Constitution and Election of "State" Officers and Legislative Members under it—Restoration of Texas to Her Federal Relations—Grant and the Tenure-of-Office Act—Congress and the Tenure-of-Office Act after Grant's Accession to the Presidency—The Modification of the Tenure-of-Office Act—The President's Dissatisfaction with the Measure—The Facts in the Georgia Case—New Conditions Imposed on Georgia—The Final Restoration of Georgia to Her Federal Relations—Negro Rule in the South from the Point of View of Political Science and Ethnical Principle.

CHAPTER XII

Escape of Virginia, Georgia and Texas from Negro Rule—North Carolina's Rapid Recovery from Negro Rule—The Loyal League—Origin of the K. K. K.'s—Methods of the Ku-Klux—Periods in the History of Negro Rule—The Act for the Enforcement of the New Amendments—The Corruption in the New "State" Governments—The Supplemental Enforcement Act—The President's Proclamation of March 23d, 1871—The Ku-Klux Act of April 20th, 1871—Interference of the United States Military Power in the Affairs of South Carolina—The President's Proclamation of May 3d, 1871—The President's Proclamation to the People of South Carolina—The Ku-Klux Trials—Corruption in the "State" Governments of the South—The Revolt in the Republican Party—The Liberal Republican Convention of 1872—Acceptance of the Liberal Republican Candidates by the Democrats—Division in the Democratic Party—The Republican Platform and Nominees—The Republican Triumph—Events in Alabama—Events in Louisiana—The Downward Course between 1872 and 1874—The Elections of 1874—The Change in Alabama, Arkansas and Texas—The Status in South Carolina in 1874—The Day of Complete Deliverance—The Status in Mississippi in 1875—Fiat Money and the Resumption of Specie Payments—The Inflation Bill of 1874 and the Veto of it by the President.

CHAPTER XIII

The Republican National Convention of 1876—The Platform—The Nominees—The National Democratic Convention of 1876—The Platform—The Nominees—The Campaign and the Election—The Count and the Twenty-second Joint Rule—Views in Regard to the Power to Count the Electoral Vote—The Republicans in Advantage in the Count of the Vote—The Electoral Commission Bill—The Passage of the Bill—The Members of the Commission—The Fifth Justice—Justice David Davis—The Counting of the Electoral Vote by Congress—The Double Returns from South Carolina, Florida, Louisiana and Oregon—The Counsel before the Commission—The Republican Position—The Democratic Position—The Decisions of the Commission—Mr. Hayes Declared President—The Truth in Regard to the Election—Mr. Hayes's Southern Policy—The Result of His Policy—Reconciliation between the North and the South.

CHAPTER XIV

The Purchase of Alaska—The Contention of the House of Representatives in Regard to its Power over Treaties—The Senate's Position and the Compromise—Irritation of the American People against Great Britain—The Johnson-Clarendon Treaty—President Grant's Statements in His First Annual Message and in His Second Annual Address—Sir John Rose's Mission to the United States—The Joint High Commission—The Treaty of Washington—The Alabama Claims and the Geneva Convention—Triumph of the Diplomacy of the United States—Organization of the Tribunal and Filing of the Cases—The Controversy between Mr. Fish and Lord Granville—The Filing of the Counter Cases and the Argument—Obstacles—Decision of the Tribunal in Regard to National and Indirect Damages—The Decision of the Tribunal in the Case of the Florida—The Decision in the Case of the Alabama—The Decision in the Case of the Shenandoah, and other Vessels—International Principles Settled by the Geneva Tribunal—The Northwest Boundary Question—The Fisheries Question—The Halifax Commission and Award—The Burlingame Treaty with China—The Attempt to Annex the Dominican Republic to the United States—The Treaty—The Treaty before the Senate—Its Rejection—The President's Attempt to Renew Negotiations—The Committee of Inquiry—The Report of the Committee—The Abandonment of the Scheme.

"Toward the close of the last Administration a convention was signed in London for the settlement of all outstanding claims between Great Britain and the United States, which failed to receive the advice and consent of the Senate to its ratification. The time and the circumstances attending the negotiation of that treaty were unfavorable to its acceptance by the people of the United States, and its provisions were wholly inadequate for the settlement of the grave wrongs that had been sustained by this Government, as well as by its citizens. The injuries resulting to the United States by reason of the course adopted by Great Britain during our late Civil War in the increased rates of insurance, in the diminution of exports and imports and other obstructions to domestic industry and production, in its effect upon the foreign commerce of the country, in the decrease and transfer to Great Britain of our commercial marine, in the prolongation of the war and the increased cost, both in treasure and lives, of its suppression, could not be adjusted and satisfied as ordinary commercial claims which continually arise among commercial nations; and yet the convention treated them as such ordinary claims, from which they differ more widely in the gravity of their character than in the magnitude of their amount, great even as is that difference. Not a word was found in the treaty, and not an inference could be drawn from it, to remove the sense of the unfriendliness of the course of Great Britain in our struggle for existence, which had so deeply and universally impressed itself upon the people of this country. Believing that a convention thus misconceived in its scope and inadequate in its provisions would not have produced the hearty, cordial settlement of pending questions, which alone is consistent with the relations which I desire to have firmly established between the United States and Great Britain, I regarded the action of the Senate in rejecting the treaty to have been wisely taken in the interests of peace and as a necessary step in the direction of a perfect and cordial friendship between the two countries. A sensitive people, conscious of their power, are more at ease under a great wrong wholly unatoned than under the restraint of a settlement which satisfies neither their ideas of justice nor their grave sense of the grievance they have sustained. The rejection of the treaty was followed by a state of public feeling on both sides which I thought not favorable to an immediate attempt at renewed negotiations. I accordingly so instructed the Minister of the United States to Great Britain, and found that my views in this regard were shared by Her Majesty's Ministers. I hope that the time may soon arrive when the two Governments can approach the solution of this momentous question with an appreciation of what is due to the rights, dignity and honor of each, and with the determination not only to remove the causes of complaint in the past, but to lay the foundation of a broad principle of public law which will prevent future differences and tend to firm and continued peace and friendship."

"I regret to say that no conclusion has been reached for the adjustment of the claims against Great Britain growing out of the course adopted by that Government during the Rebellion. The Cabinet of London, so far as its views have been expressed, does not appear to be willing to concede that Her Majesty's Government was guilty of any negligence, or did or permitted any act during the War by which the United States has just cause of complaint. Our firm and unalterable convictions are directly the reverse. I therefore recommend to Congress to authorize the appointment of a commission to take proof of the amount and the ownership of these several claims, on notice to the representative of Her Majesty at Washington, and that authority be given for the settlement of these claims by the United States, so that the Government shall have the ownership of the private claims, as well as the responsible control of all the demands against Great Britain. It cannot be necessary to add that whenever Her Majesty's Government shall entertain a desire for a full and friendly adjustment of these claims the United States will enter upon their consideration with an earnest desire for a conclusion consistent with the honor and dignity of both nations."

"A neutral government is bound, first, to use diligence to prevent the fitting out, arming, or equipping, within its jurisdiction, of any vessel which it has reasonable ground to believe is intended to cruise or to carry on war against a Power with which it is at peace; and also to use like diligence to prevent the departure from its jurisdiction of any vessel intended to cruise or carry on war as above, such vessel having been specially adapted, in whole or in part, within such jurisdiction, to warlike use. Secondly, not to permit or suffer either belligerent to make use of its ports or waters as the base of naval operations against the other, or for the purpose of the renewal or augmentation of military supplies or arms, or the recruitment of men. Thirdly, to exercise due diligence in its own ports and waters, and, as to all persons within its jurisdiction, to prevent any violation of the foregoing obligations and duties."

"The declaration made by the Tribunal, individually and collectively, respecting the claims presented by the United States for the award of the Tribunal for, first, the losses in the transfer of the American commercial marine to the British flag, second, the enhanced payment of insurance, and, third, the prolongation of the war and the addition of a large sum to the cost of the war and the suppression of the Rebellion, is accepted by the President of the United States as determinative of their judgment upon the important question of public law involved."

INDEX

Abbott, Josiah G., on electoral commission, 286
Adams, Charles Francis, joins liberal republicans, 264;
candidate for presidential nomination, 265;
returns from England, 303;
at Geneva arbitration, 311, 316
Adams, John Q., nominated for vice-presidency, 267
Alabama, in Lincoln's proclamation, 11;
electoral vote of 1864 rejected, 22;
reconstruction in, 37;
convention and election in, 38;
vote on thirteenth amendment, 55;
in the reconstruction bill, 112;
registration in, 146;
election in, 149;
disfranchisements in, 150;
voting on constitution, 151, 153, 197;
act on admission of members from, 198;
reconstruction declared complete, 202;
ratifies fourteenth amendment, 203, 204;
republicans get control in, 268, 269;
change in character of government, 273
Alabama, the, case of, 316, 317
Alabama claims, 307, 308, 316, 317
Alaska, purchase of, 299-302
Alexandria, Va., Pierpont government at, 13, 224
Alta Vela, matter of claim to, 177, 178
Ames, Adelbert, resigns as governor of Mississippi, 275
Anderson, T. C., in Louisiana politics, 269
Arkansas, in Lincoln's proclamation, 11;
Lincoln's acts toward, 12;
presidential reconstruction in, 15;
congressmen refused seats, 15;
in Lincoln's message, 19;
electoral vote of 1864 rejected, 22;
attitude of Johnson to, 38;
vote on thirteenth amendment, 55;
in the reconstruction bill, 112;
registration in, 147;
election in, 149;
disfranchisements in, 150;
ratifies constitution, 155, 197;
ratifies fourteenth amendment, 197;
act of June, 1868, as to, 198, 199, 201;
reconstruction declared complete, 202;
ratifies fourteenth amendment, 203, 204;
change in character of government, 273
Ashburn, George W., in convention of 1866, 100
Ashley, James M., action on thirteenth amendment, 29
Austin, Tex., convention at, 229
Babcock, Orville E., mission to Santo Domingo, 323
Baez, Buenaventura, in Dominican politics, 323
Baird, Absalom, New Orleans riot, 94-97
Baltimore, Md., republican convention at, 20;
democratic convention at, 266
Banks, Nathaniel P., appoints election in Louisiana, 14;
views on purchase of Alaska, 300
Bayard, Thomas F., on electoral commission, 286
Bell, John, desertion of the Union cause, 221
Benton, Thomas H., in convention of 1866, 100
Bernard, Mountague, on Joint High Commission, 307
Beust, Count, names Delfosse for Halifax commission, 321
Bingham, John A., on joint committee on reconstruction, 57;
on impeachment committee, 174;
impeachment manager, 175;
approves letter on Alta Vela claims, 177;
offers amendment as to Georgia, 242
Black, Jeremiah S., counsel for Johnson, 176;
his withdrawal, 177, 178;
counsel before electoral commission, 291
Blaine, James G., proposes amendment to reconstruction bill, 115, 116;
approves letter on Alta Vela claims, 177;
in convention of 1876, 281;
views on purchase of Alaska, 300
Blair, Francis P., nominated for vice-presidency, 211;
conduct in the campaign, 211, 212
Blair, Montgomery, in convention of 1866, 99;
counsel before electoral commission, 291
Blow, Henry T., on joint committee on reconstruction, 57
Borie, Adolph E., becomes secretary of the navy, 231;
resigns, 232
Botts, John Minor, in convention of 1866, 100
Boutwell, George S., on joint committee on reconstruction, 57;
on impeachment committee, 174;
impeachment manager, 175;
becomes secretary of the treasury, 232
Bradley, Joseph P., on electoral commission, 289
Brodhead, James O., letter from F. P. Blair, 211
Brown, B. Gratz, joins liberal republicans, 264;
nominated for vice-presidency, 265
Browning, Orville H., enters cabinet, 90;
in convention of 1866, 99
Brownlow, William G., elected governor of Tennessee, 25;
in convention of 1866, 100
Bullock, Rufus B., share in reconstruction of Georgia, 237-239, 241, 244
Burlingame, Anson, treaty with China, 322
Butler, Benjamin F., impeachment manager, 175;
signs letter on Alta Vela claim, 177;
attack on Johnson, 181;
proposes bill as to Georgia, 240;
withdraws his amendment, 242
Cabral, in Dominican politics, 323
Cameron, Simon, in convention of 1866, 100
Campbell, James, in convention of 1866, 99
Campbell, John A., counsel before electoral commission, 291
Canada, the fisheries question, 320-322
Canby, Edward R. S., supersedes Sickles, 143
Carpenter, Matthew H., counsel before electoral commission, 291
Carpenter, testimony as to Ku-Klux, 259
Cartter, David K., action in case against Thomas, 171, 172, 174
Cartwright, J. C., Oregon elector of 1876, 291
Chamberlain, Daniel H., as governor of South Carolina, 274;
retires from the office, 296
Chandler, Zachariah, in convention of 1866, 100;
manages campaign for Hayes, 283
Chase, Salmon P., presides at impeachment of Johnson, 176;
rulings, 181;
puts final question, 191;
candidate for presidential nomination, 210
Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia (5 Peters 1), 144
Chicago, Ill., democratic convention at, 207;
republican convention of 1868, 207
China, the Burlingame treaty, 322
Cincinnati, O., liberal republican convention at, 265;
republican convention of 1876, 280
Civil Rights, state legislation on, 45-52, 62;
bill on, in Congress, 68-70;
the bill criticised, 71;
bill passed over veto, 73
Clarendon, Earl of, treaty negotiated with Johnson, 303
Clements, White vs., 237
Cleveland, O., radical republican convention at, 20;
soldier convention at, 101
Clifford, Nathan, on electoral commission, 286
Cochrane, John, nominated for vice-presidency, 20;
withdraws, 21
Cockburn, Alexander, at Geneva arbitration, 311, 315, 317
Coke, Richard, elected governor of Texas, 249, 273
Colfax, Schuyler, elected Speaker, 42;
appoints committee on impeachment, 174;
nominated for vice-presidency, 207;
character of acceptance, 208
Columbia, S. C., made head-quarters of second military district, 135
Committee of the House on Elections, Georgia case referred to, 223
Committee of the House on Impeachment, appointed, 174;
proceedings, 175 et seq.
Committee of the House on Reconstruction, reports bill, 112;
bill passed, 117;
Covode resolution referred to, 171;
reports impeachment resolution, 173;
reports bill as to Georgia, 240
Committee of the House on the Judiciary, action as to thirteenth amendment, 28;
Blaine moves reference to, 116
Committee of the House on the Rebellious States, 15
Committee of the Senate on Elections, Georgia case referred to, 223
Committee of the Senate on Finance, bill reported from, 277
Committee of the Senate on Foreign Relations, Sumner loses chairmanship of, 264;
opposes Dominican treaty, 324, 325
Committee of the Senate on the Judiciary, action as to thirteenth amendment, 26-28;
proposes Freedmen's Bureau bill, 64;
reports a civil rights bill, 68;
action on bill repealing Tenure-of-Office Act, 233
Committee of the Senate on the Rebellious States, 15

Congress of the United States, power vested in, 3;
action on State perdurance, 5;
power over territories, 6;
relation of its acts to Reconstruction, 12;
legislation on Reconstruction, 15;
action as to electoral vote of 1864, 21, 22;
twenty-second joint rule, 24, 25;
attitude to Tennessee, 26;
meeting of December, 1865, 40;
Johnson's views of powers of, 41;
demand of southerners for seats, 56;
joint committee on reconstruction, 57, 58;
passes Freedmen's Bureau bill, 66;
passes civil rights bill, 70, 73;
the fourteenth amendment, 74-79;
proposal of committee on reconstruction, 80;
reports to, on reconstruction, 84-86;
passage of Freedmen's Bureau bill, 87-90;
relation to campaign of 1866, 98;
attacked by Johnson, 102;
effect of election of 1866, 104;
effect of Johnson's message on, 105;
passes bill for negro suffrage in District of Columbia, 107, 108;
bill vetoed, 107, 108;
bill passed over veto, 109;
vetoes sent to, 126;
encroachment on President's power, 128;
passes supplemental reconstruction bill, 129;
opening of fortieth Congress, 132;
passes bill interpreting Reconstruction Acts, 140;
passes bill over veto, 142;
as to powers of, 147;
attitude of southern whites to acts of, 149;
additional bill as to reconstructed States, 152, 153;
comment on the act, 154;
message to, of December, 1867, 158-160;
admission of Southern members, 198, 202;
action on proclamation of fourteenth amendment, 204;
friction with Johnson, 214;
annual message to, 214;
action on fifteenth amendment, 217;
question as to southern members, 223, 225;
admits members from Virginia, 228;
passes modification of Tenure-of-Office Act, 234;
readmission of Georgia, 235-244;
attitude to the South, 248;
bill to enforce the amendments, 253-255;
control of elections to, 256;
statute on the Ku-Klux, 257, 258;
legislation on finance, 276-279;
electoral count of 1877, 283, 284;
bill for electoral commission, 284, 285;
action as to Santo Domingo, 326.
See House of Representatives; Senate; Statutes of the United States
Conkling, Roscoe, on joint committee on reconstruction, 57;
in convention of 1876, 281
Connecticut ratifies fourteenth amendment, 203, 204
Constitution of the United States, government provided by the, 2-4;
relation of State government to, 5, 6;
powers of Congress over elections, 22;
eligibility to vice-presidency, 23, 24;
adoption of the thirteenth amendment, 26-30, 55;
the fourteenth amendment, 73-80, 82, 83;
fourteenth amendment in the campaign of 1866, 98;
fourteenth amendment reject ompanies Johnson to the West, 102;
acting Secretary of War, 143, 158;
injunction against sought, 146;
appointed acting secretary of war,

163;
his action thereon, 164, 165;
relations with Johnson, 166-168;
nominated for presidency, 207;
character of acceptance, 208;
attitude to reconstruction, 223;
proclamation as to Virginia, 227;
orders as to Mississippi and Texas, 229, 230;
policy characterized, 230, 231;
attitude to Tenure-of-Office Act, 231-234;
first annual message, 234;
suggestion as to Georgia, 235;
message of March, 1871, 257;
proclamation of March, 1871, 258;
proclamation of May, 1871, 259, 260;
proclamations of April and November, 1871, 260, 261;
relations with Sumner, 264;
nominated for second term, 267;
elected, 267;
veto of inflation bill, 279;
messages on relations with Great Britain, 303-306;
policy as to Santo Domingo, 323-326
Granville, Lord, controversy with Fish, 312
Great Britain, change in ministry, 303;
Grant's messages on relations with, 304-306;
the Geneva arbitration, 307-318;
the British Columbia boundary, 319;
the fisheries question, 320-322
Greeley, Horace, in convention of 1866, 100;
joins liberal republicans, 264;
nominated for presidency, 265, 266;
defeated, 267
Green, Ashbel, counsel before electoral commission, 291
Grey and Ripon, Earl de, on Joint High Commission, 307
Grider, Henry, on joint committee on reconstruction, 57
Grimes, James W., on joint committee on reconstruction, 57;
view of the Stanton case, 189;
vote on impeachment, 191
Groesbeck, William S., counsel for Johnson, 177
Habeas Corpus, writ of, privileges suspended in District of Columbia, 39
Hahn, Michael, elected to House of Representatives, 14;
elected Governor of Louisiana, 14
Halifax, N. S., fisheries commission at, 320, 321
Hamlin, Hannibal, count of electoral votes, 24
Hampton, Wade, in convention of 1868, 211;
becomes governor of South Carolina, 296
Hancock, Winfield Scott, supersedes Sheridan, 143;
in convention of 1868, 210
Harlan, James, resignation, 90, 142
Harris, Ira, on joint committee on reconstruction, 57
Hawley, Joseph R., in republican convention of 1866, 207
Hayes, Rutherford B., significance of his election, 279;
nominated for presidency, 281, 282;
the campaign, 283 et seq.;
election formally declared, 294;
policy toward the South, 295, 296
Henderson, John B., introduces amendment abolishing slavery, 26, 27;
vote on impeachment, 191
Hendricks, Thomas A., candidate for presidential nomination, 210;
nominated for vice-presidency, 282
Herron, Francis J., in Louisiana politics, 269, 270
Higby, William, views on purchase of Alaska, 300
Hill, Benjamin H., enters Senate from Georgia, 244
Hoadly, George, joins liberal republicans, 264;
counsel before electoral commission, 291
Hoar, Ebenezer R., becomes attorney-general, 231;
on Joint High Commission, 307
Hoar, George F., on electoral commission, 286
Hood, John B., near Nashville, 23

House of Representatives of the United States, admits members from Louisiana, 14;
refuses seats to members from Arkansas, 15;
action on thirteenth amendment, 28-30;
elects Colfax Speaker, 42;
the Stevens resolution, 42-44;
speech by Stevens, 58;
passes Freedmen's Bureau bill, 66;
passes civil rights bill, 73;
representation in, 74;
election of 1866, 98;
effect of election of 1866, 104;
attempt to impeach Johnson, 109;
bill on reconstruction before the, 112-118;
resolution on confiscation act, 122;
tenure-of-office bill in, 125;
bill on reconstructed States, 153;
action on dismissal of Stanton, 171;
proceedings of impeachment against Johnson, 173 et seq.;
passes bill repealing Tenure-of-Office Act, 232, 233;
democrats secure control of, 253, 273;
jurisdiction over treaties, 301, 302.
See Congress of the United States; Statutes of the United States
Houston, George S., elected governor of Alabama, 273
Howard, Jacob M., on joint committee on reconstruction, 57;
illness delays vote on impeachment, 190
Howe, Samuel G., commissioner to Santo Domingo, 326
Hunt, Ward, 289
Hunton, Eppa, on electoral commission, 286
Illinois, ratifies fourteenth amendment, 203, 204;
Davis elected Senator from, 287
Indiana, election of 1886 in, 103;
ratifies fourteenth amendment, 203, 204;
election of 1872 in, 267
Iowa, election of 1866 in, 103;
ratifies fourteenth amendment, 203, 204
d'ItajubÁ, Baron, at Geneva arbitration, 311, 316
Jenkins, Charles J., institutes suit against Stanton, 145;
removed by Meade, 155
Johnson, Andrew, elected vice-president, 21;
calls Tennessee convention, 23;
proclamation of Feb. 25, 1865, 25;
becomes president, 30;
plan and acts as to reconstruction, 31-41;
proclamation of May 29, 1865, 33, 34;
identity of his plan with Lincoln's, 36;
proclaims federal law in force in Virginia, 37;
proclamations as to civil government, 39;
message of Dec., 1865, 40;
relation to congressional views of reconstruction, 61;
sends Grant and Schurz through the South, 63;
veto of Freedmen's Bureau bill, 66, 67;
speech of Feb. 22, 1866, 67;
veto of civil rights bill, 70, 71;
effect of it, 72;
veto overridden, 73;
as to fourteenth amendment, 80;
message as to Tennessee, 83;
veto of Freedmen's Bureau bill overridden, 88-90;
relations with Stanton, 90, 91;
changes in cabinet, 90;
relation to New Orleans riot, 95, 96;
endorsed by convention of 1866, 99;
criticized by conventions of 1866, 101, 102;
takes part in campaign of 1866, 102;
proclamation declaring war ended, 103;
message of Dec., 1866, 104, 105;
vetoes bill as to negro suffrage in District of Columbia, 107, 108;
bill passed over his veto, 109;
first attempt at impeachment, 109;
vetoes resolution on confiscation act, 122;
influence of Seward on, 124;
vetoes reconstruction bill and tenure-of-office bill, 126;
encroachment on his power, 128;
veto of supplemental reconstruction bill, 132, 133;
orders under the statutes, 135, 136, 138;
vetoes bill interpreting reconstruction acts, 140, 141;
distrust of Stanton, 140;
veto overridden, 142;
suspends Stanton, 142, 143;
Mississippi vs. Johnson, 145, 195;
supersedes Pope with Meade, 152;
the attempt to impeach, 157-194;
message on suspension of Stanton, 160-163;
relations with Grant, 164-168;
supersedes Stanton with Thomas, 169, 170;
Covode resolution, 171;
action of House on impeachment, 173 et seq.;
vetoes overridden, 197, 199, 202;
proclaims reconstruction completed, 202;
conduct in campaign of 1868, 213;
last annual message, 214;
proclamation of Dec., 1868, 215;
veto of colored school bill, 216;
retirement, 218, 219;
relations with republicans, 219-221;
policy compared with Grant's, 230
Johnson, James, appointed governor of Georgia, 37
Johnson, Reverdy, on joint committee on reconstruction, 57;
report on reconstruction, 86;
in convention of 1866, 99;
offers bill on reconstruction, 117;
negotiates treaty with Clarendon, 303
Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 57, 58;
recommendation on representation, 74;
proposes bill, 80;
its bill rejected, 82;
final report of, 84-86
Joint High Commission, 307
Julian, George W., on impeachment committee, 174;
joins liberal republicans, 264
Kansas ratifies fourteenth amendment, 2 ted for presidency, 267;
counsel before electoral commission, 291
Odell, W. H., Oregon elector of 1876, 291
Ohio, election of 1866 in, 103;
vote on negro suffrage in, 148;
ratifies fourteenth amendment,

203, 204;
withdrawal of ratification, 203, 205, 206;
election of 1872 in, 267
Ord, Edward O. C., in fourth military district, 135
Oregon, ratifies fourteenth amendment, 203, 204;
votes for Seymour, 212;
contested electoral returns of 1876, 289-291
Packard, S. B., takes possession of Louisiana capitol, 271;
retires from office of governor, 296
Palmer, Roundell, at Geneva arbitration, 311
Parker, John, Oregon elector of 1876, 291
Parsons, Lewis E., appointed governor of Alabama, 37
Paschal, George W., in convention of 1886, 100
Patterson, David T., vote on impeachment, 191
Payne, Henry B., on electoral commission, 286
Pendleton, George H., nominated for vice-presidency, 21;
candidate for presidential nomination, 208
Pennsylvania, election of 1866 in, 103;
ratifies fourteenth amendment, 203, 204;
election of 1872 in, 267
Perry, Benjamin F., appointed governor of South Carolina, 37
Philadelphia, Penn., conventions of 1866 at, 99, 100;
republican convention of 1872 at, 267
Phillips, Wendell, characterized by Johnson, 67
Pierpont, Francis H., attitude of Lincoln to, 13;
supported by Johnson, 37, 224
Pinchback, P. B. S., in Louisiana politics, 269, 272
Pittsburg, Penn., soldier convention at, 101
Poland, Luke P., connection with Thomas case, 174
Pope, John, in third military district, 136;
injunction sought against, 146;
election orders, 151;
recalled, 152
Preston, William, in convention of 1868, 210
Pulaski, Tenn., place of origin of Ku-Klux, 250
Randall, Alexander W., appointed postmaster-general, 90;
accompanies Johnson to the West, 102
Rawlins, John A., becomes secretary of war, 232
Raymond, Henry J., views on reconstruction, 59;
vote on fourteenth amendment, 87;
in convention of 1866, 99
Reconstruction, theory of, 1-7;
Lincoln's views and acts as to, 8-30;
Seward's view of, 12;
in Louisiana, 14;
the Wade-Davis bill, 15-18;
relation of party conventions to, 20;
in Tennessee, 23, 25;
Johnson's plan as to, 31-41;
in North Carolina, 35;
in the several States, 37, 38;
views of House on, 43;
attitude of republicans, 44;
joint committee on, 57;
views of Stevens, 58;
views of Raymond and Shellabarger, 59;
theory of Sumner, 60;
reports of congressional committee, 84-86;
as an issue in the campaign of 1866, 98;
Johnson's defence of his policy as to, 102;
bill in the House, 112-114;
the Blaine amendment, 115, 116;
the Sherman bill, 117;
the bill as finally passed, 118-122;
vetoed by Johnson, 126;
republican motives in, 127;
supplemental bill on, 129-131;
vetoed, 132;
acts on, criticised, 133, 134;
application of acts on, 135-137;
congressional interpretation of acts on, 138;
bill interpreting the statutes on, 140;
application of statutes on, 146 et seq.;
process of, declared completed, 202;
attitude of Grant toward, 223;
end of legislation on, 244;
reconstruction characterized, 297.
See Statutes
Republican party, schism threatened in, 20;
attitude to reconstruction, 44;
attitude to southern legislation, 52, 54;
feeling toward southern congressmen, 56;
attitude to views of Stevens, Raymond and Shellabarger, 59;
attitude to presidential reconstruction, 60, 61;
position on civil rights, 62;
attitude to Freedmen's Bureau bill, 89;
attitude to Stanton, 90, 91;
in campaign of 1866, 99, 101;
convention of 1866, 104;
in election of 1866, 104;
views on reconstruction, 110, 111;
motives in Reconstruction, 127;
interpretation of Johnson's message, 160;
action in vote on impeachment, 191;
effect of McCardle case on, 197;
convention of 1868, 207;
criticism of views of, 217;
relations with Johnson, 219-221;
control of Grant, 257;
revolt in the party, 264, 265;
convention of 1872, 267;
get control of Alabama legislature, 268, 269;
lose control in Congress, 273;
financial policy, 276;
convention of 1876, 280, 281;
campaign of 1876, 283 et seq.;
views as to powers of Congress, 292
Retribution, the, case of, 316
Rhode Island ratifies fourteenth amendment, 203, 204
Richmond, Va., made head-quarters of first military district, 135;
convention at, 226, 227
Robeson, George M., becomes secretary of the navy, 232
Rogers, Andrew J., on joint committee on reconstruction, 57
Rose, John, mission of, 306
Ross, Edmund G., vote on impeachment, 191
Rousseau, Lovell H., in Cleveland convention, 101
Russia, purchase of Alaska from, 300-302
Safford, M. J., in convention of 1866, 100
St. Louis, Mo., Johnson's speech at, 102
Samana Bay, 324, 327
Santo Domingo, Sumner's position as to, 264;
attempt to annex to United States, 323-327
Schaffner law, the, 249
Schell, Augustus, in convention of 1868, 209
Schenck, Robert C., in convention of 1866, 100;
on Joint High Commission, 307;
at London, 312
Schofield, John M., assigned to first military district, 135, 226;
nominated as secretary of war, 190;
confirmed, 192;
retained by Grant, 231;
resigns, 232
Schriver, General, in Stanton-Thomas incident, 169, 170, 172, 173
Schurz, Carl, report on conditions at the South, 63;
in convention of 1866, 100;
joins liberal republicans, 264
Sclopis, Frederic, at Geneva arbitration, 311, 316, 317
Scott, R. K., views of Ku-Klux, etc., 259

Senate of the United States, refuses seats to members from Arkansas, 15;
adopts thirteenth amendment, 26-28;
the Stevens resolution, 43, 44, 57;
passes Freedmen's Bureau bill, 66;
passes civil rights bill, 70, 73;
effect of election of 1866, 104;
passes reconstruction bill, 118;
tenure-of-office bill in, 122, 125;
passes resolution on confiscation act, 122;
bill on reconstructed States, 153;
action on suspension of Stanton, 162, 163;
action on dismissal of Stanton, 170;
acts as court of impeachment, 176 et seq.;
vote on impeachment, 190, 191;
confirms Schofield, 192;
resolution on the amnesty proclamation, 215, 216;
confirms Grant's nominees, 232;
admits members from Georgia, 244;
currency bill in, 277;
ratifies treaty with Russia, 300;
rejects Johnson-Clarendon treaty, 303;
rejects Dominican treaty, 324, 325.
See Congress of the United States; Statutes of the United States
Seward, William H., views on reconstruction, 12;
sends thirteenth amendment to states, 29;
retained by Johnson, 32;
calculation as to thirteenth amendment, 52, 55, 56;
announces adoption of thirteenth amendment, 55;
action on fourteenth amendment, 80;
accompanies Johnson to the west, 102;
influence on Johnson, 124;
proclaims ratification of fourteenth amendment, 202;
procedure as to the proclamation, 203-205;
negotiates purchase of Alaska, 300-301;
negotiates treaty with China, 322;
instructions to Babcock, 323
Seymour, Horatio, nominated for presidency, 210;
defeated, 212
Shaffer, J. W., secures letter on Alta Vela claims, 177
Sharkey, William L., appointed governor of Mississippi, 37;
institutes suit against Johnson, 145
Shellabarger, Samuel, theory of reconstruction, 59-61;
counsel before electoral commission, 291;
opinion of purchase of Alaska, 300
Shenandoah, the, case of, 316, 317
Shepley, George F., military governor of Louisiana, 14
Sheridan, Philip H., New Orleans riot, 94, 97;
in fifth military district, 135;
superseded by Hancock, 143
Sherman, John, offers bill on reconstruction, 117;
father-in-law of Ewing, 173;
reports currency bill, 277
Sickles, Daniel E., in second military district, 135;
superseded by Canby, 143
Sinclair, John G., in convention of 1866, 99
Skinner, J. B. L., postmaster-general ad interim, 186, 188
Slavery, adoption of the thirteenth amendment, 26-30
South Carolina, in Lincoln's proclamation, 11;
electoral vote of 1864 rejected, 22;
reconstruction in, 37;
convention and election in, 38;
law on vagrancy, 46;
vote on thirteenth amendment, 55;
in the reconstruction bill, 112;
registration in, 147;
election in, 149;
character of convention in, 150;
ratifies constitution, 155, 197;
act on admission of members from, 198;
reconstruction declared complete, 202;
ratifies fourteenth amendment, 203, 204;
request of governor for troops, 258;
proclamations of president as to, 260, 261;
corruption in, 262;
conditions in 1874, 274;
contested electoral returns of 1876, 283, 289;
change of administration, 296
Spaulding, J. R., joins liberal republicans, 264
Speed, James, resignation, 90, 142;
in convention of 1866, 100, 101
Staempfli, Jacob, at Geneva arbitration, 311, 315, 316
Stanbery, Henry, appointed attorney-general, 90;
in case of Mississippi vs. Johnson, 145;
in case of Georgia vs. Stanton, 146;
arrest of Thomas, 172;
counsel for Johnson, 176
Stanley, Lord, secretary for foreign affairs, 303
Stanton, Edwin M., attitude to Johnson, 90, 91;
as to the New Orleans riot, 95, 136
Thomas, Lorenzo, appointed to supersede Stanton, 169-173;
his positi

170;
in temporary charge of war department, 192
Trumbull, Lyman, reports thirteenth amendment, 26;
in convention of 1866, 100;
opinion on impeachment, 184;
view of the Stanton case, 189;
vote on impeachment, 191;
proposal as to Tenure-of-Office Act, 233;
joins liberal republicans, 264;
candidate for presidential nomination, 265;
counsel before electoral commission, 291
Twenty-second joint rule of Congress, 24, 25
Union Leagues, formation of, 250, 252
Vallandigham, Clement L., in convention of 1866, 99
Van Winkle, Peter G., view of the Stanton case, 189;
vote on impeachment, 191
Vermont, election of 1866 in, 103;
ratifies fourteenth amendment, 203, 204;
election of 1872 in, 267
Vicksburg, Miss., made head-quarters of fourth military district, 135
Virginia, reconstruction in, 7;
omission from Lincoln's proclamation, 13;
electoral vote of 1864 rejected, 22;
reconstruction in, 37;
vote on thirteenth amendment, 55;
in the reconstruction bill, 112, 122;
registration in, 147;
election in, 149;
disfranchisements in, 151;
martial law in, 202;
no share in election of 1868, 212;
question in Congress as to representation, 224;
partition of, 224;
the vagrant act, 225, 226;
a military district, 226, 227;
restored to federal relations, 228;
escape from negro rule, 247, 248
Wade, Benjamin F., bill on reconstruction, 15-18;
protest against Lincoln's proclamation, 19;
opinion of Johnson, 32;
commissioner to Santo Domingo, 326
Waite, Morrison R., 289;
at Geneva arbitration, 311
Walker, Robert J., in case of Mississippi vs. Johnson, 145
War Department, Freedmen's Bureau organized in, 44
Ward, Hamilton, on impeachment committee, 174
Warmoth, Henry C., connection with Louisiana corruption, 263;
contest for control in Louisiana, 269-272
Washburne, Elihu B., on joint committee on reconstruction, 57;
becomes secretary of state, 231;
resigns, 232
Washington, treaty of, 299, 307-310, 319
Watts, John W., Oregon elector in 1876, 290, 291
Welles, Gideon, accompanies Johnson to the west, 102
Wells, David A., joins liberal republicans, 264
Wells, J. Madison, in contest for control of Louisiana, 93
Welsh pays Halifax award, 322
West Virginia ratifies fourteenth amendment, 203, 204
Wharton, John, in Louisiana politics, 269, 270
Wheeler, William A., nominated for vice-presidency, 282;
election formally declared, 294
Wheeling, W. Va., government at, 224
Whipper, W. J., judge-elect of South Carolina, 274
Whiskey ring, 272
White, Andrew D., commissioner to Santo Domingo, 326
White, Horace, joins liberal republicans, 264
White vs. Clements, 237
Whitney, William C., counsel before electoral commission, 291
William I., Emperor, award as to northwest boundary, 319
Williams, George H., offers bill on reconstruction, 117;
introduces tenure-of-office bill, 122;
impeachment manager, 175;
motions, 191;
on Joint High Commission, 307
Wilson, Henry, theory of reconstruction, 60;
on impeachment committee, 174;
impeachment manager, 175;
elected vice-president, 267
Windom, William, introduces thirteenth amendment in House, 28
Winthrop, Robert C., in convention of 1866, 99
Wisconsin ratifies fourteenth amendment, 203, 204
Wood, Fernando, in convention of 1866, 99
Wool, John E., in Cleveland convention, 101

THE COLONIAL ERA.—By Rev. GEORGE P. FISHER, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Ecclesiastical History in Yale University.

THE FRENCH WAR AND THE REVOLUTION.—By WILLIAM M. SLOANE, Ph.D., Professor of History in Columbia University.

THE MAKING OF THE NATION.—By General FRANCIS A. WALKER, LL.D., late President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

THE MIDDLE PERIOD.—By JOHN W. BURGESS. Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Political Science and Constitutional Law in Columbia University.

THE CIVIL WAR AND THE CONSTITUTION.—By JOHN W. BURGESS, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Political Science and Constitutional Law in Columbia University. 2 vols.

RECONSTRUCTION AND THE CONSTITUTION.—By JOHN W. BURGESS, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Political Science and Constitutional Law in Columbia University.