> Balls forbidden by the French Protestants, ii. 70 Banana, extraordinary reproductive powers of the, i. 111. Its nutritive powers as compared with those of potatoes and wheat, 111 Bangorian controversy, effect of the, i. 427 Bank, the first County, in Scotland, iii. 181 Bannockburn, battle of, iii. 15 Bards known in almost all nations, i. 292, 293. Those of Gaul, Scotland, and Ireland, 292 note. Cause of the extinction of the class of bards, 296 Bargeton, suppression of the ‘Letters’ of, ii. 238 Bark, its discredit in France as a ‘remÈde anglais,’ ii. 214 note Baron, different meanings attached to the word, ii. 114 Barrow, Isaac, his virtues and abilities, i. 393. Neglect with which he was treated by Charles II., 393 Barter, misconception of the true nature of barter in early times, i. 210–212 Bartholomew, St., massacre of, predominance of the theological spirit shown in the, ii. 11 Basilides, his views of predestination, i. 13 note Baxter, Richard, persecution of, i. 398 Beaton, Archbishop of St. Andrew's, compelled to resign his office of Chancellor, iii. 57. His conspiracy, 58 Beaton, Cardinal, his persecution of the Protestants, iii. 63. Arrested, 70. Conspiracy to assassinate him, 73, 74 Beaumarchais, his ‘Memoirs’ burned, ii. 237 Beauvais, Bishop of, his proposal to the Dutch, ii. 38 note Bedford, Earl of, joins the Parliamentary forces, but deserts them, ii. 151, 152 Being, obscurities of our, solved by the doctrines of free will and predestination, i. 12 Benares, cases of suicide by drowning at, i. 26 note Bentham, Jeremy, his demolition of the usury laws, i. 214 note. His method of investigating speculative jurisprudence, i. 426 Bentley, Richard, his corrupt English style, ii. 307 Berkeley, Bishop, his erroneous notions of trade, i. 212 note Berthault, his method of writing history, ii. 270 Berwick, Duke of, appointed Generalissimo of the Spanish army, ii. 515. Gains the battle of Almansa, 516 Berwick destroyed by the English, iii. 13 Berwick, treaty of, iii. 81 Berzelius, his attempts to reduce mineralogical phenomena, ii. 399 Bichat, impetus given to the study of zoology by, ii. 376. Sketch of his method of investigation of the human frame, 379. His views respecting the tissues, 379. Publication of his great work, 380. Connexion between his views and subsequent discoveries, 380–388. Immense importance of his method of investigation, 388. Examination of his work on life, 390 Birmingham, establishment of the first circulating library in, i. 431 note. Not a bookseller in the town in the reign of Anne, 422 note. First printing office in, 432 note Bishops, precarious tenure with which they hold their seats in the House of Lords, i. 418 Black, David, his violent sermon against James VI., iii. 107. Thrown into prison, 108, 109 Black, Joseph, examination of his theory of latent heat, iii. 367. And of his method of physical philosophy, 134. Sold by the Scotch to the English, 135. His execution, 136. Character of the war against him in England compared with that of the Scotch, 197 Charles II., frivolous form of the opposition to ecclesiastical authority in the reign of, i. 362. His deism, 362 note. His last refuge in superstition, 362 note. Antagonism in his reign between the physical sciences and the theological spirit, 372. Legislative improvements of this reign in spite of political degradation, 381. Character of Charles II., and condition of the kingdom in his reign, 381, 382. Aid given by his vices to the comprehensive reforms of his reign, 388. And by his dislike of the clergy, 389. Character of this king's ecclesiastical appointments, 391. His inability to do permanent harm to English institutions, ii. 466. Compelled by the Scotch to sign a public declaration, iii. 136. His oppressions of the Scotch, 137–139. His attempted despotism baffled by the Scotch, 140 Charles II. of Spain, his character, ii. 468–470. Misery of Spain during his reign, 501–510. His death, 513 Charles III. of Spain, vigour and success of his rule, ii. 552 et seq. His death, 571 Charles IV. of Spain, his accession, ii. 571. Reaction begun by him, 571 Charles V. the Emperor, his domestic and foreign policy, ii. 446. His humiliation of the Protestant princes in Germany, 446. His repulse of the Turks before Vienna, 446. Number of heretics put to death in the Netherlands during his reign, 447. His codicil to his will as to dealing with heretics, 448. Causes of his barbarous policy, 449 Charles IX., his massacre of St. Bartholomew, ii. 13 ‘Charles XII., History of,’ Voltaire's, ii. 292. Charles's only merits, 293. Voltaire's admiration of him, 293. His murder of Patkul, 293 Charles the Bald, initiates a hereditary aristocracy in Europe, ii. 112 Charron, Pierre, reputation of his ‘De la Sagesse,’ ii. 19. Its purity and systematic completeness, 19. Analysis of the work, 20, 21 Charta, Magna, peculiar beauty of, ii. 117 Chateaubriand, his method, ii. 389 note Chatillon, Marshal, ii. 43 Chauvelin, his Jansenism, ii. 345 Chemistry, the law of definite proportions in as laid down by Turner, i. 59 note. Boyle's discoveries in, 369. His ‘Sceptical Chemist,’ 370. Study of, forbidden by the French Protestants, ii. 69. State of the science of, in the reign of Louis XIV., 197. Causes of its great progress in modern times, 365. The existence of chemistry as a science due to France, 366. Discoveries of Lavoisier, 367. Formation of a chemical nomenclature, 368. Inability of chemistry to reduce mineralogical phenomena, 399. Popularity of Fourcroy's lectures, 407 note Childebert, King of the Franks, attacks the Arian Visigoths, ii. 435 note Chillingworth, William, his ‘Religion of Protestants,’ i. 347. His connexion and correspondence with Laud, 397 Desforges, imprisoned for his work respecting the Pretender, ii. 238 Desmarest, his geological labours, ii. 368 Desmoulins, Camille, his knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 224 De Thou, raised to the presidency of parliament in France, ii. 26. His great French historical work, 266 Devil, horrible notions of the Scotch clergy concerning, iii. 232 Dhourra of Upper Egypt, its cheapness and abundance, i. 86 Diderot, his knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 218. His talents, 240. His imprisonment in Vincennes, 242. His professed atheism, 352 Diogenes Laertius, on the physical which preceded metaphysical inquiries, i. 10 note. On the preservation of consciousness in dreams and in insanity, 17 note Diplomacy, commencement of a purely secular era in the history of, ii. 41 Disease, theological theory of, in the middle ages and in our own times, i. 127, 128 note. Authorities as to the nature and treatment of a disease and the belief that such disease is caused by supernatural power, and is to be cured by it, 129 note. The origin of almost all the cruel diseases of Europe to be found in Asia, 130. Hunter's theories of diseases, iii. 448 Dissenters, persecution of the, in England, in the reign of James II., i. 397. Union of the clergy and dissenters and its result, 399, 400. Authorities for the cruelties inflicted upon them in the reign of Charles II. and James II., 419. Principles avowed by the clergy in justification of the persecution, 419 note. Persecutions in the reign of Anne, 419, 420. Repeal of the laws against them, 420. The Toleration Act regarded by the Dissenters as their Magna Charta, 402 note. Favour shown to them by William III., 405, 406. Their struggle with the clergy, 420. Wesley and Whitefield, 421. Loss of their intellectual vigour, 422. Causes of their recent mental penury, 422. Nonconformist statistics, from the reign of William III. to the present time, 423 note. Treatment which the Wesleyans received from the clergy, 423 note, 424 note. Combination of the Dissenters with the Government against the clergy and the Pretender, 443 note. Passing of the Schism Bill, 452. Burke's support of measures for the relief of the, 463 Divine right of Kings, results of the abandonment of the theological fiction of, ii. 182 Dolben, John, his character as Archbishop of York, i. 392 Dolomieu, his geological labours, ii. 368 ‘Domat, Life of,’ by PrÉvost de la Jannes, suppressed, ii. 237 Douglas, Earls of, treacherously murdered by James II., iii. 49–52. Subsequent power of the family, 57. Driven into exile, 60. Harboured by Henry VIII. in England, 64. Return home, 69 Dramas, French, of the seventeenth century, ii. 208 Dreams, Plato's conclusion as to the truth or falsehood of, i. 16 note Dress, interference of the French Protestants with, ii. 60, 71. Dress of the French during the reign of Louis XIV., Louis XV., and just before the Revolution, 411 Droughts, frequency of, in Spain, ii. 427
4495-h-13.htm.html#Page_191" class="pginternal">191 Erskine, Lord, his idiomatic English, ii. 307 note Essex, Earl of, joins the parliamentary forces, but suspected by the democrats, ii. 151, 152 Europe, the civilization of, governed by climates, i. 50. Social and political consequences of the high rate of wages in Europe, 65. Influence of physical causes in accelerating the progress of man in Europe, 82. Differences between the civilizations in and out of, 152. The energies of nature tamed by man in, 154. The country outstripped by the populations of the towns in, 156. Mental laws more important than physical for the history of, 156. Contrast between ancient and modern military genius in, 199–202 Europe, remarks on the origin of the ecclesiastical establishments of, 259–263. Benefits conferred by literature on, 267. Condition of the mind of, from the sixth to the tenth centuries, 269 Excommunication, a French Protestant, ii. 59. Notions of theologians respecting, 59 note. Contempt into which excommunication fell in England, 59 note Expediency, doctrine of, i. 425, 426. Its gradual diffusion amongst us, 426 note Eye, discoveries of Descartes respecting the, ii. 78 Fables, Voltaire's demolition of the belief in national, ii. 312 Falkirk, first printing office in, i. 432 note Famines, impossibility of the return of, in Europe, i. 155. List of, 155 note. Frequency of, in Spain, ii. 427 Fathers, authority of the, according to Jewel and Hooker, i. 340. Chillingworth's contempt for their authority, 349. Exposure of the gross absurdities of the, 428 Favart, Madame, story of, ii. 243 Fear, special tendency of, to inflame the imagination, i. 120 Fenacute, story of the giant, i. 320 FÉnelon, treatment of, by Louis XIV., ii. 276. His ‘Telemachus,’ 276 Ferdousi, his ‘Shah Nameh,’ and its authority in Persian history, i. 303 Fermat, his services to geometry, ii. 190 Fernel, his eminence in medicine, ii. 195 Ferrier, excommunicated by the French Protestants, ii. 58. Result of this measure, 59, 60 Fetichism, the predecessor of monotheism, according to Comte, i. 251 note Feud, feudum, first use of the words, ii. 110 note Feudal incidents, destruction of, in England, i. 386 Feudal system, origin of the, in Europe, ii. 110. Connexion between it and the ecclesiastical spirit, 110, 111. Does not destroy the spirit of protection, but only compels it to assume a new form, 111. Commencement of the European hereditary aristocracy, 112. The power of the English and French aristocracy compared, 113 et seq. Sub-infeudation in France and in England, 119. Boncerf's treatise on feudal law, 237. Voltaire's, the first historical endeavour to explain the origin of feudality, 302 Fever, Cullen's theory of, iii. 424 Finance, suppression of the works of Darigrand and Le Trosne on, ii. 238. Sudden eagerness in France in the eighteenth century for inquiries relating to, 328, 329. Necker's celebrated Report, 329. Burke's the first financial reforms, 199 Herculaes, origin of the story of the exploits of, i. 297 Hereditary descent connected with the formation of character, question of, i. 176 note. Hereditary talents, vices, and virtues, 177 note Heresies, the great religious, founded on previous philosophies, i. 11 note. Destruction by the legislature of the writ ‘De HÆretico Comburendo,’ 383. The first papal call on the secular power to punish, ii. 109 note. Harshness of the early Spanish laws for the punishment of heresy, 438 Hero-worship, ancient Greek, causes of the, i. 144 ‘High-church’ and ‘low-church,’ origin of the terms, i. 412 note Highlanders, their ferocity, iii. 21, 22. Let loose upon the Lowlanders in 1678, 145. The only powerful friends of James II., 151. Their love of war and rapine, 151, 152. Reasons which induced them to rebel in favour of the exiled Stuarts, 152. Their rebellions of 1715 and 1745 not the result of loyalty, 153. Their veneration for their chieftains, 156 note. Their insignificance after 1745, 157, 168 Hill, Sir John, his the first publication of popular scientific works in numbers, i. 432 note. His great success, 432 note Hilton, Laird of, story of the, and the minister, iii. 217 Hindostan, Persian origin of the word, i. 69 note History, statement of the resources for investigating, i. 1. Confidence in the value of, 1. Use made of the materials for investigating, 3. Instances of endeavours to remedy the backwardness of history, 4. Present prospects of historical literature, 5. Inferiority of the most celebrated historians to the most successful cultivators of physical science, 7. Materials from which a philosophic history can alone be composed, 20, 33. Reasons why historians have not yet collected materials for writing history, 229. Reasons why the present history is restricted to that of England, 231, 242. Hume's method of treating history, 251 note. Why the history of England is eminently valuable, 252. Origin of history, and state of historical literature during the Middle Ages, 288. Value of historical inquiries in throwing light on the changes in society, 290, 291. The ballad form of the earliest histories, 291. Error in history caused by the invention of writing, 296. Corruptions in early history caused by changes in religion, 300. Illustration of this from Scandinavian history, 301. Trustworthiness of histories where there has been no change in religion, 301–304. The influence of the clergy the most active cause of the corruption of early history, 307. Absurdities believed in consequence, 309–325. Beginning of the first improvement in writing modern history, 325. Prevalence of credulity in the time of Comines, 326, 327. Character of Bodin's historical work, 326. Intellectual regeneration of the seventeenth century, 329. Instances of the credulity of the sixteenth century, 330. This absurd way of writing history the natural result of the spirit of the age, 333. The history of every civilized country the history of its intellectual development, 387. Importance to history of the question whether normal phenomena should or should not precede the study of abnormal ones
65" class="pgexternal">465. Outline of the history of the English intellect from the middle of the sixteenth to the end of the eighteenth century, 333. Origin of religious toleration in England, 337. Hooker contrasted with Jewel, 339, 340. Theology and persecution, 344. Scepticism and the spirit of inquiry on other subjects, 340. Chillingworth's ‘Religion of Protestants,’ 347. The rapid increase of heresy in the middle of the seventeenth century, 347 note. Increasing indifference to theological matters, 350. The work of Chillingworth a vindication of religious dissent, 352. Political character of the opposition to ecclesiastical authority in the reigns of James I. and Charles I., 359. Its frivolous form in the reign of Charles II., 362. Progress of the English intellect in the seventeenth century towards shaking off ancient superstitions, 363. Destruction of the old notions as to witchcraft, 363 note. Sir Thomas Browne's works, 365. Boyle's discoveries, 368. Foundation of the Royal Society, 371. Ecclesiastical opposition to physical science in the reign of Charles II., 372. Popular belief in supernatural causation, 373. Improvements in legislation in the reign of Charles II., and the causes which produced them, 388, 389. Hobbists, 390. Effects of the alliance of the clergy with James II., 395. Dissolution of this alliance, 396. Union of the clergy and dissenters, 399. Causes which produced the revolution of 1688, 400. Effects of the expulsion of the Stuarts on English civilization, 402. Struggle between William III. and the clergy, 405. Loss of the clergy of all power out of the Church, 416–418. The clergy weakened by the founders of Wesleyanism, 419–424. Loss of the intellectual vigour of the dissenters, 422. But increase in their numbers, 423 note. Final separation of theology from morals and politics, 424–427. Discoveries of geologists, 429. Diffusion of knowledge among the people, 430. Sunday schools, 430. Sunday newspapers, 431. Country printing offices, 431. Popular works on physical truth first published, 432. Invention of encyclopÆdias, 433. Literary periodical reviews, 433. Reading clubs, 433. Debating societies, 433. Right of public meeting, and publication of parliamentary debates, 434, 435. Doctrine of personal representation and of personal independence, 436. Change in the style of authors, 436. Review of the reactionary and retrogressive period of English history, 441. Political degeneracy of England during the reign of George III., 446–455. Sketch of the career of Edmund Burke, 455 et seq. Arbitrary laws of George III. against the liberties of his country, 487, 488. Gloomy prospects of the people late in the eighteenth century, 494. Secret imprisonment of opponents of the government, 494. Effect of the suspension of the habeas corpus act in 1794, 496. Preparation for a counter reaction, owing to the progress of knowledge, 498. To which, and to the power of public opinion, England owes her reforms of the present century, 498. The Scotch and English methods of philosophy contrasted, iii. 290. Intellect, French, outline of the hist
rg/files/44493/44493-h/44493-h.htm#Page_267" class="pgexternal">267. In what real knowledge consists, 268. Men and countries where erudition merely ministers to ignorance, 269. Condition and effects of the literature of Europe from the sixth to the tenth centuries, 269, 270. Effect of the monopoly of literature by the clergy, 307. Character of the literature of India, 132. And of ancient Greece, 137 Literature, English—characteristics of, in the reign of Charles II., i. 234. Influence of the intellect of France on Dryden's plays, 235 note. Causes which have maintained the independence, and increased the value of English literature, 235 note. Change in the form and make of English literature in the last century, 436. Coleridge's lamentations of this change, 437 note. Addison's establishment of the easy and democratic style, 437. Failure of an attempt to revive the pedantic style, 437 note. Abolition of servile dedications, 438. Introduction of the plan of publishing books by subscription, 439. First instance of a popular writer attacking public men by name, 439. English literature unknown to the French at the end of the seventeenth century, ii. 214 note. But begun to be studied after the death of Louis XIV., 215. Its services to French, and thence to European liberty, 227 Literature, French, effect of, on English writings, i. 235. Characteristics of French literature at the time of Descartes and Richelieu, ii. 93, 94. The protective spirit carried by Louis XIV. into literature, 176. Result in an alliance between literature and government, 176, 177. Servility of men of letters at this time, 177. Injurious effects of the protective system of Louis XIV. upon literature, 182. And of pensions to literary men, 183, 187. The literary splendour of the reign of Louis XIV. not of his creation, 188, 189. Causes of its decay in his reign, 208. Causes of the junction of English and French intellects after the death of Louis XIV. Systematic and prolonged persecution to which literature was exposed in the eighteenth century, 230–242. Proposal of the avocat-general as to the publication of new works, 245. Why the Church, and not the government, was first attacked by literary men, 247. State of French historical literature from the end of the sixteenth to the end of the eighteenth century, 261 et seq. Literature, German, since the middle of the eighteenth century, i. 237. Origin of, 237. Remarks on Mr. Kay's picture of German education, 238 note. Mr. Laing's observations on the German literary class, 239 note Literature, Scotch, poverty of, down to the commencement of the eighteenth century, iii. 183. Buchanan and Napier, 183. Character of the Scotch philosophical literature of the eighteenth century, 281. Reasons why the Scotch literature of the eighteenth century was unable to affect the nation, iii. 465 Literature, Spanish, causes which gave it its adventurous and romantic tone, ii. 433, 434. Hold retained by the Spanish Church over the highest and lowest intellects, 479 Liver, business of the, i. 148. The liver and lungs always compensatory, 148. Size of the foetal liver, 149 note Locke, John, his views as to the use of money in trade, i. 212 note. Causes of his Socinian views, 363. His death, ii. 374 Locomotion, effect of improved means of, in weakening the love of war, i. 221–223 Logarithms, discovery of, iii. 94. His name of ??????????????, 97 note. Appointed moderator at St. Andrew's in 1582, 101. His personal insult to the king, 110. Summoned by the king to England, 124. Imprisoned in the Tower, 124 Memory, aberrations of, the laws respecting the, i. 32 Mental laws, examination of the method employed by metaphysicians for discovering, i. 152. Failure of their two methods, 164. Mental laws either moral or intellectual, 168. Comparison between moral and intellectual laws, 168, 175. Necessity of ascertaining the fundamental laws of intellectual progress, 242. Advantages to be gained in that respect from studying the histories of Germany, America, France, Spain, and Scotland, 243 ‘Mence, Institutes of,’ authority of in India, i. 75. Vast antiquity of the, according to the Hindu writers, 137 Menzies, John, the Aberdeen preacher, iii. 203 note Mercenaries employed by William the Conqueror and his immediate successors, ii. 114 Mercury, mine of, at Almaden, ii. 540 Mescua, Mira de, the Spanish dramatist, ii. 479 Metaphysics; metaphysical inquiry preceded and often controlled by the physical, i. 10 note. The only successful mode of prosecuting the study of metaphysics, 17. Examination of the two metaphysical methods of generalizing mental laws, 156. Definition of the term metaphysics, 164 note. The English inductive and the Scotch deductive methods, 245 et seq. Robert Simson and Matthew Stewart, 247. Adam Smith, 249. David Hume, 250. Examination of the method employed by metaphysicians for discovering mental laws, 152. Failure of their two methods, 164. Descartes, the originator of the modern method of philosophy, ii. 81, 82. Analogy of his philosophy with the anti-theological policy of Richelieu, 83. The eminent characteristic of the philosophy of Descartes, 87. Analysis of his principles, 88, 89. Services which metaphysicians formerly rendered to the Church, 262. Analysis of the works of Helvetius and Condillac, 353–360. Rise of the reactionary party in France at the beginning of the present century, 389. See also Philosophy Meteorology, causes which have retarded the progress of, i. 377 note. Supernatural causes attributed by ignorance to changes in the weather, 378 note Method, importance of the philosophy of, ii. 387 Mey, suppression of his treatise on ‘French Law,’ ii. 237 Mexico, authentic existing materials for forming an opinion on the ancient state of, i. 95. Characteristics of the climate of, and reasons for its early civilization, 99. Exuberance of the maize plant in, 109. The potato introduced by the Spaniards into, 110, 111. Extraordinary fecundity of the banana in, 111. Success with which astronomy was cultivated in, 112. Condition of the upper and lower classes of the inhabitants of, when discovered by the Europeans, 114. Custom of caste in Mexico, 115. Frivolous waste of labour of the Mexicans, 116. Their immense buildings, 117 Mezeray, character of his ‘History of France,’ ii. 270, 2
286 Poetry cultivated solely by the ancient Sanscrit authors, i. 132, 133. Indian metres, 133. Cause of the reverence felt for great poets, 294 note Poisons, general theory of, i. 56 note Poissy, conference of, predominance of the theological spirit shown in the, ii. 10 Political economy, study of, i. 2. Influence of the discoveries made in, in lessening the warlike spirit, 209. Misconception of the true nature of barter in early times, 210–212. Movement of the eighteenth century, 213. Smith's ‘Wealth of Nations,’ 214. His method of treating the laws of wealth, 249. Mr. John Mill's and Mr. Rae's inquiry into the proper method of investigation, 250 note. French translations of the ‘Wealth of Nations’ in the eighteenth century, ii. 219. Voltaire's opinions respecting, 304. Rise of the French political economists in the middle of the eighteenth century, 327. The revolutionary tendency of this economical movement, 327. Schism effected between the nation and government by the economists, 328. Influence exercised shortly before the revolution by the economists, 329. Examination of Adam Smith's ‘Wealth of Nations,’ iii. 314. Salutary effects of man's constant endeavours to better his condition, 319. Malthus's work on population, 326. Constant struggle between capital and labour, according to Adam Smith, 326, 327. Views of David Hume, 333 Politics, separation of theology from, i. 424. Consequences of this separation, 425–427. Effect of the protective spirit carried into politics, ii. 107 Polytheism, the predecessor of monotheism, according to Hume, i. 251 note. Natural creed of the Romans, 252. The religion of the Malayo-Polynesians, 304, 305 Pope, origin of kissing his toe, according to Mathew of Westminster, i. 317. Voltaire's Reasons for the unity and consolidation of the power of the popes as compared with that of the Greek patriarchs, ii. 303 Population, connexion between food and the laws of, i. 57. Case of the potato and Irish population, 66. A poor diet said to be more favourable to fecundity than a rich one, 68 note. Voltaire's ideas respecting the ratios by which population and food increase, ii. 304. Malthus's work on, iii. 326 Pork, in general use in Europe as food, for centuries, i. 314. Cause of the refusal of the Mohammedans to eat pork, according to Mathew Paris, 315. Eaten in Asia and Africa, 315 note Porson, Richard, his letter on the texts of the Heavenly Witnesses, i. 429. His appreciation of the beauties of the English language, ii. 307 Portugal, physical causes of the superstition existing in, i. 123. Absence of science and triumph of the imagination in, 124 Potato, the principal food of the labouring classes in Ireland, i. 65. Time of its introduction into that country, 65 note. The potato crop compared with that of wheat, 65. Used as food by the ancient Peruvians, 110. Introduced into Mexico by the Spaniards, 110, 111. The starch of the potato frozen into saccharine in Southern Peru, 111 note Pouissin, his works of art, ii. 209 note Prathama-Raja, the Hindu poets' account of, i. 136 Precision contrasted with certainty in writing history, ii. 93 Reform, the principle of, abandoned by William Pitt, i, 447. Mr. Grey's remarks on Pitt's conduct, 447 note Reformation, connexion between the, and the views advocated by Richard Hooker, i. 351 note. Immediate fall of the Church in England at the first assault of the Reformation, ii. 4. Influence of the Reformation generally in increasing the power of the Catholic clergy, 5 note. The Reformation encouraged by the pride of Englishmen, 137. Analogy between the Reformation and the Revolutions of the seventeenth century, 138–140. Short existence of the Reformation in Spain, 450. Causes which brought about the Reformation in Scotland, iii. 62. John Knox, 75. The Reformation established, 78 Reform Bill, important effects of the, i. 502 Reid, Thomas, examination of his philosophy, iii. 348. Estimate of the value of what he effected, 353. Opposition between his method and that of Bacon, 356 Religion; views of Hume and Comte respecting monotheism, i. 251 note. Influence of religion on the progress of society, 254. Illustration from the efforts of the missionaries, 255. From the history of the Jews, 257, 258. From the early history of Christianity, 259. And from Sweden and Scotland, 263–266. Baneful results of legislative attempts to encourage religious truth and discourage religious error, 281–285. Origin of religious toleration in England, 337. The last executions in England for heresy, 345. The right of private judgment held sacred by Chillingworth, 349. Whose work formed a decisive vindication of religious dissent, 352. Passing of the Toleration Act, 402. Easy and rapid changes in the national faith under Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary and Elizabeth, ii. 7. Charron's the first instance in modern language of the doctrine of religious development, 21. An end put to religious wars by Richelieu, 40. Authorities respecting religious wars, 40 note. Effect of the peace of Westphalia, 42. Origin of the difference between religious theory and religious practice, 51. Eagerness of the clergy rather directed against error than against virtue, 52 note. Causes of the energy and vitality of a religion not protected by the government, 53, 54. Descartes' remarks on the slaves to form in religion, 85. Causes which lessen the disposition to form new creeds, 263 note. Religious wars, massacres, and persecutions, the result of ignorance of the duties of governments, i. 262 Rent, theory of, i. 51 note. Considered as a division of wealth, 53 note. Rent in England, Scotland, France, and the United States, 75. In India, 76. Mode of ascertaining the true theory of rent, 250 note. Remarks on the theory of, iii. 336 Representation, personal establishment of the political doctrine of, i. 435 Reptiles, noxious, worship of, i. 126 note Respiration, theory of, ii. 367 Retz, Cardinal de, character of, ii. 102. Secular view taken by him of political affairs, 102 Reviews, literary periodical, origin of, i. 433 Revolution of 1688, proximate cause of the, i. 399, 400. Importance of the, to England, 402. Sudden repentance of the clergy in having promoted it, 403<
Burke's attack on, 463. Extinction of slavery in England, ii. 128. Its recent extinction in France, 129 Small-pox, extra European origin of, i. 130 note Smith, Adam, publication of his ‘Wealth of Nations,’ i. 214. Its influence in a few years, 214, 215. His views as to the usury laws, 214 note. His services to mankind, 216. His method of metaphysical investigation, 249. French translations of his ‘Theory of the Moral Sentiments,’ ii. 219. And of his ‘Wealth of Nations,’ 219. Examination of his philosophy, as shown together in the ‘Moral Sentiments’ and in the ‘Wealth of Nations,’ iii. 305. His obliviousness and disregard of facts, 340, 341. His method of studying pathology compared with that of Cullen, 417 Smith, William, character of his geological speculations, iii. 391 Smuggling, the only means of keeping up trade during the evil interference of legislation, i. 277. Moral evils of smuggling, 278, 279 Social laws, triumph of, over every obstacle, i. 31. Best method of arriving at social truth, ii. 1 Socrates, effect produced by his method of dialectics upon some Greek minds, i. 357 Soil, influence of, on the human race, i. 40. The Great Sahara, 47. The valley of the Nile, 48, 49. Heat and moisture the causes which regulate the fertility of every country, 96 Soldiers, why less superstitious than sailors, i. 376, 379 Solids, Cullen's theory of the, iii. 418 Solis, the Spanish historian, ii. 480 Solway, battle of, iii. 68 Somers, Lord, prosecution instituted against him by the House of Commons, i. 452. Protected by the House of Lords, 452 Sorbonne, Duvernet's history of the, ii. 237 Sowrdis, Archbishop of Bordeaux, ignominiously beaten, ii. 32. Flies to Carpentras, 33 Space, the idea of, of the metaphysicians, i. 160. Authorities on the different theories of space, 161 note Spain, Arab conquest of, i. 46. Physical causes of the superstition existing in, 123. Triumph of the imagination, and absence of science in, 124. Causes of the persecutions in, 187. Numbers of persons put to death by the inquisition in, 189. Pork, a common food in, in former ages, 314 note. Archbishop Turpin's account of Charlemagne's conquest of, 319, 320. Scepticism punished, and its promulgation prevented in, 336. Influence of French literature in, in diffusing scepticism late in the last century, 336 note. Outline of the history of the intellect of, from the fifth to the middle of the nineteenth century, 425. Heat and dryness of the climate, 427. And therefore droughts and famines frequent and serious, 427. Earthquakes, 428. Causes of the prevalence of a pastoral life in Spain, 432. Settlement of the Visigoths and establishment of their opinions, 434. Attacks of the Franks upon their Arian neighbours, 435. Rise of the influence of the Spanish priesthood, 436. Character of Durham's ‘History of Spain and Portugal,’ 313 note. Effects of the barrenness of the steppes of, in keeping the people uncivilized, 45 ‘Taste, Essay on,’ by Cartaud, suppressed, ii. 237 Taxation; settlement of the right of the people of England to be taxed entirely by their own representatives, i. 384. Disputes between the two Houses of Parliament respecting taxation, 384 note Taylor, Jeremy, his abilities and virtues, i. 393. Marked neglect with which he was treated by Charles II., 393. His assertion of the doctrine of passive obedience, 401 note Teeth of animals, researches of Nasmyth and Owen on the structure of, ii. 384, 385 Temperaments, the theory of, the principal stumbling-block of the phrenologists, i. 176 note Teratology, formation of the science of, ii. 396, 397 note Terray, M., his attack on Church property in France, ii. 333. His open protection of the Jansenists, 345 Test Act, the, i. 396. Suspended by James II., 397. Repealed, 426 note Theology, state of the, of Europe from the sixth to the tenth centuries, i. 270. Attempts to make politics a mere branch of theology, 326–328. Theological justification of persecution, 344. Increasing indifference to theological matters in England in the seventeenth century, 350. Chillingworth's views, 350, 351. Connexion between the Reformation and the dogma of an infallible church, 350, 351. The authority of private judgment recognized, 352. Ecclesiastical power almost extinct in Europe, 354 note. Decline in British theology at the present time, 355 note. Efforts of the clergy to check the progress of scepticism, 356. Political character of the opposition to ecclesiastical authority in the reigns of James I. and Charles I., 359. Antagonism in the reign of Charles II. between the physical sciences and the theological spirit, 372. Reasons of the hostility of the clergy, 373. Separation of theology from morals and politics, 424. Effect of this separation, 425. Attempts to put down the Theological Society, 436 note. Theological influence greater in France in the sixteenth century than in England, ii. 6. Charron's the first attempt made in a modern language to construct a system of morals without the aid of theology, 19. Preparation of the way for the separation of theology from politics, 40, 41. Analogy of the anti-theological policy of Richelieu with the philosophy of Descartes, 83. Mischief done to the old theology by Descartes' principles, 90. Effect of the protective spirit carried into theology, 107. Former subservience of philosophy to theology, and universal interest which theological discussions once inspired, 262. Exactness of the knowledge of theologians on subjects on which nothing is known, 284 note. Reasons why theology is inferior to history, 289. Voltaire's attack on mere theologians, 308, 309. The question of free will taken up by theologians, 338. De Maistre's method of investigation, 389 note. Reasons why the theological or deductive method of philosophy was followed in Scotland, iii. 284. The deductive method of philosophy only applicable to theology, 464 Theory, necessity of, in science, but dangerous in practice, iii. 414 Thermotics, attention given to, in France, in the eighteenth century, ii. 361, 362 Therapeutics, Sydenham's reformations in, ii. THE END.
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Transcriber's Notes: The original spelling and minor inconsistencies in the spelling and formatting have been maintained. Inconsistent hyphenation and accents are as in the original if not marked as an misprint. Index entries out of sequence have not been corrected. | The table below lists all corrections applied to the original text. | | p. xii: 361–sqq. ? 361–seq. | | p. xiv: 420–sqq. ? 420–seq. | | p. 7: vol iv. p. 313: ? p. 313; | | p. 7: vol. xviii. p, 309 ? p. 309 | | p. 12: by the English. ? by the English.’ | | p. 13: Somerville's Memoire ? Memorie | | p. 18: sovereignty over Scotland. ? Scotland.’ | | p. 18: Chalmer's Caledonia ? Chalmers’ Caledonia | | p. 20: days of Robert the First, ? First,’ | | p. 21: 18, 27, 375; vol. ? 18, 27, 375, vol. | | p. 21: 485; vol. x. p. 584; vol. ? 485, vol. x. p. 584, vol. | | p. 23: Extract from the ? Extracts from the | | p. 24: mercery and haberdashery. ? haberdashery.’ | | p. 25: vol. i. p. 512 ? 512. | | p. 26: the bishop and chapter. ? chapter.’ | | p. 29: though it is is ? though it is | | p. 30: Great Tay, through Perth, ? ‘Great | | p. 31: ces salles parÉes. ? parÉes, | | p. 37: the Spottiswoode ? The Spottiswoode | | p. 41: could sign his own name.’ ? name.” | | p. 46: justiciaries to assist. ? assist.’ | | p. 50: not the king himselue ? himselfe | | p. 62: Calderwood's Historie ? History | | p. 64: Henry VIII., “in ? ‘in | | p. 65: Pitcairn's Criminal Trials of ? in | | p. 66: favor ony heretike. ? heretike.’ | | p. 78: ‘the secound of Maij. ? ‘the secound of Maij.’ | | p. 80: he (the orator)’ ? he (the orator) | | p. 86: on the extreame povertie ? ‘on | | p. 91: “To requyre payment ? ‘To | | p. 94: Church and State in Scotland vol. ? Scotland, vol. | | p. 95: in this reformed Kirk. ? Kirk.’ | | p. 97: and ordaines, That ? that | | p. 106: miscreants and bribers ? bribers. | | p. 107: salbe the worst.’ ? worst.”’ | | p. 111: Edinburgh, 1847. p. xxxix. ? Edinburgh, 1847, p. xxxix. | | p. 119: of Montrose, in 1600 ? 1600. | | p. 121: pp. 265, 266, 272; vol. ? 272, vol. | | p. 129: twentie thowsand pounds.” ? twentie thowsand pounds.’ | | p. 137: The Diary of Mr. John Lamont, ? Lamont | | p. 147: Duke of York's instigation. ? instigation.’ | | p. 147: instigation.’ Shield's Hind let loose ? Shields’ Hind | | p. 147: See Shield's Hind let loose ? Shields’ Hind | | p. 148: According to Burnet, the ? ‘the | | p. 149: with an exquisite torture; ? torture;’ | | p. 152: greatest of his works ? works. | | p. 154: to about 4500 men; ? men;’ | | p. 158: London, 4to, 1817, vol ii. p ? vol. ii. p. | | p. 162: Fountainhall's Notes on ? Notes of | | p. 204: Burnet's History of his own Time, vol ? vol. | | p. 211: whole counsel of God. ? God.’ | | p. 215: before he reached him!”’ ? him!’ | | p. 218: p. 43, in vol i. ? vol. i. | | p. 224: Binning's Sermons, vol. ii. p. 118; vol. ? 118, vol. | | p. 226: his people by Satan, ? Satan,’ | | p. 228: and continoues sick.” ? sick.’ | | p. 228: when this happened. ? happened.’ | | p. 250: Fleming's Fulfilling of ? of the | | p. 250: Balfour's Annals ? Annales | | p. 253: then when they are are ? then when they are | | p. 254: and we should chose ? choose | | p. 262: On the 22d October ? On the 22nd October | | p. 264: The History ? Historie | | p. 280: Chalmers' Caledonia, vol ? vol. | | p. 287: Gray's Precious Promises, p. 139 ? p. 139. | | p. 288: of Edinburgh,, ? of Edinburgh, | | p. 311: vol. ii. p. 23, seqq. ? vol. ii. pp. 23 seq. | | p. 312: united with biography, ? biography. | | p. 313: vol. ii. p: 206. ? p. 206. | | p. 328: the wages of labour. ? labour.’ | | p. 333: Brougham's Works, Glasgow, 1856. ? 1856, | | p. 336: to determine what Adam's ? Adam | | p. 338: Moral Sentiment ? Sentiments | | p. 349: of Smith, not ? nor | | p. 352: murder by persons unknown?’ ? unknown? | | p. 358: pp. 36, 37, 340, 343; vol. ? 343, vol. | | p. 358: pp. 115, 116, 288–299; vol. ? 288–299, vol. | | p. 358: vol. i. p. 305; vol. ? 305, vol. | | p. 359: vol. i. p. 329, 334; vol. ? 334, vol. | | p. 361: into execution in his writings. ? writings.’ | | p. 368: concealed in them,—latet ? latent | | p. 387: says of it, very grvaely ? gravely | | p. 392: strata from the year 1790. ? 1790.’ | | p. 398: were of igneous origin. ? origin.’ | | p. 410: if not superior, to Newton. ? Newton.’ | | p. 436: Hunter's Works, vol. i. p. 43; vol. ? 43, vol. | | p. 473: ‘The members were of opinion that it was ? ‘that it was | | p. 483: Geoffrey of Monmouth, i. 324. ? i. 324 | | p. 484: statement respecting, ii. 281. ? ii. 281 | | p. 488: one of LinnÆus, ? one of LinnÆus, ii. | | p. 490: civil war, ii, ? ii. | | p. 491: at an early period in, ? at an early period in, i. | | p. 492: peace of Westphalia, ii, ? ii. | | p. 494: they appeared, ii. 208. ? 208 | | p. 496: his secular philosophy, 329 ? 329. | | p. 497: with the clergy, 420, ? 420. | | p. 497: for the relief of the, 463. ? 463 | | p. 498: Dryburgh Abbey ? Abbey, | | p. 498: sixteenth century, iii. 30. ? sixteenth century, 30. | | p. 500: term of years first authorized. ? authorized, | | p. 501: establishments of, ? establishments of, i. | | p. 502: first financial reforms, i. ? first financial reforms, | | p. 502: Fossils; ? Fossils, | | p. 504: Francis 1. of France ? Francis I. of France | | p. 505: surrounded his accession, ? surrounded his accession, i. | | p. 505: ‘Letters’ of, ii, ? ii. | | p. 506: of political degradation. ? degradation, | | p. 506: admiration for England, ii, ? ii. | | p. 507: studies in crystallography ? crystallography, | | p. 508: causes of the, i. 144. ? i. 144 | | p. 510: French by Le Blanc, ii, ? ii. | | p. 511: in the reign of Louis XIV., ? in the reign of Louis XIV., ii. | | p. 512: of the government, 494, ? 494. | | p. 514: Ismorphism ? Isomorphism | | p. 515: his accession, ? his accession, i. | | p. 515: ‘Ecclesiastical Polity,’ ? ‘Ecclesiastical Polity,’ i. | | p. 519: literary class, 239 note. ? note | | p. 520: to favour the King, 297. ? 297 | | p. 520: the Jansenists, ii. 344 ? the Jansenists, 344 | | p. 521: of human knowledge, 229. ? 229 | | p. 523: drained by the, 97 ? drained by the, i. 97 | | p. 524: literature, i. 437 note. ? note | | p. 525: Calvinist opinions, 345. ? 345 | | p. 530: Mathew Paris, i. 315. ? Mathew Paris, 315. | | p. 533: theory of rent, i. 250 ? theory of rent, 250 | | p. 534: Religious teleration ? toleration | | p. 534: clergy inevitable, ii. 347. ? clergy inevitable, 347. | | p. 535: pointed out by Descartes, ? pointed out by Descartes, ii. | | p. 543: once inspired, ii. 262. ? once inspired, 262. | | p. 544: in the eighteenth century, 558 ? 186 | | p. 545: conception of the, 18 ? conception of the, i. 18 | | p. 546: aided by Montesquieu, 314. ? 314 | | p. 546: tax the colonies, 478 ? 478 | | p. 547: office in, i 432 ? office in, i. 432 | |
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