host@g@html@files@45961@45961-h@45961-h-12.htm.html#Page_516" class="pginternal">516–517; British capital invested in railways of, 517; a bona fide republic, after a troubled and sanguinary political history, 544–545; pre-eminent fitness of, for immigration, 556–557; universities and schools in, 575; writers on theoretical jurisprudence and international law in, 578 n. Arias, Pedro de, 477.
Arica, 169.
Aridity of the Pampas of Argentina, 333.
Armies of South American countries, 449.
Arrow points found at Tiahuanaco, 148.
Art, displayed in altars of churches at Cuzco, 99;
- lack of excellence in, in South America, 99;
- ancient Peruvian, 106–107;
- inferiority of ancient Peruvian, as a whole, 154.
Artigas, JosÉ, savage treatment of prisoners by, 548, 584.
Ascotan, 201.
Assassinations, political, in South America and in Europe, 548.
Asuncion, 179.
Atacama, Desert of, 204.
Atahuallpa, treachery of Pizarro to, 98, 192.
Aullagas Lake, 126, 190–191.
Australia, effect of Panama Canal on trade to, 34;
- decreasing birth-rate of, 563 n.
Australian gum trees, world-wide spread of, 92–93;
Ausungate, Mt., 108.
Avenida Central, Rio de Janeiro, 381.
Avenida de Mayo, Buenos Aires, 316–317, 346.
Ayacucho, battle of, 166.
Ayllu, Indian clan, 180.
AymarÁ Indians, 121–124;
- traditions of the, 149;
- at La Paz, 179, 182;
- one of the two divisions of Indians found by Spanish, 183–184;
- present condition of, 460–462;
- isolated social position of, 474–475.
Ayuntamiento, municipal council, 535.
B
Bahia, city of, 400–401.
Bahia, battleship, 396–399.
Balboa, Vasco NuÑez de, 1, 4, 8, 11, 37, 283, 477.
Balboa Hill, Panama, 8.
Ball, John, Notes of a Naturalist in South America by, 227, 289, 587.
Ballivian, SeÑor, 396.
Cannibalism in ancient Peru and among Amazonian tribes, 157.
Canning, George, diplomacy of, 497, 508.
Cape Horn, 293.
Caracoles, 270.
Cara Indians, 159.
Carbajal, Francisco, 477.
Carib Indians, 456–457.
Casas, BartolomÉ de las, 464.
Castro, dictator of Venezuela, 525.
Cathedral, Lima, 48–49;
Catholicism, position of, in Argentina, 342–343;
- effect of, on attitude of whites toward Indians and negroes, 471–472;
- status of the Church in Spanish America generally, 582–584.
Cattle, transportation of, across the Andes, 252 n.;
- breeding of, about Buenos Aires, 321;
- on Pampas of Argentina, 327, 328;
- numbers of, in Argentina, 336 n.;
- in Uruguay, 354.
Caupolican, Araucanian chief, 184, 235;
- memorial to, at Temuco, 516.
Cedars of southern Chile, 245.
Census of Peruvian Indians taken by Viceroy Toledo, 457.
Central America, ruins in Peru contrasted with those in, 106, 113;
- to be grouped with South America rather than North, 490;
- impossibility of existence of a real democracy in, 539.
Cereals, the important production of Argentina, 336.
Ceremonial dances of aboriginal tribes, 130, 185, 467–468.
Cerro, hill and castle of, Montevideo, 353.
Chachani, Mt., 56–57, 60, 62, 81.
Chagres River, 6, 7, 8, 15, 20–21, 24.
Challa, Bay of, 134.
Charles V, Emperor, 12, 98, 284, 499, 500.
Charrua Indians, 159, 355.
Chenopodium, 120.
Chibcha Indians, Bogota, 13, 457.
Chicha, drink brewed from maize, 90, 227–228;
- Botanical Garden at Buenos Aires, 319;
- at Montevideo, 353–354;
- at Rio de Janeiro, 382.
Garden Mountain, the, 201.
Garibaldi, story of fighting by, in Uruguay, 358.
Gatun Dam, 6, 21–22, 23–24.
Gaucho horsemen, Argentina, 321, 328;
Gavea, Mt., 383.
Germans in South America, 102;
- at La Paz, 179;
- at Valparaiso, 215–216;
- at Valdivia, 229;
- immigration of, into Chile, 239, 438;
- at Osorno, 239;
- at Buenos Aires, 321;
- in Argentina, 340–341;
- in state of SÃo Paulo, 377;
- large number of, in Rio Grande do Sul, 406;
- in Brazil, 438;
- in Uruguay, 438;
- a factor to be reckoned with commercially in Brazil and South America generally, 510 n.;
- influence of, restricted to commercial relations, 517–518.
Glaciers, Andean, 84, 85;
- of Cordillera Real, 141, 143;
- on Mt. Illimani, 176;
- on Mt. Aconcagua, 249, 258;
- on mountains along Straits of Magellan, 295, 296.
Goethals, Colonel, 26–27, 30.
Gold, in Peruvian and Bolivian Andes, 192;
- retardation of real development of Spanish America caused by, 493.
Gold Hill, 21, 25 n.
Gorgas, Colonel, 29.
Governments of Spanish American states, effect of physical conditions on, 527–528;
- of racial conditions, 528–531;
- of economic and social conditions, 532–534;
- of historical conditions during the colonial period, 534–536;
- of historical conditions at close of War of Independence, 536–539;
- have never been real democracies, 539–540;
- question of what form might have been preferable, 540–541;
- three classes of states under republican forms, 541–545;
- encouragement to be got from Chile and Argentina, 543–546;
- states still unfitted for popular self-government, 547–548;
- leniency called for in judging Spanish American, 549–551.
Graham Land, 284.
Gran Chaco, the, 327, 456–457; present numbers of, 457; proportion of, in population of Mexico and South America, 458–460; numbers of wild tribes, 460; civil and ecclesiastical oppression of, under the Spaniards and later, 460–465; religion of, 462–466; work of Dominicans and Jesuits among, 464–465; attitude toward Christianity, 465–466; indulgence of, in drinking and dancing, 467–468; safety of white people among, 468–469; relations between whites and, in Paraguay, 470–473; constitute separate nationalities from those of the combined white and mestizo, 474; retardation of industrial and intellectual progress by, 475–476, 580–581; effect of intermarriage with, on the Spanish stock, 476–477; Peruvian Indians free from bloodthirstiness, 477; of the Selvas, 559; estimated total number in whole continent, 564; rate of increase of, 566. Indios bravos, wild Indians, 460, 470, 530 n.
Inquisition, hall of the, Lima, 50.
Insurrections, South American and other, 359–361, 362–363.
Intensive cultivation, postponement of fear of overpopulation by, 554.
Intermarriage, of whites and Indians in Paraguay, 471;
- effect of, on quality of Spanish stock, 476–477, 530–531;
- between whites and negroes in Brazil, 480.
Invention, lack of, in ancient Peruvians, 155.
Inventors, esteem of Spanish Americans for scientists as, 581.
Iodine, a by-product of nitrate, 208.
Iquitos, town of, 559.
Irrigation, Lima, 47;
Isabella the Catholic, statue of, returned to Spain, 515.
Island of the Sun, Lake Titicaca, 132–140.
Isthmuses, interest attached to, geographically and commercially, 1–2.
Italians, at Mendoza, 263;
- increasing numbers of, in Argentina, 264–265, 438;
- in Buenos Aires, 321–322;
- as labourers in Argentina, 332–333;
- distribution of, in Argentina, 339;
- birth-rate among immigrants, 339;
- question of influence of, on future nation, 339–340;
- in Uruguay, 355;
- in SÃo Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul, 376–377, 406–407;
- slight effect of, on political and intellectual life in South America, 516–517.
Italiaya, Mt., 368.
J
Japanese, slight immigration of, to South America, 438
-h@45961-h-11.htm.html#Page_478" class="pginternal">478.
Orchids, Isthmus of Panama, 7;
- in Brazilian forests,
- one of the two divisions of Indians found by Spanish, 183–184;
- present condition of, 460–462;
- isolated social position of, 474–475.
- Quinoa, grown on central plateau of Peru, 120.
- Quipus, knotted strings of various colours used by primitive Peruvians, 160.
- R
- Races, mixture and numbers, in Brazil, 407–410, 414–415;
- discussion of relations between, in South America generally, 452–483;
- difference in relations between, in South America and United States, 470–475;
- conclusions on relations of the, 480–483;
- favourable or unfavourable results of commingling of, 530–531;
- total population of the continent according to, 564–565;
- questions as to their respective increase, as to continuation of their intermingling, as to which type predominates in persons of mixed race, and as to ultimate outcome of the mixture, 566–567.
- Rafts of Totora, Lake Titicaca, 125, 141.
- Railways: Panama Ry, 5–9, 12, 17–18;
- in Peru, 41, 54, 55–56, 59;
- Southern Railroad of Peru, 80–86, 125;
- Bolivian, 168–169, 186–187, 191–192, 193–194;
- Chilean, 223–224, 244, 588;
- Transandine line, 249–261;
- Argentine, 264, 329, 337, 588;
- British capital invested in, 337, 372–373, 517;
- Uruguayan, 354, 588;
- line from Santos to SÃo Paulo, 372–373;
- SÃo Paulo-Rio Janeiro line, 377–378;
- Leopoldina Railway, 386–390;
- facilities for travel by means of, 588.
- Rainfall, Isthmus of Panama, 3;
- absence of, on coast of Peru, 45;
- in Chile, 224;
- at Punta Arenas, 301;
- on the Pampas of Argentina, 325;
- smallness of, in Argentina, 333.
- Reds and Whites, parties called, in Uruguay, 357–359.
- Religion: of primitive Peruvians, 156–159 (see under Indians);
- open attacks on, in Uruguay, 363–364;
- of Indian population, 462–466;
- a matter for women and peasants only, 582–584.
- Religious toleration in Argentina, 342–343
pginternal">514.
- Tupac Amaru, a second, 92, 116.
- Tupiza, 191.
- Tupungato, Mt., 254, 268, 392;
- altitude and description, 260.
- Tussock grass, Falkland Isles, 310.
- U
- Ubinas, volcano of, 64 n., 82.
- Ucayali River, 86.
- Ulloa, Antonio, 463 n.
- Ulloa, Juan, quoted on Indians of Peru and Ecuador, 463.
- Underground passages, legends of, 110–111.
- United States, people from, in Buenos Aires, 321;
- suspicious watch kept on actions of, by South American countries, 447, 497;
- influence of, used to avert hostilities between South American states, 449–450;
- difference in relations between races in South America and, 470–475;
- causes of differences between South American republics and, traced from early settlement, 488 ff.;
- little change in relations resulting from achievement of independence by both South America and, 496–497;
- complete divergence of fortunes of, and causes, 497–500;
- sole point of resemblance to-day their location in New World, 501;
- states-system of, has been the same as South American republics', 502–503;
- departure of, from original policy in conquering the Philippines and annexing Pacific islands, 502;
- sympathy of, extended to Spanish colonies in revolt against Spain, 507, 524;
- Constitution of, taken as a model by new republics in Spanish America, 508, 538;
- present South American view of Monroe Doctrine of, 508–510;
- general attitude of South Americans toward, 510–512.
- Universities in Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile, 50, 100–101, 323, 575.
- Urcos, lake of, 111.
- Urubamba River, 86.
- Uruguay, 52;
- history of, leading up to independence, 349–350;
- area and character of country, 350–351;
- economic outlook for, 354;
- people of, 355 ff.;
- revolutions in, 356–360;
- Red and White factions, 357;
- growth in wealth and population, despite revolutions, 362–363;
- schemes tending toward state socialism in, 363–364;
- an attractive country, whose political conditions need remedying, 364–365;
- true national qualities possessed by, 441;
- lacking in Indian population, 459;
- fitness of, for immigration, 556–557;
- University of Montevideo in, 575.
- Uruguay River, 316, 354.
- Urus, Indian tribe, 121, 183.
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