2. A.D. 138; A.U.C. 891.

3. See Forster’s Essay on Greek Quantity, c. vi.

4. Pol. Hist. iii. 22; see Donaldson’s Varron.

5. Plin. N. H. iii. 14.

6. See Thucyd. ii. 6.

7. Lib. v. 33.

8. MÜller, Etrusk. iv. 7, 8.

9. See authorities quoted by Dennis, Cities of Etruria, i. xxiv.

10. Lib. i. 94.

11. Tac. Ann. iv. 55.

12. Lib. i. p. 22, 24.

13. Lib. i. 93.

14. Cistell. II. iii. 20.

15. A Cyclopean or Pelasgian wall, built of polygonal stones, without mortar, exists so far north as DÜsternbrook, near Kiel, in Schleswig-Holstein.

16. Ueber die Tyr. Pel. in Etr. Leips. 1842.

17. Varronianus, i. sec. 10.

18. Heyne, Exc. Virg. Æn. iii.

19. The religion of Rome furnishes many other traces of Etruscan influence:—ex. gr., the ceremonies of the augurs and haruspices were Etruscan, and the lituus, or augur’s staff, may be seen on old Etruscan monuments. The Tuscan Fortune, Nortia, the etymology of whose name (ne-verto) coincides with that of the Greek ?t??p?? (the unchangeable,) had the nails, the emblem of necessity, as her device; and hence the consul marked the commencement of the year by driving a nail.

The Roman Hymen, the god of marriage, was Talassius; a fact which illustrates one of the incidents in the tradition which Livy (book i. c. ix.) adopts respecting the rape of the Sabine virgins.

The name Talassius was evidently derived from the Tuscan name Thalna, or Talana, by which was designated the Juno Pronuba of the Romans, and the ??? te?e?? of the Greeks.

20. Owing to the existence of the Pelasgian element in Latin, as well as in Greek, an affinity can be traced between these languages and the Sanscrit in no fewer than 339 Greek and 319 Latin words.

21. See Donaldson’s Varron., c. iii.

22. Leps. de Tab. Eug., p. 86.

23. B.C. 354.

24. Varronianus, c. iii.

25. See Grotefend, Rud. Ling. Umbr. Hanov. 1835; and Lassen. Beitrage zur Eug. Tafeln. Rhein. Mus. 1833.

26. Liv. vii. 11.

27. A.U.C. 361; B.C. 393.

28. Liv. x. 20.

29. Lect. on Rom. Hist. l. xxxiii.

30. A.U.C. 664; B.C. 90.

31. Pp. 86–89.

32. Micali, Tav. cxx.

33. Orellii Inscr. 1384.

34. Cities of Etruria, i. p. 225.

35. See Etrusc. Alphabet. Lanzi, Saggio di L. E. i. 208.

36. Herod. i. 167.

37. Virg. Æn. viii. 597.

38. Dennis, ii. 44.

39. Ibid. ii. 53.

40. Ibid. ii. 55.

41. Varron., p. 127.

42. Etrusk. i. p. 451.

43. Schoell. Hist. de Lit. Rom. i. p. 42; Orell. Insc. 2270.

44. Circ. A.D. 218.

45. De L. L. vii. 26, 27, or vi. 1–3.

46. Varronianus, vi. 4.

47. See ex. gr. Liv. i. 26.

48. S. V. V. Plorare, Occisum, Pellices, Parricidi, QuÆstores, &c.

49. Lib. i. 26

50. H. N. xxxii. 2.

51. Ch. vi.

52. Dionys. x. 57.

53. Liv. iii. 54, A.D.

54. Nieb. R. H. iii. 264.

55. A.U.C. 428–50, Arnold; 423–44, Niebuhr.

56. Page 499.

57. Rom. Hist.

58. Varron. vi. 20.

59. Orell. No. 550.

60. Ibid. No. 552. Meyer’s Anth. Nos. 1, 2; where see also No. 5.

61. B.C. 259.

62. Orellius, No. 549.

63. Liv. xlii. 20.

64. Tac. Ann. ii. 49.

65. A.U.C. 568; B.C. 186.

66. Livy, xxxix. 18.

67. Schoell, i. 52.

68. Ver. 276.

69. Lib. vi. 3, 47.

70. See Bythner’s Lyra Prophet.

71. See epitaph on L. C. Scipio.

72. See Bant. Table.

73. Elem. Doc. Met. iii. 9.

74. P. 212.

75. Ep. Phal. xi.

76. The term axamenta is derived from the old Latin word axo, to name.

77. Lib. i. 26.

78. Pro Rab. 4, 13.

79. Brutus, xix.

80. Liv. xxv. 12.

81. Liv. v. 16.

82. Elem. Doc. Metr. iii. 9.

83. Lays of Rome, Preface, p. 19.

84. Alterno terram quatiunt pede.—Hor. Od.

85. See Meyer, Anthol. Lat. 207, 212.

86. Gray’s Works, ii. 30–54.

87. A.U.C. 513; B.C. 241.

88. B.C. 240; A.U.C. 514.

89. B.C. 81; A.U.C. 673.

90. A.D. 14.

91. A.D. 138.

92. Brut. 19; Tusc. Dis. i. 2; iv. 2.

93. Lib. ix. 36.

94. De Rep. i. 20.

95. Lib. iv. 7, 13, 20.

96. In Virg. Æn. i. 372. See also Cic. Or. ii. 12; and Quinct, Ins. Or. x. 2, 7.

97. Cic. Brut. 16.

98. Hor. Ep. II. i. 139, &c.

99. Sermon. i. 4, 6.

101. Sub voc.

102. Bernhardy’s Grundriss, 379; Diomedes, Gr. iii. 487; Val. Max. ii. 4; Festus v. person. fab.

103. Now St. Arpino.

104. Cic. Ep. ad Pap.

105. Juv. Sat. iii. 172.

106. V. Schlegel, lect. viii.

107. B.C. 364; A.U.C. 390.

108. Livy, vii. 2.

109. Lect. R. H. lxx.

110. Lib. xxvii. 34: xxiv. 20.

111. Liv. i. 9, 35.

112. Ibid. i. 35.

113. Elem. Doctr. Metr. iii. 9.

114. 71.

115. Ep. II. i. 69.

116. Liv. vii. 2.

117. Brut. 72.

118. B.C. 240.

119. Noct. Att. See also Quinct. I. O. x. 2, 7.

120. See Bothe, PoetÆ Scen. Roman. Trag.

121. For the slight differences between a Greek and Roman theatre, the reader is referred to Smith’s Dictionary of Antiquities, sub voce.

122. Ep. ad Fam. vii. 1.

123. Roman critics divide comedy into Comoedia Palliata, in which the characters, and therefore the costume, were Greek; and Togata, in which they were Roman. Comoedia Togata was again subdivided into Trabeata, or genteel comedy, and Tabernaria, or low comedy. The FabulÆ PrÆtextatÆ were historical plays, like those of Shakspeare.

124. Klussman, Frag. NÆv.

125. Cic. Cat. 14.

126. Noct. Att. i. 24; xvii. 21.

127. A.U.C. 519.

128. A.U.C. 550; B.C. 204.

129. B.C. 367.

130. B.C. 300.

131. B.C. 312.

132. Cic. Verres, i. 10.

133. See Arnold’s Rome, l. 289.

134. Miles Glorios. II., ii. 56.

135. A. Gell. iii. 3.

136. B.C. 204. See Cic. Brut. 15.

137. Ep. ii. 153; Brutus, 19.

138. Pierron, Hist. de la R. 42.

139. Lib. i. 198.

140. Cic. Brut. 19; Macr. vi. 2.

141. Brutus, 76.

142. Meyer’s Anthol. Lat.

143. Meyer’s Anthol. Lat.

144. II. Epist. i. 49.

145. Horace, 1 Serm. iv. 10.

146. A.U.C. 515.

147. Claudian, xxiii. 7.

148. Silius It.

149. B.C. 204.

150. B.C. 198.

151. B.C. 189.

152. Meyer, Anthol. Vet. Rom. No. 19.

153. Meyer, No. 16.

154. Smith’s Dict. of Biograph. s. v. Ennius.

155. Ep. ii. 50.

156. Meyer, Anthol. 515–585.

157. Cic. Brut. 76.

158. Andromache.

159. A. Gellius.

160. Pierron, Rom. Lit. p. 74.

161. B.C. 280.

162. B.C. 214.

163. De Nat. Deor. i. 42.

164. See Lecture vii. of A. W. V. Schlegel.

165. Ep. ad Pison. 202.

166. From Tzur, ????.

167. Colman illustrates the preface to his translation of Terence with an engraving from a bas-relief in the Farnese Palace, in which these flutes are introduced. The original represents a scene in the Andria, and contains Simo, Davus, Chremes, and Dromo, with a knotted cord.

168. I. O. ii. 10.

169. Donatus says, “Diverbia (the dialogues) histriones pronuntiabant; cantica (the soliloquies) vero temperabantur modis non a poet sed a perito artis musicÆ factis.”

170. Cic. de Orat. iii. 45.

171. Ibid. 41.

172. Phorm. Prol. 18; Ecl. iii. 96.

173. A.U.C. 527; B.C. 227.

174. A.U.C. 570; B.C. 184. See Cic. Brut. 15.

175. Lect. lxx.

176. A. Gell. iii. 3.

177. See Smith’s Biog. Dict. s. v.

178. Lect. on Rom. Hist. lxx.

179. Quint. x. 1, 99.

180. De Off. i. 29.

181. Lib. i. 24.

182. Quint. x. 1, 90.

183. Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 58.

184. Bacch. ii. 2.

185. The plot of the Phasma of Menander is as follows:—A woman who has married a second husband has a daughter concealed in the next house, with whom she has secret interviews by means of a communication through the party-wall. In order the better to carry on her clandestine plan, she pretends that she has intercourse with a supernatural being, who visits her in answer to her invocations. Her step-son by accident sees the maiden, and is at first awe-struck, thinking that he had beheld a goddess; but, discovering the truth, he is captivated with her beauty. A happy marriage, with the consent of all parties, concludes the play.

186. De Sen. 50.

187. Act v. scene i.

188. See Plaut. Ed. Var. pp. 1320 and 2095.

189. See Prol. 18.

190. See act iv. scene ii.

191. De Opt. Gen. Dic. i.

192. Noct. Att. ii. 33.

193. Varro.

194. Horace.

195. Varro.

196. De Opt. Gen. Orat. i.

197. Brut. 258.

198. Lib. vii. 3.

199. Ep. ii. 1.

200. B.C. 193.

201. See Life of Ter. in Ed. Varior.

202. See Smith’s Dict. of Ant. s. v.

203. B.C. 166; A.U.C. 588.

204. Valerius Paterc.

205. Phorm. v. viii.

206. Andr. v. ii.

207. Eunuchus, v. iv.

208. Fr. Incert. 6.

209. Satis pol, &c., iv. 4, 1.

210. Hier. Chron. Ol. clv. 3.

211. B.C. 166.

212. De Orat. ii. 81.

213. Act i. scene i.

214. Act v. scene iii. 25.

215. A.U.C. 592; B.C. 167.

216. In Vita Ter.

217. Act v. scene ix.

218. Act ii. scene iii.

219. A.U.C. 590; B.C. 163.

220. Spect. No. 502.

221. Prol. 46.

222. Prol. 27.

223. A.U.C. 592; B.C. 161.

224. See Prol. i.

225. B.C. 165; A.U.C. 588.

226. See Prol. ii.

227. A.U.C. 593; B.C. 161.

228. Warton, in the Adventurer.

229. Cic. Brut. 167.

230. Quint. x. i. 100

231. Lib. xiv. 20.

232. Lib. i. 2.

233. Lib. iv. ii.

234. De Fin. ii. 4; Tusc. Dis. iv. 31.

235. Dict. Univ. s. v.

236. See Smith’s Dict. of Antiq. s. v.

237. See on this subject Lange, Vind. Trag. Rom. Leips. 1823.

238. Hor. Serm. i. 9, 23; Ep. Pis. 55; Mart. Ep. viii. 18.

239. Juv. Sat. x. 80.

240. Liv. xxii. 49.

241. Cic. Att. xvi. 2, 5.

242. Cic. Fam. x. 32.

243. See Cic. de Off. ii. 16; Plin. H. N. 36, 3, &c.

244. Arist. Poet.

245. Epist. II. i. 182.

246. Asinius Pollio is said by Seneca (Controv. iv. PrÆf.) to have introduced the practice of poets reading their works to a circle of friends.

247. Ecl. iii. 86.

248. Math. Hist. of Class. Lit.; Bernhardy, Grund. 366.

249. Hier. in Eus. Chron. Ol. 156, 3.

250. Cic. Brut. 64.

251. Plin. N. H. xxxv. 1, 4.

252. N. A. i. 24; Meyer, Anth. xxiv.

253. Cic. de Am. 7.

254. Pers. Sat. i. 77.

255. Hor. Ep. II. i. 55.

256. Ad Heren. iv. 4 and 11, 23.

257. Varro ap. Gel. vii. 14.

258. Cic. de Div. i. 14; Orat. iii. 39.

259. See Smith’s Dict.

260. De Pac. Dul. A. Steigl. Leips. 1826.

261. Pierron, p. 162.

262. Cic. de Am. vii.

263. Diom. iii.

264. Cic. Brut. 64.

265. Lib. iii. 7, 11.

266. Cic. Brut. 64; Gell. xiii. 2; Brut. 28.

267. Cic. de Leg. ii. 21; Pro Arch. ii.

268. Bernhardy, 367; Hor. Ep. II. i. 56; Quint, x. i. 97.

269. De Divin. i. 22; Bothe, Poet. Scen. fr. p. 191.

270. Bothe, p. 246.

271. Tusc. Disp. ii. 10; Bothe, p. 239.

272. Bothe, p. 238.

273. Ibid. p. 231.

274. Hor. Ep. II. i. 55.

275. See Nieb. Lect. 88.

276. B.C. 279.

277. The etymology of s????? is unknown. Casaubon derived the word from s???a??e??, to scoff. The probability, however, is that the substantive is the root of the verb. The invention of the Silli has been ascribed by some to Xenophanes, the philosopher of Colophon. He was the author of a didactic poem, and his invectives were directed against the absurd and erroneous doctrines of his predecessors. Timon, a skeptical philosopher, who lived in the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus, was undoubtedly the author of Silli. Some of these are dialogues, in which one of the persons is Xenophanes, whence perhaps he was erroneously considered the inventor of this kind of poetry. All the Silli of Timon are epic parodies, and their subject a ludicrous and skeptical attack on philosophy of every kind. Fragments of Silli are preserved by Diogenes, Lucilius, and Chrysostom.—Ad. Alex. Orat. See also Brunck’s Analecta, and Suidas s. vv. s???a??e??, ????.

278. Hor. Sat. i. 4, 10.

279. Cic. Tusc. i. 2.

280. Aurelius Victor states (De Vit. Illust. xlvii.) that Cato took lessons in Greek from Ennius.

281. Juv. Sat. i. 20.

282. Hieron. Chron. Euseb.

283. In defence of the chronology of Lucilius’ life, see Smith’s Dictionary of Biography, s. v. Lucilius.

284. Vell. Paterc. ii. 9.

285. See Sat. I. iv.; I. x.; I. i. 29, &c.

286. De Orat. ii. 6; De Fin. i. 3.

287. Inst. Or. x. i.

288. Inst. Div. vi. 5.

289. Hor. Sat. I. x. 46.

290. Nieb. Lect. lxxxviii.

291. Lib. ii. 24; xix. 9.

292. See Nieb. Lect. lxxix. and Schol. in Cic. Orell. ii. p. 283.

293. Suet. de Clar. Rhet. iii.

294. The fragments of the ancient Roman historians have been collected by Augustus Krause, and published at Berlin in 1833.

295. De Orat. ii. 12.

296. Pro Arch. x.

297. Dion. xvi. 6; Nieb. H. R. iii. 356.

298. Lib. i. 44, 45; ii. 40; viii. 30, &c.

299. Lib. xxii. 7.

300. Pol. i. 14.

302. Lib. ii. 12.

303. Liv. xxii. 7.

304. Lib. xxiii. ii.; B.C. 216; A.U.C. 538.

305. A.U.C. 544; B.C. 210.

306. Liv. xxvi. 23.

307. Ibid. 28.

308. Ibid. xxvii. 29.

309. Ibid. xxi. 31.

310. Dionys. i. 6.

311. Liv. vii. 3.

312. See, on this subject, Lachmann de Font. Hist. Ti. Liv.

313. See Dr. Smith’s Dict. of Antiq. s. v.

314. N. A. vii. 14.

315. Lib. xxv. 39; xxxv. 14.

316. A.U.C. 586; B.C. 168.

317. A.U.C. 599; B.C. 155.

318. Cic. de Orat. ii. 37; Quint. xii. 1.

319. Suet. de Gram. Ill. 2.

320. De Senec. 4.

321. Liv. xxxiv.

322. B.C. 171.

323. Plin. H. N. vii. 31.

324. A.U.C. 605.

325. Livy (xxxix. 40) and Niebuhr (Lect. lxix.) state that Cato died at the age of ninety; Cicero (Brut. 15, 20, 23) and Pliny, at the age of eighty-five.

326. Valerius Maximus relates the following anecdote of the respect in which this virtuous Roman was held by his countrymen:—At the Floralia, the people were accustomed to call for the exhibition of dances, accompanied with acts of great indecency. Cato on one of these occasions happened to be present, and the spectators were ashamed to make their usual demand until he had left the theatre. Martial also alludes to this anecdote in one of his epigrams.

327. Hor. Od. ii. i.

328. Plut. Life of Cato.

329. Cicero tells us (De Orat. ii. 64) that, when censor, he degraded L. Nasica for an unseasonable jest.

330. Lib. xxxix. 40.

331. About A.U.C. 600.

332. Cato, iii.

333. See frag. of book iv. Krause.

334. C. Nepos in Vita.

335. Lib. v. Krause, p. 114.

336. Lib. i. 12.

337. The hocus-pocus of Cato resembles Latin about as nearly as did the gibberish of the Spanish witches in the days of witch-finding. “In nomine Patric Aragueaco Petrica agora agora valentia jouando goure gaito goustra.”

338. Meyer, Frag. Rom. Orat.

339. See, ex. gr. Liv. xxxix. 40.

340. Brutus.

341. Lect. R. H. lxix.

342. Brut.

343. Gell. xi. 8.

344. Serv. Æn. ix. 70.

345. Macrob. ii. 16.

346. A.U.C. 608.

347. A.U.C. 608.

348. Cic. de Leg. ii. 2; Brut. 26.

349. Cic. Brut. 25.

350. Ibid. 26.

351. Gell. ii. 13.

352. See Nieb. Lect. V. on Rom. Lit.

353. Brut. 21.

354. B.C. 133.

355. Liv. i. 55.

356. Lib. xi. 14.

357. AthenÆus, iv. 168.

358. Brut. 35.

359. See Cic. de Leg. i. 2; Brut. 67.

360. Lect. iii. xliv.

361. Numa, c. i. See Niebuhr, Lect. III. xli.

362. A.U.C. 678.

363. A.U.C. 691.

364. Lib. xxx. 19.

365. There is one instance to the contrary, (Liv. xxxviii. 23,) in which Quadrigarius makes the number of the slain 40,000, Antias only 10,000.

366. Plut. Romulus, 14.

367. Liv. xxvi. 49.

368. Lib. xxxii. 6.

369. Lib. xxxiii. 10.

370. Lib. xxxiii. 30.

371. De Clar. Rhet. 3.

372. Brut. 64 and 88.

373. Jug. 95.

374. Gell. vi. 3, 4.

375. Appius Claudius CÆcus was also author of a moral poem on Pythagorean principles, which was extant in the time of Cicero, (Brutus, 16.)

376. B.C. 280.

377. About B.C. 221.

378. Lib. xxxv. 8; xl. 46.

379. H. N. vii. 43, 44.

380. Brut. 14, 19, de Sen.

381. Cic. Cat. 4, 12; de Sen. 4; Brut. 14, 18.

382. Noct. Attic. iv. 18.

383. Brut. 21.

384. Meyer, Orat. Rom. Fragm.

385. B.C. 149; A.U.C. 605.

386. A.U.C. 580.

387. A.U.C. 622.

388. De Orat. 153.

389. Sallust. Cat. 25.

390. Orat. iii. 56.

391. Brut. 33.

392. Ibid. 36.

393. Pro Rosc. 25; pro Arch. 60; in. Verr. iv. 59.

394. Orat. II. i.

395. Pro Cluent. 50.

396. De Orat. ii. 48.

397. B.C. 122.

398. De Orat. i. 52; Brut. 43.

399. B.C. 95.

400. B.C. 92.

401. B.C. 161; A.U.C. 593.

402. A. Gell. xv. ii.

403. De Cl. Or. 143, 145.

404. Pro Cluent. 51.

405. De Orat. ii. 54.

406. Cic. de Or. ii. 65; Plin. H. N. xxxv. 4.

407. Macrobius, Sat.

408. See Brutus, passim.

409. Brutus, 158.

410. De Fam. iv. 5.

411. Cic. Philip. ix. 5.

412. Brut. xcii.

413. Ad Att. vi. 6.

414. Ad Fam. viii. 2.

415. Smith’s Dict. of Antiq. s. v.

416. Brut. 95.

417. Quint. xii.; ch. x.; Brut. Orat. ad Br. in many places.

418. A. Gell. i. 5.

419. A. Gell. i. 5.

420. Cic. MurÆn. 8, 19; Off. ii. 19, 65.

421. Hor. Od. II. i. 13.

422. Cic. pro MurÆn.

423. Inst. Or. xii. 7.

424. De Orat. 44.

425. De Leg. ii. 23.

426. A.U.C. 552.

427. Lib. xxx. 1.

428. De Or. i. 45.

429. Dig. I. ii. 39.

430. De Or. ii. 55.

431. Lib. xvi. 5; Dig. L. 16, 157.

432. B.C. 24, 25.

433. De Lat. Lin. iv. 2; iv. 10; v. 7.

434. H. N. vii. 1.

435. De Orat. iii. 21.

436. Cornelius Nepos ait litteratos quidem vulgo appellari eos qui aliquid diligenter et acute scienterque possint aut dicere aut scribere.

437. Sueton. de Illust. Gram.

438. Lect. R. H. cvi.

439. Plin. H. N. v. 72.

440. Cic. pro Sen.

441. Schlegel Lect. viii.; MÜller’s Dor. iv. 7, 5.

442. Diog. Laert. iii. 18.

443. Xen. Hell. i. 23.

444. MÜller’s Dorians, Trans. ii. 374.

445. Or. Tr. ii. 515.

446. Cic. pro Rab. 12; de Orat. ii. 59. See also fragm. of Syrus’ Mimes.

447. Bothe, Po. Sc. Lat. fragm. vol. v.

448. Sat. i. x. 6. See also Sen. Controv., and Nieb. H. R. ii. p. 169.

449. Hieron. Eus. Chron.

450. Pl. Ep. vi. 21.

451. A. Gell. xv. 25.

452. Suet. CÆs. 52.

453. Cic. ad Fam. x. 28.

454. Pl. H. N. xii. 2, 6.

455. Tac. An. xii. 60.

456. Ad Fam. vii. 15.

457. Ibid. xi. 28.

458. Ad Fam. xii. 18.

459. Sen. Controv. vii. 3; Ep. 8, 94, 108.

460. Pl. H. N. viii. 51.

461. S. v. ????s??.

462. Hist. Rom. i.

463. Pl. Ep. vii. 24.

464. Juv. vi. 65.

465. Tac. Ann. i. 77.

466. Suet. Ner. 16, 26.

467. Juv. i. 35; vi. 44.

468. Lib. ix. 29; xi. 13.

469. Suet. Ner. 54.

470. Lib. i. 925; iv. 1.

471. Lib. i. 831; iii. 261.

472. Clint. F. H.

473. Hier. Chron.

474. The criticism of Cicero is unjust:—“Lucretii poemata ita sunt non multis luminibus ingenii multÆ tamen artis.”—Ep. ad Qu. fratr. ii. 11.

475. See A. Gell. Noct. Att. i. 21.

476. Lib. ii. 352.

477. Lib. v. 166.

478. Lib. vi. 378.

479. Lib. v. 1197.

480. Lib. vi. 75.

481. Lib. v. 83, 1163.

482. Lib. v. 1202.

483. Lib. i. 81.

484. Lib. i. 71, 147.

485. See Ritter, iv. p. 89.

486. Lib. v. 525.

487. Lib. iii. 265, 413.

488. Lib. iii. 302.

489. Lib. iv. 1072.

490. Lib. v. 1012.

491. De Fin. ii. 22.

492. Lib. v. 1152.

493. Lib. iii. 988.

494. Lib. ii. 7.

495. Diog. La. x. 3.

496. Sen. de Benef. iv. 19.

497. Diog. La. x.

498. Georg. ii. 490.

499. Georg. iii. 478.

500. Plin. xxxvii. 6.

501. Suet. v. Jul. 73.

502. See Carm. cxvi.

503. Anthol. 208.

504. Apuleius.

505. Carm. li.

506. Od. IV. iii. 23.

507. Od. III. xx. 13.

508. Lect. cvi.

509. Lib. v. 132, 166.

510. Cic. Brut. 82; ad Fam. xv. 21; Dial. de Or. 18; Quint. xi. 115.

512. Sat. I. x. 16.

513. Cat. Carm. X. xcv.

514. Ecl. 9.

515. Suet. de Ill. Gram. 2–9.

516. Wernsdorf, Po. Lat. Mi.

517. H. N. xxv. 2.

518. Od. ii. 9; Sat. I. x.

519. Wernsdorf.

520. Sat. II. v. 41.

521. Hieron. in Euseb. Chron.

522. See Meyer’s Anthol. Lat.

523. Ibid. 77, 78.

524. Lib. x. i. 87.

525. Hor. Sat. I. x. 46.

526. Anthol. 77, 78.

527. See, on this subject, Niebuhr’s Lectures on Roman History, cvi.

528. Mart. Ep. xii. 68.

529. See Quint. de Inst. Or.

530. Servius.

531. Scalig. in Euseb. Chron.

532. B.C. 55.

533. See v. 7.

534. Ecl. ix. 18.

535. B.C. 40.

536. B.C. 38.

537. Alexander, an Italian abbot, states, on the evidence of two spurious verses, that he was governor of Naples and Calabria.

538. Ep. viii. 56.

539. Carm. xv. 12.

540. Hor. Sat. I. v. 49.

541. Carm. i. 3.

542. There has been much discussion respecting the precise place of his burial. (See Cramer’s Anc. It. ii. 174.) Addison, in opposition to the popular belief, thought it almost certain that it stood on that side of the town which looks towards Vesuvius. (Remarks on Italy, p. 164; sec. ed.)

543. Meyer, Anthol. 95.

544. Dial. de Caus. Corrup. El. 13.

545. Hor. Sat. I. v. 41.

546. Macrob. Saturn. I. sub fine.

547. Plin. N. H. vii. 30.

548. See Meyer’s Anthol. 85–111.

549.

550. Faery Queene, book iii. c. ii. 3. See Dunlop, iii.

551. Spenser, adopting the incorrect orthography and etymology of Petrarch, writes the word Æglogue, and derives it from a???? ?????—tales of goats or goatherds.

552. Sat. I. x. 44.

553. Id. x. and xxi.

554. In Euseb. Chron.

555. B.C. 39.

556. PrÆl. de Sacr. Po. He. xxi. p. 289.

557. Orat. ad Sanctos, 19, 20; apud Euseb.

558. In 1 Cor. ii.

559. Adv. Jor. lib. i.

560. Contra Faust, i. 13, 2.

561. Orat. ParÆn.

562. See notes to Pope’s Messiah.

563. Decl. and Fall. c. xx. vol. iii. p. 269.

564. A. Gell. N. A. xvii. 10.

565. Misc. Works, vol. i.

566. G. iv. 560–564.

567. G. ii. 171.

568. See Dunlop, H. of R. L. iii. s. v. Virg.

569. B.C. 27.

570. Æn. ii. 567–589.

571. Ibid. vi. 511.

572. Æn. viii. 626.

573. Ibid. i.

574. Book v.

575. Macrob. Saturn. v. 13.

576. Saturn. vi. 1, 2, 3.

577. Compare De Nat. Rer. ii. 24; vi. 136, 1143–1224; with Georg. ii. 461, 467, &c.; iii. 478, 505, 509, &c.

578. Iliad, ?. 506; Æn. xi. 492.

579. Spence’s Anecdotes.

580. See, on this subject, Dunlop’s Hist. iii. 151.

581. See Clarke’s Homer, Il. iii. 363, note.

582. H. N. xxxv. 10.

583. Lect. cvi. on R. H.

584. Introd. Lect. iv.

585. Serv. ad Æn. i. 98; ii. 797; iii. 10.

586. Meyer, Anthol. 85, 93, &c.

587. Od. IV. iii. 23.

588. De Off. i. 42.

589. Sat. I. vi. 86.

590. Ibid. I. vi. 71.

591. Od. III. xxx. 10.

592. Ibid. IV. ix. 2.

593. Od. III. iv. 9.

594. Sat. I. vi. 71.

595. See ex. gr. Ep. II. 41; Od. III. vi. 37; Sat. II. ii. 112.

596. Ep. II. i. 70.

597. Ibid. ii. 41.

598. Sat. I. vi. 76.

599. Sat. I. vi.

600. Ibid. vi.

601. Ibid. iv. 103.

602. Ep. II. ii. 43.

603. Sat. I. vi.

604. Od. II. vii.

605. Ep. II. ii. 49.

606. Suet. in Vita.

607. Ep. II. xiv. 17.

608. Sat. I. vi. 114.

609. Ep. II. ii. 51.

610. Sat. I. vi.

611. B. C. 41.

612. Sat. I. v. 39.

613. Ibid. vi. 55.

614. Sat. I. v.

615. According to Bentley, he composed them in the twenty-sixth, twenty-seventh, and twenty-eighth years of his age; according to Clinton, in the twenty-fifth, twenty-sixth, and twenty-seventh.

616. Ex. gr. viii. xi. xii.

617. See Od. I. 16, 22.

618. Sat. II. vi. 1.

619. Ibid. 8.

620. Ibid. 10.

621. Ibid. vi. 33.

622. Ibid. 38.

623. Ibid. 47.

624. Ep. I. 18.

625. Sat. II. vi. 62.

626. Ibid. vi. 61.

627. Ibid. iii. 11.

628. Ep. I. iv. 15; xx. 24; Suet. V. H.

629. Ep. I. xiv.; Od. I. xvii.

630. Sat. II. vi. 65.

631. Od. III. 4.

632. Sat. II. i. 45.

633. Clinton, Fasti: B.C. 35, 34, 33.

634. Sat. II. vi.

635. B.C. 31.

636. Ex. gr. ix. xvi.

637. See Ep. VII. ix.

638. B.C. 29.

639. Clinton, F. H.

640. Lib. iii. 30.

641. Lib. iii. 29.

642. Ep. I. i. 1–10.

643. See Vit. Hor. Suet.

644. Ep. I. xx.

645. Suet. Ep. Aug. in Vita.

646. Ep. I. vii. 26; 3.

647. Ep. I. xx.

648. Od. II. iv. 22.

649. This feud continued until the time of Persius. (See Sat I. 141, and Gifford’s note.)

650. See De Chaupy, Eustace, Milman, &c.

651. Od. III. 13.

652. DÉcouverte de la Maison d’Horace, tom. iii. p. 364.

653. Illust. to Childe Harold, p. 42.

654. Hist. of Rom. Lit. iii. 213.

655. Od. I. vii. 29.

656. See Milman’s Hor. p. 97.

657. Ep. I. xvi. 5. See also Eustace’s Class. Tour.

658. Ep. I. xviii. 105.

659. Ep. I. xiv. 2.

660. Ep. I. xiv. 23.

661. See also Pope’s imitation of this passage, Essay on Satire, part iii.

662. See Persius, Sat. I. 114.

663. Sat. I. 8.

664. Ibid. 9.

665. Ibid. v.

666. Sat. II. vi.

667. Sat. I. vi.

668. Ibid. vii.

669. Sat. II. iv.

670. Sat. I. 1.

671. Ibid. 2.

672. Ibid. 3.

673. See Prof. Anthon’s Horace, Donaldson’s Pindar, &c.

674. Meyer, Anthol. Rom. 114, 115.

675. Hom. Od. I. i.

676. Od. IV. ii.

677. Lib. lii. 14, &c.

678. B.C. 40

679. Tac. Ann. vi. ii.

680. B.C. 31.

681. Annal. iii. 30.

682. Hor. Sat. i. 8, 7.

683. Mart. viii. 56.

684. Plin. vii. 51; Hor. C. ii. 17.

685. Sen. de Prov. iii. 9.

686. Suet. 26.

687. Lib. ix. 4, 28.

688. The three passages quoted by Quintilian show a wanton awkwardness in arrangement almost inconceivable:—

The last of these he considers especially offensive, because he seems to be trifling with a melancholy subject.

689. Sen. Ep. 114.

690. Tac. Ann. i. 54.

691. Epp. iv. 14; vii. 4.

692. Sat. I. x.; Od. ii. 9.

693. Weichert, Poet. Lat. Rell.

694. Lib. iii. i. 18.

695. Ep. xli. i.

696. H. N. xxv. 2.

697. Tib. Op. iv. i. 180.

698. Sat. I. x. 44.

699. Ep. i. 16. See Schol.

700. Meyer’s Anthol.

701. Ecl. vi. 64.

702. Cic. ad Fam. x. 32.

703. Dion Cass. liii. 23.

704. Trist. iv. 10, 5.

705. Lib. x. i. 93; i. 5, 8.

706. See Hor. Od. i. 33; Ep. i. 4.

707. El. i.

708. El. i. and iv.

709. El. i.

710. Nieb. Lect. cvii.

711. Amorum iii. 9.

712. Od. iv. 1, 3, 4, 13; Ep. i. 7, 27, 14, 33.

713. Sat. I. ii.

714. Sat. II. viii.

715. Apol. p. 279.

716. Lect. on R. H. 107.

717. Meyer’s Anthol. Vet. Lat. Ep. No. 122.

718. B.C. 45; A.U.C. 709.

719. Schol. in Propert.

721. Niebuhr.

722. Trist. iv. 10, 45.

723. Prop. IV. i. 128, and ii. 25.

724. Ibid. IV. i.

725. Ibid. II. xiv. 15–18.

726. Ibid. I. 1, 2; x. ii. 16.

727. Ibid. I. ii. 27.

728. Ibid. II. iii. 17.

729. Prop. IV. i. 63.

730. Inst. Orat. x. 1.

731. Trist. IV. x. 33.

732. Trist. iv. 10.

733. See Cic. Brut. 446.

734. Metam. xiii.

735. Controv. ii. 10.

736. See distinction between these in ch. viii.

737. Amor. II. xi. 10.

738. Ep. ex Ponto, ii. 10.

739. Trist. IV. x. 100.

740. Ibid. IV. x. 90, and III. i. 52.

741. Ibid. I. ii. 107.

742. Ibid. iv. 10, 101; Ep. ex Pont. p. ii. vii.

743. See Class. Museum, iv. 13.

744. Hist. Abreg. de la Lit. Rom.

745. Trist. III. i. 65.

746. Ex Ponto, IV. ix. 82.

747. Trist. I. iii.

748. Ibid. V. ii.

749. Ex Pont. IV. ix. 97.

750. See II. xviii. 19.

751. Rem. Am. 43.

752. Trist. i. vi. 30.

753. Metam. ii. i.

754. Ibid. i. 89.

755. Ibid. iv. 55.

756. Ibid. viii. 628.

757. Ibid. iii. 407.

758. Ibid. xi. 592.

759. Ibid. viii. 152.

760. Ibid. vii. 661.

761. Ibid. vii. 11.

762. Trist. ii. v. 549.

763. Hor. Od. I. 33.

764. Lib. iii. 7.

765. Ar. Am. iii. 205.

766. Plin. H. N. xxxii. 54.

767. In. Or. x. 98.

768. Ep. ex Pont. iv. 16, 33.

769. See Bernhardy, Gr. 440.

770. Bern. 409.

771. Quint. x. 1.

772. Ibid. iv. 16, 6.

773. Ep. ii. 77.

774. Ann. ii. 23; Suasor. I.

775. Ex Pont. iv. 16, 13.

776. Amor. ii. 18, 27.

777. Bernhardy, 451.

778. Ep. ex Pont. iv. 16, 13.

779. Smith’s Dict. Glaser im Rhein. Mus. N. F. i. 437.

780. Lib. i. 798–897; iv. 763.

781. Hor. Od. I. xxxi.

782. Cicero, notwithstanding his opposite politics, admired Marius, to whom he was distantly related, and thought it an honour to have been born near Arpinum. He quotes a saying of Pompey’s (Cic. de Leg. ii. 3,) that Arpinum had produced two citizens who had preserved Italy. Valerius Maximus thinks that Arpinum, in this respect, enjoyed a singular privilege:—ConspicuÆ felicitatis Arpinum unicum, sive litterarum gloriosissimum contemptorem, sive abundantissimum fontem intueri velis.

783. De Orat. ii. 1.

784. Brut. 56.

785. Meyer, Anthol. Rom. 66.

786. B.C. 89.

787. Pro Quint. B.C. 81.

788. B.C. 79.

789. De Fin. 5, 1.

790. B.C. 77.

791. B.C. 76; Æt. 31.

792. T. Q. v. 3.

793. B.C. 74.

794. B.C. 69.

795. In Pis. iii.; ad Fam. v. 2.

796. B.C. 61.

797. B.C. 58.

798. Ad Att. x. 4.

799. Ad Fam. x. iv. 4; ad Att. iii. 13.

800. Pro Planco, 26.

801. In Pis. xxii.; Post red. xv.

802. B.C. 53.

803. Att. ii. 5.

804. Niebuhr.

805. See Letters to Att. passim.

806. B.C. 46.

807. B.C. 43.

808. He wrote during that year the De Officiis, De Divinatione, De Fato, Topica, and the lost treatise De Gloria, besides a vast number of Letters.

809. Pro MurÆna, 3.

810. De Leg., introduction.

811. Poverty and barrenness were most probably instrumental in producing the diffuseness and exuberance of the Asiatic and Rhodian schools. Their literature and philosophy were deficient in matter, and they sought to hide this defect by the external ornaments of language. For a long time Athens, strong in her pure classic taste, successfully resisted this influence; and in the time of Cicero the tastes of the two schools were in direct opposition. But the flowers of rhetoric are captivating: another generation saw the supremacy of rhetoric at Rome; and the days of Petronius Arbiter (Satyr. book ii.) witnessed the migration of Asiatic taste to Athens.

812. Cicero tells us (de Orat. i. 57, 58) that Galba, Antony, and Sulpicius were ignorant of jurisprudence; that the chief requisites were elegance, wit, pathos, &c. For legal knowledge they trusted to jurisconsults. In the oration pro MurÆna, even he himself sneers at a technical knowledge of law.

813. Delivered B.C. 81.

814. B.C. 80.

815. De Orat.

816. B.C. 70.

817. B.C. 69.

818. B.C. 66.

819. Belles Lettres, Lect. xxviii.

820. B.C. 61.

821. SchrÖter. Leips. 1818.

822. B.C. 56.

823. B.C. 55.

824. Born about B.C. 2.

825. B.C. 56.

826. Phil. ii.

827. Phil. i.; B.C. 44.

828. De Orat. i. 2.

829. For the arguments on this point see Smith’s Dict. i. 726.

830. B.C. 55, 46, 45.

831. B.C. 47.

832. B.C. 46.

833. B.C. 45.

834. Tusc. i. 3. See also ii. 2.

835. De Off. i. 1.

836. De Div. II. ii.

837. De Fin. iii. 2.

838. Epist. iv. 18.

839. Ibid. lviii.

840. Ex. gr. De Div. ii. 1; Brut. 93.

841. See also T. D. ii. 4; x. b. v. ii.

842. A.U.C. 592; Gell. N. A. xv. 2.

843. Cic. de Or. ii. 37.

844. Tusc. iv. 3.

845. Ritter, H. of Ph. vol. iv. xii. 2, note.

846. Tusc. iv. 3.

847. Ac. Post. I. 2.

848. De Rep. i. 18, 19.

849. De Off. i. 43.

850. De Off. i. 43.

851. De Fin. iv. 9.

852. Tusc. i. 27, 28.

853. De Leg. ii. 13.

854. De Sen. 21.

855. B.C. 45.

856. B.C. 54.

857. Lib. i. 26, 35, 45; ii. 23.

858. Ethics.

859. Lib. i. 27, 28; ii. 39.

860. Lib. i. 29, 35, 45.

861. See Tac. Annal. I.

862. See Meyer’s Anthol. 67.

863. Hor. Od. ii. 1.

864. Hieron. in Eus. Ch.

865. Catull. xii. 1.

866. B.C. 39.

867. Tac. Ann. i. 12.

868. Plin. Ep. vii. 4; Suet. Cl. 41.

869. Sat. I. x.; Carm. ii. 1.

870. Ecl. iii. 86; viii.

871. Dial. de Orat. 21.

872. Lib. x. i. 113.

873. Ad. Fam. x. 31, 32, 33.

874. Lect. R. H. cvi.

875. Plin. H. N. vii. 3; xxxv. 2.

876. See Exc. in Delph. Cic.

877. B.C. 116.

878. Cic. Brut. i. 56.

879. Cic. Acad. iii. 12.

880. Cic. Phil. ii. 18.

881. CÆs. B. G. i. 38; ii. 17.

882. Cic. ad Fam. ix. 13.

883. B.C. 43.

884. Plin. N. H. xxix. 4.

885. Quint. x. i. 95.

886. See Meyer’s Anthol. 78.

887. Meyer, Anthol. Rom. 34–51.

888. See ad Att. i. 3, 5, 10, 11, 14.

889. B.C. 60.

890. Ad Fam. v. 12; xv. 21, 6.

891. Ad Att. ix. 1.

892. Consul, B.C. 74.

893. Ad Att. i. 19.

894. Cio. pro Arch.

895. Cic. Brut. 62.

896. Ad Att. i. 19; Liv. iv. 23; x. 9.

897. Hieron. Chron. Euseb.

898. PrÆf. Epigr. i. 3.

899. Gell. xv. 28.

900. Cic. ad Att. xvi. 5.

901. Lib. xvii. 21, 3.

902. Lib. i. 3.

903. A. Gell. vii. 18; xxi. 8.

904. Ibid. xv. 28.

905. Lactant. Inst. Div. iii. 15.

906. C. Nep. Vit. Dion. 3.

907. B.C. 80.

908. Suet. CÆs. 4; Cic. Att. ii. 1.

909. Brut. 91.

910. B.C. 81.

911. B.C. 70.

912. B.C. 62.

913. Germ. 28.

914. Annal. xiii. 3.

915. Suet. v. Jul. 55.

916. See Macr. Sat. i. 16.

917. Ibid.

918. B.C. 46.

919. B.C. 61.

920. Suet. V. Jul. 44.

921. A. Gell. i. 22.

922. Merivale’s H. of R. ii. 422.

923. Suet. 44; Plin. H. N. vii. 31.

924. Cic. Brut. 72; Tac. Ann. xiii. 3; Quint. x. i. 114.

925. Meyer, Fr. Or. Rom. p. 404.

926. Nieb. Lect. R. H. xcv.

927. See Dodwell’s Dissert. in CÆs. Ed. Var.

928. The friendship which existed between these great men furnishes an anecdote (Suet. V. J. C. 72) characteristic of the most amiable feature in CÆsar’s character, his devoted and hearty attachment to those whom he loved. Once, when they were journeying together, they reached a cottage, in which only one room was to be procured; Oppius was ill, and CÆsar gave up the room to his sick friend, whilst he bivouacked in the open air.

930. See Niebuhr, Lect. R. H.

931. Smith’s Dict. in loco.

932. Brut. 71, 72, 75.

933. PrÆf. to book viii.

934. Suet. 56.

935. Juv. vi. 338; Suet. 56; Gell. iv. 16; Cic. Div. ii. 9.

936. Ad Att. xii. 40, 41, 44, 45; xiii. 37, 40, 48, 50.

937. Cic. Brut. 72.

938. See Nieb. L. R. H. xcv.; Suet. 66; Cic. ad Fam. ix. 16.

939. Meyer’s Lat. Anthol. 68, 69, 70.

940. A. Gellius tells us (xvii. 9) that he was the author of Letters to Oppius, written in cipher, of which he gives the following interesting description:—“Erat conventum inter eos clandestinum de commutando situ literarum ut inscriptio quidem alia alius locum et nomen teneret sed in legendo locus cuique suus et potestas restitueretur.” Suetonius (Vit. CÆs. 56) describes in the same way the nature of the cipher which he used, and illustrates it by saying that he used to put d for a, and so forth.

941. Matth. H. L.

942. Heind. on Hor. Sat. p. 40.

943. Dion. Cas. xi. 63.

944. Macrob. Saturn. ii. 9.

945. Dion. xliii. 9.

946. Jug. c. 30.

947. Cat. iv.

948. Bel. Cat. vii.

949. De Leg. i. 2; Brut. 64.

950. B.C. 66.

951. Lect. R. H. lxxxviii.

952. B.C. 63.

953. Cat. vii.

954. Quint. I. O. x. 1.

955. Ep. cxiv.

956. Justin, xliii. 5.

957. Born B.C. 378.

958. Ep. I. 62.

959. Tac. Ann. iv. 34.

960. Quint. x. i. 39.

961. Suet. V. Cl. 41.

962. Ep. II. 3.

963. Nisard, ii. 405.

964. Lib. xliii. 13.

965. B.C. 9.

966. See Smith’s Biog. ii. 791.

967. Viz., 136 and 137.

968. Sen. Suasor. 100.

969. Euseb. Chron.

970. Sen. Proem. to Controv. V.

971. Inst. Or. x. 1.

972. See Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 39, and Tac. Hist. iii. 72.

973. See i. 50; iv. 35; vi. 27.

974. Augustus, according to Tacitus, (Ann. iv. 3,) thought Livy so violent a Pompeian that he once forbade one of his grandsons to read his history.

975. Cic. Or. ii. 12; Quint. x. 2, 7; Serv. in Æn. i. 373.

976. See Arnold’s Hist. of Rome.

977. Lib. x. 38; iv. 7, 23.

978. Vesp. 8. See also Tac. Hist. iii. 71.

979. Or. i. 43.

980. Com. de Font. Hist. Liv.

981. Vide Niebuhr (Lect. on Rom. Lit. vii.,) who takes the opposite view.

982. Lib. ii. 21; iv. 7; vi. 1.

983. Val. Max. i. 7; ad Att. xiii. 8.

984. V. Hann. 22. Cornelius Nepos says that the Alpis Graia derived its name from Hercules having passed by that route. Probably the real derivation of the epithet is the root of the German “Grau.”

985. Bell. Gall. i. 11.

986. R. L. Lect. viii.

987. Lib. ii. 56, 10.

988. Quint. x. i. 101.

989. Lib. x. i. 101.

990. Lib. viii. i. 1, 5, 56.

991. Provincialism is not an accurate term; for the worst Latin was spoken in Italy, whilst the only Latin spoken in the provinces or conquered dependencies was as polished as that of the capital.

992. Lect. R. L. viii.

993. Orell. Ins. Lat. 4145.

994. See Smith’s Dict. of Biogr. sub. v.

995. Lib. vi. PrÆf. and Vita Vitr. ed. Bipont.

996. Lib. vi. PrÆf. and Vita Vitr. ed. Bipont.

997. Lib. ii. 6.

998. Life and Trans. of Vitr. 1791.

999. See his Preface.

1000. Lib. i.

1001. Lib. ii.

1002. Lib. iii. and iv.

1003. Lib. v.

1004. Lib. vi.

1005. Lib. vii.

1006. Lib. viii.

1007. Lib. ix.

1008. Lib. x.

1009. See Philolog. Museum, vol. i. p. 536.

1010. Lib. v. i. 13.

1011. A.D. 14.

1012. Prol. lib. i.

1013. Prol. lib. iii.

1014. Lib. iii. 20.

1015. Cons. ad Polybium, 27.

1016. Prol. lib. iii.

1017. Lib. iii. 40.

1018. Lib. ii. 7.

1019. Lib. v. 4.

1020. Lib. i. 15.

1021. See Nisard, Etudes sur les PoËtes Latins, tom. i. 9.

1022. Dion. Cass. lviii. 19.

1023. Tac. Ann. vi. 38.

1024. HÆc Tiberius non mari, ut olim, divisus, neque per longinquos nuntios accipiebat, sed urbem juxta; eodem ut die, vel noctis interjectu, literis consulum rescriberet; quasi aspiciens undantem per domos sanguinem, aut manus carnificum.—Tac. Ann. vi. 39.

1025. Lib. i. 6.

1026. Suet. Vit. Claud. 27.

1027. A.D. 23.

1028. Tac. Ann. I. i.

1029. Vide Suet. Vit. Calig. 27.

1030. Suet. Claud. 42.

1031. Lib. iv. 6.

1032. See lib. i. 2, 9; ii. 7, 8; iii. 6, 9.

1033. Ecl. viii. 10.

1034. Tac. Ann. xiv. 52.

1035. Inst. Or. ix. 2, 9.

1036. Annal. xiv.

1037. Epist. v.

1038. Lib. i. Ep. 6.

1039. Bernhardy, Grund. p. 373.

1040. A.D. 472.

1041. Nisard, Etudes, tom. i. 88, et seq.

1042. Tac. Ann. xv. 63.

1043. See Nisard.

1044. lxxxvi.

1045. liv.

1046. v. 156.

1047. v. 393.

1048. Of the closeness with which Seneca imitated the Greek tragic poets, the two following passages will serve as specimens:—

1049. Juv. vi. 451; vii. 219.

1050. Suet. Pers. Vit.

1051. De Illust. Gram. 23.

1052. Ruperti in Juv. vii.

1053. Sat. iii. 44.

1054. Quint. I. O. ii. 7; x. 5.

1055. Quintilian (I. O. x. 96) pronounces the lyric poetry of Bassus inferior only to that of Horace; but only two lines of his poems are extant. He was destroyed by the same eruption in which Pliny the elder perished.

1056. Tac. Ann. xvi. 21.

1057. Sat. i. 12.

1058. Lib. x. 1.

1059. Trans. of Juv. and Pers. vol. i. p. lxvii. Introd.

1060. See Spect. No. 207.

1061. Sat. ii. 71.

1062. Sat. iii. 98.

1063. De Civ. Dei, v.

1064. Sat. iii. 35.

1065. See especially ver. 61.

1066. See this argument quoted by Gifford, ii. xlvii., from H. Frere, v. 14.

1067. Sat. v. 14.

1068. Sat. I. vi. 5.

1069. Ibid. i. 118.

1070. A. P. 102.

1071. Sat. i. 91.

1072. Ibid. II. vii. 87.

1073. Ibid. i. 65.

1074. Sat. II. vi. 10.

1075. Ibid. ii. 10.

1076. Ep. II. ii. 4.

1077. Sat. iv. 12.

1078. Ep. II. i. 80.

1079. Sat. v. 10, 3.

1080. Ibid. vii. 82.

1081. Sat. i. 2–13.

1082. Ibid. iii. 9.

1083. Ibid. vii. 90, 91.

1084. Ibid. iii. 319.

1085. Sat. iii. 137, 148.

1086. Sat. ii. 1.

1087. Ibid. i. and v.

1088. Ibid. ii.

1089. Tac. Ann. xv. 38. See also Juv. S. ii.

1090. Sat. vi.

1091. Nisard, vol. i. 461.

1092. Sat. vii.

1093. Sat. x. sub fin.

1094. Ibid. iii. and x.

1095. Ibid. x. 56–67.

1096. The authorities from which we derive our knowledge of the inner life and social habits and affections of the Romans are:—(1.) Ancient monuments. (2.) Cicero’s speeches and letters; Horace and the elegiac poets. (3.) The later classic poets, such as Juvenal, Martial, Statius. (4.) Gellius, Petronius, Seneca, Suetonius, the two Plinys. (5.) The grammarians. (6.) Greek authors, such as Plutarch, Lucian, AthenÆus, &c. See, on this subject, Bekker’s Gallus—Preface.

1097. Ch. viii. v. 12.

1098. Suet. V. Neron. 12.

1099. Tac. Ann. xv. 49.

1100. Tac. Ann. xv. 48.

1101. Ibid. 57.

1102. Ibid. iii. 635, or v. 811.

1103. Ep. i. 61.

1104. x. i. 90.

1105. Lib. iii.

1106. E. g. v. 165.

1107. Lib. vii. 63.

1108. See also iv. 14; vi. 64; viii. 66; ix. 86; xi. 49–51.

1109. Strabo, Geog. v. 167.

1110. See notes to Plin. Ep. ed. Var.

1111. Mart. Ep. viii. 66.

1112. Suet. v. Octav. 101.

1113. Ep. iii. 7.

1114. Nero and Vitellius.

1115. Introd. Lect. on R. H. viii.

1116. Lib. i. 62, 77.

1117. Inst. Orat. x. i. 90.

1118. A.D. 39.

1119. Silv. v. iii.

1120. A.D. 86.

1121. Juv. vii. 82.

1122. Silv. iv. 2.

1123. Lib. vii. 82.

1124. Vide Vita Gyraldi, Dial. iv. de Poet. Lat.

1125. Lib. I. i. 3, 5.

1126. Lib. ii. 2.

1127. Ibid. ii. 7.

1128. Ibid. i. 2.

1129. Ibid. ii. 6; iii. 3.

1130. Silv. ii. 5.

1131. Ibid. 3.

1133. Ibid. iii. 4.

1134. Silv. J. 6; iv. 9.

1135. Lib. i. 6; ii. 7; iv. 3, 9.

1136. Ibid. iv. 5.

1137. Ibid. 7.

1138. See Epig. vi. 21.

1139. I. O. x. 3.

1140. See a passage from Nero’s Troica, in Meyer’s Anthol.

1141. Nevertheless, Aratus enjoyed a large share of popularity. CÆsar and Cicero translated his works; Virgil and Manilius borrowed from them; Ovid and Maximus Tyrius compared him with Homer; and St. Paul was acquainted with his Phenomena, and quotes from it (Acts xvii. 28.) There is an English translation of his works by Dr. Lamb.

1142. Lib. iv. i. 2; x. i. 19.

1143. See Meyer’s Anthol.

1144. Anthol. 52, 80, 81–84.

1145. Lib. ix. 13; v. 33; iv. 65; v. 25, is something like an acrostic.

1146. Lib. ix. Ep. 74.

1147. Vide Nisard, Etudes, i. 335.

1148. Lib. i. 50.

1149. Lib. xii. 18.

1150. Lib. x. 103.

1151. Ibid.

1152. Plin. iii. 3.

1153. Lib. iii. 94.

1154. Lib. x. 24.

1155. A.D. 65.

1156. Lib. iii. 94.

1157. Lib. v. 13.

1158. Lib. iii. 94.

1159. Nisard, 337.

1160. Lib. vii. 36.

1161. Lib. i. 77.

1162. Lib. vii. 16.

1163. Lib. vii. 35.

1164. Lib. xii. 31.

1165. A.D. 100.

1166. Lib. xii. 31.

1167. Lib. xii. 21.

1168. Lib. iii. 20, 21.

1169. PrÆf. ad lib. xii.

1170. Lib. x. 65.

1171. There are two readings of the line to which allusion is here made, viz.:—

and

The latter is the one adopted.

1172. Lib. i. 5.

1173. For example, lib. iii. 48.

1174. Lib. vii. 88.

1175. Lib. vii. 89.

1176. Lib. i. 12; vii. 30.

1177. Lib. i. 1.

1178. Lib. x. 100; i. 54; iv. 46.

1179. Martial generally condemns suicide; for instance, “Fortiter ille facit qui miser esse potest,” and “Hunc volo laudari, qui sine morte potest.” But, see epigram on death of Otho (Lib. vi. 32.)

1180. Suasor. vii.

1181. A.D. 25; Tac. Ann. iv. 34.

1182. Suet. Calig. 16.

1183. A.D. 31.

1184. A.D. 30.

1185. Lib. ii. 6, 8.

1186. A.D. 98.

1187. Plin. Ep. vii. 20.

1188. Plin. Ep. ii. 1.

1189. Ep. II. xi.

1190. A.D. 117.

1191. Lect. R. H. cxix.

1192. Agric. 4.

1193. Cap. iii.

1194. Cap. ix., xxxix., xl., xliii.

1195. Cap. iv.

1196. Cap. vii.

1197. Cap. xi.

1198. Cap. xiii.

1199. Cap. xviii., xix.

1200. Cap. xxi.

1201. Cap. xxiv.

1202. Cap. xxiii.

1203. Cap. xxii.

1204. Cap. xxii.

1205. Cap. xxv.

1206. Cap. xi.

1207. From cap. xxviii.

1208. Cap. xl.

1209. Cap. xlv.

1210. Cap. xlvi.

1211. A.D. 69.

1212. A.D. 96.

1213. Hist i. 1.

1214. A.D. 117.

1215. Hist. i. 4.

1216. Hist. v. 2.

1217. Ibid. iii.

1218. Ibid. v.

1219. Ibid. ix.

1220. B.C. 62.

1221. Ann. iv. 71.

1222. A.D. 14.

1223. A.D. 68.

1224. Life of Agricola.

1225. Vit. Agric. ii.

1226. Agric. 42.

1227. Ann. xiv. 12.

1228. See A. Krause de Font. et Auctor. Suet.

1229. Cap. 57.

1230. Ep. I. 18.

1231. See e. g. CÆs. 81; Aug. 6, 94; Tib. 14, 74; Calig. 5, 57, &c.

1232. See Ep. III. 8.

1233. Ep. X. 95.

1234. Spart. L. of Had. c. ii.

1235. S. v. ??????????.

1236. Lect. R. H. cxvi. note.

1237. De Suet. Fontibus. Berl. 1831.

1238. Ann. ii. 61.

1239. Cal. 19; Nero, 29; Tit. 3.

1240. Lib. cxvi.

1241. Book iv. 20.

1242. Book x. 9.

1243. Lect. R. H. cxxviii.

1244. See Bernhardy, Grundriss, 550.

1245. Anthol. Lat. ii. 97, Burm. or 212 Meyer. Titze ed. Flor. Prag. 1819.

1246. Ep. i. 3; ii. 2.

1247. Matth. 284.

1248. PrÆf. ad Controv. i. 67.

1249. A.D. 41.

1250. Tac. Ann. xii. 8.

1251. Ibid. xiii. 2.

1252. Quint. viii. 5, 18.

1253. Ibid. xiii. 42.

1254. A.D. 58.

1255. Quint. xiv. 53.

1256. Ibid. xv. 60.

1257. Ad. 65.

1258. Ep. 108.

1259. Ann. xiii.; xiv. 2.

1260. Lib. lxi. 10.

1261. Ep. 94, 95.

1262. Ep. 45.

1263. See ex. gr. Ep. 88, 106.

1264. See L. vii. c. 30.

1265. Anon. Life.

1266. Suet. Vit.; Hieron. Eus. Chron.

1267. Matth. H. of L. s. v.

1268. Ep. iii. 5.

1269. See PrÆf. to N. H.

1270. A. D. 79.

1271. Ep. iv. 43.

1272. Ep. vi. 16, 20.

1273. Ep. vi. 20.

1274. See Proem. 17.

1275. Proem. 16, 17.

1276. See book ii.

1277. Book ii.

1278. Books iii.-vi.

1279. Books vii.-xi.

1280. Book vii. 4.

1281. Book viii. 30.

1282. Book viii. 30.

1283. Book viii. 31.

1284. Book viii. 33.

1285. Books xii.-xxvii.

1286. Books xxviii.-xxxii.

1287. Biogr. Un. art. Plin.

1288. Ep. vi. 20.

1289. Ep. ii. 1.

1290. Ep. vi. 6.

1291. Sen. Suasor. I.

1292. Ep. vii. 4.

1293. Ep. v. 8.

1294. Ep. iv. 13.

1295. Ep. i. 8.

1296. A.D. 100.

1297. Ep. x. 97 and 98.

1298. Ep. v. ii.

1299. Lib. x.

1300. Ep. viii. 5.

1301. Ep. v. i.

1302. Ep. vi. 20.

1303. A.D. 40.

1304. Auson. Profess. i. 7.

1305. Inst. Or. i. 138.

1306. I. O. iv. Proem.

1307. Pl. Ep. ii. 14.*

1308. Sat. vii. 197. Another professor of rhetoric, Ausonius, was also elevated to the consulship by the Emperor Gratian, A.D. 379.

1309. Suet. Vesp. 18.

1310. Juv. vii. 186.

1311. Ep. vi. 32.

1312. I. O. vi. Proem.

1313. Epig. i. 62.

1314. Epig. ii. 90.

1315. I. O. Proem. iv.

1316. I. O. Proem. I.

1317. Lib. i. i.

1318. Cap. ii.

1319. Cap. i.

1320. Lib. i. passim.

1321. Cap. iii.

1322. Cap. vi.

1323. Cap. vii.

1324. Cap. v.

1325. Cap. viii.

1326. Cap. xi.

1327. Cap. x.

1328. Lib. ii. i.

1329. Cap. iii.

1330. Cap. ii.

1331. Cap. iv. and v.

1332. Cap. xiii. ad fin.

1333. Lib. i. ii.

1334. Cap. iii. ad fin.

1335. Lib. iv. i.

1336. Cap. ii.

1337. Cap. iii. iv.

1338. Cap. v.

1339. Lib. v. i.-xiv.

1340. Cap. i.

1341. Cap. ii.

1342. Cap. iii.

1343. Cap. ii.

1344. Cap. iii.

1346. Cap. iv.

1347. Lib. ix. i. ii. iii.

1348. Lib. x. i.

1349. Lib. x. ii.

1350. Lib. x. i. and lib. xii. x. xi.

1351. Lib. iii. iv.

1352. Cap. v.

1353. Cap. vi.

1354. Cap. vii.

1355. Lib. xi. i.

1356. Cap. ii. iii.

1357. Vide Proem.

1358. Cap. i.

1359. Cap. i.

1360. Cap. ii.

1361. Lib. iv.

1362. Lib. iii.

1363. Cap. vi.

1364. Cap. vii.

1365. Cap. viii. ix.

1366. Suet. v. Ti.

1367. Lib. viii. 6.

1368. H. N. xxix.

1369. Cap. i. ii.

1370. Cap. iii. iv.

1371. Cap. v. vi.

1372. Cap. vii. viii.

1373. Lib. x. 185.

1374. PrÆf. 20.

1375. Lib. ii. 10.

1376. Lib. ii.

1377. Lib. i.

1378. Lib. vi. vii. viii. ix.

1379. Lib. iii. iv. v.

1380. Lib. xii.

1381. See Smith’s Dict. of Antiq. s. v.

1382. A.D. 70.

1383. Tac. Agric.

1384. De Ag. I.

1385. About A.D. 106.

1386. Macrobius.