The Political History of England - Vol XI / From Addington's Administration to the close of William IV.'s Reign (1801-1837)

CONTENTS.

Addington.

		PAGE
Mar., 1801.	The new ministry	1
	Condition of Ireland	2
	Expedition to Copenhagend	3
Sept.	Egypt evacuated by the French	6
	French diplomatic successes	6
	Bonaparte's concordat with the pope	7
	Peace negotiations with France	8
	Cornwallis at Amiens	10
25 Mar., 1802.	The treaty of Amiens	12
	Parliamentary criticism of the treaty	14
July.	General election	15
Nov.	Colonel Despard's conspiracy	16
	Further aggressions of Napoleon	17
	His colonial policy	18
	Negotiations between Whitworth and the French government	19
18 May, 1803.	Renewal of the war with France	22

CHAPTER II.

The Return of Pitt.

23 July, 1803.	Emmet's rebellion	23
	Pitt's discontent with the ministry	24
	Ministerial changes	27
Jan., 1804.	The king's illness	29
April.	Addington's resignation	31
	The exclusion of Fox	32
18 May.	Napoleon declared emperor	33
	Pitt's ministry	34
	The impeachment of Melville	36
July.	The third coalition	37
	Nelson's pursuit of Villeneuve	39
21 Oct., 1805.	The battle of Trafalgar	40
	Napoleon marches into Germany	41
Dec.	Austerlitz: the peace of Pressburg	42
	Collapse of the coalition	43
23 Jan., 1806.	Death of Pitt	43

CHAPTER III.

Grenville and Portland.

Feb., 1806.	Formation of the Grenville ministry	45
13 Sept.	Death of Fox	46
14 Oct.	Jena and AuerstÄdt	47
	General election	48
25 Mar., 1807.	Abolition of the slave trade	48
	Fall of the whig government	49
	The Portland administration	50
	General election	50
7 July.	The treaty of Tilsit	52
	Seizure of the Danish fleet	54
	The "continental system" and orders in council	55
	Fruitless expeditions	56
12 Oct.	Conference of Erfurt	59
	Army scandals	60
	The Wagram campaign	63
July, 1809.	The Walcheren expedition	64
21 Sept.	Duel between Canning and Castlereagh	67
Oct.	Perceval's administration	68
	Capture of the Ionian Isles and Bourbon	69
25.	Jubilee of George III.	69

CHAPTER IV.

Perceval and Liverpool.

Jan., 1810.	Debates on the Walcheren expedition	71
April.	The arrest of Burdett	72
	Appointment of the "Bullion committee"	73
	The king's insanity: regency bill	74
11 May, 1812.	Assassination of Perceval	76
1809-11.	Social reforms in his ministry	77
July, 1810.	Deposition of Louis Bonaparte	78
	Opposition in Europe to the continental system	78
	Alliances formed by Russia and France	81
	Conquest of Java and Sumatra	81
June, 1812.	The formation of Liverpool's cabinet	81
1811-12.	Distress in town and country	83
Oct., 1812.	General election	85
1813.	Confirmation of the East India Company's charter	86

CHAPTER V.

The Peninsular War.

1807, 1808.	The origin of the war	87
	Charles IV. and Ferdinand VII. seek the protection of Napoleon	87
1808.	Napoleon's plans for the conquest of Spain	88
24 July.	Joseph Bonaparte proclaimed King of Spain	89
13 Aug.	Landing of Wellesley	90
21.	Battle of Vimeiro	91
Oct., 1808.-Jan., 1809.	Expedition of Sir John Moore	92
16 Jan.	Battle of CoruÑa	95
	Wellesley returns to Portugal	97
27 July.	Battle of Talavera	98
Sept., 1810.	Bussaco: the lines of Torres Vedras	101
	Struggle for the frontier fortresses	103
16 May, 1811.	Battle of Albuera	103
Jan.-April, 1812.	Sieges of Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajoz	105
22 July.	Battle of Salamanca	107
1812, 1813.	Wellington reorganises the Spanish and Portuguese armies	109
21 June, 1813.	Battle of Vitoria	110
	Battle of the Pyrenees	113
	Siege of St. Sebastian	113
8 Oct.	Wellington crosses the Bidassoa	115
	Battles round Bayonne	115
Feb., 1814.	The investment of Bayonne	117
10 April.	Battle of Toulouse	119

CHAPTER VI.

The Downfall of Napoleon.

1812.	French treaties with Prussia and Austria	122
	Alliances made by Russia	123
June.	Napoleon's advance into Russia	124
	His retreat	125
	War between England and the United States	126
	Attacks on Canada	129
	American successes at sea	131
Feb., 1813.	Treaty of Kalisch	134
	Austrian diplomacy	135
2, 21 May.	LÜtzen and Bautzen	135
Aug., Oct.	Dresden and Leipzig	137
	France loses Saxony, Holland, and Switzerland	138
	American war continued	138
1 June.	Duel of the Shannon and Chesapeake	142
Jan.-Mar., 1814.	Campaign in France	143
April.	Napoleon deposed: Louis XVIII. recalled	145
24 Dec.	Treaty of Ghent	147
July.	Visit of Alexander and Frederick William to England	148

CHAPTER VII.

Vienna and Waterloo.

30 May, 1814.	The first treaty of Paris	149
	English blockade of Norwegian ports	150
	Union of Sweden and Norway	150
	Restoration of Ferdinand VII. and Pius VII.	150
	Attempts to abolish the slave trade	151
Sept., 1814-June, 1815.	Congress of Vienna	152
3 Jan., 1815.	Secret treaty between England, France, and Austria	153
1 March.	Napoleon's return from Elba	153
	Flight of Louis XVIII.: the Acte Additionnel	155
	Plans of the allies	156
	Defeat and death of Murat	157
June.	Wellington at Brussels: his army	158
16.	Ligny and Quatre Bras	159
18.	Waterloo	160
July.	Paris occupied by the allies	163
22 June.	Second abdication of Napoleon	165
	His surrender to England	165
	Restoration of Louis XVIII.: treaty of Vienna	166
	Resettlement of Europe	166
20 Nov.	Second treaty of Paris: English gains	167
26 Sept.	The Holy Alliance	168
	Napoleon at St. Helena	169

CHAPTER VIII.

The First Years of Peace.

1816.	Depression and discontent	171
	Vansittart's financial policy	173
	Union of British and Irish exchequers	174
2 Dec., 1816.	Spa Fields riot	175
	Prosecution of Hone	177
1818.	General election	178
16 Aug., 1819.	The "Manchester massacre"	178
Dec.	The six acts	180
1817, 1819.	Institution of savings banks: currency reform	182
6 Nov., 1817.	Death of Princess Charlotte	184
1818.	Royal marriages	184
29 Jan., 1820.	Death of George III.	185
	Royalist reaction in Europe	187
1816.	Expedition against the Barbary states	187
1819.	Murder of Kotzebue	189
30 Sept., 1818.	Conference of Aix-la-Chapelle	189
	Spain asks for assistance from the allies	190
	The European alliance	190

CHAPTER IX.

The Last Years of Lord Liverpool.

1820.	The Cato Street conspiracy	192
	Dissolution of parliament	193
	The "queen's trial"	194
7 Aug., 1821.	Her death	196
1822.	Changes in the cabinet	199
12 Aug.	Death of Castlereagh	199
Sept.	Canning foreign secretary	200
Jan.	Peel home secretary	201
1823.	Reform of the navigation laws	202
	Agricultural discontent	203
1825.	Speculative frenzy and financial panic	205
1823-26.	Robinson's finance	206
	General election of 1826	207
	Close of Liverpool's ministry	208

CHAPTER X.

Problems in Southern Europe.

1820.	Revolution in Spain: policy of non-intervention	210
July, Aug.	Revolutions in the Two Sicilies and Portugal	211
20 Oct.	Congress of Troppau	211
Jan., 1821.	Congress of Laibach	212
Mar., April.	Revolution in Piedmont: Austrian intervention	213
	Insurrections in the Morea and Central Greece	214
Aug.	"Sanitary cordon"	215
	Ultra-royalist parties in France and Spain	215
	Loss of Spanish colonies in America	215
1822.	Conference at Vienna	216
20 Oct.	Congress of Verona	217
	Offer of mediation declined	218
7 April, 1823.	War between France and Spain	220
12 Oct., 1822.	Independence of Brazil	221
July, 1825.	Conference at London	222
2 Dec., 1823.	The Monroe doctrine	223
1824-25.	Conference at St. Petersburg	224
1 Dec., 1825.	Death of the Tsar Alexander I.	225

CHAPTER XI.

Tory Dissension and Catholic Relief.

April, 1827.	Formation of Canning's ministry	227
	Additions to the ministry	228
8 Aug.	Death of Canning	228
Sept.	Goderich's cabinet	229
	Dissensions: resignation of Goderich	230
9 Jan., 1828.	Wellington accepts office	230
	The Eastern question	232
20 Oct., 1827.	Navarino	233
1828.	Repeal of the test and corporation acts	235
May, June.	Changes in the ministry	236
June, July.	The Clare election	237
1821.	Measures for catholic relief	239
1825.	Further measures	241
	George IV.'s opposition to catholic relief	244
1829.	Wellington and Peel adopt catholic relief	245
Mar., April.	Debates on the bill	246
13 April.	The royal assent	249
21 Mar.	Duel between Wellington and Winchilsea	250
	Exclusion of O'Connell from Parliament	251

CHAPTER XII.

Portugal and Greece.

10 Mar., 1826.	Death of John VI. of Portugal	253
2 May.	Peter abdicates in favour of his daughter Maria	254
31 July.	Miguel proclaimed king by the absolutists	254
Dec.	England sends troops to help the Portuguese government	255
3 Mar., 1828.	Peter appoints Miguel regent for Maria	258
Dec., 1827.	The sultan defies Russia	260
26 April, 1828.	Russia makes war on the Turks	263
	Negotiations for settlement of Greek question	264
Oct., Nov.	French troops expel the Turks from the Morea	265
	Terms of settlement agreed on at Poros and London	266
14 Sept. 1829.	Peace of Adrianople	267
3 Feb., 1830.	Greece independent: throne offered to Prince Leopold	268
	France conquers Algiers	269

CHAPTER XIII.

Prelude of Reform.

CHAPTER XIV.

The Reform.

CHAPTER XV.

Fruits of the Reform.

CHAPTER XVI.

Religious Movements and Poor Law Reform.

CHAPTER XVII.

Peel and Melbourne.

Jan., 1835.	General election	354
Feb.	Abercromby elected speaker	354
	The "Lichfield House compact"	356
April.	Peel's resignation	356
	Melbourne's second ministry	357
	Exclusion of Brougham	357
	Municipal corporations act	360
Jan., 1836.	Cottenham lord chancellor	363
	Conflict with the lords on Irish bills	365
	Tithe commutation act (English)	365
	Reformed marriage law	366
	Registration system	366
1835, 1836.	Crusade against Orange lodges	367
1836.	The paper duties lowered	369
	Committee on agricultural distress	370
1836, 1837.	Agitation in Ireland	371
1837.	Irish municipal bill	372
	Church rates	373
	Burdett secedes from the whig party	374
20 June.	Death of William IV.	375

CHAPTER XVIII.

Foreign Relations under William IV.

July, 1830.	The revolution of July	376
	Recognition of Louis Philippe by the Powers	377
Sept.	Belgian provinces in revolt	379
20 Dec.	Protocol of London	381
June, 1831.	Election of Leopold as King of the Belgians	383
Aug.	War between Belgium and Holland	384
	French troops enter Belgium	384
Nov.	British and French fleets blockade the Scheldt	386
Nov., 1833.	Convention between Holland and Belgium	387
1830.	Insurrections in Switzerland, Poland, Italy, etc.	387
1831, 1832.	Capture of Warsaw; Polish constitution abolished	388
7 April, 1831.	Peter leaves Brazil for Portugal	388
	Carlist rebellion in Spain	389
22 April, 1834.	The quadruple alliance	389
26 May.	Miguel renounces his claims	390
9 Oct., 1831.	Capodistrias (Greek president) assassinated	392
1832.	Otto of Bavaria becomes King of Greece	392
1831.	War between Ibrahim and the Sultan	393
1833.	Treaties of Kiutayeh and Unkiar Skelessi	394
8 Sept.	Secret convention at MÜnchengrÄtz	395

CHAPTER XIX.

British India.

CHAPTER XX.

Literature and Social Progress.

Appendix I.	On Authorities	443
II.	Administrations, 1801-37	451

MAPS.

(At the End of the Volume.)

Great Britain, showing the parliamentary representation after the reform.
Spain and Portugal, illustrating the Peninsular war.
India.

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