[1] Gobineau, InÉgalitÉ des Races Humaines, 8vo, Paris, 1855; [also translated into English, On the Inequality of Human Races, and edited by Henry Hotze, 8vo. Editor.]
[2] “The sole action of the laws of Hybridity,” says Nott, “might exterminate the whole human species if all the various types of human beings actually existing on the earth were completely to amalgamate.” Types of Mankind, p. 407, eighth edit., Philadelphia, 1857. Dr. Robert Knox is not less explicit. “I do not believe that any Mulatto race can be maintained beyond the third or fourth generation by Mulattos merely; they must intermarry with the pure races or perish.” Robert Knox, The Races of Men, London, 1850.
[3] Georges Pouchet, De la PluralitÉ des Races Humaines, p. 140, Paris, 1858. [A translation of this work will shortly be published by the Anthropological Society of London, edited by T. Bendyshe, Esq., M.A., F.A.S.L. Editor.]
[5] Davis and Thurnam, Crania Britannica, p. 7, No. 4, London, 1856.
[6] See the voyages of Truter and Somerville (1801), Lichtenstein (1805), Campbell (1813), John Philips (1825), Thompson (1824), etc., in the Collection of Voyages by Walkenaer, t. xv-xxi, Paris, 1842. In 1801 Truter and Somerville found near the Orange or Gariep river, in the district where now Griqua town stands, a horde of Bastaards and Bosjesmen, commanded by a Bastaard of the name of Kok (t. xvii, p. 364). On their return they found a considerable village, composed of Kaffirs, Hottentots, and mongrel breeds of several varieties, under the command of a chief named Kok (p. 393). In the same year Kitchener, the missionary, assembled the horde in a village. There came pure Hottentots and Namaquas (t. xviii, p. 126). In 1802 Anderson, the missionary, in organising the growing nation, gave authority to the Bastaards (p. 127). The village of Laawater or Klaarwater, which has since become Griqua-town, consisted in 1805, when Lichtenstein visited it, of about thirty families, one-half of which belonged to the Bastaard race, the rest were Namaquas or Hottentots. The village enlarged rapidly “by the arrival of refugees, and by marriages with the women of the Bosjesmen and the Koramas, who lived in the vicinity” (t. xix, p. 355). They practised polygamy. “They constituted a horde of nomadic naked savages, living by pillage and the chase; their bodies were besmeared with red paint, the hair covered with grease, living in ignorance, without any trace of civilisation” (p. 356). After the lapse of five years the missionaries commenced civilising them by giving them the taste for agricultural pursuits. The name, however, of Bastaards, which indicated their European origin, was no longer suitable to this nation, in which the African blood was greatly predominating. They took, therefore, the name of Griquas. Campbell asserts that they chose that name, as it was that of the principal family (t. xviii, p. 395). This explanation appears to me very doubtful. Ten Rhyne, who explored Southern Africa in 1673, twenty year after the first disembarkation of Europeans, already mentions the existence of a Hottentot people who went by the name of Gregoriquos (t. xv, p. 122). Thirty years after (1705) Kolbe designates the same people Gauriquas (t. xv, p. 253). There existed at that time another people, called Chirigriquas. In 1775 Thunberg still speaks of Gauriquas (t. xvi, p. 201), and of Chirigriquas. All these names have evidently the same root, and the singularity of Hottentot enunciation induced probably the various travellers to adopt a different orthography. It is thus presumable that the Hottentots of Klaarwater, in calling themselves Griquas, merely adopted the old name Gauriquas. There exists to this day the people Koraquas, signifying “people who wear shoes” (Burchell, t. xx, p. 60). They live in the neighbourhood of Klaarwater. Be this as it may, the new people of the Griquas gave to Klaarwater, influenced by the English missionaries, the name of Griqua-town. This town, called by Malte-Brun Kriqua, grew rapidly by the adjunction of the Koranas. In 1813 there were not less than 1,341 Koranas in a population of 2,607 inhabitants (t. xviii, p. 393). In 1814 the governor of the Cape tried to force the Griquas to furnish men for the indigenous army. The proposal was very badly received, and the nation was nearly in a state of dissolution. A portion of the inhabitants of Griqua-town escaped to the surrounding mountains, and formed bands of robbers, who, under the name of Bergmaars, devastated the country, and, associating with bands of Koranas, pillaged and massacred the Betchouanas and the Bosjesmen, and carried off their women and children. In 1825, owing to the intervention of John Philips, the Bergmaars were reduced to order, and returned to Griqua-town. They had now crossed with the Koranas, the Betchouanas, and Bosjesmen (t. xviii, p. 357). Some time previously a grave dissension had broken out among the settled Griquas. The governor of the Cape had sent an agent, John Melvil, with an important charge to a certain Waterboer, a Bosjesman by origin. The supremacy had hitherto belonged to the family Kok, who, proud of the drops of European blood in their veins, would not recognise the authority of Waterboer, and emigrated accordingly. Waterboer was, however, not dismissed; and in 1825 John Philips found the Griquas divided in three kraals, under the chiefs Kok, Berend, and Waterboer (t. xix, p. 370). If Dr. Prichard had taken the trouble to consult these documents he would have recognised that the Griquas had, by so many consecutive crossings, become almost a pure African race. Modern geographers range therefore the Griquas among the Hottentots, calling them Hottentot-Griquas. It is also noteworthy that Prichard, in citing the Griquas as an example of a mixed race, has given no description of them. In order that the example should be of any value, it is requisite that the Griquas should present an intermediate type between the Europeans and the natives. Neither Dr. Prichard nor any travellers say so. There is another consideration. The origin of the Griqua nation dates from the beginning of the nineteenth century. Dr. Prichard last speaks of them in 1843. Two generations had not yet elapsed. There is another point. In 1800 the tribe of Kok was a horde but little numerous; in 1824 it was a people of five thousand souls, including seven hundred armed warriors (Thompson, loc. cit., t. xxi, p. 22). It is clear that this people were not descended from the primitive tribe, but had increased by numerous adjunctions. Father Peteam himself, if he were still alive, would be obliged to admit this. I have been very minute as to the Griquas, but I flatter myself that this is sufficient to discard from science the assertion of Prichard, which all modern monogenists have received with so much favour.
[7] Quoy et Gaimard, Observat. sur la constitution physique des Papous, reproduit dans Lesson. Complement des Œuvres de Buffon, t. iii., Paris, 1829.
[8] Domeny de Rienzi, l’Oceanie, t. iii, p. 303. Paris, 1837.
[9] Maury, La terre et l’homme, p. 365. Paris, 1847.
[10] Latham, The Natural History of the Varieties of Man, p. 213. London, 1850. Dr. Latham designates the Malays by the somewhat fantastic name, of Protonesians. There are a great number of neologisms of this kind in his work.
[11] Some geographers say that Waigiou is a large Island; but they give no dimensions. It is, however, scarcely as large as the Island of Majorca. It is of an irregular form, long and narrow; it is about 80 leagues in circumference (Dumont d’Urville in Rienzi, l’Oceanie). It is only 25 leagues long and 10 leagues broad, says Henricy (Histoire de l’Oceanie. Paris, 1845.) The Island of Majorca is only 22 leagues in length by 16 leagues in breadth. Three races united in such a small territory, cannot long remain strangers to each other.
[13] Davis, Crania Britannica. Introduction, p. 8, note.
[14] These geographical denominations are certainly not irreproachable; they have even the inconvenience of giving rise to the false idea, that all races of the same type originated in the same region; that all the Whites came from the Caucasus, all the Mongolians from Mongolia, the Blacks from Nigritia, even the Van-Diemen islanders. I have, however, thought proper to retain these denominations, as they are generally in use, and have no zoological signification. Such is not the case with the denominations adopted by certain authors derived from the colour of the skin. Thus the Caucasians were termed the white, the Mongolians the yellow, the Ethiopian the black, the Malayo-Polynesian the brown, and finally, the American the red race. It has been shown that the American type alone includes red, brown, black, white and yellow races. There are brown races in the American, and even in the Caucasian type. All the black races do not belong to the Ethiopian type; and finally, the Malayo-Polynesian type comprises races of colours as various as those belonging to the American type. A classification founded on differences of colour would lead to numerous and serious errors.
[15] It is undoubted that several American races have been destroyed within 300 years; others having been reduced to a few families, will soon disappear. The Charruas were exterminated in 1831 by the Spaniards of South America: root and branch, as Dr. Latham says. In 1835, four years later, the English of Van Diemen’s Land, after a horrible massacre, transported 210 Tasmanians, men, women, and children, to a small island (Flinders), in Bass’ Straits. In 1842, after seven years of exile, the number of these unfortunates amounted to 54! This was all that remained of a race which, 40 years previously, occupied the whole of Van Diemen’s Land, as large as Ireland, and we may soon learn that none of them are in existence. The Malays have entirely destroyed the black races who preceded them in certain isles of the great Indian Archipelago. The Guanches now only exit in a mummified state. The black and prognathous race which occupied the isles of Japan before the arrival of the Mongolians, have left no other traces behind than their crania imbedded in the soil; and it is easy to foresee that within one or two centuries all the black races will have disappeared from these parts, and have been succeeded by Malayans and Europeans.
[16] Gerdy, Physiologie MÉdicale, t. i, p. 290. Paris, 1832.
[17] Berard, Cours de Physiologie, t. i, p. 465. Paris, 1845.
[19] Macedones qui Alexandriam in Ægypto, qui Seleuciam ac Babyloniam, quique alias sparsas per orbem colonias habent in Syros, Parthos, Ægyptos degenerarunt. Tit. L., lib. xxxviii., § 217.
[20] All the Gauls were not light haired; but those who, three centuries before our era, invaded Greece and Asia Minor, were fair haired, according to all testimony; they consequently belonged to the Kimri race.
[21] Gliddon, The Monogenists and the Polygenists. Philadelphia, 1857. George Pouchet, De la PluralitÉ des races humaines, p. 136. Paris, 1858.
[22] Volney, Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte, t. i, p. 98. Paris, 1757.
[24] Serres, Rapport sur les resultats scientifiques du voyage de l’Astrolobe et de la ZÉlÉe (Comptes Rendus, t. xiii, p, 648.). [The size of the penis is not a constant character in the “Ethiopian” male. Instances, however, exist of its enormous development in the west African Negro.—Editor.]
[25] Theodor Waitz (of Marburg), Anthropologie der NaturvÖlker, p. 203. Leipzig, 1859. [Translated into English for the Anthropological Society of London, and edited by J. Frederick Collingwood, Esq., F.G.S., F.R.S.L.: 8vo, London, 1863.—Editor.] Mollien, Voyage dans l’intÉrieur de l’Afrique. Rafnel, Voyage dans l’Afrique occidentale, 1846, p. 51. Mohammed-el-Tounsy, Voyage au Darfour, p, 227, trad. Jomard. Paris, 1845.
[26]Voyage au PÔle sud et dans l’Oceanie sur l’Astrolabe et la ZÉlÉe, sous le commandement de Dumont-d’Urville, pendant les annÉes 1837-1840: Zoologie par M. Jacquinot, commandant de la ZÉlÉe, t. ii, pp. 91-93. Paris, 1846.
[27] J. C. Nott, Hybridity of Animals viewed in connexion with the natural history of mankind: Types of Mankind. Nott and Gliddon. Philadelphia, 1854.
[28] Within ten years from 1840 to 1850, the number of slaves in South Carolina has increased by 56,786. In 1840, there were 327,934 slaves; in 1850, 384,720. This is an increase of more than 17 per cent. The slaves of all shades are comprised in this account, but the pure Negroes form the great majority, and it is probable that to them exclusively is owing the large increase in the number of slaves. The number of cross-breeds cannot be ascertained by the statistics given. It would, besides, be impossible to distinguish in the reports given the Mestizos born from the union of Mulattoes and Mulatresses, and those from whites and blacks. Statistics thus throw no light upon the question, whether the Mulatto race maintains itself. But there is a peculiar class of men of colour which is the object of attention of certain governments, who maintain with satisfaction that this class notably diminishes. It is the class of free men of colour, enjoying certain civic rights very inconvenient for the slave states. There was a time when the enfranchisement of coloured men had no obstacles to contend with, and the number of free men of colour increased rapidly. Many white owners gave freedom to their natural children. But when restrictive laws were introduced, the number of free coloured men began diminishing. They no longer ally themselves with the Whites, who despise them, nor with the slaves, and are thus reduced to intermarry between themselves. The census of Charleston gave, in 1830, the number of free coloured men and their descendants as amounting to 2,107; in 1848 it was reduced to 1,492, a diminution of 605 in 2,107, more than 29 per cent. The Charleston Mercury published these figures to show that the class of freed slaves need not excite any apprehension in South Carolina, and that the Governor carried his zeal too far in proposing to expel that class. Such an enormous decrease depends, no doubt to a great extent, on the small number of births. There is another circumstance which might have contributed to reduce the caste; which is, that any freed individual, or his descendant, once leaving the state, is not permitted to return; this, however, forms but a minor cause of the decay. (See Charleston Medical Journal, May 1851, vol. vi, p. 381).
[29] The first Europeans established at Jamaica were Spaniards or Portuguese; but the island was, 1655, conquered by the English, when all the old colonists retired, carrying away the greater portion of their wealth. Cromwell hastened to re-people the island, by transporting to it a number of political convicts. In 1659, four years after the conquest, there were already 4,500 Europeans and 1,400 Negroes on the island. In 1670, the white population amounted to 7,500, slaves 8,000. It will then, be observed, that the population of Jamaica descends exclusively from English colonists and Negro slaves. With regard to the Caribs, they have been entirely exterminated by the Spaniards a century before the arrival of the English.
[30] Long (Edward), History of Jamaica, vol. ii, p. 235, London, 1774, cited in the Charleston Medical Journal, vol. vi. 1851.
[31] The relation of Lewis is, in certain respects, more suggestive than that of Long. The latter says that the Mulattoes of the first degree are well constituted; while Lewis pretends that they are mostly weak and flabby, whence it results that the physical inferiority becomes manifest at the very first crossing. We believe this to be incorrect. The author endeavours to explain the defect of vitality in the children of Mulattoes, and has recourse to a theory which, if well founded, would, instead of weakening, only strengthen the fact. On the other hand, we believe that the assertion of Long, despite of the corrective which accompanies it, is too general. If it were true that the union of Mulattoes is always unproductive in Jamaica, the fact would have been too evident not to have been long known, for absolute sterility is easily ascertained. Relative sterility, however, may long escape notice, considering that there is always in the pure races a certain number of cases of sporadic sterility. It is probable that further investigations will establish for Jamaica conclusions analogous to those adopted by Mr. Nott for South Carolina; namely, that the Mulattoes of this English island are less prolific between themselves than with the whites or blacks, and that their direct descendants are generally less vivacious and prolific than the men of the pure races.
[32] Waitz, loc. cit., p. 205. Van Amringe, Investigation of the Theories of the Natural History of Man. Hamilton Smith, Natural History of the Human Species, 1848. Day, Five Years Residence in the West Indies, vol. i, p. 294, 1852.
[33] Seemann, Reise um die Welt, bd. 1, p. 314, 1853. Waitz, Anthropologie, p. 207.
[34]Bulletins de la SociÉtÉ d’Anthropologie: procÉs-verbal de la sÉance du 1er Mars, 1860, vol. i, p. 206.
[35] Dr. Tschudi adds, “considered as men, the Zambos are far inferior to the pure races:” Travels in Peru, London, 1847. G. Pouchet, De la PluralitÉ des Races Humaines, p. 137. Paris, 1848.
[36] Boudin, GÉographie MÉdicale, Introduction, p. 39. Paris, 1857.
[37] Graf GÖrtz, Reise, bd. iii, p. 288. Waitz, Anthropologie, bd. i, p. 297. I find in the voyage of Havorinus a passage which may, perhaps, explain the singular act pointed out by Graf GÖrtz. Having given the number of the European population of Batavia, Havorinus adds, “Among the Europeans figure also such as are born from European parents, among whom females form the great majority” (Havorinus, Voyage par le Cap de Bonne-EspÉrance et Samarang, et traduit du Hollandais, chap. viii, t. II, p. 283. Paris). It seems thus that the influence of climate produces some modification in the generative powers of Europeans, rendering them less apt to procreate males even with the women of their own race. This modification may be transmitted to their descendants by intermixtures. The fact of Havorinus should, however, be verified.
[38] Steen Bille, Bericht Über die Reise der Galathea, bd. i, p. 376, 1852: Waitz, loc. cit.
[39] A. de Quatrefages, Du Croisement des races humaines; Revue des Deux-Mondes, t. viii, p. 162, en note, 1857.
[40] In America, the intermixture between Whites, Negroes, and Mulattoes passes differently. The Mulattoes are slaves like the Negroes. A large number of Mulatresses become the concubines of the White: and the Mulattoes are mostly obliged to confine themselves to Negro women. There are, then, relatively few unions between Mulattoes of the same blood. The abolition of slavery neither could, nor will for a long time, sensibly modify this state of things. The prejudice against colour will not soon become effaced; and many Mulatto women prefer to be the mistresses of Whites to being the wives of Mulattoes. In the East Indies, the prejudice of colour does not exist. The Whites are merely considered as an aristocratic class; the Malays are free as well as the Mulattoes, they have always been so. The Mulattoes are proud of having in their veins European blood, as, in our own country, certain citizens are proud of their aristocratic alliances. They form thus, in the centres of the population, a sort of intermediate caste between the Whites and the natives.
[41] It is necessary to mention, that the expression of the first degree designates here not merely the individuals issued from the first intermixture, but also the descendants of unions which they form between themselves.
[43] Mr. Gutzlaff, the Chinese missionary, has been struck with the little fecundity of the Mulattoes of Cambojia, the offspring of the native race and the immigrant Chinese. Cambojia is situated south-west of Siam, south of Anam, between 10° and 14°. “It is remarkable,” he observes, “that the marriages of native females with the Chinese are productive at the first generation, but become gradually sterile, and completely so at the fifth generation. I have seen many such cases; but, I cannot explain such a degeneration between nations so similar in physical conformation, and their mode of life. If it were not so, the Chinese race ought to become predominant, and absorb the native race in a few centuries. Such has not been the case, and the innumerable immigrants which China pours in appear scarce among the population.” (Gutzlaff, Geography of the Cochin-Chinese Empire, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, vol. xix, p. 108, London. 1849.)
[44] It is unknown what is the degree of intermixture in the hybrid populations of Mexico and South America; the observations relative to these crossings are extremely difficult to collect, for the variation of Mulattoes of different degrees is not so apparent as in the Mulattoes, Quadroons, etc., of Negroes and Europeans. With regard to colour, hair, shape of the cranium, the European races, especially those of the south, differ infinitely less from the American races than from the Ethiopian and the intermediate characters; even Mulattoes of the first degree are much less marked in the first than in the second case. Thus the famous Paulistas of the province of Saint-Paul, Brazil, issued from the union of Portuguese and Indians, constitute a vigorous class, brave, and even heroic, though ferocious and turbulent. According to certain authors, the European blood predominates in them; others, on the contrary, maintain that they are pure Indians. These contradictions prove the difficulty of estimating the degree of the intermixture between the Mulattoes sprung from Europeans and Indians. The question whether Mulattoes of the first degree are indefinitely prolific between themselves,—whether they are habitually, or only exceptionally so, cannot be solved by travellers. Resident observers, and especially physicians, may ultimately furnish precise facts.
[45] The Chabeins are eugenesic hybrids, while mules, properly so called, are dysgenesic hybrids.
[46]Monthly Journal of Medical Science, Edinburgh, vol. xi, p. 301, 1850. [The most flagrant instance of this is to be found amongst the mixed blooded descendants of the Anglo-Saxon, German, Dutch, French, and Irish nations in the Federal States of America, whose “manifest destiny,” according to their own hope, is the “annexation” of the civilised world. The Puritans of New England founded their claims to the colony on the following propositions:—1. That the earth is the Lord’s and the fulness thereof. 2. That God has given the earth to be inhabited by his saints. 3. That we are the saints. The aborigines of the country were accordingly extirpated, to carry out practically these sentiments.—Editor.]
[47] We must remember that the Australians have stiff and glossy hair, while the hair of the Tasmanians is woolly.
[48]Dict. Pittor. d’Hist. Natur., art. Homme, t. iv, p. 11, Paris, 1836. See also vol. iii, OcÉanie, by Rienzi; the history of two Australians, Benilong and Daniel, who after living for some years free, and pampered among Europeans, threw away their clothing, and went to live in the woods.
[49] In 1835, the English of Van Diemen’s Land undertook to get rid altogether of the natives. A regular battue was organised in the whole island, and in a short time all Tasmanians, without distinction of age or sex, were exterminated, with the exception of two hundred and ten individuals, who were transported to the little isle, Flinders (or, Fourneaux), in Bass’s Straits. This was all the remnant of a race which, before the arrival of the English, had occupied a territory nearly as large as Ireland. This dreadful massacre produced a profound horror in the English Parliament, but it was not thought of to send these unfortunates back again to their native soil. Measures were, however, taken to treat them humanely in the isle of Flinders, and to provide them abundantly with victuals; they were also instructed in religion. The island is about thirteen leagues in length by seven in breadth; the refugees had thus no want of space. Nevertheless, of these two hundred and ten individuals, most of them adults, perished rapidly, and Count Strzelecki, who visited them in 1842, found only fifty-four. Within seven years and a few months, only fourteen children wore born. (Strzelecki, Physical Description of New South Wales and Van Diemen’s Land, pp. 353-357, London, 1845.)
[50] A few months before the extermination of the Tasmanians, an inhabitant of Hobart Town wrote a letter to Rienzi, copied by him in OcÉanie, p. 558. The author foresaw that a conflict was inevitable. He observes, “Several of the children have been sent to the schools of Hobart Town. When once arrived at the age of puberty, an irresistible instinct compels them to return to their solitudes.” We know of no other particulars regarding the attempts made by the English to civilise the natives. This fact, similar to those of Australia, comes from a source which cannot be suspected, since the writer of the letter, as well as M. Rienzi, are well disposed towards the natives.
[51] D’Omalius d’Halloy, Des Races Humaines ou ÉlÉments d’Ethnographie, p. 108, Paris, 1859.
[52] Quoy et Gaimard, Voy. de l’Astrolabe en 1826-29, t. i, p. 46, Paris, 1836.
[53] Gliddon, The Monogenists and the Polygenists, 443.
[54]Voyage au Pole et dans l’OcÉanie, t. ii, p. 109, Paris, 1846.
[56] Cunningham, Two Years in New South Wales, 3rd edit., v. ii, p. 17, Lond., 1828.
[57] Lessen, Voyage autour du Monde sur la Corvette la Coquille, executed by order of the French Government, t. ii, p. 278, Paris, 1830. The description of New Holland and its inhabitants fully occupying nearly eighty pages.
[58] It would be superfluous to indicate the origin of these various nicknames. We may however mention, that sterlings are the free settlers born in Europe, and the currencies such as are born in the colony. The pound sterling was formerly of more value than the pound currency. V. Cunningham, p. 46.
[59] These names have here a special acceptation, and designate by no means natural or legitimate children.
[60] The canaries are recently arrived convicts, the government men established convicts, the emancipists liberated convicts, the bushrangers fugitive convicts.
[65] Malte-Brun, AbrÉgÉ de GÉographie. In reality the disproportion between the free individuals of the two sexes was more considerable than is indicated in the above account, for children are included. But the number of the children of the free population amounted in 1828, to 6,837, according to Wentworth (Rienzi, l’OcÉanie, p. 543). Supposing that this number only amounted to 7,000 in 1830—say 3,500 boys and 3,500 girls—there would remain for the adult free population about 10,000 men and 4,000 women,—two women for five men.
[67] Lesson, Voyage autour du Monde, t. ii, p. 291. It was in 1824 that the author lived in New South Wales. Under the name of Port Jackson he comprises all the region of which Sydney is the capital.
[69] M. Lesson has received such an answer from Bongarri. Cunningham cites it as a standing joke of the chief, who, he adds, “still keeps on repeating it.” Lesson, loc. cit.; Cunningham, loc. cit., vol, ii, p. 18.
[70] Lesson, loc. cit., relates that Bongarri had his arm broken, that the fracture was not consolidated, nevertheless, the Australian chief used his arm either for rowing or for handling his weapons.
[72] MacGillivray, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 151. Waitz, loc. cit., p. 203.
[73] This passage. extracted from the Voyage de l’Uranie, is textually reproduced in the Zoologie of M. Jacquinot, t. ii, p. 353.
[74] I cannot say whether this is also the case in Van Diemen’s Land. The subjoined documents have been collected in Australia since 1835, namely, at a period when there were no longer any Tasmanians in Tasmania. M. de Rienzi who had terminated his voyages before that time, said that the Tasmanian women sometimes quitted their husbands to live with the European fishermen established on the coasts, L’Oceanie t. iii, p. 547; this is, however, an isolated fact.
[75] P. E. Strzelecki, Physical Description of New South Wales and Van Diemen’s Land, p. 346, London, 1845.
[76]Monthly Journal of Med. Science, Edinburgh, 1850, vol. xi, p. 304.
[77] Alexander Harvey (of Aberdeen) on the Foetus in Utero, as inoculating the maternal with the peculiarities of the paternal organism, and on the influence thereby exercised by the males on the constitution and the reproductive power of the female. In the Monthly Journal of Med. Science of Edinburgh, vol. ix, p. 1130; vol. xi, p. 299; and vol. xi, p. 387 (1849-1850).
[78] Carpenter, art. “Varieties of Mankind,” in Todd’s CyclopÆdia of Anatomy and Physiology, vol. iv, p. 1341 and 1365.
[79] A mare of Lord Morton, covered by a zebra, produced at first a zebra mule; covered subsequently by an Arab horse she produced successively three zebra foals like the first mule.
[80] Thomas R. Heywood Thomson, on the “Reported Incompetency of the Aboriginal Females of New Holland to Procreate with Native Males after having Children by a European or White,” in Monthly Journal of Medical Science, Edinburgh, Oct. 1851, vol. xii, p. 354.
[81] Some genera in existing faunas, containing only one species, are in anterior faunas represented by a number of species now extinct, and evidently differing from the one species actually existing. [Compare the two species of existing elephants with the twelve species of Elephas and thirteen of Mastodon which existed in tertiary times.—Editor.]
[82] There exist at present in northern Africa, down to the Sahara, a fair-haired race of men, who have been held to be the descendants of the Vandals. It is certain that no white race has been established in these parts since the time of Genserich, that is to say, some fourteen centuries. If so, there would result from it that a sojourn of fourteen centuries upon the African soil was not sufficient to darken the hair of the white race. But Dumoulin, taking the text of Procopius for his guide, had already demonstrated that the light-haired race of northern Africa had nothing in common with the Vandals; and I have recently found a passage in the PÉriple de la MÉditerranÉe de Syclax, a work anterior to Alexander the Great, in which mention is made of a tribe of light-haired Lybians, who occupied the littoral of the Minor Syrtis, not far from Mount Auress, where to this day one of the principal tribes of light-haired Kabyles resides. (See Bulletins de la Soc. d’Anthropologie, sÉance du 16 FÉvrier, 1860.)
[83] [Compare on this subject Professor R. Owen on The Power of God as manifested in his Animal Creation, 12mo, London, 1863, in which the relations of science to theology are excellently stated.—Editor.]
[84] J. Pye Smith, Relations between the Holy Scriptures and Geology, third edition, pp. 398-400. This passage is textually reproduced by Morton in a letter to the Rev. John Bachmann, on Hybridity, Charleston, 1850, in 8-15. Carpenter, art. “Varieties of Mankind,” in Todd’s CyclopÆdia of Anatomy and Physiology, vol. iv, p. 1317, London, 1852. EusÈbe de Salles, Histoire gÉnÉrale des Races Humaines, p. 328, Paris, 1849.
[85] P. Sagot, Opinion gÉnÉrale sur l’Origine de la Nature des Races Humaines; Conciliation des DiversitÉs indÉlibles avec l’UnitÉ Historique du Genre Humain, Paris, 1860.
[86] [Germs of the polygenist doctrine are, however, as old as Empedocles. See Julius Schvarcz, Geological Theories of the Greeks, 4to, London, 1862, for the most philosophical account of these early attempts.—Editor.]
[87] We may be permitted to reproduce here some passage from a dissertation of this pious slave owner; we extract them from the Charleston Medical Journal and Review, Sept. 1854, vol. ix. pp. 657-659: “All races of men including the Negroes, are of the same species and origin. The Negro is a striking variety, and at present permanent, as the numerous varieties of domestic animals. The Negro will remain what he is, unless his form is altered by intermixture, the simple idea of which is revolting; his intelligence is greatly inferior to that of the Caucasians, and he is consequently, from all we know of him, incapable of governing himself. He has been placed under our protection (a very pretty word). The vindication of slavery is contained in the scriptures. The Bible teaches the rights and duties of masters, in order that the slaves should be treated with justice and goodness, and it enjoins obedience to slaves.... The Bible furnishes us with the best weapons of which we can avail ourselves. It shows us that the ancient Israelites possessed slaves. It determines the duties of masters and slaves; and Saint Paul writes an epistle to Philemon to request him to take back a runaway slave. Our representatives in Congress have drawn their arguments from Holy Writ, and their adversaries have not ventured to tell them that the historical part of the Bible (and all that concerns slavery is historical) is false and uninspired;” and, adds the Rev. John Bachmann, “we can effectually defend our institutions from the word of God.”
[88] [See, for many valuable hints on this subject, Savage Africa, by W. Winwood Reade, 8vo, London, 1864.—Editor.]
