The linguistic classification of the American tribes is at present imperfect in many regions on account of the incomplete information about their tongues. A proper comparison of languages or dialects includes not merely the vocabulary, but the grammatical forms and the phonetic variations which the vocal elements undergo in passing from one form of speech to another. In some respects, the morphology is more indicative of relationship than the lexicon of tongues; and it is in these grammatical aspects that we are peculiarly poorly off when we approach American dialects. Yet it is also likely that the tendency of late years has been to underestimate the significance of merely lexical analogies. The vocabulary, after all, must be our main stand-by in such an undertaking.

For that reason I have thought it worth while to bring together a short list of common words and show their renderings in a number of American tongues. Inasmuch as the languages north of Mexico—those in the United States and Canada—have been frequently studied and are readily accessible in published books, I have confined my specimens to the tongues of the central and southern regions of the continent.

The words I have selected for the vocabulary are those which I think would be most likely to indicate relationship, when such existed. But as every comparative linguist is aware, neither these nor any words are free from the risk of ambiguity and equivocation. Thus, in many languages there are two or three different terms for “man,” as homo, vir or male; “woman” is wife or female; “sun” and “moon” are often merely descriptive terms or synonyms of day, light, night and darkness; the parts of the body have in American tongues the personal possessive noun prefixed or suffixed; what is worse, the terms for such may differ with the person, as in Kechua, where the word for “eye,” “arm,” etc., differ as it is my or thy eye, etc. “Hand” and “arm,” “foot” and “leg,” are frequently not discriminated, the corresponding words meaning properly “upper extremity,” “lower extremity,” etc.; and so on for almost every word that could be chosen.

The proper inference to draw from these facts is, not that a comparison of vocabularies is worthless or nearly so, but just the contrary. Where we find that a short vocabulary, imperfect for the above reasons, and still more so for the general ignorance of linguistics on the part of collectors, and the varying values they give to the alphabets employed, yet reveals identities with others, we are justly authorized to consider such analogies as highly significant and suggestive of profounder comparisons.

YUMA DIALECTS NEAR THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA.

	Cochimi.	Guaicuru.	Seri.	Yuma.
Man,	uami, tama,	Éte, pl. ti,	eketam,	hamuk.
Woman,	wakoe, wuetu,	anai,	ekemam,	hanya.
Sun,	ibo, ibunga,	untairi,	shaa, rahj,	inyaa.
Moon,	gamma,		isah,	kilshia.
Fire,	usi,		amak,	aua.
Water,	kahal,		ahj, a?,	aha.
Head,	agoppi,		ihlit,	ilta,
Eye,	ayibika,		ito,	ido.
Ear,			istla,	ismahlka.
Mouth,	ahÀ,		iten,	ya-À.
Nose,		namu,	ife,	ihu.
Tongue,			ip?l,	ehpelh.
Teeth,			itast,	ehdoh.
Hand,	neganna,	titshuketa,	intlash,	israhl.
Foot,	agannapa,		itova,	ime.
House,	ajihuenen,	ambuja,	aki,	ava.
1,	teguep,		tash?o,	sitik.
2,	goguÒ, kamoe,		ko-ok?,	o’ak.
3,	kombio,	meakunju,	ka-pka,	hamok.
4,	magacubugua,		kshu?kua,	hoba.
5,	naganna teguep,		ko-o?tom,	harabk.

The above vocabularies illustrate the extension of the Yuma stock to the southward. The Cochimi and Guaicuru are remote dialects, but of positive affinities. The Yuma words which I have added for comparison are principally from the Mohave dialect, and are taken from the vocabularies published by the “U. S. Geographical Surveys west of the 100th Meridian.”

The Seri words are chiefly from the satisfactory vocabulary obtained by the late John Russell Bartlett. The relationship of the dialect to the Yuma stock is evident.

DIALECTS OF THE UTO-AZTECAN STOCK.

	Tarahumara.	Pima.	Nahuatl.	Ute.
Man,	tehoje,	tinot,	tlacatl,	tawatz.
Woman,	muki, upi,	uba,	cihuatl,	oubea.
Sun,	taica,	tash,	tonatiuh,	tabi.
Moon,	maitsaca,	maskat, massar,	metztli,	mytogÉ.
Fire,	naÏki,		tletl,	te vua, M.
Water,		shontik, sueti,	atl,	pah.
Head,	moola,	nemoah,	totzontecon,	totsein.
Eye,	pusiki,		ixtololotli,	puevi.
Ear,	nechcala,	naank,	nacaztli,	nangk.
Mouth,			camatl,	temb.
Nose,	jachcala,		yacatl,	yaga, M.
Tongue,	tenila,		nenepilli,	lengi, M.
Tooth,		ptahan,	tlantli,	tahwan.
Hand,		noh,	maitl,	mou, makhde.
Foot,	tala,		icxitl,	igug.
House,		nip-ki, ki,	calli,	kahan.
1,		yumako,	ce,	shui.
2,	oca, guoca,	kuak,	ome,	wyune.
3,		vaik,	yey,	pay.
4,		ki-ak,	nahui,	vachue.
5,		huitas,	macuilli,	manuy.

The eight dialects which I give from the extensive Uto-Aztecan stock will illustrate the relationship of its members. The words marked M. in the Ute or Shoshonian vocabulary belong to the Moqui dialect, which appears to approach nearer the Aztecan branch than the speech of the northern tribes. The Tepehuana words are from the vocabulary obtained by M. Tarayre, and published in his Explorations (see antÉ, p. 136). I have placed the geographical extremes, the Nahuatl and the Ute, side by side, to illustrate the really striking similarity of these dialects, the one current on the Columbia river, the other extending to Chiriqui lagoon, near the Isthmus of Panama. Buschmann, in his works already referred to (antÉ, p. 119), cites numerous other examples.

DIALECTS OF THE UTO-AZTECAN STOCK.—(Continued.)

	Heve.	Tepehuana.	Opata.	Cora.
Man,	dor,	chiuaitcam,	uri,	teuit, teÁta.
Woman,	hub, hoquis,		osi, pl. nau,	uita.
Sun,	tuui,	tanaol,	tÄt,	xeucat.
Moon,	metzat,	maasol,	metza,	aÑahupi.
Fire,	te,	tay,	thai,	teujcuarit.
Water,	bat,	suudai,	vat,	ahti.
Head,	zonit,	maao,		muuti.
Eye,	vusit,	bopoe,	mÄua,	hiuziti.
Ear,	nacat,			naxaihti.
Mouth,	tenit,	intrigni.
Nose,	dacat,	yak.
Tongue,	nenet,	nuin,		nanuriti.
Tooth,	tanus,	tatama.
Hand,	mamat,	ingnaono.
Foot,	tarat,	incaiao,		moamati.
House,	quit,	vaak,	kit,	chapoariti.
1,	sei,	homad,	se.
2,	godum,	gaok,		hualpoa.
3,	veidum,	baech,	vaide.
4,	nausi,	maukao,	nago.
5,	marqui,	chetam,	marizi.

Still more substantial proof of the unity of this stock is furnished by the comparative grammar of its different members. These present various phases of morphological development, but always on the same lines. The Nahuatl is much the higher of them all, and in some of its forms attains to a truly inflectional character, as has been shown by Professor Steinthal.

CENTRAL STOCKS.

	Totonaco.		Tarasco.	Otomi.
	Upper.	Lower.
Man,			tziuereti,	n’yoh.
Woman,	chajat,	tac, taco,	cucha, cuxareti,	datsu, sitzu.
Sun,	co,	chichini,	huriata,	’hiadi.
Moon,	papa,	malcoyo,	cutzi,	rzana.
Fire,			turiri,	tzibi.
Water,	chochot,	xcan,	itsi,	dehe.
Head,	ayxaca,		ehpu,	Ña.
Eye,	lacaztaponitni,	lacacholna,	eskua,	da.
Ear,	tangan,	cacaxcolna,	kutsikua,	gu.
Mouth,	quilni,	quelpaja,	haramekua,	ne.
Nose,	quincan,	quin,	tz-ure,	siu.
Tongue,			katamba,	qhane.
Tooth,	tatzanitni,	taizalatna,	sini,	ttzi.
Hand,	macanitni,	macatatna,	haqui,	’ye.
Foot,	tohuan,	tojolat,		gua.
House,			quahta,	ngu.
1,	tom,	omollana,	ma,	’ne, r’e.
2,	toy,	toy,	tziman,	yoho.
3,	toto,	toton,	tanimo,	hiu.
4,		tat,	tamu,	gooho.
5,		quitziz,	yumu,	cqtta.

The Totonaco is spoken in two diverse dialects by the inhabitants of the plains and the uplands. The difference is not so great as appears in the written tongue, as they are mutually intelligible.

A number of works on the Tarascan language have recently been edited or written by Dr. Nicolas Leon, of Morelia, Michoacan, so that there is abundant material for the study of the tongue.

The Otomi presents so many sounds unfamiliar to the European ear that the attempt to represent it by our alphabets can be only remotely accurate. I have a very extensive MS. dictionary of the tongue, based on the Vocabulario Mexicano of Molina.

CENTRAL STOCKS.

	Zoque.	Mixe.	Zapotec.	Mixtec.
Man,	puen,	yai-tohk,	beni niguio,	yee.
Woman,	yoma,	toix,	beni gonaa,	Ñahadzehe.
Sun,	hama,	xeuh,	chii, gobiche.
Moon,	poya, xapa,		xona xibeo.
Fire,	hucata,	xÖÖn,	guii.
Water,	na,	noo,	niza.
Head,	copac,	cobaac,	icqui,	dzini.
Eye,	vitem,	huin,	bizaloo,	tenu.
Ear,	tatzec,	tatzc,	tiaga,	tutnu, dzoho.
Mouth,	angnaca,	au,	rua, rohua,	yuhu.
Nose,	quina,	hÖp,	xii,	dzitui.
Tongue,	totz,	yen,	luuchi,	yaa.
Tooth,	tetz,	tÖtz,	chitalaaga,	noho.
Hand,	tzamguica,	cÖÖ,	naa,	daha.
Foot,	manguica,	teic,	nii.
House,	tÖc, tenk,		yuu, lichi,	huahi.
1,	tuma,	tuuc,	tubi,	ek.
2,	metza,	metzc,	tiopa,	uvui.
3,	tucay,	tucoc,	chona,	uni.
4,	macscuy,	mactaxc,	tapa,	kmi.
5,	mosay,	mocoxc,	guayo,	hoho.

In the above vocabularies the relation of the Zoque to the Mixe is more clearly shown than that of the Zapotec to the Mixtec. A more extended comparison of the two latter has been instituted by Pimentel in his work on the languages of Mexico, which appears to strengthen the belief that they belong to the same stock. Prof. Friedrich MÜller, however, continues to regard them as separate stocks (Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft, Bd. II., Ab. I., s. 298, sq.). The question is discussed with fullness in the introduction, by Dr. Nicholas Leon, to the Arte del Idioma Zapoteco, of Juan de Cordova (ed. Morelia, 1886), to which the student is referred. I think the evidence is sufficient to regard them as allied idioms. The Zapotec of the mountains, Zapoteco serrano, differs considerably from that which is given above.

CENTRAL STOCKS.

	Chinantec.	Huave.	Maya.	Chapanec.
Man,	cha, Ñuh,	nÁshui,	uinic,	dipaju, naha.
Woman,	mui,	naptah, nostah,	ixal,	nafui.
Sun,	maÑui,	noet,	kin,	napiju, nyumbu.
Moon,	zei,	cahau,	u,	yuju.
Fire,	nigei,		kaak,	niiyu.
Water,	mui,		ha,	nimbu.
Head,	gui,		pol, hol,	tkima.
Eye,	manihi,		uich,	natÉ.
Ear,			xicin,	nyujmi.
Mouth,	cuhaha,		chi,	duui, nunsu.
Nose,			ni,	nyungu.
Tongue,			uak,	baelu, griji.
Tooth,			co,	niji.
Hand,	nquaha,		cab,	dila, diro.
Foot,	nni,		uoc, oc,	laku, gura.
House,	nu,	piem,	otoch,	nangu.
1,	cna,	anop,	hun,	tike, ticao.
2,	tno,	epoem,	ca,	jomi, hao.
3,	nne,	erof-poef,	ox,	jami, haui.
4,	quiu,	apÛkif,	can,	haha.
5,	Ña,	akukif,	ho,	haomo.

The Chinantec is included in the Zapotec stock by Pimentel, who follows the dictum of Hervas, confessedly without examination (Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico, Tom. III., cap. 37). This was not the opinion of Dr. Berendt, who has compared both tongues, and a comparison of the short vocabularies which I give shows only one word, that for “foot,” which is identical in both.

The Huaves, who claim a migration from the south, do not reveal a connection in their language with any of the southern stocks.

The Maya of the Vocabulary is the pure tongue as spoken in Yucatan. Its various dialects have been carefully studied by Berendt, Stoll and others. The most corrupt is probably the Chaneabal of Chiapas, of which I gave a short analysis in the American Anthropologist, Jan., 1888.

INTER-ISTHMIAN STOCKS.

	Musquito.	Lenca.	Xicaque.	Ulva.
Man,	waikna,	amashe,	jomÉ,	all.
Woman,	mairen,	mapu,	pitmÉ,	yall.
Sun,	lapta,	gasi,	behapoi,	moa.
Moon,	kati,		numui,	uaigo.
Fire,	pauta,	uga,	inqueamoos,	ku.
Water,	li,	gÜas,	sur,	uas.
Head,	lel,	toro,	laipuco,	tunik.
Eye,	nakro,	saring,	non,	miniktaka.
Ear,	kiama,	yang,	fora,	tabaki.
Mouth,	bila,	ingori,	muipane,	dinibas.
Nose,	kakma,	napse,	meguin,	nangitak.
Tongue,	twisa,	navel,	rin,	tuki.
Tooth,	napa,	nagha,	quir,	anaki.
Hand,	mita,	gulala,	mor,	tumi.
Foot,	mena,	gÜagl,	san,	kalkibas.
House,	watla,	tahu,	chef,	u.
1,	kumi,	ita,	pani,	aslar, aloslag.
2,	wal,	na,	matis,	muye bu.
3,	niupa,	lagua,	contis,	muye bas.
4,	wÄlwÄl,	aria,	urupan,	muya runca.
5,	matasip,	saihe,	casanpani,	muye sinca.

The above four vocabularies are taken from MS. material in my possession collected by E. G. Squier and Dr. C. H. Berendt. They do not appear to indicate the slightest relationship either between themselves, or with any other known stocks. The careful researches of Lucien Adam on the Musquito grammar do not bring it into connection either with the Carib or the Chibcha families, with which it has sometimes been supposed to be affined.

The Lenca dialects, of four of which I have vocabularies, do not differ materially, but the exact distribution of the stock at the period of the conquest is uncertain.

INTER-ISTHMIAN STOCKS.—(Continued.)

	Guatuso.	Subtiaba.	Matagalpan.	Xinca.
Man,	ochapa,	rabu,	misa,	jumu, jurac.
Woman,	curijuri,	rabaku,	yueiya,	ayala.
Sun,	toji,	daska,	lal,	pari.
Moon,	ziji,	dukkÚ,	aiko,	ahua.
Fire,	cuepala,	agu,	lauale,	ura.
Water,	ti,	iia,	li,	ui.
Head,	machia,	edi, ekxu,	ma’ike,	gesalia.
Eye,	mafi zicu,	siktu,	kuÑke,	yurati.
Ear,	nato coto,	nyahu,	topalke,	mami.
Mouth,	macoquica,	daghu,	tauake,	xajac.
Nose,	natain,	dakko,	namke,	jutu narin.
Tongue,	macu,	duhun,	tomamke,	eilan.
Tooth,	oca,	sinnyu,	ninike,	jari xajan.
Hand,	macu quichia,	nyau,	panake,	pum, pu.
Foot,	naho quichia,	nasku,	napake,	guapan.
House,	uh,	guÁ,	u,	macu.
1,	anacachumaru,	imba,	bas,	ica.
2,	ponca, pangi,	apu,	buyo,	ti, piar.
3,		assu,	guatba,	uala.
4,	paque, posai,	asku,	bota´jio,	iria.
5,		uissu,		pijar.

The Guatuso is taken from the vocabularies collected by Bishop Thiel, and several times republished. The remaining three are from MS. materials collected by Dr. C. H. Berendt. The Xinca I have previously published, with a general discussion of the tribe, in the Proc. of the Amer. Philosoph. Soc., 1885.

The Matagalpan or “Chontal of Nicaragua” (see antÉ, p. 149), is from the vocabulary collected by the Rev. Victor Noguera. It appears to stand quite alone. A few remote resemblances to the Talamanca dialects of Costa Rica seem to exist, which, if real, would connect the Matagalpan with South American stocks.

COLUMBIAN STOCKS.

	Cuna.	Changuina.	Andaqui.	Tucura.
Man,	mastule,	taro,		himbera.
Woman,	puna,	bia.
Sun,	ipe,	querele,	caqui,	ahumautu.
Moon,	ni,	sirala,	mitae,	jedeco.
Fire,	chau,	quebu,	jifi (= candle).
Water,	ti,	si, ti, yi,	jiji,	pania.
Head,	chag’la,	duku, quinunuma,	quinaji,	poru.
Eye,	ibia,	oko,	sifi,	tabu.
Ear,	ugua,	kuga,	sunguajo,	quiburi.
Mouth,	kagya,	caga,		itÉ.
Nose,	uchue,	neko,	quifi,	kaimbu.
Tongue,	guapina,	cuba,	sonae.
Tooth,	nugada,	zuu,	sicoga.
Hand,	changa,	kulosol,	sacaÁ,	juwajimi.
Foot,	nacamali,	ser,	soguapana,	jenu.
House,	neca,	hu,	cojoo,	tÉ.
1,	quenchigue,	que,		aba.
2,	pogua,	como,		unmÉ.
3,	pagua,	calabach,		unpia.
4,	paquegua,	calacapa,		kimare.
5,	atale,	calamale,		cuesume.

The Cuna and the Changuina or Dorasque are from M. Alph. Pinart’s various publications on these dialects; the Andaqui from the collections of the Presbyter Albis; and the Tucura, a Choco dialect, from the report of Dr. A. Ernst (Zeitschrift fÜr Ethnologie, 1887, 302). The last mentioned was obtained on the upper Sinu river, near the junction of the Rio Verde. It is not of the San Blas (Cuna) family, but clearly Choco.

I have already referred (p. 200) to some slight similarity of the Andaqui to the Chibcha; but until we have more extensive material of the former, the question must be left open.

DIALECTS OF THE CHOCO STOCK.

	Noanama.	Tado´.	Chami.	Sambo or Choco.
Man,	emokoyda,	umujina,	muguira,	umachina, muguira.
Woman,	uida,	uena,	huera,	auera.
Sun,	edau,	pesia,	umata,	pisia, imuanba.
Moon,	edau,	jedego,	tedeco,	jedecÓ.
Fire,	igdn,	tibÚa,	tibuzhia,	tujoor.
Water,	du,	panea,	pania,	pania. do = river.
Head,	pÚdu,	paru´,	boro,	poro.
Eye,	dau,	tau,	tao,	tau.
Ear,	cachi,	kuru´,	guru,	juru.
Mouth,	i,	itai´,	gu,	ji, itai.
Nose,	keun,	kung,	y,	cung, jun.
Tongue,	meujina,	kinÓme,	guiranee,	quirame.
Tooth,	hierra,	kida´,	guida,	tida.
Hand,	hua,	hua´,	tua,	jua.
Foot,	bopidi,	jinuga´,	tiui,	jinu.
House,	di,	tee´,		te, dhe.
1,	aba,	aba,	aba,	aba.
2,	nu,	ume,	ube,	ome.
3,	tanjupa,	kimaris,	umpea,	ompea.
4,	jay upa,	guasuma,	guimare,	quimari.
5,	juambo,	kisona,	guasome,	guasoma.

The Choco family had probably at one time a much wider extension than we are familiar with in historic times. I have suggested (antÉ, pp. 274, 275), that even the sparse material for comparison as yet available seems to indicate an affinity with the Betoya stock. As our knowledge of the Orinoco and the Columbian region extends, probably other tribes will be discovered speaking related dialects. The four vocabularies which I give above serve to illustrate the comparatively slight differences of the phonetics. Another dialect, the TucarÁ (see antÉ, p. 176, note), is given on the preceding page.

DIALECTS OF THE CHIBCHA STOCK.

	Chibcha.	Aroac.	Chimila.	Guaymi.
Man,	muysca,	sÖkue,	sÖÖkuÉ,	nitocua.
Woman,	ti-gÜi,	yun-kue,	yuunkuÉ,	meri.
Sun,	sua,	yuia,	neiin-Á,	ninguane.
Moon,	chie,	tii,	tii,	sÓ.
Fire,	gata,	guÉ,	uuÑÉ,	nocua.
Water,	sie,	yira,	niitake,	si, Ña.
Head,	zysqui,	zankalla,	oÖkrÁ,	thokua.
Eye,	upcua,	uba,	uaÁkua,	ocua.
Ear,	cuhuca,	kuhcua,	kuÚsaka,	olo.
Mouth,	quihica,	kÖhka,	kÖÖkua,	ca da.
Nose,	saca,	niksaiÑ,	naaÑakra,	secua.
Tongue,	pcua,	kuca,	kuÁ,	tudra.
Tooth,	sica,	kÖhka (?),	nÉ,	tu.
Hand,	yta,	atta-kra,	aattakra,	cuse.
Foot,	quihicha,	ksa, pukrÉ,	pookrÉ,	ngoto.
House,	gÜe,	hÚi,	aÁtaka,	jÚ.
1,	ata,	kutÉ,	kutÉ,	kr-ati.
2,	boza,	moga,	muuhnÁ,	kro-bu.
3,	mica,	maigua,	teieme´,	kro-mai.
4,	muihica,	murieiÉ,	murieiÉ,	kro-boko.
5,	hisca,	achigua,	kutendeu-rehattagra,	kro-rigua.

The relations of the Chibcha dialects are so important in their bearings on the question of the migrations from South into North America, that in addition to the specific comparisons on page 186, I here add vocabularies of six dialects; three, the Chibcha, Aroac and Chimila, from south of the Isthmus, and three, the Guaymi, Talamanca and Boruca, from north of it.

The Chibcha proper is a language of extremely difficult phonetics for a European, and doubtless the Spanish orthography, in which it is rendered, is far from accurate.

The fundamental identity of the dialects of the stock becomes much more apparent after a study of their laws of phonetic variation, as set forth by Dr. Max Uhle (antÉ, p. 185).

	CHIBCHA STOCK.		COLUMBIAN STOCKS.
	Talamanca.	Boruca.	Paniquita.	Timote.
Man,	vipÁ,	con-rokh,	piz, petam,	mayoi, kak, nachu.
Woman,	arÁcra,	kam-rokh,	neyo, cuenas,	kursum, naktun.
Sun,	divu,	kak,	itaqui,	mpÚ.
Moon,	turu,	tebe,	ate.
Fire,	yuk,	dukra,	ipi,	chirip, fÚ.
Water,	di,	di,	yo,	chimpuÉ.
Head,	tsuko,	sagra,	dictÉ,	kicham.
Eye,	vubra,	caix,	yafi.
Ear,	cucÜh,	cuaga,	tÓgnue,	timabum.
Mouth,	sacu,	casa,	yugue,	macabÓ, karichnuck.
Nose,	chi´scah,	xiska,	inz.
Tongue,	ku,		tone,	chiqui vÚ.
Tooth,	aka,		quith.
Hand,	ura,	dijurre,	cose.
Foot,	iucra,	di-krescua,	chinda,	kuju.
House,	huh,		yath,	nakot.
1,	et,		yas, vitech,	kari.
2,	bug,		enz,	gem.
3,	mang,		tec,	sut, hisjut.
4,	keng,		panz,	pit.
5,	skera,		taz,	caboc, mubes.

The Talamanca and Boruca are Chibcha dialects (see preceding page). The Paniquita (see antÉ, pp. 190-192) has no positive affinities with its neighbors. The grammatical character of its Paez dialect has been analyzed by Fr. MÜller (Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft, Bd. II., Ab. I., p. 356). He points out some similarity in the numerals to the Kechua and Goajiro. But this is not significant.

The various vocabularies of the Timote stock differ considerably, and none of them is at all complete.

	DIALECTS OF THE BARBACOA STOCK.		DIALECTS OF THE COCANUCO STOCK.
	Colorado.	Cayapa.	Moguex.	Totoro.
Man,	zachi, unilla,	liu-pula,	muck,	mujel.
Woman,	sona, sonala,	su-pula,	schut,	ishu.
Sun,	iÓ,	pacta,	puizarum.
Moon,	pe,	macara,	puil.
Fire,	ni,	ninguma,	ipt.
Water,	pi,	pi,	pii.
Head,	muchÚ,	mishpuca,	pusro,	pushu.
Eye,	cacÓ,	capucua,	cap,	captchul.
Ear,		pungui,	calo.
Mouth,	fiquiforo,	tipaqui,	chidbchad,	trictrap.
Nose,	quinfu,	kijo,	kind,	kim.
Tongue,		nigca,		nile.
Teeth,		tesco,		tchugul.
Hand,	tede,	fia-papa,	coze,	cambil.
Foot,	nede,	ne-papa,	kadzigd.
Home,	ia,	ya,	yaatk,	ia.
1,	manga,			kanendova.
2,	paluga,			pubuin.
3,	paimun,			puinbun.
4,	humbalulÓ,			pipuin.
5,	manta,			tchajpun.

A comparison of the above vocabularies will probably strengthen the supposition I have advanced (antÉ, p. 199), that these two stocks were originally branches of one and the same. The material on all the dialects is scanty, and for a proper grammatical collation is quite wanting. As they are yet living idioms, it is to be hoped that some energetic traveler will supply the facts to solve the question. The sources of the vocabularies are indicated in the text.

The wide differences between the four main Peruvian stocks are seen in the above vocabularies. The Kechua and Aymara alone have anything in common. The Yunca is presented in the Mochica dialect, which is that adopted by Carrera in his Grammar. The vocabulary of the Etenes, as furnished by Bastian, differs from it only in the word for “eye,” tassack, and “head,” chÄtz, which is remarkable, considering the extreme difficulty of the Yunca phonetics. The grammars of these three tongues are carefully analyzed by Fr. MÜller.

The AtacameÑo words are from the authorities quoted on p. 227. Of its grammar we have only the imperfect account furnished by San Roman, which seems to remove it from the character of the Kechua and Aymara.

SOUTH ATLANTIC LINGUISTIC STOCKS.

	Arawak.	Tapuya.	Tupi.	Kiriri.
Man,	wadili,	samnaha, waha,	apyaba,	klÖh.
Woman,	hiaeru,	zokna,	cunhÁ,	kÜtsi.
Sun,	haddali,	taru te mu,	curasse,	utschih.
Moon,	katti,	kmuniak,	jaÇi,	cayacu.
Fire,	hikkihi,	chompek,	tatÁ,	issuh.
Water,	wuini,	munia,	hy,	dzu.
Head,		krain,	canga,	tzambu.
Eye,	akussi,	ketom,	tesa,	po-nubi.
Ear,	adikkehi,	nunk-hon,	namby,	benjen.
Mouth,	uelleru kuhu,	nima,	juru,	oriza.
Nose,	issirihi,	kigin,	iting,	nambih.
Tongue,	uejehi,	kzigiok,	japecong,	nunuh.
Tooth,	ari,	zhÚn, yune,	ainha,	dza.
Hand,	uekabbu,	po,	ypo,	mnssang.
Foot,	ukutti,	po,	py,	bouih.
House,	bahÜ,	kjiemm,	oka,	era, bate.
1,	abba,	pogik,	jebe,	bihe.
2,	biama,	nom,	mucuing,	wachani.
3,	kabbuhin,	tscho caorhu,	musapui,	wachani dikie.
4,	bibiti,	iapes chacoron,	erundi.
5,	abbatekabbe,	nonhoron.

The four chief stocks of the eastern Amazon region present a fundamental diversity both in vocabulary and grammar. The Arawak is shown as it is, as current in Guiana and along the northern affluents of the Amazon; the Tapuya is in the dialect of the Botocudos, as presented by Dr. Paul Ehrenreich; the Tupi is the “lingua geral” of Brazil; and the Kiriri is from the Arte of Mamiani.

In most of the South Atlantic stocks the numerals are imperfectly developed, all quantities above three being usually expressed by compound words.

DIALECTS OF THE ARAWAK STOCK.

	Chontaquiro.	Baniva.	Piapoco.	Guana.
Man,	geji,	enami,	ima,	hapohitai, tahanan.
Woman,	sichunÉ,	neyau,	inanahi,	zeeno.
Sun,	intiti,	amorci,	ureri,	kat-hai.
Moon,	cachiri,	pia, achita,	keri,	kohaivai.
Fire,	chichi,	arsi,	kitsai,	incu.
Water,	unÉ,	ueni,	huni,	houna.
Head,	huejijua,	ibupi, nombo,	ivita,	kombaipoi.
Eye,	huijarsajÉ,	nu puri,	nouto ui,	onguei.
Ear,	huijepe,	notarifara,	gua-wui,	guaihaino.
Mouth,	huespÉ,	e-noma,	wa-numa,	baho.
Nose,	huisiri,	pe-yapa,	nouÏacou,	agueiri.
Tongue,	guenÈ,	n-hotare,	wa-nimi,	nahainai.
Tooth,	huisÉ,	na-si,	yai,	onhai.
Hand,	huamianuta,	capi,	ha-capi,	no.
Foot,	huisiqui,	itsipara,	ouabari,	djahavai.
House,	panchi,	panisi,	capi,	maihaino.
1,	suriti,		abehita,	poikoja.
2,	apiri,		pucheibata,	pid-djaho.
3,	noquiri,		maisibba,	mopoa.
4,	ticti,		bainoco,	honaton.
5,	tictisiri,		abemo hacapi,	houakoo.

These four vocabularies of some dialects of the Arawak stock, from localities wide apart, disclose extensive variations from the standard tongue. They are, however, rather apparent than real, and often depend on either variations in orthography, or the substitution of synonymous or allied words. This is well seen in the comparative table of thirty-six Arawak dialects presented in tabular form by Karl von den Steinen in his Durch Central-Brasilien, s. 294. Neither he nor Adam includes the Chontaquiro in the Arawak stock, but a comparison of vocabularies leaves no doubt about it. The Chontaquiro prefix hue is the Piapoco gua, = “thy.”

DIALECTS OF THE CARIB STOCK.

	Bakairi.	Motilone.	Guaque.	Tamanaca.
Man,	uguruto,	ya´kano,	guire,	nuani.
Woman,	pekoto,	esate,	guerechi,	aica.
Sun,	tsisi,	gÜicho,	uehi.
Moon,	nuna,	kuna,	nuna.
Fire,	pe´to,	gÜesta,	majoto.
Water,	paru,	kuna-siase,	tuna.
Head,	k?inara?u,		jutuye,	prutpe.
Eye,	k?anu´,	anÚ,	emuru,	januru.
Ear,	k?i uanata´,	pana,	janari,	panari.
Mouth,	k?i ta´?,		indare.
Nose,	k?ana´?,	ona,	onari.
Tongue,	k? u´lu,		inico,	nuru.
Tooth,	k? ie´?,	kiyuko,	yeri.
Hand,	k? ama´?,	oma,	niÑare,	jamgnari.
Foot,	k? u?u?,	pisa,	iyu puru,	ptari.
House,	otÁ,	pesoa,	migna.
1,	tokalole,	tukum-arko,		ovin.
2,	asage,	kos-arko,		oco.
3,	asage-tokalo,	koser-arko,		orva.
4,	asage-asage,	kos aj-taka.
5,		oma (hand).

The oldest existing forms of the Carib stock are believed by Von den Steinen to be preserved in the Bakairi, which I have accordingly placed first in the vocabularies of this family.

The Motilone, which is placed beside it, is one of the most northwestern dialects, and shows singular tenacity of the radicals of the language.

The Guaque, which is substantially the same as the Carijona, is the extreme western member of the family, but presents unmistakably the physiognomy of the stock.

Of the Tamanaca I have seen but incomplete specimens, but on account of its former importance, I insert it in this connection.

DIALECTS OF THE CARIB STOCK.—Continued.

	Roucouyenne.	Macuchi.	Maquiritare.	Cumanagoto.
Man,	okiri,	uratÂe,	rahuwari,	guarayto.
Woman,	oli,	nery,	wiri,	guariche.
Sun,	chichi,	uci, ouÉi,	chi,	sis.
Moon,	nunu,	capoui,	nonna,	nuna.
Fire,	uapot,	apo,	guahato.
Water,	tuna,	tuna,	tona,	tuna.
Head,	itepuru,	popahy,	iyoha,	putpo.
Eye,	yanuru,	yÉnu, tenu,		yenur, ono.
Ear,	panari,	panure,	ihanarri,	panar.
Mouth,	uaiamu,	unta,	intarri,	umptar.
Nose,	yemna,	yuna,	yonari,	ona.
Tongue,	nulu,	unum,	iwini,	nuri.
Tooth,	yÉrÉ,	piriabura,	adderri,	yer.
Hand,	yamuru,	yanda,	arra mori,	yemiar.
Foot,	pupuru,	uta,	ohorro,	putar.
House,	pacolo,	euete,	ahute,	pata.
1,	auini,	tiuim,	toni,	tibin.
2,	uakÉnÉ,	saganÉ,	hake,	achac.
3,	eleuau,	siruanÉ,	arrowawa,	achoroao.
4,		sacrerÉ,	hake kiema,	yzpe.
5,		matiquim,		petpe.

The Roucouyenne and Macuchi are dialects on either slope of the sierra south of Guyana. Both appear to have been affected by their proximity to the Arawak stock.

The Maquiritare of the Orinoco and the Cumanagoto of the northern portion of Venezuela are comparatively closely related, and both present few foreign elements.

We may expect a thorough treatment of the comparative grammar of the Carib dialects from M. Lucien Adam, who is engaged in this study at the present time.

A large amount of material has been collected by Von den Steinen, of which but a small portion has been published. It relates principally to the southern Carib dialects.

LANGUAGES OF THE ORINOCO BASIN.

	Opone and Carare.	Peba.	Yahua.	Saliva.
Man,		comoley,	huano,	cocco.
Woman,		watoa,	huaturuna,	gnacu.
Sun,	bueno,	wana,	hini,	mumesechecocco.
Moon,	cano,	remelane,	arimaney,	vexio.
Fire,	fotÓ,	feula,	jigney,	egussa.
Water,	tuna,	ain,	aah,	cagÙa.
Head,	iube, siyoco,	raino,	firignio.
Eye,	ieu, yeo,	vinimichi,	huiranca,	pacutÉ.
Ear,	itana, stana,	mituva,	ontisiui,	aicupana.
Mouth,		rito,	huiÇama,	aajÀ.
Nose,	iena, yena,	vinerro,	unirou,	incuu.
Tongue,	inu, syno.
Tooth,		viala.
Hand,	iaso, iyaso,	vi-nitaily,	hui janpana,	immomÓ.
Foot,	idebu, stuyo,	vi nimotay,	muniumatu,	caabapa.
House,	mune,	lowarrey,	rore.
1,		tomeulay,	tekini.
2,		nomoira,	nanojui.
3,		tamoimansa,	munua.
4,		namerayo,	naÏrojuiÑo.
5,		taonella,	tenaja.

The Opone and the Carare have evidently been subjected to foreign influences, but still retain the characteristics of the Carib dialects.

The Peba and the Yahua are not attached to the Carib family. They, however, reveal the traces of its influence, and appear to have adopted many words from it. Probably they are largely jargons, and between themselves indicate a rather close relationship.

Of the Saliva, which seems to stand alone, the materials are inadequate. Some texts, with an effort at a grammatical analysis, are given in the Mithridates, III., s. 625.

LANGUAGES OF THE ORINOCO BASIN.—(Continued.)

	Otomaca.	Piaroa.	Guaraouna.	Guahiba.
Man,	andoua,	ovo,	guarao,	pebi.
Woman,	ondoua,	ysaho,	ibama, tira,	petiriba, C., pihaoua.
Sun,	noua,	morho,	hoke,	wameto, C., icatia, isota.
Moon,	oura,	chawa,	guanica,	oamito.
Fire,	noua,	ocoura,	hÈcouno,	isoto.
Water,	ia,	ahiia,	ho,	mera.
Head,		chÛ,		pemoto hocota, C., ibun.
Eye,		chiahere,		yto huto.
Ear,			cacoco,	pemohuyo roto, C., nu tanipara.
Mouth,		chaha,	doco,	pinpierda.
Nose,		chihino,	ca-icari,	pepomuteito.
Tongue,		chame,		peeberta.
Tooth,		chacou,	ca-ycay,	bono.
Hand,		chumu,	ca-mahu,	napi.
Foot,		chinepo,	omu,	petahu.
House,			hanouco,	ta-habo (my).
1,	enga,		itchaca,	cahene.
2,	dÉ,		manamo,	nawanube.
3,	yakia,		dianamo,	acueyani.
4,	depitade,		urabocaya,	penaya autsiva.
5,	ionga pinibo,		uabachi,	cahecobe.

The above four lengue matrice were among the most important on the Orinoco. The Guaraouna or Warrau was, and continues to be, spoken by the tribes of the delta, who are numerous and intelligent, when they have a fair chance to live undisturbed.

Of the Otomaca only the merest fragments have been published, and my vocabulary is nearly empty.

Several recent travelers have brought back information about the Piaroa and Guahiba, some of which may be found in the eighth volume of the BibliothÈque Linguistique AmÉricaine (Paris, 1882), with observations by M. Adam. C. refers to Chaffanjon.

LANGUAGES OF THE ORINOCO BASIN.—(Continued.)

	Omagua.	Yarura.	Betoya.	Correguaje.
Man,	ava, mena,	pume,	umasoi,	emiud, pai.
Woman,	huaina, cunia,	ibi, ain,	ro.
Sun,	huarassi,	do,	teo-umasoi,	ense.
Moon,	yase,	goppe,	teo-ro,	paimia.
Fire,	tata,	condÉ,	futui.
Water,	uni,	uui,	ocudÚ,	oco.
Head,	yacue,	pacchÁ,	rosaca,	sijope.
Eye,	zaicana,	batchioo, C., jonde,	ufoniba,	Ñancoca.
Ear,	nami,			cajoroso.
Mouth,	yuru,	yaoo, C.
Nose,	ti,	nappe,	jusaca,	jinquepui.
Tongue,	cumuera,	hihn, C., toppono,	ineca,	chimenu.
Tooth,	say,	hundee, C.,		cojini.
Hand,	pua,	icchi,	rum-cosi,	jete.
Foot,	pueta,	tahoo, C.,	rem-ocÁ,	coapi.
House,	uca,			guce.
1,	uyepe,	caname,	edojojoi.
2,	mucuica,	adotchami, Ñoeni,	edoi.
3,	iruaca,	tarani,	ibutu.
4,		adoitchemi.
5,		canikiro.

The Omagua is a well-marked Tupi dialect. Adam has shown the grammatical concordances clearly (Compte-Rendu du Cong. des Amer., 1888, p. 496).

The Yarura and Betoya reveal faint resemblances in the words for “sun” and “tongue”; but not enough to justify assuming a relationship. Their grammars are quite unlike, that of the Yarura preceding by suffixes, that of the Betoya by prefixes (see MÜller, Sprachwissenschaft, Bd. II., Ab. I., s. 361).

The Correguaje shows less analogy to the Betoya in the above vocabulary than in a more extended comparison. The word for water, oco, reappears in a number of dialects not akin to this stock, and is perhaps allied to the Chinchasuyu yacu (see antÉ, p. 205).

DIALECTS OF THE UPPER AMAZONIAN BASIN.

	Pano.	Culino.	BarÉ.	Puinavi.
Man,	buene, huebo,	nukung,	ehinari.
Woman,	avio, yusabu,	auy,	hinatape.
Sun,	bari,	wari,	camuhu,	iama.
Moon,	usde, osi,	ozii,	ki,	heboet.
Fire,	si,	yuai,	cameni.
Water,	uaca, unpas,	uaka,	huni,	u, eti.
Head,	macho, mapo,	mazu,	dosia,	ahouiat.
Eye,	buero,	wÜrru,	iwiti,	ambic.
Ear,	paukÉ,	tsaybynky,	idatini,	about.
Mouth,	uschÀ, ibi,	ecuacha,	inuma,	ayÉ.
Nose,	desan,	rÜky,	itti,	mohec.
Tongue,	ana,	anu,	inene,	arok.
Tooth,	seta, sena,	sita,	heheyi.
Hand,	maku,		nucobi,	arap.
Foot,	tacu, tarÚ,	whyta,	isi,	asim.
House,	subo,	subu.
1,	pajÜ,	uÜty,	bacanacari,	atam.
2,	dabui, rubÄ,	rabii,	bicunama,	ahao.
3,	muken aute,	takuma,	kirikunama,	apaoui.
4,				akaouno.
5,				daptan.

The grammatical and phonetic relations of the Pano stock have been judiciously analyzed by M. Raoul de la Grasserie (Compte-Rendu du Cong. des Amer., 1888, p. 438, sq.). The Pano and Culino are seen to be closely connected, those who use the one doubtless understanding the other.

The BarÉ, which is an Arawak dialect, I have inserted here for the sake of convenience.

The Puinavi is unclassified (see antÉ, p. 278). In the few words above given, those for “sun,” “water,” and “foot” appear to have affinities to the BarÉ.

DIALECTS OF THE UPPER AMAZONIAN BASIN.—(Continued.)

	Catoquina.	Ticuna.	Zaparo.	Tucano.
Man,	eu,	iyate,	tÁÚcuo,	euma, mina.
Woman,	ainÀ,	niai,	itiÚmu,	numea.
Sun,	tscha,	ehajeh,	yano´cua,	muipu.
Moon,	wahlya,		cashi´cua,	mama nunpo.
Fire,	ychta,	ejheh,	anamis-hu´cua,	pecamÉÊ.
Water,	uata-hy,	aaitchu,	muricha,	ocÓ.
Head,	ghy,	nahairu,	a´naca,	diptuÁ.
Eye,	yghÓ,	nehaai,	namijia,	caperi.
Ear,	masaehta,	nachiuai,	taure,	umepero.
Mouth,	nunaghy,	naha,	atupa´ma,	sero.
Nose,	opaghpÓ,	naran,	najÚcua,	ekÉÁ.
Tongue,	nogho,	kohny,	riricciÀ,	yÉmÉnÓ.
Tooth,	y,	taputa,	icare,	upiry.
Hand,	paghy,	tapamai,	ichiosa,	amupamÁ.
Foot,	achman,	nacoutai,	iÑocua,	dipoca.
House,		ih, hi,	itia,	uiy’.
1,	heghykty,	hucih,	nucua´qui,	nekeu.
2,	upaua,	tarepueh,	anamis-hiÑaqui,	piana.
3,	tupaua,	tomepueh,	aimucuraque,	itiana.
4,	hoyhan,	ague mouji,	huet sara maja itiaca,	bapalitina.
5,		hueamepueh,	manucua,	nicumakina.

The Catoquina and Ticuna are mixed dialects or jargons, but clearly related to each other. Martius hesitated whether to assign them to his “Guck” or his “GÊs” stem. They both contain elements of the Arawak, probably by borrowing. Locally they are neighbors. The vocabulary of Ticuna is from Paul Marcoy’s work.

The Tucano, which is in the form obtained by Coudreau, shows elements of Betoya and Arawak. Its relationship to the Tapuya is not fully established.

The Zaparo from the Putumayo is from the collection of Osculati. It does not seem in any way related to the great stocks of the Amazonian region.

DIALECTS OF THE UPPER AMAZONIAN BASIN.—(Continued.)

	Tacana.	Maropa.	Sapibocona.	Araua.
Man,	deja,	dreja,	reanci,	maquida.
Woman,	ano,	anu,	anu,	waidaua.
Sun,	ireti,	isjeti,		mahi.
Moon,	bari,	bantri,	bari,	massicu.
Fire,	quati,	cuati,	cuati,	sihu.
Water,	eave, jene,	yuvi,	eubi,	paha.
Head,	echu,	echuja,	echuja.
Eye,	etra drun dru,	eta chundru,	etua churu.
Ear,	edaja,	eshacuena.
Mouth,	equatri,	equatra.
Nose,	evieni,	evi,	evi.
Tongue,	eana,	eana,	eana.
Tooth,	etre,	etrÉ.
Hand,	ema,	eme,	eme,	usafa.
Foot,	equatri,	evatri,	ebbachi,	otama.
House,	ejtej,	etai,		zami.
1,	pea,	pembive,	carata,	warihi.
2,	beta,	beta,	mitia,	famihi.
3,	quimisha,	camisha,	curapa,	arishafaha.
4,	puchi,	puschi.
5,	puchica,	pischica.

The interesting group of the Tacana stock is illustrated above by three of its dialects. I regret that the recent publication on the Arauna by Rev. Nicolas Armentia (Navegacion del Rio Madre de Dios) has not been accessible to me.

The scanty vocabulary of the Araua does not permit any extended study of its relations.

I call attention to the numerals of the Sapibocona and Cayubaba as given above and on page 360. Prof. Fr. MÜller has transposed the two in his lists of examples (Sprachwissenschaft, II., I., p. 438. Compare Mithridates, III., p. 576).

LANGUAGES OF THE BOLIVIAN HIGHLANDS.

	Yurucare.	Itene.	Samucu.	Chiquito.
Man,	suÑe,	huatiki,	vairiguÈ, nani, H.,	ÑoÑich.
Woman,	yee,	tana,	yacotea, cheke, H.,	paich.
Sun,	puine,	mapito,	yede,	anene, zuuch.
Moon,	subi,	panevo,	etosia,	vaach, paas.
Fire,	aima,	iche,	pioc,	pee.
Water,	sama,	como,	yod,	tuuch.
Head,	dala,	mahui,	yatodo,	taanys.
Eye,	tanti, tautÉ,	to,	yedoy,	nosuto.
Ear,	meye,	iniri,	yagorone,	nonemasu, umapus.
Mouth,	pile,			ai.
Nose,	unte,		yacunachu,	iÑa.
Tongue,				otu.
Tooth,	sansa,			oo.
Hand,	bana,	uru,	ymanaetio,	panaucos, ees, H.
Foot,	te farafka,		irie,	pope.
House,	vive, techte, siba,			poo.
1,	lecia, lecca,		chomara,	etama.
2,	lasie,		gar.
3,	libi,		gaddioc.
4,	lapsa.
5,	cheti.

The variety of stocks on the Bolivian highlands is clearly shown by the vocabularies on this and the following page. I have taken them from the D’Orbigny MSS., in the BibliothÈque Nationale, Paris, the collections of Hervas, and the papers of E. Heath in the Kansas City Review, 1883. I have not been able to connect any one of the eight tongues with any other, although each has some words which have been borrowed from others or from some common stock. Thus, the Yurucare suÑe, man, Mosetena zoÑi, Chiquito ÑoÑich, are too similar not to be from the same radical. It must be remembered that the Chiquito was adopted by the missionaries as the general language for instruction, and other tribes were persuaded to learn it whenever possible. Thus some of its words came to be substituted for those originally familiar to the speakers.

The Chiquito and the Yurucare are the only tongues of the eight given of which I have found satisfactory grammatical notices; and that of the latter is still unpublished (see antÉ, p. 297).

LANGUAGES OF THE BOLIVIAN HIGHLANDS.—(Continued.)

	Canichana.	Mosetena.	Cayubaba.	Mobima.
Man,	hiochama, enacu, D.,	zoÑi,	meyÉse,	iti-laqua.
Woman,	huiquigÁue,	phen,	tenani,	cue´ya, cuc ya, H.
Sun,	ni-cojli,	tsuÑ,	itoco,	tino, mossi, H.
Moon,	ni-milaue,	yvua,	irara,	yeche.
Fire,	ni-chuco,	tsi,	idore,	vuÉe.
Water,	nih-tji,	ozÑi,	ikita,	to´mi.
Head,	ni-mucukh,	hutchi,	guana-quana,	ba-quÁqua.
Eye,	eu-tokhe,	ve, pl., vein,	en-chaco,	tsora.
Ear,	eu-comeh,	choÑ,	ena-jengicui,	lototo.
Mouth,	eu-chene,	chÓo,	en-diachi,	cuana.
Nose,	e-ebjÉ,	hey,	ena-hauvÉo,	ba-chi, chini, H.
Tongue,	eu-tschÁva,	nem,	ena-yi,	ruchlan, rulcua, H.
Tooth,	eu-huti, eu-cuti, D.,	monyin (pl.),		sÖichlan.
Hand,	eu-tehli,	uÑ,	en-dadra,	chopan, zoipok, H.
Foot,	eu-ajts,	yu,	en-arje,	risan.
House,	nit-cojl,	aca,		droya, asÑa.
1,	mereca,	zrit,	pebbi.
2,	caadita,	pana,	bbeta.
3,	caarjata,	chibbin,	kimisa.
4,		tsis.
5,		canam.

LANGUAGES OF THE CHACO TRIBES.

	Guaycuru.	Guaycuru.	Toba.	Payagua.
Man,	conailaigo,	sellarnicke,	iale, yraic, D.,	pichires.
Woman,	ivuavo,	alucke,	alÓ,	elommi.
Sun,	ali jega,	nalacke,	la lÁ,	ijcabala.
Moon,	aipainahi,	auriucke,	karoic,	apajsa.
Fire,	noolai,	nodecke,	nodec, anorec, D.
Water,	niogo,	estract,	netrat,	guayaque.
Head,		lacaicke,	lakaic, caracaic, D.,	yamagra.
Eye,	cogaicoguo,	laictÉ,	haitÉ, yacte, D.,	yatiqui.
Ear,	conapajoti,	telÁ,	tela,	yaiguala.
Mouth,	coniola,		halap, ayap, D.
Nose,	codeimie,	lunuke,	lomi, imic, D.,	iyocque.
Tongue,	codocaiti,		lacharat.
Tooth,	codoai,	huÉ,	luÉ, yohua, D.
Hand,	cobahaga,	yagata,	pokena,	inagchiac.
Foot,	codohoua,	lapiÁ,	lapiÁ, ypia, D.,	ybagro.
House,	dimi,	lumackÉ,	nollic, nnoic, D.,	yaggo.
1,			nathedac.
2,			cacayni or nivoco.
3,			cacaynilia.
4,			nalotapegat.
5,			nivoca-cacaynilia.

The three dialects of the Guaycuru stock above given show considerable diversity. The first is from Castelnau, the second from Fontana, the third (Toba) from Carranza and de Angelis. The Payagua is also from Fontana (Revista de la Soc. Geog. Argentina, 1887, p. 352, sq.).

All the Chaco tribes are singularly defective in numeration. Pelleschi says that intelligent chiefs among them cannot count the fingers of one hand. Above the two numerals are generally compound words and have not fixed forms.

LANGUAGES OF THE CHACO TRIBES.—(Continued.)

	Lule.	Vilela.	Chunupi.	Mataco.
Man,	pelÉ,	nitemoi,	nitepac,	pairÉ, inoon, D.
Woman,	uacal,	quisle,	jiolÉ,	chiegua.
Sun,	yny,	olÒ,	olÓ,	iguala.
Moon,	alit,	copi,	cocpi,	huela.
Fire,	ycuÁ,	niÈ,	niÉ,	etog.
Water,	to, fo,	ma,	maÁ,	elot, guag, D.
Head,	tocÓ,	niscone,	niscan,	litec, D.
Eye,	zu, chÙ,	toquÉ,	tacqui,	teloy.
Ear,	cusanep,	maslup,	mas leguep,	kiotei.
Mouth,	cÁ,	yep,		notagni, D.
Nose,	nÙs,	limic,	niji veppe,	nognes.
Tongue,	lequy,	lequip.
Tooth,	llu,	lupe.
Hand,	ys,	isip,	ysivep,	nog-guez.
Foot,	ellÚ,	ape,	huopep,	kalay´.
House,	uyÂ, enÚ,	guane,	huane,	guoslo, lubuque, D.
1,	alapea,	agit,		hotequachi, efagla, D.
2,	tamop,	uke,		hotequoasi, tacuas, D.
3,	tamlip,	nipetuei,		lach tdi qua jel, tacuya, D.
4,	locuep,	yepkatalet,		tdi-qua less-hichi, nocuepogec, D.
5,				ype befagla, D.

The near relationship of the Lule, Vilela and Chunupi appears clear from the above comparison. The Chunupi words are taken from Fontana (ubi suprÁ), the Vilela from the vocabulary of Gilii’s Storia Americana, and the Lule from Machoni’s Grammar.

The Mataco is also from Fontana, and represents the dialect as spoken to-day. The words marked D. are from the D’Orbigny MSS.

LANGUAGES OF THE LA PLATA BASIN AND PAMPAS.

	Guachi.	Guato.	Caraja.	Araucanian.
Man,	chacup,	matai,	abou,	che.
Woman,	outie´,	mouhaja,	awkeu,	domo.
Sun,	o-es,	nouveai,	tisu,	antu.
Moon,	o-alete,	upina,	aadou, endo,	cuyen.
Fire,		mata,	eastou,	cuthal.
Water,	euak,	maguen,	be-ai,	co.
Head,	iotapa,	dokeu,	woara,	lonco.
Eye,	iataya,	marei,	waa-rouwai,	ge.
Ear,	irtanmÉtÉ,	mavi,	wana-outai,	pilun.
Mouth,	iape,	dijio,	wa-a-rou,	uun.
Nose,	ia-note,	taga,	wa-day-asan,	yu.
Tongue,	iteche,	chagi,	wa-cla-rato,	que-uun.
Tooth,	iava,	maqua,	wa-a-djon,	voro.
Hand,	iolai-mason,	ida,	wa-debo,	cuu.
Foot,	iacalep,	apoo,	wa-a-wa,	namun.
House,	poecha,	mucu,	aeto,	ruca.
1,	tamak,	tchenai,	wadewo,	quiÑe.
2,	eu-echo,	du-uni,	wadebo-thoa,	epu.
3,	eu-echo-kailau,	tchum,	wadeboa-heodo,	cula.
4,	eu-echo-way,	dekai,	wadebo-jeodo,	meli.
5,	localau,	toera,	wadewa-jouclay,	quechu.

The vocabularies of the Guachis, Guatos and Carajas are from the collections of Castelnau (ExpÉdition, Tome V., Appendix); that of the Araucanian from Febres’ Diccionario.

The Guachis are classed as belonging to the Guaranis (Tupi stock), and by tradition came from the west (see antÉ, p. 233). A comparison with the Samucu vocabulary (page 359) seems to me to suggest several resemblances which would be worth further study on more extended material.

The Guatos may be a mixed off-shoot of the Tapuya stock, as has been suggested (antÉ, p. 318). Of the Caraja, we must await the publication of the abundant material collected by Dr. Paul Ehrenreich.

PATAGONIAN AND FUEGIAN STOCKS.

	Tsoneca, 1.	Tsoneca, 2.	Yahgan.	Alikuluf.
Man,	nuken,	chonik,	oha, uÖn,	ack´inish.
Woman,	nacuna,	karken,	kepa, shepush,	ack´hanash.
Sun,	chuina,	gengenko,	lum,	lum.
Moon,	chuina,	showan,	han´nuka,	cunnequa.
Fire,	ma-ja,	yaik,	pushaky,	tetal.
Water,	karra,	ley,	shamea,	chanash.
Head,	guil,	kittar,	lukabe,	of´chocka.
Eye,	gottel,	g-Ötl,	della,	telkh.
Ear,	shene,	shaa,	ufkhea,	teldil.
Mouth,		shahan,	yeak,	uffeare.
Nose,	oo,	tchal, or,	cushush,	nohl.
Tongue,	del,	tal,	lun,	luckin.
Teeth,	curr,	oËr, orre,	tu´un,	cauwash.
Hand,	ore, fan,	tsicc’r,	jÖsch, marpo,	yuccaba.
Foot,	keal,	shankence, alj,	coeea,	cutliculcul.
Home,	cocha,	kou,	uk kral,	hut.
1,	cheuquen,	chuche,	ocoale,	tow quid ow.
2,	xeukay,	houke,	combabe,	telkeow.
3,	keash,	aÄs, kaash,	mutta,	cup´eb.
4,	kekaguy,	carge, kague,	carga,	inadaba.
5,	keytzum,	ktsin,	cup´aspa.

The vocabularies of the Tsoneca, Tehuelhet or Patagonian differ considerably in the various writers. No. 1 is from Von Martius, completed from D’Orbigny’s lists. No. 2 is based on Lt. Muster’s examples, supplemented from the vocabularies in Ramon Lista’s Exploraciones.

The Yahgan and Alikuluf pass for independent stocks. Yet in a number of words they resemble each other, and in a few, for example, those for “eye,” “woman,” “moon,” “man,” there seems more than a chance similarity.

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