The American Race / A Linguistic Classification and Ethnographic Description of the Native Tribes of North and South America

FOOTNOTES

[1] For the full development of these principles, I would refer the reader to my work entitled Races and Peoples; Lectures on the Science of Ethnography (David McKay, Philadelphia.)

[2] Notably, Adair’s History of the North American Indians, and Lord Kingsborough’s magnificent Mexican Antiquities.

[3] For a complete refutation of this venerable hypothesis see an article “L’Atlantide,” by Charles Ploix, in the Revue d’Anthropologie, 1887, p. 291; and de Mortillet, Le PrÉhistorique AntiquitÉ de l’Homme, p. 124.

[4] De Quatrefages, Histoire GÉnÉrale des Races Humaines, p. 558. He adds the wholly incorrect statement that many Japanese words are found in American languages.

[5] The nearest of the Aleutian islands to Kamschatka is 253 miles distant. The explorer Behring found the western Aleutians, those nearest the Asian shore, uninhabited. See W. H. Dall, “Origin of the Innuit,” pp. 96, 97, in Contributions to North American Ethnology, Vol. I. (Washington, 1877).

[6] The evidences of a vast ice-sheet once covering the whole of East Cape are plainly visible. See Dr. I. C. Rosse, Medical and Anthropological Notes on Alaska, p. 29. (Washington, 1883.)

[7] Joseph Prestwich, Geology, Vol. II, p. 465, (Oxford, 1888). J. D. Dana, Text Book of Geology, pp. 355-359 (New York, 1883). Geo. M. Dawson, in The American Geologist, 1890, p. 153. The last mentioned gives an excellent epitome of the history of the great Pacific glacier.

[8] James D. Dana, loc. cit., p. 359.

[9] James D. Dana, “Reindeers in Southern New England,” in American Journal of Science, 1875, p. 353.

[10] See “On an Ancient Human Footprint from Nicaragua,” by D. G. Brinton, in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 1887, p. 437.

[11] J. S. Wilson, in Memoirs of the Anthropological Society of London, Vol. III., p. 163.

[12] The finders have been Messrs. H. P. Cresson and W. H. Holmes. From my own examination of them, I think there is room for doubt as to the artificial origin of some of them. Others are clearly due to design.

[13] Her account is in the American Naturalist, 1884, p. 594, and a later synopsis in Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1889, p. 333.

[14] G. K. Gilbert, in The American Anthropologist, 1889, p. 173.

[15] W. J. McGee, “PalÆolithic Man in America,” in Popular Science Monthly, November 1888.

[16] See G. Frederick Wright, The Ice Age in North America.

[17] Dr. Abbott has reported his discoveries in numerous articles, and especially in his work entitled Primitive Industry, chapters 32, 33.

[18] De Mortillet, Le PrÉhistorique AntiquitÉ de l’Homme, p. 132, sq.

[19] Mariano de la Barcena, “Fossil Man in Mexico,” in the American Naturalist, Aug., 1885.

[20] Florentino Ameghino, La Antiguedad del Hombre en el Plata, passim. (2 vols, Buenos Aires, 1880.)

[21] The Descent of Man, p. 155. Dr. Rudolph Hoernes, however, has recently argued that the discovery of such simian forms in the American tertiary as the Anaptomorphus homunculus, Cope, renders it probable that the anthropoid ancestor of man lived in North America. Mittheil der Anthrop. Gesell. in Wien, 1890, § 71. The Anaptomorphus was a lemur rather than a monkey, and had a dentition very human in character.

[22] Quoted by G. F. Wright in The Ice Age in America, p. 583.

[23] H. Habernicht, Die Recenten VerÄnderungen der ErdoberflÄche, s. 27 (Gotha, 1882). He further shows that at that time both northern Russia and northern Siberia were under water, which would effectually dispose of any assumed migration by way of the latter.

[24] J. W. Spencer, in the London Geological Magazine, 1890, p. 208, sqq.

[25] James Scroll, Climate and Time, p. 451.

[26] G. F. Wright, The Ice Age in North America, pp. 582-3 (New York, 1890). De Mortillet, Le PrÉhistorique, etc., pp. 186-7. H. Rink, in Proc. of the Amer. Philos. Society, 1885, p. 293.

[27] In his excellent work, The Building of the British Isles, (London, 1888), Mr. A. J. Jukes-Browne presents in detail the proofs of these statements, and gives two plates (Nos. XII. and XIII.), showing the outlines of this land connection at the period referred to (pp. 252, 257, etc.).

[28] Wright, The Ice Age, p. 504.

[29] Gilbert, Sixth An. Rep. of the Com. of the N. Y. State Reservation, p. 84 (Albany, 1890).

[30] Races and Peoples, chapter III. (David McKay, Philadelphia.)

[31] “PalÆolithic Man in America” in Popular Science Monthly, Nov., 1888.

[32] “No one could live among the Indians of the Upper Amazon without being struck with their constitutional dislike to heat.” “The impression forced itself upon my mind that the Indian lives as a stranger or immigrant in these hot regions.” H. W. Bates, The Naturalist on the Amazon, Vol. II., pp. 200, 201.

[33] See E. F. im Thurn, Among the Indians of Guiana, pp. 189, 190, who speaks strongly of the debility of the tropical Indians.

[34] See J. Kollmann, Zeitschrift fÜr Ethnologie, 1884, s. 181 sq. The conclusion of Virchow is “que les caracteres physionomiques des tÊtes AmÉricaines montrent une divergence si manifeste qu’on doit renoncer definitivement À la construction d’un type universel et commun des IndigÈnes AmÉricains.” CongrÈs des AmÉricanistes, 1888, p. 260. This is substantially the conclusion at which Dr. James Aitken Meigs arrived, in his “Observations on the Cranial Forms of the American Aborigines,” in Proc. of the Acad. Nat. Sci. of Phila., 1866.

[35] Henry Gilman, Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1885, p. 239. Other perforated skulls from similar graves in the same locality showed indices of, 82, 83, 85.

[36] D. G. Brinton, Races and Peoples; Lectures on the Science of Ethnography, p. 20. (David McKay, Philadelphia.)

[37] Dr. Washington Matthews, in the American Anthropologist, 1889, p. 337.

[38] Zeitschrift fÜr Ethnologie, Bd. II., s. 195.

[39] Cf. Lucien Carr, in the Eleventh Annual Report of the Peabody Museum, p. 367.

[40] Lucien Carr, “Notes on the Crania of New England Indians,” in the Anniversary Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History, 1880; and compare Topinard, Elements d’Anthropologie GÉnÉrale, p. 628. (Paris, 1885.)

[41] H. Fritsch, in Compte-Rendu du CongrÈs des AmÉricanistes, 1888, p. 276.

[42] For instance, some of the Mixes of Mexico have full beards (Herrera, Decadas de las Indias, Dec. IV., Lib. IX., cap. VII.); the Guarayos of Bolivia wear long straight beards, covering both lips and cheeks (D’Orbigny, L’Homme AmÉricain, Vol. I., p. 126); and the Cashibos of the upper Ucayali are bearded (Herndon, Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon, p. 209).

[43] “Report on the Blackfeet,” in Trans. Brit. Assoc. Adv. of Science, 1885.

[44] “Les Indiens de la Province de Mato Grosso,” in the Nouvelles Annales des Voyages, 1862.

[45] The Mexican president Benito Juarez was a full-blood Zapotec; Barrios of Guatemala, a full-blood Cakchiquel.

[46] Vues des CordillÈres, et Monumens des Peuples IndigÈnes de l’AmÉrique, Tome I. p. 51.

[47] Ancient Society, by Lewis H. Morgan (New York, 1878); Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines, by the same (Washington, 1881); Bandelier, in the Reports of the Peabody Museum; Dr. Gustav BrÜhl, Die CulturvÖlker Alt Amerikas (Cincinnati, 1887); D. G. Brinton, The Myths of the New World, 3d Ed. revised, David McKay (Philadelphia, 1896); American-Hero Myths, by the same (Philadelphia, 1882).

[48] The word totem is derived from the Algonkin root od or ot and means that which belongs to a person or “his belongings,” in the widest sense, his village, his people, etc.

[49] Among the Brazilian hordes, for instance, Martius, BeitrÄge zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas, Bd. I. s. 116 (Leipzig, 1867).

[50] Thus the Heiltsuk and Kwakiutl of the northwest coast, though speaking close dialects of the same stock, differ fundamentally in their social organization. That of the former is matriarchal, of the latter patriarchal. Boas, Fifth Report to the Brit. Assoc. Adv. Science, p. 38.

[51] Races and Peoples; Lectures on the Science of Ethnography, p. 55 (David McKay, Philadelphia.)

[52] Die Entstehung der Arten durch RÄumliche Sonderung (Basel, 1889).

[53] J. W. Sanborn, Legends, Customs and Social Life of the Seneca Indians, p. 36 (Gowanda, N. Y., 1878).

[54] Father Ragueneau tells us that among the Hurons, when a man was killed, thirty gifts were required to condone the offence, but when a woman was the victim, forty were demanded. Relation des Jesuits, 1635.

[55] Dr. W. H. Corbusier, in American Antiquarian, Sept., 1886; Dr. AmedÉe Moure, Les Indiens de Mato Grosso, p. 9 (Paris, 1862).

[56] This opinion is defended by Max Schlosser in the Archiv fÜr Anthropologie, 1889, s. 132.

[57] The lama was never ridden, nor attached for draft, though the opposite has been stated. See J. J. von Tschudi, “Das Lama,” in Zeitschrift fÜr Ethnologie, 1885, s. 108.

[58] See “The Lineal Measures of the Semi-Civilized Nations of Mexico and Central America,” in my Essays of an Americanist, p. 433 (Philadelphia, 1890).

[59] The Caribs and some of the Peruvian coast tribes sometimes lifted a large square cloth when running with the wind; but this is not what is meant by a sail.

[60] American Hero-Myths (Philadelphia, 1882).

[61] Carlos de Gagern, Charakteristik der Indianischen BevÖlkerung Mexikos, s. 23 (Wien, 1873.)

[62] I have treated this subject at considerable length in opposition to the opinion of Lucien Adam and Friedrich MÜller in my Essays of an Americanist, pp. 349-389 (Philadelphia, 1890).

[63] Packard, “Notes on the Labrador Eskimo and their former range southward,” in American Naturalist, 1885, p. 471.

[64] John Murdoch, in The American Anthropologist, 1888, p. 129; also Dr. Henry Rink, The Eskimo Tribes (London, 1887); Dr. Franz Boas, The Central Eskimo, in the Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology; W. H. Dall, Tribes of the Extreme Northwest (Washington, 1887); Ivan Petroff, in The American Naturalist, 1882, p. 567.

[65] Dall is positive that there is no racial distinction between the Innuit and the other American Indians, loc. cit., p. 95. He adds: “The Tartar, Japanese or Chinese origin of these people finds no corroboration in their manners, dress or language.”

[66] Commander G. Holm found the East Greenlanders, a pure stock, well marked mesocephalic, with a maximum of 84.2 (Les GrÖnlandais Orientaux, p. 365, Copenhagen, 1889). Dall gives the range to his measurements of Innuit skulls from 87 to 70 (Contributions to American Ethnology, Vol. I, p. 71).

[67] “Unlike the Indian,” writes Mr. F. F. Payne, “the Eskimo is nearly always laughing, and even in times of great distress it is not hard to make them smile.” “The Eskimo at Hudson Strait,” in Proc. Canad. Institute, 1889, p. 128.

[68] W. J. Hoffman, “On Indian and Eskimo Pictography,” in Trans. Anthrop. Soc. of Washington, Vol. II, p. 146.

[69] See some examples in my Essays of an Americanist, pp. 288-290 (Philadelphia, 1890).

[70] G. Holm, Les GrÖnlandais Orientaux, p. 382 (Copenhagen, 1889).

[71] Dr. A. Pfizmaier, Darlegungen GrÖnlÄndischer Verbalformen (Wien, 1885).

[72] On the relative position of the Chukchis, Namollos and Yuit, consult Dall in American Naturalist, 1881, p. 862; J. W. Kelly, in Circular of the U. S. Bureau of Education, No. 2, 1890, p. 8; A. Pfizmaier, Die Sprachen der Aleuten, p. 1 (Vienna, 1884). The Yuits are also known as Tuski. The proper location of the Namollos is on the Arctic Sea, from East Cape to Cape Shelagskoi (Dall).

[73] Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, 1883, p. 427. All of Clement G. Markham’s arguments for the Asiatic origin of the Eskimos have been refuted.

[74] Either from the river Olutora and some islands near its mouth (Petroff); or from Eleutes, a tribe in Siberia, whom the Russians thought they resembled (Pinart).

[75] Ivan Petroff, in Trans. Amer. Anthrop. Soc., Vol. II, p. 90.

[76] Comp. H. Winkler, Ural-AltÄische VÖlker und Sprachen, s. 119, and Dall, Contributions to N. Amer. Ethnology, Vol. I, p. 49, who states that their tongue is distinctly connected with the Innuit of Alaska.

[77] Dr. A. Pfizmaier, Die Sprache der Aleuten und Fuchsinseln, s. 4 (Vienna, 1884).

[78] Dall, loc. cit., p. 47.

[79] Ivan Petroff, loc. cit., p. 91.

[80] Mr. A. S. Gatschet has compiled the accessible information about the Beothuk language in two articles in the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 1885 and 1886.

[81] J. C. E. Buschmann, Der Athapaskische Sprachstamm, 4to., Berlin, 1856, and Die Verwandtschafts-VerhÄltnisse der Athapaskischen Sprachen, Berlin, 1863.

[82] See Mgr. Henry Faraud, Dix-huit Ans chez les Sauvages, pp. 345, etc. (Paris, 1866.) Petitot, Les DÉnÉ DindjiÉ, p. 32.

[83] See George M. Dawson, in An. Rep. of the Geol. Survey of Canada, 1887, p. 191, sq.; Washington Matthews and J. G. Bourke, in Jour. of Amer. Folk-Lore, 1890, p. 89, sq.

[84] The best blanket-makers, smiths and other artisans among the Navajos are descendants of captives from the ZuÑi and other pueblos. John G. Bourke, Journal of American Folk-Lore, 1890, p. 115.

[85] A. F. Bandelier, Indians of the Southwestern United States, pp. 175-6 (Boston, 1890).

[86] Dr. Washington Matthews, in Journal of American Folk-Lore, 1890, p. 90.

[87] The student of this language finds excellent material in the Dictionnaire de la Langue DÉnÉ-DindjiÉ, par E. Petitot (folio, Paris, 1876), in which three dialects are presented.

[88] Stephen Powers, Tribes of California, p. 72, 76 (Washington, 1877).

[89] “On voit que leur conformation est À peu prÈs exactement le nÔtre.” Quetelet, “Sur les Indiens O-jib-be-was,” in Bull. Acad. Royale de Belgique, Tome XIII.

[90] I refer to the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. The numerous measurements of skulls of New England Algonkins by Lucien Carr, show them to be mesocephalic tending to dolichocephaly, orthognathic, mesorhine and megaseme. See his article, “Notes on the Crania of New England Indians,” in the Anniversary Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History, 1880.

[91] The best work on this subject is Dr. C. C. Abbott’s Primitive Industry (Salem, 1881).

[92] The LenÂpÉ and their Legends; with the Complete Text and Symbols of the Walum Olum, and an Inquiry into its Authenticity. By Daniel G. Brinton, Philadelphia, 1885 (Vol. V. of Brinton’s Library of Aboriginal American Literature).

[93] See Horatio Hale, “Report on the Blackfeet,” in Proc. of the Brit. Assoc. for the Adv. of Science, 1885.

[94] See LenÂpÉ-English Dictionary: From an anonymous MS. in the Archives of the Moravian Church at Bethlehem, Pa. Edited with additions by Daniel G. Brinton, M. D., and Rev. Albert Seqaqkind Anthony. Published by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, 1888. Quarto, pp. 236.

[95] J. Aitken Meigs, “Cranial Forms of the American Aborigines,” in Proceedings of the Acad. of Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia, May, 1866.

[96] Horatio Hale, The Iroquois Book of Rites, pp. 21, 22. (Philadelphia, 1883. Vol. II. of Brinton’s Library of Aboriginal American Literature.)

[97] J. W. Powell, First Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, p. 61. (Washington, 1881.)

[98] The Iroquois Book of Rites, referred to above.

[99] There are twenty-one skulls alleged to be of Muskoki origin in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, of which fifteen have a cephalic index below 80.

[100] Examples given by William Bartram in his MSS. in the Pennsylvania Historical Society.

[101] See on this subject an essay on “The Probable Nationality of the Mound-Builders,” in my Essays of an Americanist, p. 67. (Philadelphia, 1890.)

[102] D. G. Brinton, “The National legend of the Chahta-Muskoki Tribes,” in The Historical Magazine, February, 1870. (Republished in Vol. IV. of Brinton’s Library of Aboriginal American Literature.)

[103] “The Seminole Indians of Florida,” by Clay MacCauley, in Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1883-4.

[104] See for the Yuchis, their myths and language, Gatschet in Science, 1885, p. 253.

[105] Arte de la Lengua Timuquana compuesto en 1614 per el Pe Francisco Pereja. Reprint by Lucien Adam and Julien Vinson, Paris, 1886. An analytical study of the language has been published by Raoul de la Grasserie in the Compte Rendu du CongrÈs International des AmÉricanistes, 1888.

[106] See “The Curious Hoax of the Taensa Language” in my Essays of an Americanist, p. 452.

[107] D. G. Brinton, “The Language of the Natchez,” in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 1873.

[108] Die LÄnder am untern Rio Bravo del Norte. S. 120, sqq. (Heidelberg, 1861.) I give the following words from his vocabulary of the Carrizos:

Man,	nÂ.
Woman,	estoc, kem.
Sun,	al.
Moon,	kan.
Fire,	len.
One,	pequeten.
Two,	acequeten.
Three,	guiye.
Four,	naiye.
Five,	maguele.

The numbers three, four and five are plainly the Nahuatl yey, nahui, macuilli, borrowed from their Uto-Aztecan neighbors.

[109] BartolomÉ Garcia, Manuel para administrar los Santos Sacramentos. (Mexico, 1760.) It was written especially for the tribes about the mission of San Antonio in Texas.

[110] As chiquat, woman, Nah. cihuatl; baah-ka, to drink, Nah. paitia. The song is given, with several obvious errors, in Pimentel, Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico, Tom. III., p. 564; Orozco y Berra’s lists mentions only the Aratines, Geografia de las Lenguas de Mexico, p. 295.

[111] Adolph Uhde, Die LÄnder am unteru Rio Bravo del Norte, p. 120.

[112] The name Pani is not a word of contempt from the Algonkin language, as has often been stated, but is from the tongue of the people itself. Pariki means a horn, in the Arikari dialect uriki, and refers to their peculiar scalp-lock, dressed to stand erect and curve slightly backward, like a horn. From these two words came the English forms Pawnee and Arikaree. (Dunbar.)

[113] The authorities on the Panis are John B. Dunbar, in the Magazine of American History, 1888; Hayden, Indian Tribes of the Missouri Valley (Philadelphia, 1862), and various government reports.

[114] J. Owen Dorsey, “Migrations of Siouan Tribes,” in the American Naturalist, 1886, p. 111. The numerous and profound studies of this stock by Mr. Dorsey must form the basis of all future investigation of its history and sociology.

[115] The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

[116] Mrs. Mary Eastman, Dahcotah; or Life and Legends of the Sioux, p. 211. (New York, 1849.)

[117] W. P. Clark, Indian Sign Language, p. 229 (Philadelphia, 1885); Whipple, Ewbank and Turner, Report on Indian Tribes, pp. 28, 80. (Washington, 1855.)

[118] R. Virchow, Verhand. der Berliner Gesell. fÜr Anthropologie, 1889, s. 400.

[119] Dr. Franz Boas, “Fourth Report on the Tribes of the North West Coast,” in Proceed. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Science, 1887.

[120] Dr. J. L. Le Conte, “On the Distinctive Characteristics of the Indians of California,” in Trans. of the Amer. Assoc. for the Adv. of Science, 1852, p. 379.

[121] Dr. Aurel Krause, Die Tlinkit Indianer. (Jena, 1885.)

[122] See the various reports of Dr. Boas to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and the papers of Messrs. Tolmie and Dawson, published by the Canadian government.

[123] A Manual of the Oregon Trade Language or Chinook Jargon. By Horatio Hale. (London, 1890.)

[124] Dr. W. F. Corbusier, in American Antiquarian, 1886, p. 276; Dr. Ten Kate, in Verhand. der Berliner Gesell. FÜr Anthrop., 1889, s. 667.

[125] J. R. Bartlett, Explorations in New Mexico, Vol. I., p. 464. C. A. Pajeken, Reise-Erinnerungen in ethnographischen Bildern, s. 97.

[126] Whipple, Ewbank and Turner, Report on Indian Tribes (Washington, 1855), and numerous later authorities, give full information about the Yumas.

[127] Jacob Baegert, Nachricht von den Amerikanischen Halbinsel Californien. (Mannheim, 1773.)

[128] I have not included in the stock the so-called M’Mat stem, introduced erroneously by Mr. Gatschet, as Dr. Ten Kate has shown no such branch exists. See Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell., 1889, ss. 666-7.

[129] Mr. E. A. Barber estimates that the area in which the characteristic remains of the cliff-dwellers and pueblos are found contains 200,000 square miles. Compte Rendu du CongrÈs des AmÉricanistes, 1878, Tome I., p. 25.

[130] “Casas y atalayas eregidas dentro de las peÑas.” I owe the quotation to Alphonse Pinart.

[131] The Tze-tinne; Capt. J. G. Bourke, in Jour. Amer. Folk-lore, 1890, p. 114.

[132] This affinity was first demonstrated by Buschmann in his Spuren der aztekischen Sprache, though Mr. Bandelier erroneously attributes it to later authority. See his very useful Report of Investigations among the Indians of the South Western United States, p. 116. (Cambridge, 1890.) Readers will find in these excellent reports abundant materials on the Pueblo Indians and their neighbors.

[133] Buschmann, Die Spuren der aztekischen Sprache im nÖrdlichen Mexiko und hÖheren Americanischen Norden. 4to. Berlin, 1859, pp. 819.

Grammatik der Sonorischen Sprachen. 4to. Berlin, Pt. I., 1864, pp. 266; Pt. II., 1867, pp. 215.

[134] Perez de Ribas, Historia de los Triomphos de Nuestra Santa FÉ, Lib. I., cap. 19.

[135] Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, p. 99. (Mexico, 1881.)

[136] Col. A. G. Brackett, in Rep. of the Smithson. Inst. 1879, p. 329.

[137] Capt. W. P. Clark, The Indian Sign Language, p. 118. (Philadelphia, 1885.)

[138] Ibid., p. 338.

[139] See Contributions to North American Ethnology, Vol. I., p. 224. (Washington, 1877).

[140] R. Virchow, Crania Ethnica Americana.

[141] W. P. Clark, The Indian Sign Language, p. 118.

[142] The Snake Dance of the Moquis of Arizona. By John G. Bourke. (New York, 1884.)

[143] For these legends see Captain F. E. Grossman, U. S. A., in Report of the Smithsonian Institution, pp. 407-10. They attribute the Casas Grandes to Sivano, a famous warrior, the direct descendant of SÖhÖ, the hero of their flood myth.

[144] The Apaches called them Tze-tinne, Stone House People. See Capt. John G. Bourke, Journal of American Folk-Lore, 1890, p. 114. The Apaches Tontos were the first to wander down the Little Colorado river.

[145] See the descriptions of the Nevomes (Pimas) in Perez de Ribas, Historia de los Triumphos de Nuestra Santa FÉ, Lib. VI., cap. 2. (Madrid, 1645.)

[146] “Las casas eran o de madera, y palos de monte, o de piedra y barro; y sus poblaciones unas rancherias, a modo de casilas.” Ribas, Historia de los Triumphos de Nuestra Santa FÉ, Lib. X., cap. 1. (Madrid, 1645.)

[147] Torquemada, Monarquia Indiana, Lib. V., cap. 44. An interesting sketch of the recent condition of these tribes is given by C. A. Pajeken, Reise-Erinnerungen, pp. 91-98. (Bremen, 1861.)

[148] Perez de Ribas, Historia, etc., Lib. II., cap. 33.

[149] Eustaquio Buelna, Peregrinacion de los Aztecas y Nombres Geograficos Indigenas de Sinaloa, p. 20. (Mexico, 1887.)

[150] Buelna, loc. cit., p. 21.

[151] Father Perez de Ribas, who collected these traditions with care, reports this fact. Historia de los Triumphos, etc., Lib. I., cap. 19.

[152] See “The Toltecs and their Fabulous Empire,” in my Essays of an Americanist, pp. 83-100.

[153] There is an interesting anonymous MS. in the Fond Espagnol of the BibliothÈque Nationale at Paris, with the title La Guerra de los Chichimecas. The writer explains the name as a generic term applied to any tribe without settled abode, “vagos, sin casa ni sementera.” He instances the Pamis, the Guachichiles and the Guamaumas as Chichimeca, though speaking quite different languages.

[154] “Cuitlatl, = mierda” (Molina, Vocabulario Mexicano). Cuitlatlan, Ort des Kothes (Buschmann, Aztekische Ortsnamen, s. 621), applied to the region between Michoacan and the Pacific; also to a locality near Techan in the province of Guerrero (Orozco y Berra, Geog. de las Lenguas, p. 233).

[155] Dr. Gustav BrÜhl believes these schools were limited to those designed for warriors or the priesthood. Sahagun certainly assigns them a wider scope. See BrÜhl, Die CalturvÖlker Alt-Amerikas, pp. 337-8.

[156] See “The Ikonomatic Method of Phonetic Writing” in my Essays of an Americanist, p. 213. (Philadelphia, 1890.)

[157] Four skulls in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, give a cephalic index of 73.

[158] Sahagun, Historia de la Nueva EspaÑa, Lib. X, cap. 29.

[159] D. G. Brinton, Ancient Nahuatl Poetry, p. 134. (Philadelphia, 1887, in Library of Aboriginal American Literature.)

[160] E. G. Tarayre, Explorations des Regions Mexicaines, p. 282. (Paris, 1879).

[161] D. G. Brinton, Essays of an Americanist, p. 366.

[162] H. de Charencey, Melanges de Philologie et de PalÆographie AmÉricaine, p. 23.

[163] Sahagun, Historia, Lib. X, cap. 29. The name is properly Tarex, applied later in the general sense of “deity,” “idol.” Tarex is identified by Sahagun with the Nahuatl divinity Mixcoatl, the god of the storm, especially the thunder storm. The other derivations of the name Tarascos seem trivial. See Dr. Nicolas Leon, in Anales del Museo Michoacano, Tom. I. Their ancestors were known as Taruchas, in which we see the same radical.

[164] Dr. Nicolas Leon, of Morelia, Michoacan, whose studies of the archÆology of his State have been most praiseworthy, places the beginning of the dynasty at 1200; Anales del Museo Michoacano, Tom. I., p. 116.

[165] From the Nahuatl, yacatl, point, apex, nose; though other derivations have been suggested.

[166] For numerous authorities, see Bancroft, Native Races of the Pacific Coast, vol. II., pp. 407-8; and on the antiquities of the country, Dr. Leon, in the Anales del Museo Michoacano, passim, and Beaumont, Cronica de la Provincia de Mechoacan, Tom. III., p. 87, sq. (Mexico, 1874).

[167] Sahagun, Historia de la Nueva EspaÑa, Lib. X., cap. 6.

[168] Herrera, Historia de las Indias Occidentales, Dec. II., Lib. V., cap. 8.

[169] Strebel, Alt-Mexiko.

[170] Pimentel, Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico, Tom. III., p. 345, sq.

[171] From didja, language, za, the national name.

[172] Mr. A. Bandelier, in his careful description of these ruins (Report of an ArchÆological Tour in Mexico, Boston, 1884) spells this Lyo-ba. But an extensive MS. Vocabulario Zapoteco in my possession gives the orthography riyoo baa.

[173] Garcia, Origen de los Indios, Lib. V., cap. IV., gives a lengthy extract from one of their hieroglyphic mythological books.

[174] Sahagun, Historia de la Nueva EspaÑa, Lib. X., cap. VI.

[175] Herrera, Historia de las Indias Occidentales. Dec. IV., Lib. X., cap. 7.

[176] Explorations and Surveys of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, pp. 126-7. (Washington, 1872.)

[177] J. G. Barnard, The Isthmus of Tehuantepec, pp. 224, 225. (New York, 1853.)

[178] Apuntes sobre la Lengua Chinanteca, MS.

[179] Herrera, Hist. de las Indias Occidentales. Dec. III., Lib. III., cap. 15.

[180] Herrera, Historia de las Indias Occidentales. Dec. IV., Lib. X., cap. 11.

[181] Gregoria Garcia, Origen de los Indios, Lib. V., cap. v.

[182] Oviedo, Historia General de las Indias, Lib. XLII., cap. 5.

[183] Peralta, Costa Rica, Nicaragua y Panama, en el Siglo XVI, p. 777. (Madrid, 1883.)

[184] Lucien Adam, La Langue ChiÀpanÉque (Vienna, 1887); Fr. MÜller, Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft, Bd. IV., Abt. I. s. 177.

[185] Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, p. 98. (Mexico, 1881.)

[186] Beristain y Souza, Biblioteca Hispano-Americana Septentrional, Tomo I., p. 438.

[187] For example:

	Tequistlatecan.	Yuma dialects.
Man,	acue,	eke-tam, ham-akava.
Woman,	canoc,	anai, sinyok.
Sun,	orÁ,	rahj.
Moon,	mutla,	h’la.
Water,	laha,	aha, kahal.
Head,	ahua,	hu.
Eyes,	au,	yu.
Mouth,	aco,	a, aha.
Tree,	ehe,	ee-ee.
Foot,	lamish,	mie.
Two,	ucuc,	kokx, goguo.

[188] Geografia de las Lenguas de Mejico, p. 187.

[189] Historia de las Indias Occidentales, Dec. III., Lib. VII., cap. III.

[190] See also Dr. Berendt’s observations on this language in Lewis H. Morgan’s Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity in the Human Family, p. 263. (Washington, 1871.)

[191] In his Nicaragua, its People, Scenery and Monuments, Vol. II., pp. 314, 324. (New York, 1856.)

[192] “Fr. Francisco de las Naucas primus omnium Indos qui Popolocae nuncupantur anno Dom. 1540, divino lavacro tinxit, quorum duobus mensibus plus quam duodecim millia baptizati sunt.” Franciscus Gonzaga, De Origine Seraphicae Religionis, p. 1245. (Romae, 1587.)

[193] “Fr. Francisco de Toral, obispo que fuÉ de Yucatan, supo primero de otro alguno la lengua popoloca de Tecamachcalco, y en ella hizo arte y vocabulario, y otras obras doctrinales.” Geronimo de Mendieta, Historia Eclesiastica Indiana, Lib. V., cap. 44.

[194] “LinguÂ MexicanÂ paullulum diversa.” De Laet, Novus Orbis, p. 25.

[195] Historia de las Indias Occidentales, Decad. II., Lib. X., cap. 21.

[196] See the note of J. G. Icazbalceta to the Doctrina of Fernandez, in H. Harrisse’s Biblioteca Americana Vetustissima, p. 445, sq.

[197] Geografia de las Lenguas de Mejico, p. 273.

[198] See an article “Los Tecos,” in the Anales del Museo Michoacano, AÑo II., p. 26.

[199] Domingo Juarros, Compendio de la Historia de la Ciudad de Guatemala, Tomo I., pp. 102, 104, et al. (Ed. Guatemala, 1857.)

[200] Dr. Otto Stoll, Zur Ethnographie der Republik Guatemala, s. 26 (Zurich, 1884).

[201] In the Sitzungsbericht der Kais. Akad. der Wissenschaften, Wien, 1855.

[202] “Demas de ocho cientos aÑos,” says Herrera. Historia de las Indias Occidentales, Dec. III., Lib. IV., Cap. XVIII.

[203] I have edited some of these with translations and notes, in The Maya Chronicles, Philadelphia, 1882. (Volume I. of my Library of Aboriginal American Literature).

[204] Sahagun, Historia de la Nueva EspaÑa, Lib. X., cap. 29, sec. 12.

[205] One of the most remarkable of these coincidences is that in the decoration of shells pointed out by Mr. Wm. H. Holmes, in his article on “Art in Shells,” in the Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. (Washington, 1883.)

[206] On this point see “The Lineal Measures of the Semi-Civilized Nations of Mexico and Central America,” in my Essays of an Americanist, p. 433. (Philadelphia, 1890.)

[207] The principal authority is the work of Diego de Landa, Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan. It has been twice published, once imperfectly by the AbbÉ Brasseur de Bourbourg, Paris, 1864, 8vo.; later very accurately by the Spanish government, Madrid, 1881, folio.

[208] The most profitable studies in the Maya hieroglyphs have been by Dr. Cyrus Thomas in the United States, Dr. E. FÖrstemann, Ed. Seler and Schellhas in Germany, and Prof. L. de Rosny in France. On the MSS. or codices preserved, see “The Writings and Records of the Ancient Mayas” in my Essays of an Americanist, pp. 230-254.

[209] Popul Vuh, Le Livre SacrÉ. Paris, 1861.

[210] The Annals of the Cakchiquels, the original text with a Translation, Notes and Introduction. Phila., 1885. (Volume VI. of my Library of Aboriginal American Literature.)

[211] See “The Books of Chilan Balam,” in my Essays of an Americanist, pp. 255-273.

[212] The name Huaves is derived from the Zapotec huavi, to become rotten through dampness. (Vocabulario Zapoteco. MS. in my possession.) It was probably a term of contempt.

[213] Nicaragua, its People and Scenery, Vol. II., p. 310.

[214] E. G. Squier, “A Visit to the Guajiquero Indians,” in Harper’s Magazine, October, 1859. A copy of his vocabularies is in my possession.

[215] I collected and published some years ago the only linguistic material known regarding this tribe. “On the Language and Ethnologic Position of the Xinca Indians of Guatemala,” in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 1884.

[216] On the ethnography of the Musquito coast consult John Collinson, in Mems. of the Anthrop. Soc. of London, Vol. III., p. 149, sq.; C. N. Bell, in Jour. of the Royal Geograph. Soc., Vol. XXXII., p. 257, and the Bericht of the German Commission, Berlin, 1845. Lucien Adam has recently prepared a careful study of the Musquito language.

[217] See Leon Fernandez and J. F. Bransford, in Rep. of the Smithsonian Institution, 1882, p. 675; B. A. Thiel, Apuntes Lexicograficos, Parte III.; O. J. Parker, in Beach’s Indian Miscellany, p. 346.

[218] Catalogo de las Lenguas conocidas. Madrid, 1805. This is the enlarged Spanish edition of the Italian original published in 1784, and it is the edition I have uniformity referred to in this work.

[219] Personal Narrative, Vol. VI., p. 352 (English trans., London, 1826).

[220] The Philosophic Grammar of American Languages, as set forth by Wilhelm von Humboldt; with the Translation of an Unpublished Memoir by him on the American Verb. By Daniel G. Brinton. (8vo. Philadelphia, 1885.) This Memoir was not included in the editions of Wilhelm von Humboldt’s Works, and was unknown even to their latest editor, Professor Steinthal. The original is in the Berlin Public Library.

[221] L’Homme AmÉricain de l’AmÉrique MÉridionale, considÉrÉ sous ses Rapports Physiologiques et Moraux. Par Alcide D’Orbigny. 2 vols. Paris, 1839.

[222] Organismus der Khetsua Sprache. Einleitung. (Leipzig, 1884.)

[223] BeitrÄge zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas, zumal Brasiliens. Von Dr. Carl Friedrich Phil. von Martius. Leipzig, 1867. 2 vols.

[224] Von Tschudi, Organismus der Kechua Sprache, s. 15, note.

[225] He was superior general of the missions on the MaraÑon and its branches about 1730. See Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses, Tom. II., p. 111, for his own description of his experiences and studies.

[226] See especially his paper “Trois familles linguistiques des bassins de l’Amazone et de l’OrÉnoque,” in the Compte-Rendu du CongrÈs internationale des AmÉricanistes, 1888, p. 489 sqq.

[227] Joaquin Acosta, Compendio Historico de la Nueva Granada, p. 168. (Paris, 1848.)

[228] Hist. de las Indias Occidentales, Dec. VII., Cap. XVI.

[229] Dr. Max Uhle gives a list of 26 Cuna words, with analogies in the Chibcha and its dialects. (Compte-Rendu du Cong. Internat. AmÉricanistes, 1888, p. 485.) Alphonse Pinart, who has published the best material on Cuna, is inclined to regard it as affiliated to the Carib. (Vocabulario Castellano-Cuna. Panama, 1882, and Paris, 1890.)

[230] A. L. Pinart, Coleccion de Linguistica y Etnografia Americana, Tom. IV., p. 17; also the same writer in Revu d’Ethnographie, 1887, p. 117, and Vocabulario Castellano-Dorasque. Paris, 1890.

[231] On the Chocos consult Zeitschrift fÜr Ethnologie, 1876, s. 359; Felipe Perez, Jeografia del Estado del Cauca, p. 229, sq. (Bogota, 1862.) The vocabulary of Chami, collected near Marmato by C. Greiffenstein, and published in Zeitschrift fÜr Ethnologie, 1878, p. 135, is Choco. The vocabulary of the Tucuras, given by Dr. Ernst in the Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell., 1887, p. 302, is quite pure Choco. The Chocos call their language embera bede, “the speech of men.”

[232] “Relacion de las tierras y provincias de la gobernacion de Venezuela (1546),” in Oviedo y BaÑos, Historia de Venezuela, Tom. II. Appendice. (Ed. Madrid, 1885.)

[233] Aristides Rojas, Estudios Indigenos, p. 46. (Caracas, 1878.)

[234] “Mas hermosas y agraciadas que las de otros de aquel continente.” This was the opinion of Alonzo de Ojeda, who saw them in 1499 and later. (Navarrete, Viages, Tom. III., p. 9). Their lacustrine villages reminded him so much of Venice (Venezia) that he named the country “Venezuela.”

[235] According to Lares, the Bobures and Motilones lived adjacent, and to the north of the Timotes. The Motilones were of the Carib stock. See Dr. A. Ernst, in Zeitschrift fÜr Ethnologie, 1885, p. 190.

[236] Joaquin Acosta, Compend. Hist. de la Nueva Granada, p. 31, note.

[237] Martin Fernandez de Enciso, La Suma de Geografia. (Sevilla, 1519.) This rare work is quoted by J. Acosta. Enciso was alguacil mayor of Castilla de Oro in 1515.

[238] See Jose Ignacio Lares, Resumen de las Actas de la Academia Venezolana, 1886, p. 37 (Caracas, 1886); and Dr. Ernst, in Zeitschrift fÜr Ethnologie, 1885, s. 190.

[239] G. Coleti, Dizionario dell’ America Meridionale, s. v. (Venezia, 1771.) Not to be confounded with the Zaparos of the MaraÑon.

[240] Ibid., s. v.

[241] G. Marcano, Ethnographie Pre-Columbienne de Venezuela. (Paris, 1889.)

[242] “La lingua Muysca, detta anticamente Chybcha, era la comune e generale in tuttigl’ Indiani di quella Monarchia.” Coleti, Dizionario Storico-Geografico dell’ America Meridionale, Tom. II., p. 39. (Venezia, 1771.)

[243] “Casi todos los pueblos del Nuevo Reyno de Granada son de Indios Mozcas.” Alcedo, Diccionario Geografico de America, s. v. Moscas. “La lengua Mosca es como general en estendissima parte de aquel territorio; en cada nacion la hablan de distinta manera.” J. Cassani, Historia del Nuevo Reyno de Granada, p. 48. (Madrid, 1741.) He especially names the Chitas, Guacicas, Morcotes and Tunebos as speaking Chibcha.

[244] Herrera, Historia de las Indias Occidentales, Dec. IV., Lib. X., cap. 8.

[245] Rafael Celedon, Gramatica de la Lengua KÖggaba, Introd., p. xxiv. (BibliothÈque Linguistique AmÉricaine.)

[246] The vocabulary is furnished by General Juan Thomas Perez, in the Resumen de las Actas de la Academia Venezolana, 1886, p. 54. I offer for comparison the following:

	SIQUISIQUE.	CHIBCHA-AROAC.
Sun,	yuan,	yuia.
Wife,	esio,	sena.
Fire,	dueg,	gue.
Water,	ing,	ni.
Snake,	tub,	kebi.

[247] The connection of the Aroac (not Arawak) dialects with the Chibcha was, I believe, first pointed out by Friedrich MÜller, in his Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft, Bd. IV., s. 189, note. The fact was also noted independently by Dr. Max Uhle, who added the Guaymis and Talamancas to the family. (Compte Rendu du CongrÈs Internat. des AmÉricanistes, 1888, p. 466.)

[248] Pinart, Bulletin de la SociÉtÉ de Geographie, 1885; Berendt, in Bull. of Amer. Geog. Society, 1876, No. 2.

[249] In Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. Washington, 1888.

[250] Joaquin Acosta, Compendio Historico de la Nueva Granada, p. 77. When, in 1606, the missionary Melchor Hernandez visited Chiriqui lagoon, he found six distinct languages spoken on and near its shores by tribes whom he names as follows: Cothos, Borisques, Dorasques, Utelaes, Bugabaes, Zunes, Dolegas, Chagres, Zaribas, Dures. (Id., p. 454.)

[251] The only information I have on the Paniquita dialect is that given in the Revue de Linguistique, July, 1879, by a missionary (name not furnished). It consists of a short vocabulary and some grammatical remarks.

[252] Herrera, Descripcion de las Indias Occidentales, Cap. XVI.

[253] Alcedo, Diccionario Geografico, s. v., Muzos.

[254] Vocabulario Paez-Castellano, por Eujenio del Castillo i Orosco. Con adiciones por Ezequiel Uricoechea. Paris, 1877. (BibliothÈque Linguistique AmÉricaine.)

[255] Felipe Perez, Geografia del Estado de Tolima, p. 76 (Bogota, 1863); R. B. White, in Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, 1883, pp. 250-2.

[256] Dr. A. Posada-Arango, “Essai Ethnographique sur les Aborigenes de l’Etat d’Antioquia,” in the Bulletin de la SociÉtÉ Anthrop. de Paris, 1871, p. 202.

[257] Thirty thousand, says Herrera, with the usual extravagance of the early writers (Decadas de Indias, Dec. VII., Lib. IV., cap IV.)

[258] Leon Douay, in Compte Rendu du CongrÈs des AmÉricanistes, 1888, p. 774, who adds a vocabulary of Moguex. The name is derived from Mog, vir.

[259] Hervas, Catologo de las Lenguas Conocidas, Tom. I., p. 279. Father Juan de Ribera translated the Catechism into the Guanuca, but so far as I know, it was not printed.

[260] Bollaert, Antiquarian and Ethnological Researches, etc., pp. 6, 64, etc. The words he gives in Coconuca are:

		IN MOGUEX.
Sun,	puitchr,	piuchr.
Moon,	puil,	pulue.
Stars,	sil,	?
Chief,	cashu,	?
Maize,	bura,	purat.

Bollaert probably quoted these without acknowledgment from Gen. Mosquera, Phys. & Polit. Geog. of New Granada, p. 45 (New York, 1853).

[261] My knowledge of the Totoro is obtained from an anonymous notice published by a missionary in the Revue de Linguistique, July, 1879. Its relationship to the group is at once seen by the following comparison:

	TOTORO.	MOGUEX.
Man,	mujel,	muck.
Woman,	ishu,	schut.
Head,	pushu,	pusts.
Eye,	cap-tshal,	cap.
Mouth,	trictrap,	chidbchab.
Nose,	kim,	kind.
Arm,	qual,	cuald.
Fingers,	cambil,	kambild.

[262] See Herrera, Hist. de las Indias, Dec. VI., Lib. VII., cap. V.

[263] The vocabulary was furnished by Bishop Thiel. It is edited with useful comments by Dr. Edward Seler in Original-Mittheilungen aus der Ethnologischen Abtheilung der KÖnig. Museen zu Berlin, No. I., s. 44, sq. (Berlin, 1885).

[264] Ed. AndrÉ, in Le Tour du Monde, 1883, p. 344. From this very meagre material I offer the following comparison:

	TELEMBI.	COLORADO.
Eye,	cachu,	caco.
Nose,	quimpu,	quinfu.
House,	yall,	ya.
Hand,	ch’to,	te-de.
Foot,	mi-to,	ne-de.
Mother,	acuÁ,	ayÁ.
Hair,	aichi,	apichu.

The terminal syllable to in the Telembi words for hand and foot appears to be the Colorado tÉ, branch, which is also found in the Col. tÉ-michu, finger, te-chili, arm ornament, and again in the Telembi t’raill, arm.

[265] In the Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesellschaft, 1887, ss. 597-99.

[266] Other analogies are undoubted, though less obvious. Thus in Cayapa, “man” is liu-pula; “woman,” su-pula. In these words, the terminal pula is generic, and the prefixes are the Colorado sona, woman, abbreviated to so in the Colorado itself, (see Dr. Seler’s article, p. 55); and the Col. chilla, male, which in the Spanish-American pronunciation, where ll = y, is close to liu.

[267] Bollaert, Antiquarian and Ethnological Researches, p. 82.

[268] Manuel I. Albis, in Bulletin of the Amer. Ethnol. Soc., vol. I., p. 52.

[269] A. Codazzi in Felipe Perez, Jeografia del Estado de Tolima, pp. 81 sqq. (Bogota, 1863.)

[270]

As	tooth,	Andaqui, sicoga;	Chibcha, sica.
	house,	” co-joe;	” jÜe.

[271] Manuel P. Albis, in Bull. of the Amer. Ethnolog. Soc., Vol. I., pp. 55, sq. See also General T. C. de Mosquera, Memoir on the Physical and Political Geography of New Granada, p. 41 (New York, 1853).

[272] Garcilasso de la Vega, Commentarios Reales, Lib. VIII., cap. 5. He calls the natives Huancavillcas.

[273] F. G. Saurez, Estudio Historico sobre los CaÑaris (Quito, 1878). This author gives cuts of these axes, and their inscribed devices.

[274] For a description, with cuts, see M. L. Heuzey, “Le TrÉsor de Cuenca,” in La Gazette des Beaux-Arts, August, 1870.

[275] Cronica del Peru, Pt. I., cap. cxvi.

[276] Comentarios Reales de los Incas, Lib. VII., cap. 3.

[277] Antiquarian, Ethnological and other Researches, in New Granada, Ecuador, Peru and Chili, p. 101 (London, 1860).

[278] He complains that the languages which the Incas tried to suppress, had, since their downfall, arisen as vigorous as ever, Comentarios Reales de los Incas, Lib. VII., cap. 3.

[279] Organismus der Khetsua Sprache, s. 64 (Leipzig, 1884).

[280] See von Tschudi, Organismus der Khetsua Sprache, s. 65. It is to be regretted that in the face of the conclusive proof to the contrary, Dr. Middendorf repeats as correct the statement of Garcilasso de la Vega (Ollanta, Einleitung, s. 15, note).

[281] See his Introduction to the Travels of Pedro Cieza de Leon, p. xxii. (London, 1864).

[282] See his Organismus der Khetsua Sprache, ss. 64-66.

[283] The Chinchaya dialect is preserved (insufficiently) by Father Juan de Figueredo in an Appendix to Torres-Rubio, Arte de la Lengua Quichua, edition of Lima, 1701. It retained the sounds of g and l, not known in southern Kechua. The differences in the vocabularies of the two are apparent rather than real. Thus the Chin. rupay, sun, is the K. for sun’s heat (ardor del sol); Chin. caclla, face, is K. cacclla, cheeks. Markham is decidedly in error in saying that the Chinchaya dialect “differed very considerably from that of the Incas” (Journal Royal Geog. Soc., 1871, p. 316).

[284] Introduction to his translation of Cieza de Leon, p. xlvii, note.

[285] Bollaert, Antiquarian and Ethnological Researches, p. 81.

[286] Von Tschudi, Organismus der Khetsua Sprache, s. 66. Hervas was also of the opinion that both Quitu and Scyra were Kechua dialects (Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas, Tom. I., p. 276).

[287] A. Bastian, Die CulturlÄnder des Alten Americas, Bd. II., s. 93.

[288] Juan de Velasco, Histoire du Royaume de Quito, pp. 11-21, sq. (Ed. Ternaux-Compans, Paris, 1840.) But Cieza de Leon’s expressions imply the existence of the matriarchal system among them. See Markham’s translation, p. 83, note. Some claim that the Quitus were a different, and, in their locality, a more ancient tribe than the Caras.

[289] Relaciones Geograficas de Indias. Peru. Tom. I., p. 19. (Madrid, 1881.)

[290] In Le Tour du Monde, 1883, p. 406. The word Yumbo appears to be derived from the Paez yombo, river, and was applied to the down-stream Indians.

[291] “Casi tal come lo enseÑaron los conquistadores.” Manuel Villavicencio, Geografia de la Republica del Ecuador, pp. 168, 354, 413, etc. (New York, 1858.) According to Dr. Middendorf, the limit of the Incarial power (which, however, is not identical in this region with that of the Kechua tongue), was the Blue river, the Rio Ancasmayu, an affluent of the upper Patia. (Ollanta, Einleitung, s. 5. Berlin, 1890.)

[292] Mr. C. Buckley, “Notes on the Macas Indians of Ecuador,” in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, 1874, pp. 29, sqq.

[293] References in Waitz, Anthropologie der NaturvÖlker, Bd. III., s. 492.

[294] Arte de la Lengua Chilena, Introd. (Lima, 1606).

[295] Paul Topinard, in Revue d’Anthropologie, Tome IV., pp. 65-67.

[296] Lucien Carr, Fourth Report of the Peabody Museum of ArchÆology.

[297] I would especially refer to the admirable analysis of the Peruvian governmental system by Dr. Gustav BrÜhl, Die CulturvÖlker Alt-Amerikas, p. 335, sqq. (Cincinnati, 1887.) I regret that the learned Kechuist, Dr. E. W. Middendorf, had not studied this book before he prepared his edition of the Ollanta drama (Berlin, 1890), or he would have modified many of the statements in its Einleitung.

[298] See J. J. von Tschudi, “Das Lama,” in Zeitschrift fÜr Ethnologie, 1885, s. 93.

[299] Dr. Nehring has shown that all the breeds of Peruvian dogs can be traced back to what is known as the Inca shepherd dog. Zeitschrift fÜr Ethnologie, 1885, s. 520.

[300] Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft, Bd. II., Abth. I., 370.

[301] A careful edition is that of G. Pacheco Zegarra, Ollantai; Drame en Vers Quechuas du temps des Incas (Paris, 1878); an English translation, quite faulty, was given by C. G. Markham (London, 1871); one in Kechua and German by Von Tschudi, and recently (1890) Dr. Middendorf’s edition claims greater accuracy than its predecessors.

[302] Espada, Yaravies QuiteÑos. (Madrid, 1881.)

[303] J. J. Von Tschudi, Organismus der Khetsua Sprache (Leipzig, 1884); Dr. E. W. Middendorf, Das Runa Simi, oder die Keshua Sprache. (Leipzig, 1890.)

[304] The Yauyos spoke the Cauqui dialect, which was somewhat akin to Aymara.

[305] See Markham’s paper in Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, 1871, p. 309.

[306] Arte de la Lengua Aymara, Roma, 1603; Vocabulario de la Lengua Aymara, Juli, 1612. Both have been republished by Julius Platzmann, Leipzig, 1879.

[307] See Steinthal, “Das VerhÄltniss zwischen dem Ketschua und Aimara,” in Compte-Rendu du CongrÈs International des AmÉricanistes, 1888, p. 462. David Forbes reverses the ordinary view, and considers the Kechua language and culture as mixed and late products derived from an older Aymara civilization. See his article on the Aymara Indians in Journal of the Ethnological Society of London, 1870, p. 270, sqq.

[308] “Principalmente se enseÑa en este Arte la lengua Lupaca, la qual no es inferior a la Pacasa, que entre todas las lenguas Aymaricas tiene el primer lugar.” Bertonio, Arte de la Lengua Aymara, p. 10.

[309] For measurements, etc., see David Forbes, in Journal of the London Ethnological Society, October, 1870.

[310] One of the most satisfactory descriptions of them is by E. G. Squier, Travels in Peru, Chaps. XV., XVI. (New York, 1877).

[311] The observations of David Forbes on the present architecture of the Aymaras lend strong support to his theory that the structures of Tiahuanuco, if not projected by that nation, were carried out by Aymara architects and workmen. See his remarks in Jour. of the London Ethnol. Soc., 1870, p. 259.

[312] D’Orbigny, L’Homme AmÉricain, Tome I., p. 309.

[313] Quoted by A. Bastian.

[314] “Son estos Uros tan brutales que ellos mismos no se tienen por hombres.” Acosta, Historia de las Indias, p. 62 (Ed. 1591).

[315] “Los Indios Puquinas … son rudos y torpes.” La Vega, Comentarios Reales de los Incas, Lib. VII., cap. 4.

[316] Mithridates, Theil III., Abth. II., ss. 548-550.

[317] In the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, 1871, p. 305.

[318] In his Organismus der Ketschua Sprache, s. 76 (Leipzig, 1884).

[319] Relaciones Geograficas de Indias. Peru, Tom. I., p. 82. (Madrid, 1881.)

[320] Fernando de la Carrera, Arte de la Lengua Yunga. (Lima, 1644, reprint, Lima, 1880.)

[321] See Von Tschudi, Die Kechua Sprache, p. 83, 84.

[322] Charles Wiener, Perou et Bolivie, p. 98, seq. (Paris, 1880.)

[323] Commentarios Reales, Lib. VI., cap. 32.

[324] See the chapter on “The Art, Customs and Religion of the Chimus,” in E. G. Squier’s Peru, p. 170, sq. (New York, 1877.)

[325] “En la lengua Mochica de los Yungas.” Geronimo de Ore, Rituale seu Manuale Peruanum. (Neapoli, 1607.)

[326] A. Bastian, Die CulturlÄnder Alt-Amer. Bd. II.

[327] In C. R. Markham’s translation of Cieza de Leon, Introduction, p. xlii. (London, 1864.)

[328] Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas, Tome I., p. 274.

[329] Dr. R. A. Philippi, Reise durch die WÜste Atacama, s. 66. (Halle, 1860.) J. J. von Tschudi, Reisen durch Sud-Amerika, Bd. V., s. 82-84. T. H. Moore, Compte-Rendu du CongrÈs Internat. des AmÉricanistes, 1877, Vol. II., p. 44, sq. Francisco J. San-Roman, La Lengua Cunza de los Naturales de Atacama (Santiago de Chile, 1890). The word cunza in this tongue is the pronoun “our,”—the natives speak of lengua cunza, “our language.” Tschudi gives the only text I know—two versions of the Lord’s Prayer.

[330] “Con la nacion Aymara esta visiblimente emparentada la AtacameÑa.” Dr. L. Darapsky, “Estudios Linguisticos Americanos,” in the Bulletin del Instituto Geog. Argentino, 1890, p. 96.

[331] L’Homme AmÉricain, Tom. II., p. 330.

[332] Organismus der Khetsua Sprache, s. 71, and Reisen, Bd. V., s. 84.

[333] Alcide D’Orbigny, L’Homme AmÉricain, Tome I., p. 334. (Paris, 1839.)

[334] “Entre los Changos no se conserva vestigio de lengua indijena alguna.” F. J. San-Roman, La Lengua Cunza, p. 4.

[335] Wallace estimates the area of the Amazon basin alone, not including that of the Rio Tocantins, which he regards as a different system, at 2,300,000 square miles. (Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro, p. 526.)

[336] See authorities in Von Martius, Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas, Bd. I., s. 185. (Leipzig, 1867.)

[337] The origin of the Chiriguanos is related from authentic traditions by Nicolas del Techo, Historia ProvinciÆ ParaquariÆ, Lib. XI., Cap. 2. The name Chiriguano means “cold,” from the temperature of the upland region to which they removed.

[338] “Nullam gentem Christianis moribus capessendis aut retiendis aptiorem in australi hoc America fuisse repertam.” Nicolas del Techo, loc. cit., Lib. X., Cap. 9.

[339] Comp. von Martius, u. s., s. 179.

[340] Reise in Chile und Peru, Bd. II., s. 450.

[341] “Though widely different from the Tupi, ancient or modern, I am satisfied that the MundurucÚ belongs to the same family.” C. F. Hartt, in Trans. of the Amer. Philological Association, 1872, p. 75.

[342] Von Martius, Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas, Bd. I., s. 412. A specimen of their vocalic and sonorous language is given by E. Teza, Saggi Inediti di Lingue Americane, p. 43. (Pisa, 1868.)

[343] G. Coleti, Dizionario Storico-Geografico dell’ America Meridionale, Tom. II., p. 38. (Venezia, 1771.)

[344] Lozano, Hist. de la Conquista de Paraguay, pp. 415, 416.

[345] Lozano, Ibid., pp. 422-425.

[346] Paul Marcoy, Voyage À travers l’AmÉrique du Sud, Tome II., p. 241; comp. Waitz, Anthropologie der NaturvÖlker, Bd. III., s. 427.

[347] The “Amazon-stones,” muira-kitan, are ornaments of hard stone, as jade or quartz.

[348] H. MÜller, in Compte Rendue du CongrÈs Internat. des AmÉricanistes, 1888, p. 461.

[349] Dr. P. M. Rey, Etude Anthropologique sur les Botocudos, p. 51 and passim. (Paris, 1880.) Dr. Paul Ehrenreich, “Ueber die Botocudos,” in Zeitschrift fÜr Ethnologie, 1887, Heft I.

[350] Von Tschudi, Reise in Sud Amerika, Bd. II., p. 281. If this is one of their ancient arts, it is the only instance of the invention of an artificial light south of the Eskimos in America.

[351] Dr. P. M. Rey states that the custom of kissing is known to them both as a sign of peace between men, and of affection from mothers to children. (Et de Anthropologique sur les Botocudos, p. 74, Paris, 1880.) This is unusual, and indeed I know no other native tribe who employed this sign of friendship.

[352] Dr. Rey, loc. cit., p. 78, 79.

[353] In the Zeitschrift fÜr Ethnologie, 1887, s. 49.

[354] A comparative vocabulary of these dialects is given by Von Martius, Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas, Bd. I., s. 310.

[355] In the Transactions of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1886, p. 329. The terms for comparison are borrowed from Von den Steinen’s Comparative Vocabulary of the Tapuya Dialects.

[356] See D. G. Brinton, “The Arawack Language of Guiana in its Linguistic and Ethnological Relations,” in Trans. of the Amer. Phil. Soc., 1871.

[357] Olivier Ordinaire, “Les Sauvages du Perou,” in Revue d’Ethnographie, 1887, p. 282.

[358] C. Greiffenstein, in Zeitschrift fÜr Ethnologie, 1878, s. 137.

[359] Von Tschudi, Organismus der Kechua Sprache, p. 67. For other members of the Campas see Hervas, Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas, Tom. I., p. 262; Amich, Compendio Historico de la Serafica Religion, p. 35, and Scottish Geog. Journal, Feb., 1890.

[360] D’Orbigny, L’Homme AmÉricain, Tom. II., p. 104, note.

[361] “Los Guanas son la mejor nacion de las barbaras hasta ahora descubiertas en America.” Hervas, Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas, Tom. I., p. 189.

[362] ExpÉdition dans l’AmÉrique du Sud, Tome II., p. 480.

[363] Compte-Rendu du Cong. Internat. des AmÉricanistes, 1888, p. 510.

[364] The words from the Paiconeca and Saraveca are from D’Orbigny, L’Homme AmÉricain, Tome I., p. 165; those from the Arawak stock from the table in Von den Steinen, Durch Central-Brasilien, s. 294.

[365] Im Thurn, Among the Indians of Guiana, p. 165. Comp. Von den Steinen, Durch Central Brasilien, ss. 295, 307.

[366] Sir Robert H. Schomburgk, in Report of the Brit. Assoc. for the Adv. of Science, 1848, pp. 96-98. See also Im Thurn, u. s., pp. 163, 272; Martius, Ethnographie, Bd. I., s. 683.

[367] Lucien Adam, Compte-Rendu du CongrÈs Internat. d’AmÉricanistes, 1888, p. 492.

[368] “All the numerous branches of this stem,” says Virchow, “present the same type of skull.” Zeitschrift fÜr Ethnologie, 1886, s. 695.

[369] Everard F. im Thurn, Among the Indians of Guiana, p. 189. (London, 1883.)

[370] F. X. Eder, Descriptio ProvinciÆ Moxitarum, p. 217. (BudÆ, 1791.) Dr. Washington Matthews has kindly made for me a number of observations upon Navajo Indians with reference to this anatomical peculiarity. It is not markedly present among them.

[371] For particulars see Im Thurn, ubi suprÁ, Chap. VII.

[372] Von Martius, Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas, Bd. I., s. 625-626.

[373] Karl von den Steinen, Durch Central-Brasilien, Cap. XXI., “Die Heimat der Kariben.”

[374] Im Thurn, Among the Indians of Guiana, p. 171-3.

[375] See Francisco de Tauste, Arte, Bocabulario, y Catecismo de la Lengua de Cumana, p. 1 (Ed. Julius Platzmann).

[376] They are printed in the Berlin Zeitschrift fÜr Ethnologie, 1878.

[377] Chaffanjon, L’OrÉnoque et le Caura, p. 308 (Paris, 1889).

[378] Joao Barboza Rodrigues, PacificaÇÁo dos Crichanas, (Rio de Janeiro, 1885). Dr. Rodrigues was Director of the Botanical Museum of the Amazons. His work contains careful vocabularies of over 700 words in the Macuchi, Ipurucoto and Crichana dialects. His journeys to the Rio Jauapery were undertaken chiefly from philanthropic motives, which unfortunately did not bear the fruit they merited.

[379] “D’un blanc presque pur.” Dr. J. CrÉvaux, Voyages dans l’AmÉrique du Sud, p. 111 (Paris, 1883).

[380] Dr. CrÉvaux, Ibid., p. 304.

[381] See Dr. Paul Ehrenreich, in the Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell., 1888, p. 549. These are not to be confounded with the Apiacas of the Rio Arinos, who are of Tupi stock. The word apiaca or apiaba in Tupi means simply “men.”

[382] A. S. Pinart, AperÇu sur d’ile d’Aruba, ses Habitants, ses AntiquitÉs, ses Petroglyphes (folio, Paris, 1890).

[383] Report of the Brit. Assoc. for the Adv. of Science, 1848, p. 96.

[384] Bulletin of the Amer. Ethnolog. Society, Vol. I., p. 59.

[385] The identification of the Motilones as Caribs we owe to Dr. Ernst, Zeitschrift fÜr Ethnologie, 1887, s. 296.

[386] “La mas bella, la mas robusta y la mas intelligente,” etc. F. Michelena y Rojas, Exploracion Official de la America del Sur, p. 54 (Bruselas, 1867).

[387] See D. G. Brinton, “On a Petroglyph from the Island of St. Vincent,” in Proceedings of the Acad. of Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia, 1889, p. 417.

[388] Also the OuayÉouÉ, of which a short vocabulary is given by M. Coudreau in the Archives de la SociÉtÉ AmÉricaine de France, 1886.

[389] Martius, Ethnographie, Bd. I., s. 346, sq. The word may mean either maternal or paternal uncle, V. d. Steinen, s. 292.

[390] Luiz Vincencio Mamiani, Arte de la Lingua Kiriri, and his Catechismo na Lingua da naÇao Kiriri. The former has been republished (1877), and also translated into German by Von der Gabelentz (1852).

[391] Durch Central-Brasilien, s. 303. This writer looks upon the Cariris as a remote off-shoot from the Carib stock.

[392] See Von den Steinen, Durch Central-Brasilien, s. 320; Paul Ehrenreich, Zeitschrift fÜr Ethnologie, 1886, s. 184.

[393] Reinhold Hensel, “Die Coroados der Provinz Rio Grande do Sul,” in Zeitschrift fÜr Ethnologie, Bd. II., s. 195.

[394] F. de Castelnau, ExpÉdition dans l’AmÉrique du Sud, Tom. I., p. 446.

[395] For instance:

	CARAJA.	BOTOCUDO.
Woman,	awkeu,	joku-nang.
Sun,	tiou,	taru.
Head,	w-oara,	curu.
Tooth,	wa-djon,	yune.
Hand,	wa-depo,	nipo.
Fire,	eaotou,	potÉ.

Dr. Paul Ehrenreich, who has a mass of unpublished material about the Caraja language, says it is wholly unconnected with the Carib group. Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell., 1888, p. 548.

[396] Vocabularies of these are collected by Von Martius in his Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas, Bd. II., ss. 155, 156, 161, 212, etc.

[397] The list is given in his Personal Narrative of a Journey in the Equinoctial Regions of America, Vol. VI., pp. 354-358, of the English translation (London, 1826).

[398] F. S. Gilii, Saggio di Storia Americana, Tom. III., Lib. III., cap. 12 (Roma, 1782). In speaking of lengue matrici, he says positively, “In tutta l’estensione del grande Orinoco non ve ne sono che nove,” p. 204.

[399] Aug. Codazzi, Geografia de Venezuela, pp. 247, 248 (Paris, 1841).

[400] J. Chaffanjon, L’OrÉnoque et la Caura, p. 247 (Paris, 1889).

[401] Michelena y Rojas, Exploracion Oficial de la America del Sur, p. 344 (Bruselas, 1867).

[402] A. Coudreau, Archives de la SociÉtÉ AmÉricaine de France, 1885, p. 281.

[403] L’OrÉnoque et le Caura, p. 183.

[404] See the Vocabularies.

[405] Consult J. Cassani, Historia de la Provincia de la CompaÑia de Jesus del Nuevo Reyno de Granada, fol. 170, 227 (Madrid, 1741); and Joseph Gumilla, El Orinoco Ilustrado y Defendido, p. 65 (Madrid, 1745).

[406] Quoted by Aristides Rojas, Estudios Indigenas, p. 183 (Caracas, 1878). This work contains much useful information on the Venezuelan languages.

[407] Jorge S. Hartmann, “IndianerstÄmme von Venezuela,” in Orig. Mittheil. aus der Ethnol. Abtheil. der KÖnig. Museen zu Berlin, 1886, s. 162.

[408] Joseph Gumilla, El Orinoco, p. 66.

[409] Felipe Perez, Geografia del Estado de Cundinamarca, p. 109.

[410] Historia de la Provincia de Granada, pp. 87, 93. He calls them a “nacion suave y racional.”

[411] Felipe Perez, Geografia del Estado de Boyuca, p. 136.

[412] G. D. Coleti, Dizionario Storico-Geografico dell’ America Meridionale, Tom. I. p. 164 (Venezia, 1772).

[413] J. Chaffanjon, L’OrÉnoque et le Caura, p. 121.

[414] “Los Gitanos de las Indias, todo parecido en costumbres y modo de vivir de nuestros Gitanos.” Cassani, Hist. de la Prov. de Granada, p. 111. Gumilla remarks: “De la Guajiva salen varias ramas entre la gran variedad de Chiricoas.” (El Orinoco Ilustrado, etc. Tom. II. p. 38.)

[415] Chaffanjon, L’OrÉnoque et le Caura, pp. 177, 183, 187, 197.

[416] The subject is fully discussed from long personal observation by Michelena y Rojas, Exploracion Oficial de la America del Sur, p. 346.

[417] See the observations of Level in Michelena y Rojas, Exploracion Oficial de la America del Sur, p. 148, sq. The Guaraunos are also well described by CrÉvaux, Voyages dans l’AmÉrique du Sud, p. 600, sqq. (Paris, 1883), and J. Chaffanjon, Archives de la SociÉtÉ AmÉricaine de France, 1887, p. 189. Im Thurn draws a very unfavorable picture of them in his Indians of British Guiana, p. 167.

[418] A. Von Humboldt, Personal Narrative, Vol. III., p. 216 (Eng. trans. London, 1826).

[419] Joseph Gumilla, L’Orinoco Ilustrado, Tom. II., p. 66. They spoke Carib to him, but that was the lengua general of the lower river.

[420] A description of the Correguages and a vocabulary of their dialect are given by the Presbyter Manuel M. Albis, in Bulletin of the Amer. Ethnol. Soc., Vol. I., p. 55.

[421] Arthur Simpson, Travels in the Wilds of Ecuador, p. 196 (London, 1886). In his appendix the author gives a vocabulary of the Pioje (and also one of the Zaparo).

[422] Printed in the BibliothÈque Linguistique AmÉricaine, by M. L. Adam, Tome VIII., p. 52.

[423] Manuel P. Albis, in Bull. of the Amer. Ethnol. Society, Vol. I., p. 55.

[424] See the account in the interesting work of Father Cassani, Historia de la Provincia de la CompaÑia de Jesus del Nuevo Reyno de Granada, pp. 231, 232, 257, etc. (Madrid, 1741). He describes the Jiraras as having the same rites, customs and language as the Airicos on the river Ele, p. 96. Gumilla makes the following doubtful statement: “De la lengua Betoya y Jirara, que aunque esta gasta pocas erres, y aquella demasiadas, ambas quieren ser matrices, se derivan las lenguas Situfa, Ayrica, Ele, Luculia, Jabue, Arauca, Quilifay, Anaboli, Lolaca, y Atabaca.” (El Orinoco Ilustrado y Defendido, Tom. II., p. 38, Madrid, 1745.)

[425] Felipe Perez, Geografia del Estado de Cundinamarca, p. 113.

[426] In the Zeitschrift fÜr Ethnologie, 1876, s. 336, sq.

[427] Geografia del Estado de Cundinamarca, p. 114 (Bogota, 1863).

[428] Ibid., Geografia del Estado de Cauca, p. 313.

[429] Chaffanjon, ubi suprÁ, p. 203.

[430] He gives oueni, water, zenquerot, moon, as identical in the Puinavi and Baniva. The first may pass, but the second is incorrect. See his remarks in A. R. Wallace, Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro, p. 528 (London, 1853). A vocabulary of 53 Puinavi words is furnished from Dr. CrÉvaux’s notes in Vol. VIII. of the BibliothÈque Linguistique AmÉricaine (Paris, 1882).

[431] Ed. AndrÉ, in Le Tour du Monde, 1883, p. 406. But Osculati describes them as tall and fine-looking, with small mustaches. Esplorazione delle Regioni Equatoriali, p. 164, sq. (Milano, 1850).

[432] This opinion is supported by Hamy, Villavicencio, and other good authorities.

[433] Hervas, Catal. de las Lenguas Conocidas, Tom. I., p. 262. The term Encabellados was applied to the tribe from their custom of allowing the hair to grow to their waist. (Lettres Edifiantes, Tom. II., p. 112). The Pater Noster in the Encabellada dialect is printed by E. Teza in his Saggi Inediti di Lingue Americane, p. 53 (Pisa, 1868).

[434] In the closing chapters of his Esplorazione, above quoted.

[435] An excellent article on the ethnography of this tribe is the “Osservazioni Ethnografiche sui Givari,” by G. A. Colini in Real. Accad. dei Lincei, Roma, 1883. See also Alfred Simpson, Travels in the Wilds of Ecuador, p. 91, sq. (London, 1886).

[436] Ed. AndrÉ, in Le Tour du Monde, 1883, p. 406.

[437] Prof. Raimondi, in the Anthropological Review, Vol. I., p. 33, sq.

[438] “La comunautÉ d’origine entre les Jivaros et les tribus du grand groupe guaranien se trouvera etablie avec assurance.” Dr. Hamy, “Nouveaux Renseignements sur les Indiens Jivaros,” in the Revue d’Anthropologie, 1873, p. 390.

[439] The Mithridates (Bd. III., Ab. II., s. 592) gives from Hervas the Pater Noster in the Maina dialect. Professor Teza (Saggi inediti di Lingue Americane, pp. 54-57) has published the Pater Noster, Ave, Credo and Salve in the Cahuapana dialect. They differ but little.

[440] See E. PÖppig, “Die IndiervÖlker des obern Huallaga,” in his Reise in Chile und Peru, Bd. II., ss. 320, 321, 400, etc.

[441] Literature of American Aboriginal Languages, p. 12.

[442] Olivier Ordinaire, “Les Sauvages du Perou,” in the Revue d’Ethnologie, 1887, p. 320.

[443] For example:

	YAHUA.	PEBA.
Bow,	cano,	canou.
Ear,	on-tisiu,	mi-tiwi.
Hair,	rinoncay,	rainosay.
Head,	fi-rignio,	raino.
Heart,	hu-iachai,	ca-iishi.
Forehead,	uno,	nimo.
Nose,	unirou,	vinerro.
Woman,	huata,	uatoa.

The Yahua has more Kechua elements than the Peba.

[444] Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses, Tome II., p. 112.

[445] Von Martius, Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas, Bd. I., s. 445.

[446] Reise in Chile und Peru, Bd. II., s. 415.

[447] Jose Amich, Compendio Historico de la Serafica Religion, etc., pp. 77, 78.

[448] E. PÖppig, Reise in Chile und Peru, Bd. II., s. 328 (Leipzig, 1836).

[449] Cf. Olivier Ordinaire, “Les Sauvages du Perou,” in Revue d’Ethnologie, 1887, pp. 316, 317.

[450] Von Martius, Ethnog. und Sprach. Amerikas, Bd. I., s. 435.

[451] Compte-Rendu du Cong. Internat. des AmÉricanistes, 1888, p. 438.

[452] See Dr. L. F. Galt, “The Indians of Peru,” in Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1877, p. 308, sq.

[453] Professor Antonio Raimondi, Apuntes sobre la Provincia de Loreto (Lima, 1862), trans. by Bollaert, in Jour. Anthrop. Institute. He states that they speak a dialect of Pano.

[454] D’Orbigny, L’Homme AmÉricain, Tome II., p. 262.

[455] W. Chandless, in Jour. of the Royal Geog. Soc., Vol. XXXIX., p. 302; Vol. XXXVI., p. 118.

[456] Ibid., Vol. XXXVI., p. 123, note.

[457] The Callisecas are now no longer known by that name; but J. Amich has given sufficient reasons to identify them as the ancestors of the tribe later known as the Setibos. See his Compendio Historico de la Serafica Religion en las MontaÑas de los Andes, p. 29 (Paris, 1854). Lieutenant Herndon, however, who describes them as wearing beards, believed they were the ancient Cashibos (Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon, p. 209. Washington, 1853).

[458] According to Veigl. See Mithridates, III., II. 580, 581, 583.

[459] Called also Mananaguas, “mountaineers,” and believed by Waitz to have been the Manoas among whom an old missionary found an elder of the tribe rehearsing the annals of the nation from a hieroglyphic scroll (Anthropologie der NaturvÖlker, Bd. III., s. 541). The real Manoas or Manaos belong to the Arawak stock.

[460] W. Chandless, in Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol. XXXVI., p. 118; Vol. XXXIX., p. 311.

[461] Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde, Bd. I., s. 414.

[462] Von Martius, Ibid., p. 422.

[463] Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1890, p. 242.

[464] Proceedings of the Royal Geog. Society, 1889, p. 501.

[465] Muratori, Il Cristianesimo Felice, p. 27 (Venezia, 1743). Father Fernandez gives the names of 69 bands of the Manacicas (Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses, Tom. II., p. 174).

[466] A grammar of it has been edited by MM. Adam and Henry, Arte de la lengua Chiquita, Paris, 1880. (BibliothÈque Linguistique AmÉricaine, Tom. VI.) The sub-divisions of the Chiquitos are so numerous that I refrain from encumbering my pages with them. See D’Orbigny, L’Homme AmÉricain, Tom. II., p. 154, and authorities there quoted.

[467] Hervas, Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas, Tom. I., p. 159.

[468] Alcide D’Orbigny, L’Homme AmÉricain, Vol. I., p. 356, sq. Among the D’Orbigny MSS. in the BibliothÈque Nationale, I found an inedited grammar and dictionary of the Yurucari language. It would be very desirable to have this published, as our present knowledge of the tongue rests on a few imperfect vocabularies. The work is doubtless that by P. la Cueva, mentioned in H. Ludewig, Lit. of Amer. Aborig. Languages, p. 206; but the author and editor of that work were in error in classing the Tacana and Maropa as members of the Yurucari stock. They belong to a different family.

[469] L’Homme AmÉricain, Tom. I., p. 374.

[470] Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1890.

[471] E. Heath, Kansas City Review, April, 1883. He gives vocabularies of Tacana and Maropa. A devotional work has been printed in Tacana.

[472] Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, 1889, p. 498.

[473] De Laet, quoted in Mithridates, Th. III., Ab. II., s. 577.

[474] “En Aten se habla la Leca por ser este pueblo de Indios Lecos.” Descripcion de las Misiones de Apolobamba (Lima, 1771).

[475] Weddell, Voyage dans la Bolivie, p. 453 (quoted by Waitz).

[476] Most of the Samucus were gathered at the mission of St. Ignatius. Father ChomÉ remarks, “Les Zamucos, Cuculados, Tapios et Ugaronos parlent À peu prÉs la mÊme langue.” Lettres Edifiantes, Tome II., p. 191. See also D’Orbigny, L’Homme AmÉricain, Tom. II., p. 142.

[477] D’Orbigny, L’Homme AmÉricain, Tome II., p. 247.

[478] Professor E. Teza gives some texts in his Saggi Inediti di Lingue Americane, pp. 40, 41; and Mr. E. Heath has supplied a careful vocabulary of recent date (Kansas City Review, April, 1883).

[479] Texts of the Pater, Ave and Credo are given by E. Teza, Saggi Inediti di Lingue Americane, p. 51.

[480] D’Orbigny, L’Homme AmÉricain, Tome II., p. 257.

[481] Descripcion de las Misiones del Alto Peru, 12mo, Lima, 1771. The only copy of this work which I have seen, and that an imperfect one, is in the Collection Angrand, in the BibliothÈque Nationale, Paris. Among the MSS. of this great library is a Confessionario in Itonama, which should be published as perhaps the only text of the language extant. Some remarks on its phonetics may be found in D’Orbigny, L’Homme AmÉricain, Tome II., p. 239.

[482] According to Father Fernandez there were, in 1726, 30,000 converts under the care of the Moxos Mission, and fifteen different languages were spoken, “qui ne se ressemblent nullement.” Lettres Edifiantes, Tom. II., p. 161.

[483] See von Martius, Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde, Bd. I., s. 412. Professor Teza gives the Pater, Ave and Credo in the Mura dialect of Bolivia (Saggi inediti di Lingue Americane, p. 43).

[484] Pater, an Ave and a Credo. Saggi inediti di Lingue Americane, pp. 48, 49. The author of the Descripcion, however, distinguishes between the Ocoronos and the RotoroÑos, both at the Moxos Mission.

[485] See Mithridates, Th. II., s. 577.

[486] The Capesacos and Menepes were others. Nicolas del Techo, Historia ProvinciÆ ParaquariÆ, Lib. XII., cap. 33.

[487] The word chaco, properly chacu, in Kechua is applied to game driven into pens. Lozano says it was used metaphorically in reference to the numerous tribes driven from their homes into the forests (Descrip. Chronograph. del Gran Chaco, p. 1).

[488] Del Techo, ubi suprÁ, Lib. I., cap. 41.

[489] Historia de Abiponibus, Vienna, 1784. An English translation, London, 1822.

[490] Pedro Lozano, Descripcion del Gran Chaco, pp. 62-65.

[491] “C’est À peine s’il en reste aujourd’hui trois ou quatre individus.” D’Orbigny MS. in the BibliothÈque Nationale. This was written about 1834.

[492] A. J. Carranza, Expedicion al Chaco Austral, p. 422 (Buenos Aires, 1884). This author gives a useful vocabulary of the Toba, together with a number of familiar phrases.

[493] A comparison of their tongue is instituted by Martius, Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde, Bd. II., s. 131. See also Ibid., Bd. I., s. 244.

[494] Lozano, Descripcion Chorographica del Gran Chaco, p. 83.

[495] Richard Rohde, in Orig. Mitt. Eth. Abth. KÖnig. Mus., 1885, s. 13. Von Martius identified the CadioÉos with the Cadigues of the Payaguas, which is open to doubt (Ethnographie, Bd. I., 226).

[496] Descripcion del Gran Chaco, pp. 73, 76, 77.

[497] Compte-Rendu du Cong. Internat. des AmÉricanistes, 1888, p. 510, quoted by M. Lucien Adam.

[498] Arte y Vocabulario de la Lengua Lule y Tonicote (Madrid, 1732).

[499] Printed in Gilii, Saggio di Storia Americana, Tom. III., p. 363.

[500] Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas, Tom. I., pp. 165-173.

[501] Pedro Lozano, Descripcion Chorographica del Gran Chaco, pp. 94-97 (Cordoba, 1733).

[502] As shown by Adelung, Mithridates, Bd. II., s. 508.

[503] S. A. L. Quevede has undertaken to show that the real Lule were the hill tribes of the Anconquija range and their tongue the Cacana (American Anthropologist, 1890, p. 64).

[504] Del Techo, Historia ProvinciÆ ParaquariÆ, Lib. II., cap. 20.

[505] Otto Mesi nel Gran Ciacco (Firenze, 1881).

[506] “Nacion la mas vil del Chaco.” Hervas, Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas, Tom. I., p. 164.

[507] Lozano, Descripcion del Gran Chaco, pp. 75, 76.

[508] Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde, Bd. I., s. 225-6.

[509] Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses, Tome II., pp. 96, 97.

[510] Viage del P. F. Pedro Parras desde Aragon Á Indias en 1748, MS.

[511] Printed in the Revista de la Sociedad Geografica Argentina, 1887, p. 352. I have compared this with the Payagua text given in the Mithridates, Bd. III., 490, but the latter is so obscure that I derived no data for a decision as to the identity of the dialects.

[512] L’Homme AmÉricain, Tom. II., p. 116.

[513] Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde, Bd. I., 226.

[514] Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses, Tome II., p. 165.

[515] Catalogo de las Lenguas, Tom. I., p. 185.

[516] Pedro Lozano, Historia de la Conquista de Paraguay, Tom. I., p. 407 (Ed. Buenos Aires, 1873).

[517] D’Orbigny, L’Homme AmÉricain, Tom. II., p. 83.

[518] Zeitschrift fÜr Ethnologie, 1889, s. 658.

[519] Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses, Tome II., p. 107.

[520] Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde, Bd. I., s. 245, 246. A good vocabulary is supplied by Castelnau, ExpÉdition, Tome V., Appendix.

[521] Richard Rohde, in the Orig. Mittheil. der Ethnol. Abtheil d. Mus. zu Berlin, 1885, s. 15.

[522] On the ruins of their fortresses and tombs, see Vincente G. Quesada, Estudios Historicos, pp. 45-48 (Buenos Aires, 1864).

[523] Nicolas del Techo, Hist. Prov. ParaquariÆ, Lib. V., cap. 23.

[524] See Von Tschudi, in Verhand. der Berlin. Anthrop. Gesell., 1885, s. 184, sqq. This traveler could find no relics of the tongue in the ancient Calchaqui district, which he visited in 1858. The only languages then were Spanish and Kechua (Reisen, Bd. V., s. 84).

[525] Virchow, in Verhand. der Berlin. Anthrop. Gesell., 1884, s. 375.

[526] D’Orbigny, L’Homme AmÉricain, Vol. II., p. 11.

[527] Barcena’s report is published in the Relaciones Geograficas de Indias, Peru, Tom. II.

[528] Dr. Darapsky remarks that the Araucanians first crossed the Andes into the Pampas about 300 years ago (La Lengua Araucana, p. 4, Santiago de Chile, 1888). This is true, but the tribes they found there were members of their own stock.

[529] Some have derived these names from the Kechua, aucca, enemy; but I am convinced by the examples of Federico Barbara, Manuel de la Lengua Pampa, p. 6 (Buenos Aires, 1879), that at any rate the same root belongs to the Araucanian.

[530] Dr. Martin de Moussy gives an interesting sketch of these people in the Annuaire du ComitÉ d’ArchÆologie AmÉricaine, 1865, p. 218, sq.

[531] The chief source of information on this tribe is Col. Lucio de Mansilla, Una Escursion Á los Indios Ranqueles, Vol. II. (Buenos Aires, 1870). The name Ranqueles means “thistle people,” from the abundance of that plant in their country.

[532] G. Coleti, Dizionario dell’ America Meridionale, s. v., Cuyo.

[533] Valdivia, Arte de la Lengua Chilena. Ed. Lima, 1607.

[534] Lt. Musters, “On the Races of Patagonia,” in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, Vol. I., p. 205.

[535] Paolo Riccardi, in Memoire della Soc. Ethnograf. di Firenze, 1879, p. 139; also the estimable work of Jose T. Medina, Los Aborijenes de Chile (Santiago, 1882).

[536] Bernard Havestadt, Chilidugu, sive Res Chilenses (Westphalia, 1777. Reprint by Julius Platzmann, Leipzig, 1883).

[537] Many of these are portrayed in the work of Medina, Los Aborijenes de Chile, above referred to.

[538] Nicolas del Techo, Historia ProvinciÆ ParaquariÆ, Lib. VI., Cap. IX.

[539] The Boroas live on the Tolten river, and have blue eyes, a fair complexion, and aquiline noses. Pablo Treuter, La Provincia de Valdivia y los Araucanos, p. 52, note (Santiago de Chile, 1861). E. PÖppig, Reise in Chili und Peru, Bd. I., s. 463 (Leipzig, 1836).

[540]

“Mi nombre es Glaura, en fuerte hora nacida,

Hija del buen cacique Quilacura

De la sangre de Frisio esclarecida.”

Alonso de Ercilla, La Araucana, Canto XXVIII.

Faulkner and others refer to these as the Cessares (Description of Patagonia, p. 113, Hereford, 1774). There was such a tribe, and it was made the subject of a Utopian sketch, An Account of the Cessares, London, 1764.

[541] See Petermann’s Mittheilungen, 1883, s. 404, and compare the same, 1878, s. 465. Dr. Martin elsewhere gives a vocabulary of the Chauques of Chiloe. It is pure Araucanian (Zeitschrift fÜr Ethnologie, 1877, s. 168).

[542] On the stature of the Patagonians, see the very complete study of D’Orbigny, L’Homme AmÉricain, Vol. II., pp. 26-70.

[543] Lt. Musters, “On the Races of Patagonia,” u. s., p. 194, sq.

[544] Ramon Lista, Mis Esploraciones y Descubrimientos en Patagonia, p. 116 (Buenos Aires, 1880). This author gives, pp. 125-130, a full vocabulary of the “Choonke” as it is in use to-day.

[545] Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde, Bd. I., s. 313.

[546] Lettres Ed. et Curieuses, Tome II., p. 88; Hervas, Catalogo de las Lenguas, Tom. I., p. 136.

[547] See Lucien Adam, Grammaire de la Langue Jagane (Paris, 1885). Dr. Darapsky thinks this tongue reveals a common point of divergence with “los idiomas meso-Andinos.” Boletin del Instituto Geog. Argentino, 1889, p. 287.

[548] See Dr. Hyades, in Revue d’Ethnographie, Tome IV., No. VI., and the chapter “L’Ethnographie des FuÉgiens,” in L. F. Martial, Mission Scientifique du Cap-Horn, Tome I., Chap. VI. (Paris, 1888). Yakana-cunni means “foot people,” as they did not use horses.

[549] Dr. Domenico Lovisato, in Cosmos, 1884, fas. IV.

[550] Dr. Johann Seitz, in Zeitschrift fÜr Ethnologie, 1886, pp. 267, 268.

[551] Domenico Lovisato, ubi suprÁ.

[552] At the CongrÈs des AmÉricanistes, Paris, 1890.

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