2 Darwin, The Descent of Man, p. 56. The anatomical cause of elongated or short skulls is the earlier union of either the transverse or longitudinal sutures, thus forcing the growth to be in the other direction. (L. Holden, Human Osteology, p. 127). Of course, this begins in foetal life; and Pruner Bey had observed children with different forms of the skull born of the same mother. (Oscar Peschel, VÖlkerkunde, s. 80).

3 See Dr. Emil Schmidt, Anthropologische Methoden, s. 221. This is a valuable handbook for the student of anthropology.

4 An interesting study of this subject has been made by Dr. F. C. Ribbe, L’Ordre d’Obliteration des Sutures du Crane dans les Races Humaines (Paris, 1885).

5 For a careful paper on this point see Dr. Washington Matthews, in the American Anthropologist, Oct., 1889.

6 Instead of these terms the Germans use:

The French expressions are preferable.

7 W. H. Flower, in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, Vol. XIV., p. 183.

8 The “Lemurian reversion” in human dentition brought forward some years ago as a racial indication by Professor E. D. Cope has been largely negatived by the later researches of Dr. Harrison Allen. See Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 1890; also, Virchow, Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesellschaft, 1886, s. 400, sq.

9 L. Holden, Human Osteology, pp. 188, 189.

10 More accurately, the pigment cells in man are in the deeper layer of the rete mucosum Malpighii. Cf. A. KÖlliker, “Ueber die Entstehung des Pigments in den Oberhautgebilden,” in the Zeitschrift fÜr wissensch. ZoÖlogie, Bd. XLV., s. 713 sq.

11 This was the result of numerous autopsies during the American civil war. Some dissections reported by M. T. Chudzinski seem to show that the liver of the negro is smaller than that of the white. (Revue d’Anthropologie, 1887, p. 275). But its relative size to the lungs is the question at issue. The comparative splanchnology of the different races has yet to be worked out.

12 Dr. John Beddoe in England, Topinard in France, and Virchow in Germany, have been especially active in obtaining these statistics.

13 L. Testut, in L’Homme, 1884, p. 377.

14 In Archivio per l’Antropologia, 1885.

15 See Topinard, “Le Canon des Proportions du Corps de l’Homme EuropÉen,” in Revue d’Anthropologie, 1889, p. 392.

16 An instructive article on this subject is that of Alphonse de Candolle, “Les Types brun et blond au point de vue de la SantÉ,” in the Revue d’Anthropologie, May, 1887.

17 A number of striking instances have been collected by Waitz, Anthropologie der NaturvÖlker, Bd. I., s. 141. Dr. Max Bartels, in the Zeitschrift fÜr Ethnologie, 1888, s. 183, establishes this rule: “The higher the race, the less the tolerance of surgical disease; and in the same race, the lower the culture, the greater the tolerance.”

18 Solomon’s Song, Chap. VII., v. 4, etc.

19 See “The Wooing of Emer,” translated by Kuno Meyer, in The ArchÆological Journal, Vol. I., p. 68 sq.

20 C. P. Tiele, History of the Egyptian Religion, pp. 93, 95, etc.

21 The most valuable study upon it is that by the late Moriz Wagner, printed in his volume Die Entstehung der Arten durch rÄumliche Sonderung (Basel, 1889).

22 Some excellent remarks on this subject are offered by Elie Reclus, in his discussion of marriage among the Australians, in Revue d’Anthropologie, 1887, p. 20, sq.

23 On the interesting questions of the recurrence of red hair and albinos in various races, consult Richard Andree, Ethnographische Parallelen und Vergleiche, ss. 238, 261. (Neue Folge, Leipzig, 1889).

24 The alleged examples are satisfactorily set aside by Dr. Wilhelm Schneider, Die NaturvÖlker, Bd. II., ss. 425, sqq. (Paderborn, 1886.)

25 Much of this seeming violence is “ceremonial,” as I have already observed (page 44); but what I wish now to emphasize is that the marriage is without show of affection.

26 D. G. Brinton, “The Conception of Love in some American Languages,” in Essays of an Americanist, p. 410, sq. (Philadelphia, 1890.)

27 For numerous examples, see Dr. Wilhelm Schneider’s work, Die NaturvÖlker, Th. II., ss. 290, 294, etc.

28 Our countryman, Lewis H. Morgan, was the first to place this subject in its true light in his work Ancient Society (New York, 1878). He doubtless carried the theory too far in certain directions, but in others it has not yet been sufficiently appreciated by historians.

29 See M. Kulischer, “Der Dualismus der Ethik bei den primitiven VÖlkern,” in Zeitschrift fÜr Ethnologie, 1885, s. 105.

30 See “The Earliest Form of Human Speech as revealed by American Tongues,” in my Essays of an Americanist, p. 390. (Philadelphia, 1890).

31 “On the Origin of Language,” in Proceedings of the Amer. Assoc. for the Adv. of Science, 1887, p. 279.

32 The proof of this is furnished by Gustav Roskof, Das Religionswesen der Rohesten NaturvÖlker (Leipzig, 1880), and Wilhelm Schneider, Die NaturvÖlker, II. Theil (Paderborn, 1886). The assertions to the contrary by Herbert Spencer, Sir John Lubbock, and various French writers, arise from a lack of study of the evidence, or a misunderstanding of terms.

33 I have endeavored to show this, so far as it applies to native American religions, in my volume, American Hero-Myths (Philadelphia, 1882).

34 See my Essay, The Cradle of the Semites (Philadelphia, 1890), and Sir Daniel Wilson, “Trade and Commerce in the Stone Age,” in Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, 1889.

35 This is shown not only by the presence of artefacts and shells from the Pacific in old graves on the Atlantic coast, but by the well-preserved traditions of the Eastern tribes. See my Essays of an Americanist, p. 188 (Philadelphia, 1890).

36 Such at any rate is the opinion expressed last year (1889) by the most celebrated living anthropologic anatomist, Professor Virchow, in an address before the German Anthropological Association. (Correspondenz Blatt der Deutschen Anthrop. Gesell., Sept., 1889, s. 96.) Except for the weight of his great name, I should hesitate to say as much; and as it is, I entertain some doubts as to the accuracy of the statement.

37 This is the result of the most recent researches. See Prof. J. N. Woldrich’s paper, “Ueber die palaeolithische Zeit Mittel-Europas,” in the Correspondenz-Blatt der Deutschen Gesell. fÜr Anthropologie, 1889, p. 110, sq. Also Verhand. der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell., 1884, s. 530, for the absence of the old stone age in Siberia, a fact which also tells heavily against the first peopling of America from that region.

38 G. de Mortillet, Le PrÉhistorique AntiquitÉ de l’Homme, p. 120. (Paris, 1883.) A. Gaudry, Le DryopithÈque (Paris, 1890).

39 Darwin, The Descent of Man, p. 155. (New York, 1883).

40 For the details of these features, see the work of E. Suess, Das Antlitz der Erde, Bd. I., s. 371, 768, etc. (Leipzig, 1885.)

41 On the recent connection of North Africa with Europe, see A. R. Wallace, The Geographical Distribution of Animals, Vol. I., pp. 38, 39; De Mortillet, Le Prehistorique AntiquitÉ de l’Homme, p. 225. “Even in post-tertiary times,” writes Huxley (Physiography, p. 308), “Africa was united to Europe at the Straits of Gibraltar and across by Malta and Sicily. The Sahara is an old sea bottom, which was below water at a comparatively recent period.” “The Atlas mountains,” remarks Suess, “belong to the intricate orographic system of Europe.” (Das Antlitz der Erde, Bd. I., s. 462.)

42 Emile Cartailhac Les Ages PrÉhistoriques de l’Espagne et du Portugal, pp. 24-30 (Paris, 1886).

43 Comp. Dr. Bleicher and Sir John Lubbock in the Journal of the Anthropological Institute, Vol. X., p. 318; Dr. R. Collignon in Bulletin de la SociÉtÉ d’Anthropologie de Paris, 1886, p. 676, sq.

44 See the article of C. Zittel, “Sur les silex taillÉs trouvËs dans le desert Libyque,” in CongrÈs Internat. d’Anthropologie et d’ArchÉologie, 1874, pp. 78, etc.

45 See W. D. Gooch, “The Stone Age of South Africa,” in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, 1881, p. 173, sq., and various later reports and discussions in the same periodical.

46 This opinion was long ago expressed by the distinguished geologist, d’ Omalius d’ Halloy: “Tout nous porte Á croire que les differences que presente le genre humain remontent Á un ordre de choses antÉrieur Á l’État actuel du globe terrestre.” Des Races Humaines, p. 11 (Paris, 1845). This is also the result of recent studies. See Prof. Edward S. Morse, on “Man in the Tertiaries,” in the American Naturalist, 1884, p. 1010.

47 Lectures on Physical Geography, p. 273. (London, 1880.)

48 See A. Bastian, Zur Lehre von den Geographischen Provinzen (Berlin, 1886); A. De Quatrefages, Histoire Generale des Races Humaines, p. 333, (Paris, 1889); Dr. Thomas Achelis, Die Entwickelung der Modernen Ethnologie, s. 65, (Berlin, 1889). Agassiz was the first to announce (in 1850) that the different races of man are distributed over the world in the same zoÖlogical provinces as those inhabited by distinct species and genera of mammals. This fact is coming more and more to be the accepted axiom for the study of racial development. (Compare Darwin, Descent of Man, p. 169).

49 This calculation includes in Asia the Arabian peninsula, Syria, the Iranic regions, most of Asia Minor and the Caucasus; but excludes Hindostan, the occupation of which by the Aryans is within the historic period. In Africa it embraces the tract from the Atlantic to the Red Sea, and from the Mediterranean to the Sudan, nearly all of which was held by the Hamitic peoples when we first learn about it. In Europe it includes the whole continent south of a line drawn from the mouth of the Volga, through St. Petersburg to the Atlantic.

50 One of the leading European students of anatomical racial type is Dr. J. Kollmann, of Basle. He claims that there are four fundamental skull types in that continent:

1. Narrow faced, brachycephalic.
2. Narrow faced, dolichocephalic.
3. Broad faced, brachycephalic.
4. Broad faced, dolichocephalic.

These forms he believes have been steadily perpetuated and have undergone no change, except by intermarrying; they bear no relation to intellectual ability, and they recur in nations of the same language, customs and history. “Ethnic unity in Europe rests not upon racial identity, but racial (anatomical) diversity.” Verhand. der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell., 1889, s. 332.

51 A more appropriate view was taken by Canon Isaac Taylor at the meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1889. He defended the thesis that the human race originated in Europe and bifurcated into the Asian and African branches. (See Nature, 1889, No. 40, p. 632.)

52 For a recent summary of the evidence on this point consult Isaac Taylor, Origin of the Aryans, p. 129, sq. (London, 1890.)

53 See Freidrich MÜller, Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft, Bd. III., s. 224-5; Sayce, Science of Language, Vol. II., page 178. The latter uses the expression that between the old Egyptian, the Libyan, and the Semitic tongues “the grammatical agreement is most striking.”

54 On the Guanches, consult the various works of Sabin Berthelot, Dr. Verneau, and later J. Harris Stone in Proceedings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1888, p. 851. The last-mentioned dwells on the many similarities of their arts to those of the Egyptians.

55 Barth is of opinion that the Berbers conquered the Sahara, not from blacks, but “from the sub-Libyan race, the LeucÆthiopes of the ancients, with whom they intermarried” (Travels in Africa, Vol. I., 340). This is, I think, the correct opinion, and not that the Sahara was occupied by the negroes.

56 Ritter, Erdkunde, Bd. I., s. 561.

57 Walter B. Harris, in Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, 1889, p. 490.

58 For numerous authorities, see Sabin Berthelot, Bulletin de la SociÉtÉ d’ Ethnologie, 1845, p. 121, sq., and his AntiquitÉs Canariennes (Paris, 1879).

59 The early Greek geographer known as Scylax, also speaks of the Libyan men as blondes, and very handsome. For a recent and able discussion of this subject, consult F. Borsari, Geografica Ethnologica e Storica della Tripolitana, p. 23, sq. (Naples, 1888). The French writers Broca, Faidherbe, etc., have also written copiously on the Libyan blondes.

60 The Tahennu. Rawlinson, History of Ancient Egypt, Vol. II. p. 292.

61 As distinguished from the Arab, Pruner Bey described the Kabyle as “of higher stature, cerebral and facial cranium broader, forehead more vertical, eyebrows less arched, jaws more orthognathic.” My own studies in Algeria lead me to recognize the correctness of these distinctions. Dr. R. Collignon describes what he thinks is the most ancient Tunisian type as tall, dolichocephalic (73), mesorrhinic (75), narrow face, forehead and chin retreating. He says of the blonde element in Tunisia that it is “assez rare, mais un peu partout.” Bull. de la Soc. d’ Anthropologie de Paris, 1886, pp. 620, 621.

62 Zeitschrift fÜr Ethnologie, 1888, s. 115.

63 Yet Barth mentions that in the western Sahara one of the most powerful of the Berber tribes was called AurÁghen, the yellow, or the gold-colored. Travels in Africa, vol. i, pp. 230, 339.

64 See Broca, “Sur les blondes, et les monuments megalithiques de l’Afrique du Nord,” in Revue d’ Anthropologie, 1876; and Faidherbe, Collection ComplÉte d’ Inscriptions Numidiques, Introduction. (Paris, 1870.)

65 In offering this new derivation of the much discussed name Berberi or Barbari, one must remember that it has always been the name of a powerful tribe in Morocco, the Brebres; that it was what the ancient Egyptians called them (Herodotus); and that it is to-day a pure Libyan word. Iberru, is from the verbal root ibra, they are free; ibarbar, they come forth (Newman, Libyan Vocabulary, pp. 40, 133). The plural in the Hamitic group was originally formed by repetition (F. MÜller, Sprachwissenschaft, Bd. III., s. 240). Hence Berberi may mean either “those who came forth,” i. e., emigrants, or those who go where they list, i. e., freemen. This is also the meaning of amÓshagh, the generic name of the Touaregs (Barth, Travels in Africa, vol. v., page 555). Barth, a high authority, believes that the same word ber is the radical of the names Bernu, Berdoa, Berauni, etc. The legendary ancestors of the Moroccan Berbers (Brebres) was Ber, in which, says Barth, “we recognize the name Afer,” the f and b being interchangeable in these dialects. From “Afer” we have “Africa” (Travels, vol. i., p. 224). One of the principal gods of ancient Libya and of the Guanches was Abora, or Ibru. See my article “On Etruscan and Libyan Names” in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Feb., 1890. One of the Pindaric fragments recites a Libyan tradition to the effect that the first man, Iarbas, sprang from the sun-heated soil, and chose for food the sweet acorns of the tree (Lenormant, The Beginnings of History, p. 48). In “Iarbas” we can scarcely fail in recognizing the same root bar, the change being by the familiar process of reversal.

66 Early in this century, Bory de St. Vincent maintained the identity of the Iberians and Berbers (Essai Geologique, Paris, 1805). Humboldt argued that there was but one language in old Spain beside the Celtic, in spite of the direct assertion of Strabo to the contrary, and the well-known fact that many Celtiberic inscriptions cannot be read either in Celtic or Basque (PrÜfung der Untersuchungen, etc., § 39).

The Roman geographer, Rufus Festus Avienus, offers the important correction that the Iberi derived their name, not from the Ebro, as is usually stated, but from a stream close to Gibraltar on the Atlantic side.

The two names show that it was a nomen gentile, and that the tribe so known extended along the southern coast.

It has been recently asserted that many north African place-names occur in Spain (Revista de Anthropologia, Madrid, 1876, quoted by Fligier).

67 The Coptic word is Na-pa-ut, Bunsen, Egypt’s Place in History, Vol. III, p. 137.

68 This war is recorded in the celebrated “inscription of Menephtah,” of the XIXth dynasty. See Records of the Past, Vol. IV; Brugsch Bey, History of Egypt, Vol. II, p. 129, and the more recent studies of these inscriptions by Dr. Max MÜller, in the Proceedings of the Society for Biblical ArchÆology, Vol. VI.

69 As further showing the ancient culture of the Libyans, I may note that they constructed stone dwellings before their conquest by the Romans. For extracts showing this, see Revue des deux Mondes, Dec., 1865.

70 The evidence to this effect I have marshalled in two papers read before the American Philosophical Society: “On the Ethnic Affinities of the Ancient Etruscans” (Proceedings of the Amer. Phil. Soc., Oct., 1889), and “A Comparison of Etruscan and Libyan Names” (Ibid., Feb., 1890).

71 The most scholarly analysis of this curious alphabet, called the tifinagh or tifinar, will be found in Prof. Halevy’s Essai d’ Epigraphie Libyque (Paris, 1875).

72 See Duveyrier, Les Touaregs du Nord, p. 339; H. Bissuell, Les Touaregs de l’ Ouest, pp. 106, 115 (Alger., 1888), etc.

73 Hooker and Ball, Tour in Morocco, p. 86.

74 To Prof. A. H. Sayce is, I think, due the honor of showing that the pre-Semitic white race of Palestine was of the Libyan stock. See Nature, 1888, p. 321. He had previously pointed out that the two forms of tenses of the Libyan verb “correspond most remarkably with Assyrian forms” (Introduction to the Science of Language, Vol. II., p. 180). Rawlinson, in his Story of Phenicia (N. Y., 1889), adopts the view that the early Phenicians were Hamites. The epochal discovery of Halevy, now accepted by Delitzsch and other Assyriologists, that the “second” column of the cuneiform inscription is merely a Hamito-Semitic dialect in another character, finally destroys the “Turanian” hypothesis, and restores the ancient Assyrians to the Eurafrican race.

75 Virchow, after close studies in Egypt, expressed himself very positively that the affinities of the old Egyptian stock were “with the Hamites, with the Berbers and Kabyles, the peoples who from the remotest times have inhabited the regions of the Atlas.” See his address in the Correspondenz-Blatt der deutschen Gesellschaft fÜr Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte, 1888, p. 110.

76 On the stone age in Egypt, see General Pitt-Rivers, in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, 1881, p. 387, sq.; and especially the exhaustive article by Dr. Virchow in Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell., 1888, p. 345, sq. As early as 1881 Prof. Henry W. Haynes of Boston announced his discovery of palÆolithic stone implements in Upper Egypt. (Mems. of the Amer. Acad. of Arts and Sciences, Vol. X., p. 357.) The latest contribution to the subject is by W. Reiss, Funde aus der Steinzeit Aegyptens (Berlin, 1890).

77 M. G. de Lapouge goes quite as far. He writes (Revue d’Anthropologie, 1887, p. 308), “L’Egypte s’est civilisÉe pendant notre quaternaire, et son plus grand developpement a coincidÉ avec notre epoque nÉolithique.”

78 “Jusqu’a cette heure,” writes A. L. Delattre, in the Bulletin des AntiquitÉs Africaines, 1885, p. 242, “les pieces archÉologiques de notre collection de Carthage, qui remontent incontestablement À la pÉriode primitive de l’histoire de cette ville fameuse, ont toutes le cachet egyptien prononcÉ.”

79 Dr. L. Faurot, in Revue d’Ethnographie, 1887, p. 57.

80 See my essay on this subject, The Cradle of the Semites (Philadelphia, 1890); also the able paper of G. Bertin, “On the Origin of the Semites,” in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, 1882, p. 423, sq., and the speculations of R. G. Haliburton, in Proceedings of the British Assoc. for the Adv. of Science, 1887, p. 907. An excellent summary of the argument that the Semites came from Africa will be found in Gifford Palgrave’s article on Arabia in the Encyclopedia Britannica.

81 The important Berber folk of the Mzabites in Southern Algiers are said strongly to resemble Semites, presenting “a reunion of the secondary characteristics of the Jews and Arabs.” Revue d’ Anthropologie, 1886, p. 353.

82 The late investigations of E. Glaser in Southern Arabia have brought many hundreds of these inscriptions to our knowledge.

83 Doughty, Travels in Arabia Deserta, Vol. I., p. 102. About five per cent. of the Arabs of the Peninsula of Sinai are pure blondes. See Revue d’ Anthropologie, 1886, p. 351.

84 The statistics in Central Europe show that among the Jews there, about 15 per cent. are true blondes, 25 per cent. brunettes, and the remainder intermediate. The blondes are generally dolichocephalic, the brunettes brachycephalic or medium. See Dr. Fligier, “Zur Anthropologie der Semiten,” in Mitthiel. der Wiener Anthrop. Gesell., Bd. IX., s. 155, sq.

85 Compare Taylor, Origin of the Aryans, p. 98, and Paul Broca, Sur l’Origine et la Repartition de la Langue Basque, Paris (1875). Broca recognized the autochthony of the Basque in Spain, and considered their language the oldest in Europe.

86 Called by the French craniologists tÊte de liÈvre. De Quatrefages identified certain skulls from kitchen-middens in Portugal as of this form, indicating that the Euskaric peoples once extended that far west. Hist. Gen. des Races Humaines, p. 478.

87 See on this point the detailed comparisons in Heinrich Winkler’s Ural-altaische VÖlker und Sprachen, ss. 155-167, and elsewhere. The attempted identifications of Basques and Berbers by Dr. Tubino (Los Aborigines Ibericos, Madrid, 1876) is therefore a failure.

88 I should prefer the term “Celtindic” to either of the others. “Aryan,” or Aryac, suggested by Prof. Max MÜller from a Sanscrit root, signifies “noble,” “superior.” It is open to several objections, but I have adopted it on account of its popularity.

89 The European bronze age, for instance, was not introduced by the Indo-Aryac peoples, as their early art-forms in bronze are quite distinct, and their alloy different, the Asian bronze being a zinc, the European a tin alloy. See on this R. Virchow in the Correspondenz-Blatt der deutchen Gesell. fÜr Anthropologie, 1889, s. 94.

90 See d’Halloy’s articles in the Bulletins de l’Academie Royale de Belgique, beginning with Vol. VI (1839); especially in 1848 his “Observations sur la Distribution ancienne des peuples de la race blanche.” Dr. Latham first stated this view in an Appendix, dated 1859, to an article on “The original extent of the Slavonic area.” See his Opuscula, pp. 127-28 (London, 1860). I observe that Dr. John Beddoe, in his last address before the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain this year, 1890, repeats the statement: “The first anthropologist of note who took up the notion of the European origin of the Aryans was Dr. Robert Latham” (Jour. Anthrop. Inst., 1890, p. 491). On the contrary, d’Halloy, in the “Observations” above quoted (p. 9), urges that the “Indo-Germanic” languages point to a kinship of those who speak them, and that they always have been in Europe, and did not come from Asia.

91 A. De Candolle, Revue d’Anthropologie, 1887, p. 265, sq. This is ingeniously explained on the mechanical theory of mixing colors by d’Halloy. Obs. sur la Distrib. de la Race Blanche, p. 11. (Bruxelles, 1848.) Compare also R. Virchow, Die Verbreitung des blonden und des brunetten Typus in Mitteleuropa, who attributes the increase of brunette’s to a reversion to “Celtic or pre-Celtic ancestry.”

92 This opinion has also been defended by Fligier, Zur praehistorischen Ethnologie Italiens, p. 55.

93 Taylor, Origin of the Aryans, p. 259.

94 See his remarkable essay, published in 1821, entitled PrÜfung der Untersuchungen Über die Urbewohner Hispaniens vermittlest der Vaskischen Sprache, § 47.

95 In his latest work, Dr. Abel avers that the old Egyptian and Indo-European stocks have as many radicals in common as the idioms of the latter have among themselves. Ægyptisch-Europaeische Sprachverwandtschaft, s. 58 (Leipzig, 1890).

96 See Karl Brugman, Comparative Grammar of the Indo-Germanic Languages, Vol. I., pp. 13, 14; Wharton, Etyma Latina, Introduction.

97 See Dr. Fligier, Zur praehistorischen Ethnologie Italiens (Wien 1877). There is a markedly brachycephalic type among the Albanians, quite dissimilar from the Greek. I incline to believe it is Celtic. See Dr. Raphael Zampa, “Anthropologie Illyrienne,” in the Revue d’ Anthropologie, 1886, p. 625, sq.

98 See Max Duncker, History of Greece, Vol. I, p. 11.

99 Ibid., pp. 13, 142.

100 Taylor, Origin of the Aryans, p. 98.

101 The Phrygian was about as closely related to the Greek as Gothic to middle High German. See Curtius, History of Greece, Vol. I, p. 43, who acknowledges that the testimony of antiquity is in favor of the easterly migration of the Hellenic peoples, but denies the fact because it is in conflict with his Asiatic hypothesis.

102 The Cypriote Greeks used a remarkable syllabic alphabet of great antiquity. R. H. Lang, Cyprus, pp. 8, 12 (London, 1878).

103 On this important subject see Max Duncker, History of Greece, Vol. I, Chap. IV, “The Phenicians in Hellas;” and H. Schliemann, Tiryns, pp. 28, 57, etc.

104 Hovelacque et HervÉ, Precis d’Anthropologie, p. 573.

105 This is the opinion of Penka, Schrader, Taylor, etc.

106 “The Lithuanian language has more antique features by far than any other now spoken dialect of the whole great (Aryac) family.” W. D. Whitney, Oriental and Linguistic Studies, Vol. II, p. 228.

107 In North Germany the present percentage of blondes is 42; in the German empire, 32; in Austria, 20; in Switzerland, 11. (Virchow, Die Verbreitung des blonden und des brunetten Typus in Mitteleuropa.)

108 On the extreme diversity of skull-forms among the modern Russians see Revue d’ Anthropologie, 1889, p. 99. The race of the “Kurgans,” or ancient tombs, which are supposed to date back to the ninth or tenth century, had usually long skulls; but about 20 per cent. are short. HervÉ is quite right in his statement, “Il n’y a pas un type gÉnÉral slave, il n’y a mÊme pas un type slave du nord et un type slave du sud.” PrÉcis d’ Anthropologie, p. 564.

109 Cf. Gesa Kuun, “L’ Origine des NationalitÉs de la Transylvanie,” in Revue d’ Ethnographie, 1888, pp. 232, sqq.

110 Omalius d’Halloy has called attention to the statement of Potocki, Voyages, p. 167, that the Ossetes, by their own traditions, came from southeastern Russia, on the river Don. They are generally blondes of the brachycephalic Slavonic type.

111 Cf. Louis Rousselet, Les Afghans, in Revue d’ Anthropologie, 1888, p, 412.

112 Sanscrit civilization extended throughout most of Farther India and Malasia, and at one time had one of its chief seats in Cambodia, where the ruins of magnificent palaces decorated with subjects from the Ramayana attest its presence. See Abel Bergaigne, “Sur l’Histoire Ancienne du Cambodge,” in Revue d’ Ethnographie, 1885, p. 477, sq.

113 A. F. Rittich, Die Ethnographie Russlands, p. 2. (4to, Gotha, 1878.)

114 “Everything goes to prove,” writes de Quatrefages, “that the Caucasus was not a center of emigration, but of immigration by various peoples at a comparatively late date.” (Histoire Generale des Races Humaines, p. 475.) The researches of Rudolph Virchow result in showing that these mountains were peopled at about the beginning of the age of bronze.

115 This is the result of the observations of Ernest Chantre, who spent years in personal investigations throughout the Caucasus. (Recherches Anthropologiques dans le Caucase, quoted in Revue d’ Anthropologie, 1888, p. 480.) Virchow reached the same conclusion from his osteologic studies (Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie, 1887, p. 97.) It is high time therefore to stop talking about the “Caucasian” race.

116 For a full discussion of this subject consult de Quatrefages, Les PygmÉes des anciens et de la science moderne, Paris, 1886.

117 See the very detailed observations of Emin Bey in the Zeitschrift fur EthnologiÉ, 1886, s. 145. The hairy skin is also mentioned by Du Chaillu.

118 Dr. K. Schweinfurth, The Heart of Africa, vol. i., p. 139; and Fritsch, Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesellschaft, 1887, s 195.

119 Leclerc, “Les PygmÉes À Madagascar,” in Revue d’ Ethnographie, 1887, p. 323.

120 Theodore Hahn, in Revue d’ Anthropologie, 1887, P. 272.

121 See M. Ploix, “Les Hottentots et leur Religion,” in Revue d’ Anthropologie, 1887, p. 271, sq.

122 Dr. L. Tautain, “Sur l’ Ethnographie du SÉnÉgal,” in Revue d’ Ethnographie, 1885, p. 61, sq.

123 See Th. Waitz, Anthropologie der NaturvÖlker, Bd. II, ss. 476-8.

124 See Dr. Frederich MÜller, Die Æquatoriale Sprach-Familie in Central Afrika, Wien, 1889.

125 The word bantu in that language means “people” or “men.” It is preferable to “Caffres,” which is sometimes applied to the group, and which is an Arabic term meaning “infidels.”

126 These traditions are briefly presented by de Quatrefages, Hist. Gen. des Races Humaines, pp. 371, sqq.

127 Grandel, Ethnography, p. 335.

128 These are found in Bechuana land at Zimbabye. See John Mackenzie, Austral Africa, Vol. I., p. 35 (London, 1887.)

129 Except the Bushman and Hottentots and Negrillos, all the African tribes seem to have long known the working of iron. See Dr. F. Delisle, “Sur la Fabrication du fer dans l’ Afrique Equatoriale,” in the Revue d’ Ethnographie, 1884, p. 465.

130 On the geographical domain of the Mandingoes, see a careful note by Dr. Toutain in the Revue d’ Ethnographie, 1886, p. 515.

131 Cf. A. R. Wallace, Geographical Distribution of Animals.

132 This is Mantegazza’s opinion, Archivio per l’Antropologia, 1888, p. 121, sq.

133 D’Escayrac de Lauture, Memoires sur la Chine, Religion, p. 64 (Paris, 1877).

134 D’Escayrac de Lauture, Memoires sur la Chine, Religion, pp. 18-20 (Paris, 1877).

135 A. F. Rittich, Die Ethnographie Russlands, ss. 20-24.

136 Nicholas Seeland, “Les Kirghis,” in Revue d’Anthropologie, 1886, p. 27.

137 The best recent authority is Dr. Heinrich Winkler, Uralaltaische VÖlker und Sprachen. (Berlin, 1884.)

138 Note on the Lapps of Finmark, p. 8. (Paris, 1886.)

139 A. H. Keane, Journal of the Anthropological Institute, Vol. XV., p. 218.

140 N. A. E. de Nordenskjold, in Revue d’ Ethnographie, 1884, p. 402; also A. F. Rittich, Die Ethnographie Russland s. 12 (Gotha, 1878).

141 I have followed in this obscure subject W. H. Dall, “On the so-called Chukchi and Namollo People of Eastern Siberia” in the American Naturalist, 1881, p. 857. Rittich says, erroneously, that the Namollos are not related to the Chukchis. (Die Ethnographie Russland, s. 15.) The relationship of the Chukchi, Korak and Kamschatkan is demonstrated by Heinrich Winkler, UralaltÄische VÖlker und Sprachen, s. 120.

142 J. Deniker, Les Ghiliaks d’aprÈs les derniers Renseignements, pp. 5, 17. (Paris, 1884.)

143 The date of the foundation of the Japanese ecclesiastical empire is put at 660 B.C. D’Escayrac de Lauture, La Chine et les Chinois, Vol. I, p. 17.

144 For details, see Hovelacque et HervÉ, Precis d’ Anthropologie, p. 468-470.

145 An admirable analysis of the physical traits of the Japanese will be found in the Journal of Speculative Philosophy, Vol. VI., written by Benjamin Smith Lyman, long a resident among them.

146 This subject has been presented with great amplitude of illustration by the late Moritz Wagner. See Die Entstehung der Arten durch rÄumliche Sonderung, Basel, 1889.

147 Dr. Finsch, for instance, mentions that on the little island of Tanna, in Melanesia, nearly every village has a dialect unintelligible to its neighbors. Anthrop. Ergebnisse einer Reise in der Sudsee, s. 38. (Berlin, 1884.)

148 This lost continent is sometimes called Gondwana land, from the recurrence of the Gondwana formation in Hindostan, Madagascar, and the east coast of Africa. See Suess, Das Antlitz der Erde, Bd. ii.

149 The word aËta is Malayan, and means “black.” There is some doubt about the Semangs, as some of them are fair. See Journal of the Anthropological Institute, 1886, p. 429, and compare F. de Castelnau in the Revue de philologie et d’ ethnographie, 1876, p. 174, sq.

150 The Susians in the lower valley of the Euphrates show in color and hair an infusion of Negro blood, but this is attributable to the introduction of slaves into that region from Africa. (Cf. Revue d’ Anthropologie, 1888, p. 79.)

151 For an excellent study of the Andaman islanders, see E. H. Man, in Journal of Anthropological Institute, Vol. XII., etc. F. Blumentritt describes the Negritos of the Philippines with head and features thoroughly Negro like. (Ethnographie der Philippinen, s. 5, Gotha, 1882.)

152 Dr. J. Montano, in Revue d’ Anthropologie, 1886, p. 691; F. Blumentritt, Ethnographie der Philippinen, s. 7. (Gotha, 1882.) The description applies principally to the Negritos of these islands, where they number about 10,000 persons.

153 Flower, “On the Osteology and Affinities of the Natives of the Andaman Islands,” in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, 1880, p. 132. The same position is taken by James Dallas, in the Proceedings of the British Naturalists’ Society, 1884. He argues that the Negritos, Papuas and African Negroes belong to one family, the “Melanochroic,” which in view of the continuity and isolation of the region it occupies must originally have been a unit.

154 See A. B. Meyer, in Mittheilungen der Wiener Anthropologischen Gesellschaft, 1874; and A. R. Wallace, Australasia, pp. 452-456. The great diversity in color, hair, etc., is commented on by Dr. O. Finsch, Anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in der Sudsee, p. 34. The difference is sometimes by villages, some being quite fair and called “white Papuas,” though of pure blood ostensibly.

155 See Rev. L. Ella, “A Comparison of the Malayan and Papuan Races of Polynesia,” in Proceedings of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, Vol. I. (1888), p. 484, sq. The author writes from 26 years’ intercourse with the various islanders. He claims that the Papuas “have distinctly African resemblances, habits, customs, languages, and religions.”

156 These singular facts are fully supported by the studies of Dr. O. Finsch, Anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in der Sudsee, s. 34, sq.

157 See Fr. MÜller, Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft, Bd. II., Ab. II., s. 160.

158 Horatio Hale, Ethnog. and Philol. of the U. S. Exploring Exped., p. 44.

159 In the Verhand. der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell., 1889, s. 162.

160 See Friedrich MÜller, Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft, Bd. I., Ab. II., s. 30; Bd. II., Ab. II., s. 160.

161 M. O. Beauregard has compared 120 common words and numerals in dialects from Madagascar to Easter Island, and proves that all are affined to the pure Malay, though with many verbal admixtures from other sources. Bulletin de la SociÉtÉ d’ Anthropologie, 1886, pp. 520-527.

162 “On ne peut guÈre mettre en doute que les vrais Malais appartiennent au groupe des races À petite taille et À tÊte plus ou moins ronde de l’Asie.” Hovelacque et HervÉ, PrÉcis d’ Anthropologie, p. 470.

163 See Friedrich MÜller, Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft, Bd. II., Ab. II., s. 1-3.

164 Compare Fr. Ratzel, VÖlkerkunde, Bd. II., s. 371. Dr. Hamy and Mr. Keane have questioned the relationship of the Battaks.

165 Dr. O. Finsch, Anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in der Sudsee, s. 1. (Berlin, 1884.)

166 A. Thompson, “On the Osteology of the Veddahs,” in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, 1889. “Veddah” in Sanscrit means “hunter.”

167 On the inhabitants of Boru, see G. W. Earl, Native races of the Indian Archipelago, p. 185.

168 Other Hypotheses about the Polynesians are that they are an autochthonous race developed in New Zealand (Lesson et Martinet, Les PolynÉsiens, Paris, 1884); that they came from America; that they are of Aryac descent (Fornander).

The migrations of the Polynesians have been closely studied by Horatio Hale, Ethnography and Philology of the U. S. Exploring Expedition, pp. 116-196 (1847). Many later writers have pursued the subject.

169 The sacred legends and rites of the Polynesians have been collected by Bastian, Inselgruppen in Oceanien (Berlin, 1883), and other writers.

170 Dr. O. Finsch, Anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in der Sudsee, s. 19.

171 De Quatrefages found the Australian sub-type of skull reappearing among the Dravidians, and he goes so far as to add, “The affinity of the Australian and Dravidian languages is now universally admitted.” Hist. Gen. des Races Humaines, p. 333. He quotes the authority of Maury; but Fr. MÜller thinks the analogies “too weak” to be convincing. (Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft. Bd. II., s. 95-98.)

172 Dr. Friedrich Ratzel acknowledges the probable inroads of Malays in southern India, but condemns classing the Dravidas with the Australians. VÖlkerkunde, Bd. III., s. 411 (Leipzig, 1888).

173 Wake, “The Papuans and Polynesians,” in Jour. of the Anthrop. Institute, Nov., 1882.

174 This is the positive statement of Geo. W. Earl, who had seen Tasmanians. (Native Races of the Indian Archipelago, p. 188. London, 1853.) It is contradicted by Dr. Hamy, in the Crania Ethnica, for no other reason, apparently, than that it does not fit his theories.

175 “The cast of the face is between the African and Malay types.” H. Hale, Ethnography and Philology of the U. S. Exploring Expedition, p. 107. Mr. Hale describes their hair as “long, fine and wavy, like that of Europeans,” the color usually a dark brown.

176 Edwin N. Curr, The Australian Race, Vol. III., p. 675 (London, 1887).

177 ElisÉe Reclus, “Contributions À la Sociologie des Australiens,” in Revue d’ Anthropologie, 1887.

178 For abundant authorities see A. Bastian, Inselgruppen in Oceanien, ss. 121, 122 (Berlin, 1883).

179 Cf. A. T. Packard, “Notes on the Labrador Eskimos,” in American Naturalist, 1885, p. 473.

180 E. Petitot, Monographie des DÉnÉ DindjiÉ, p. 24 (Paris, 1876).

181 See F. Michel, Dix huit ans chez les Sauvages (Paris, 1866), and Petitot, ubi supra.

182 See an article on “The Probable Nationality of the Mound Builders,” in my Essays of an Americanist, p. 67 (Philadelphia, 1890).

183 Dr. Ten Kate, in Revue d’ Ethnographie, 1885, p. 122.

184 Life Among the Pi-Utes, by Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins (Boston, 1883).

185 Dr. A. Krause, Die Tlinkit Indianer (Jena, 1885).

186 The tribes of British Columbia have been especially studied by Dr. Franz Boas, who has published extensively upon them.

187 See D. G. Brinton, American Hero Myths, Chap. III (Philadelphia, 1882).

188 The Tarascos have been studied with much care by Dr. Nicolas Leon, of Michoacan, who has published a number of articles on their antiquities and languages.

189 S. Habel, The Sculptures of Santa Lucia Cosumalhuapa (Washington, 1878). Bastian has also written a good account of them (Berlin, 1882).

190 D. G. Brinton, “On the Alaguilac Language of Guatemala,” in Proceedings of the American Philosoph. Soc., 1887.

191 D. G. Brinton, The GÜegÜence, a comedy ballet in the Dialect of Nicaragua. Introduction, p. viii. (Philadelphia, 1883).

192 C. H. Berendt, Bull. of the Amer. Geog. Society, 1876, p. 11.

193 Karl von der Steinen, Durch Central Brasilien, s. 308.

194 On this complex question compare Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell., 1886, s. 703; 1887, s. 532, and elsewhere; Karl von den Steinen, Durch Central Brasilien, s. 295, and the work of Von Martius, Zur Ethnographie Amerika’s zumal Brasiliens, Vol. I. (Leipzig, 1867).

195 The most careful analysis of the Peruvian government is given by Dr. Gustav BrÜhl, Die CulturvÖlker Alt-America’s, pp. 369, sq. (Cincinnati, 1887).

196 Dr. J. Orgeas, La Pathologie des Races Humaines, p. 481 (Paris, 1886).

197 Authorities in Hovelacque et HervÉ, PrÉcis d’Anthropologie, 214, sq.

198 This is the opinion advocated by de Quatrefages. His arguments will be found in the seventh chapter of his Histoire GÉnÉrale des Races Humaines (Paris, 1889).

199 Dr. J. Orgeas, La Pathologie des Races Humaines, p. 481.

200 Darwin, The Descent of Man, p. 171 (New York, 1883).

201 Dally, quoted in Hovelacque et HervÉ, PrÉcis d’ Anthropologie, p. 218.

202 See the question discussed by Waitz, Anthropologie der NaturvÖlker, Bd. I, s. 188.

203 Quoted in Darwin, The Descent of Man, p. 182.

204 S. N. Clark, Circular of the Bureau of Education, Washington, 1877; Garrick Mallery, in Proceedings of the Amer. Assoc. Adv. Science, 1877, p. 340.

205 This is the statement of Dr. F. Nansen, the recent explorer of Greenland, and many others.

206 F. Blumentritt, Die Ethnographie der Phillipinen, s. 8 (Gotha, 1882).

207 Fr. Ratzel, VÖlkerkunde, Bd. I, s. 628, who quotes the authority of Du Chaillu.

208 George Gerland, Anthropologische BeitrÄge, Bd. I., s. 5 (Halle, 1875).

209 Zeitschrift fÜr Ethnologie, 1887, s. 88.