Carpet manufacture, as already explained in the foregoing pages, comprises a good many different processes and fabrics; and it can be readily understood that the making of Wilton carpets, for instance, may require not only a different plant and staff from those needed for Ingrain or Axminster, but even a different manufacturing and selling policy. From these and other considerations it comes about that, in practice, carpet manufacturers are inclined to specialise in one fabric, and to restrict themselves to making two or three, though this is not to be regarded as by any means an invariable rule. As a result, the interest in any one fabric will be found to be confined to a limited number of manufacturers, and not to be extended over the whole trade; while nearly all manufacturers are interested in more than one fabric.

In default of any general association of carpet manufacturers, the tendency in the past has been for the whole or the large majority of manufacturers interested in a fabric to form an Association for the control of qualities and prices in that fabric only. Thus, A, B, C, and D make Axminster carpets and form an Axminster Association; B, C, D, and E are members of a Brussels and Wilton Association; A, C, E, and F of a Tapestry Association, and so on.

As a matter of fact, there have been in existence for a good many years a Brussels and Wilton Carpet Manufacturers’ Association, working in close co-operation with an Axminster Association, and a Victorian (Chenille) Association; while the makers of Tapestry carpets have an organisation of their own. Of recent years, another body was added, the Carpet Manufacturers’ Federation, whose special function was the control of the lower qualities of Brussels and Wilton, which the existing Brussels and Wilton Association did not claim to regulate.

The organisations enumerated comprise the large majority of the makers of the various carpet fabrics concerned; and they have controlled the prices and terms obtaining in the trade on the whole in a very effective manner, though subject always to the somewhat disturbing influence of the manufacturers remaining outside the Associations. Of these, however, the greater number have habitually followed the standard of prices and selling conditions set by the Associations.

On the whole, then, these trade organisations have done good work. Certainly they cannot be accused of greediness in advancing prices too quickly or too much, or of undue stringency in conditions of sale. The value and amount of control exercised by these Associations have been partly conditioned by their mutual relations. Intercommunication between the different bodies and joint meetings has already contributed to the solution of some difficulties common to the trade; but more might be done in this direction. No doubt an ideal organisation would be an Association of the whole industry, with sections for each branch of it.

The work of the Associations has included the standardisation of a certain number of qualities in various fabrics; and, indeed, without such standardisation the fixing of prices in a satisfactory manner is almost an impossibility. In the interests of all concerned, including, it may be confidently asserted, both the carpet dealer and the ultimate consumer, this standardisation, coupled with a reduction in the number of qualities produced, might very well be extended. The trade has been unnecessarily complicated in the past by the existence of qualities differing from each other by a small percentage of value, and puzzling to the buyer. Carpet manufacturers are themselves partly to blame for this multiplication of fabrics, the outcome of an extravagant competition, involving needless expense in production, which fell, of course, ultimately upon the consumer. War conditions have made a clean sweep of many of them: it is to be hoped that they will not recur.

The carpet industry was from the first a great sufferer from the state of affairs brought about by the declaration of war. In the early days, cancels and a suspension of orders necessitated a recourse to short time; while later, as a so-called “Luxury Trade,” it did not seem likely to meet with much consideration at the hands of the authorities in respect of protection given to its personnel, or of the provision of adequate raw materials. These difficulties brought carpet manufacturers closer together than before; and committees representing the whole trade were formed for the protection of its interests in the above connections.

Ultimately, when the question of the rationing of wool and other raw materials necessary to the industry became paramount, a Committee of the trade was formed, entitled the Carpet Trade Rationing Committee. This Committee was recognised by the War Office, and responsible directly to the Wool Control Board. Since June, 1917, it was occupied with the allocation of wool to spinners, and of worsted and woollen yarns, and subsequently jute, to carpet manufacturers. The distribution, of course, depended upon the amount allotted to the carpet trade by the Wool Control Board, and had to be made with due regard to the needs of carpet manufacturers, their pre-war consumption, their stocks, etc. It was an arduous and invidious task; and the fact that it was carried through with scarcely a complaint, and that, in spite of severe shortage of material at times, no firm was ever obliged to shut down, reflects great credit on all concerned.

Labour was represented on this Committee by one member from each branch of the Carpet Trade Unions, in Scotland, the North of England, and Kidderminster.

The publication of the Whitley Report brought general recognition that effective co-operation of employers and employed was a necessity for the future prosperity of the carpet industry, no less than for other trades, and that this could best be brought about by an organisation as fully representative of the employers as the Affiliation of Carpet Trade Unions was of the employees.

At the beginning of 1918 a scheme was put forward by the late Sir Charles Bine Renshaw for the formation of a British Carpet Manufacturers’ Association for the whole trade, composed of delegates from three District Associations, representing the Scottish, North of England, and Kidderminster Area Carpet Manufacturers respectively. The object of these Associations was the protection of the general interests of the trade, and in particular the settlement of questions of wages and employment in co-operation with accredited representatives of Carpet Trade Unions. The Scottish Manufacturers were the first to form their District Association, but were followed in due course by those of the other two areas.

The Trade Unions of the carpet industry were naturally local in origin. The Midland branch was founded in 1866, under the title “The Kidderminster and Stourport United Brussels Power Loom Carpet Weavers’ Friendly Society.” In 1868, the name was altered to “The Power Loom Carpet Weavers’ Mutual Defence and Provident Association,” though generally spoken of as the Carpet Weavers’ Association; and this title held good until 1917, when the textile workers, both male and female, were admitted to membership, and the name was finally altered to “The Power Loom Carpet Weavers’ and Textile Workers’ Association.”

The original headquarters of the Society was the Vine Inn, Horsefair; but in 1870 a room was rented from the Workmen’s Club, at 28 Church Street, where the business was carried on up to 1887. In this year the Association was transferred to 105 Mill Street, where it has remained until its recent move next door, to No. 106.

Although the original raison d’Être of the organisation was that of a Trade Defence Association, it very soon took up what is known as Friendly Society work; for as early as 1867 accident and funeral benefits were being paid; sick pay was commenced in 1868; and in 1877 it was decided to use funds for superannuation claims. It is interesting to record that at the beginning of 1919 there were 52 members on the superannuation list, including some of the men who helped to found the Association, such as Noah Cooke (85), Thomas Thatcher (95), B. Barber, and several others now well advanced in years.

The Association has gradually extended the scope of its benefits to members until we find that, for the year ending December, 1917, out of an income of £1,717 0s. 8d. no less than £1,391 19s. 10d. was disbursed in Friendly Society benefits, subscriptions, and donations.

The following figures, showing the total amounts paid out for benefits to the sick and disabled, for superannuation, and for funerals, will convey some idea of the great extent of the activity of the Society in this direction since its formation—

In addition to these amounts, various sums have been applied to other useful purposes. For instance, in the year 1897, £221 was spent in assisting members who were unemployed, and in succeeding years several smaller amounts have been spent in the same way. Over £130 was distributed in 1906 to members who wished to emigrate, and later about £100 for the same purpose.

Thanks to the good relations which have subsisted between employers and employed, and which it is to be hoped will continue, the amount spent in trade disputes has been very small.

During the most flourishing days of the Brussels and Wilton trade, the actual number of members on the books reached 1,600. This gradually fell to 800, including superannuated members, in the early part of 1917. In that year, however, the rules were altered to admit the textile workers to membership; and the number on the books at the beginning of 1919 was rather over 3,000.

The Association has a long and honourable record to look back upon. It has played a useful part in the industrial life of the community, it has treated its members well, and has earned the respect of the manufacturers. No doubt, under the new conditions, it will do no less well in the future.

The Northern Counties Carpet Trades Association was established in 1892 by a few enthusiasts at Halifax, under the title of “The Halifax Brussels Carpet Weavers’ Association.” Membership was confined to those working as Jacquard weavers until June, 1904, when the name was changed to “The Northern Counties Power Loom Weavers’ Association,” making it possible to accept as members all power-loom weavers. A further alteration was made in the title and constitution in 1913, when the Association was registered under its present name, since when it has accepted as members any person engaged in the industry. The Association has branches at Halifax, Sowerby Bridge, Heckmondwike, Rochdale, and Manchester, with a membership of approximately 1,200. Up to the end of 1918 the Association has disbursed in provident benefits the following amounts—

Payment of sick pay was discontinued when the National Health Insurance Act came into force.

Previous to 1874, the interests of the workers in the carpet trade in Scotland were vested in a more or less irregular form of a Trade Union, whose activities were mainly directed by the workers in Glasgow; but with the development of the Trade Union movement in the seventies, several efforts were made by a few enthusiasts to form a regular society. After many futile attempts in this direction, a conference was ultimately held in the St. Mungo Hotel, Glasgow, on 7th March, 1874, when the following attended as representatives of their respective districts—

Bonnyrigg.—Mr. John Craig.

Glasgow.—Messrs. John Mitchell, Robert Logan, Thomas Ramsay.

Glenpatrick (Elderslie).—Messrs. John Miller, James McLellan.

Paisley.—Messrs. James McNaughton, William Findlay.

Roslin (Mid-Lothian).—Mr. James Armour.

Kilmarnock.—Mr. James Young.

Mr. William Findlay, of Paisley, was called to preside over the conference; and Mr. Thomas Ramsay, of Glasgow, was appointed Secretary. After the various representatives had expressed their opinions for and against the formation of a Union on progressive lines, it was ultimately agreed that a Protective and Provident Union be formed, and that members be given the option of joining either for Trade Protection and Sick and Funeral Benefit, or for Trade Protection only, by paying the weekly contribution of 4d. or 2d. per week respectively. It was further decided at this conference that the first Executive Committee be composed of six members from Glasgow, and one each from Paisley and Glenpatrick. Thus we have the origin of the present “Scotch Power Looms Carpet Trade Protective and Provident Association.”

According to the constitution of the Association as it then existed, the Executive Committee had the power to appoint its own officials; and on 9th March, 1874, Mr. Robert Logan and Mr. Thomas Ramsay, both of the Glasgow Branch, were elected President and Secretary respectively.

At a meeting held on 19th April, 1874, the Secretary intimated that the organisation was proceeding very satisfactorily. Up to this date, 102 members had joined for the full benefits and 83 for trade benefits; Bonnyrigg being the only branch which had not responded to the call for organisation.

In February, 1875, a joint conference with the English workers was held in Halifax, for the dual purpose of soliciting assistance for the Glenpatrick workers, who were then on strike, and with a view to a thorough organisation of the whole of the workers in the trade. Some good financial assistance was obtained, but the organisation was not as successful as might have been expected, although Kidderminster placed their experience at the disposal of all the workers, The next few years were taken up in purely local affairs; and in February, 1881, the question of an uniform price list for Tapestry weaving and tying-in was discussed; and a draft scheme was submitted to a meeting of delegates. However, as complete agreement among the workers could not be obtained, the efforts in this direction did not materialise.

From 1894 onwards, the Association realised the necessity of a more powerful organisation and sufficient funds to support the members; and strong recommendations were repeatedly put forward by the Executive for increased contributions; but owing to apparent apathy on the part of members, these recommendations were not taken up with the zeal necessary for their success.

At the Annual Delegates’ Meeting held in May, 1895, the question of replenishing the funds of the Association, which had been greatly depleted, was discussed; and it was ultimately decided to raise the contributions from 4d. to 6d. per week. As a result of this increase, two of the branches in the East of Scotland seceded.

In July, 1895, the question of amalgamating with the Kidderminster Association was again discussed; but again no definite steps were taken.

In 1897 an effort was made by the East shops (Bonnyrigg, Eskbank, and Roslin) to form a local union. This was partially established, but in June, 1904, a lock-out took place in the district on the question of shift working; and the local union, not being able to deal with the matter, appealed to the Executive of this Association for assistance, which was granted. The Executive opened negotiations with the firms concerned, and after a few weeks duration, a satisfactory agreement was arrived at, with the result that the local union was dissolved, and the members agreed to join the original Association. In March, 1895, the membership of the Association was returned at 397.

A special conference was held in Glasgow on 30th September, 1905, with the object of endeavouring to get the employers to return to the rates for tying beams which were reduced in 1886. A scheme was ultimately drawn up and submitted to the employers in 1906; but negotiations proved unproductive.

In 1905, the Glenpatrick branch, which had seceded in 1875 after their unsuccessful strike, rejoined the Association, some 72 weavers becoming members. In March, 1906, the membership of the Association was returned at 462.

In May, 1906, a dispute arose in the Charleston (Paisley) branch on the question of the weaving rate for a new fabric, which lasted about four months.

In 1907 the Association became affiliated to the General Federation of Trade Unions with a view to strengthening the reserve funds of the Association.

In 1907 and 1908, a further effort was made to bring about an affiliation of the English and Scotch Carpet Trade Unions; and on this occasion a constitution was drawn up, but at the last moment, when all seemed shaping well for the formation of a Federation, the matter again dropped.

In 1911, after prolonged negotiations with the Tapestry manufacturers, a new scheme for payment for weaving was drawn up on a proportionate basis, which was considered, at least so far as Scotland was concerned, to be a great step towards uniformity of rates. The workers’ interests in the drawing up of this scheme were very capably handled by Messrs. Rough, Robertson, and Howie. After the establishment of this scheme, things went on smoothly until August, 1914, when the outbreak of war put the organisation, in common with many others, into a condition of suspense. The General Secretary was called to the Colours; and a large proportion of the younger members answered the call to arms. Thanks, however, to careful and judicious handling, the Association ultimately overcame all difficulties; and not only was the Association preserved, but that which was almost despaired of, and which was the dream of the pioneers of the movement, was also achieved: namely, the complete organisation of all carpet workers in the Brussels, Wilton, and Tapestry carpet trade of Scotland. By the end of 1918, the membership of the Association, in spite of the great depletion in the ranks of the workers caused by the war, had increased to 1,200.

Since 1914 the Executive was successful in obtaining the adoption of a new scheme for payment for tying-in beams, replacing the one which was abolished in 1886, and giving satisfaction to all workers in the Tapestry trade.

The progress and development of the Scotch Association during the past few years, and the successful amalgamation with the English Associations, has been largely due to the tact and energy of the President, Mr. Thomas Lindsay, of Paisley.

The Kidderminster, Northern Counties, and Scottish Associations were amalgamated in November, 1917, under the title of “The National Affiliation of Carpet Trade Unions.” The objects of the affiliation were the maintenance of uniform rates, the regulation of the supply of hands and hours of work, and generally the regulation of the relations of employers and employed in the trade.

The constitution is simple, the control of the Affiliation being vested in the hands of an Affiliation Board, composed of three representatives from each Association. The Board appoints a President, Secretary, and Treasurer, each Association being entitled to one official.

During the spring and early summer of 1919 negotiations had been proceeding between the Employers, the Trade Unions’ representatives, and the Ministry of Labour for the formation of a Joint Industrial Council for the Carpet Trade; and the inaugural meeting of this body was held under the auspices of Mr. John Hodge, M.P., on 18th July. It was composed as follows—