  | ENGLAND BEFORE THE CONQUEST. 449-1066. | | | | | PAGE | | Departure of the Romans, | 1 | | Settlement of the various English tribes, | 1 | | 449 | The Jutes, | 1 | | 477 | The Saxons, | 2 | | 520 | The Angles, | 2 | | 597 | Conversion to Christianity, | 3 | | Struggle for supremacy among the Saxon kingdoms, | 3 | | Supremacy of Northumbria, | 3 | | 716-819 Supremacy of Mercia, | 4 | | 800 | Ecgberht, | 5 | | Supremacy of the West Saxons, | 5 | | Period of Danish Invasion, | 5 | | 836 | Æthelwulf, | 6 | | 858 | Æthelbald, | 6 | | 860 | Æthelberht, | 6 | | 866 | Æthelred, | 6 | | 870 | Danish Conquest of East Anglia, | 7 | | 871 | Alfred, | 7 | | Appreciation of Alfred’s character, | 8 | | Continued superiority of Wessex, | 10 | | 901 | Eadward the Elder, | 10 | | 925 | Æthelstan, | 11 | | 940 | Eadmund, | 11 | | 946 | Eadred, | 11 | | Rise of Dunstan, | 12 | | 955 | Edwy, | 13 | | 957 | Eadgar, | 13 | | Dunstan’s government, | 13 | | Division of Northumbria, | 14 | | 975 | Eadward the Martyr, | 15 | | Fall of Dunstan, | 15 | | 979 | Æthelred the Unready, | 15 | | Third Period of Danish Invasion, | 15 | | 991 | Battle of Maldon, | 16 | | 994 | First Danegelt, | 16 | | Æthelred’s Marriage with Emma, | 17 | | 1002 | Massacre of St. Brice, | 17 | | Pernicious influence of Eadric Streona, | 17 | | 1008 | Thurkill’s invasion, | 17 | | 1013 | Swegen’s Great Invasion, | 69 | | Attempt to secure the succession to Matilda, | 69 | | 1135 | Death of Henry, | 70 | | Wales held in check by colonies of Flemings, | 70 | | Constant insurrections, | 70 | | Henry’s Church policy, | 70 | | 1100 | Anselm refuses fealty, | 71 | | He has to leave England, | 71 | | 1106 | Unsupported by the Pope, | 71 | | Makes a compromise at Bec, | 71 | | 1102 | Synod of Westminster, | 71 | | Frequent bad Church appointments, | 72 | | Henry corrects them when possible, | 72 | | Wretched condition of the People, | 72 | | Their chief complaints, | 73 | | Baronial tyranny, | 73 | | Heavy taxation, | 73 | | Henry cures what evils he can, | 74 | | His strict Police, | 74 | | Administrative machinery, | 74 | | Local Courts, | 75 | | Curia Regis, | 75 | | Its political effect, | 76 | | The National Assembly, | 76 | | FEUDAL OUTBREAK. | | | | STEPHEN. 1135-1154. | | | | 1135 | Strange character of the Reign, | 77 | | Great power of the Church, | 78 | | Stephen’s Charter, | 78 | | Affairs in Wales, | 78 | | Early signs of disturbance, | 79 | | 1137 | War with Scotland, | 79 | | Last national effort of the English, | 79 | | 1138 | Battle of the Standard, | 80 | | Growth of Anarchy in England, | 80 | | Creation of Earldoms and castles, | 80 | | Robert of Gloucester renounces his fealty, | 81 | | Stephen’s mercenaries, | 81 | | Jealousy between the old and new Administrations, | 81 | | Stephen’s quarrel with the Church, | 82 | | 1139 | Consequent arrival of Matilda, | 82 | | Civil War, | 82 | | Co
lic@vhost@g@html@files@61358@61358-h@61358-h-19.htm.html#Page_166" class="pginternal">166 | | He joins the Marchers, | 166 | | Escape of Edward, | 166 | | Leicester opposes Edward in Wales, | 166 | | Defeat at Kenilworth, | 166 | | Battle of Evesham, | 167 | | 1266 | Dictum of Kenilworth, | 168 | | 1267 | De Clare compels more moderate government, | 168 | | Constitutional end of the reign, | 168 | | Views of the people on the war, | 168 | | SETTLEMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION. | | | | EDWARD I. 1272-1307. | | | | 1272 | Edward’s accession and character, | 171 | | The first English King, | 172 | | His political views, | 173 | | His legal mind, | 173 | | His success, | 173 | | His enforced concessions, | 174 | | 1275 | His first Parliament, | 174 | | Statute of Westminster, | 174 | | Establishment of Customs, | 174 | | 1278 | Edward’s restorative measures, | 174 | | New coinage, | 175 | | 1279 | Statute of Mortmain, | 175 | | Affairs in Wales, | 175 | | 1275 | Llewellyn’s suspicious conduct, | 175 | | 1277 | War breaks out, | 176 | | Llewellyn submits, and is mercifully treated, | 176 | | 1282 | Second rising in Wales, | 176 | | Death of Llewellyn, | 176 | | 1288 | Execution of David, | 176 | | 1284 | Statute of Wales, | 177 | | Annexation of Wales, | 177 | | 1282 | Foreign affairs call Edward abroad, | 177 | | 1284 | The Sicilian Vespers, | 177 | | 1286 | Edward acts as mediator between France and Aragon, | 178 | | 1288 | His award is repudiated, | 178 | | 1289 | Disturbances in England during his absence, | 178 | | He returns, punishes corrupt judges, banishes the Jews, | 179 | | Second period of the reign, | 179 | | Relations with Scotland, | 180 | | RENEWAL OF THE STRUGGLE OF THE NATION AGAINST THE CROWN. | | | | EDWARD II. 1307-1327. | | | | 1307 | Edward’s friendship for Gaveston, | 198 | | 1308 | The Barons demand his dismissal, | 198 | | 1309 | Gaveston’s return, | 199 | | General discontent, | 199 | | Statute of Stamford, | 200 | | 1310 | Appointment of the Lords Ordainers, | 200 | | 1311 | Useless assault on Scotland, | 200 | | The Ordinances published, | 201 | | Policy of the Opposition, | 201 | | Gaveston banished, | 201 | | 1312 | He reappears with the King, | 202 | | He is beheaded at Warwick, | 202 | | 1314 | Renewal of the War with Scotland, | 203 | | Battle of Bannockburn, | 203 | | Edward refuses to treat, | 204 | | Consequent disasters, | 204 | | 1315 | Wars in Wales and Ireland, | 204 | | Bruce’s invasion of Ireland, | 204 | | 1316 | He is crowned King, | 205 | | 1318 | He is killed at Dundalk, | 205 | | 1316 | Distress in England, | 205 | | Lancaster temporary Minister, | 205 | | Power of the Despensers, | 205 | | 1318 | Temporary reconciliation, | 206 | | 1320 | Truce with Scotland, | 206 | | The Welsh Marchers quarrel with the Despensers, | 206 | | Edward supports his favourites, | 206 | | 1321 | Hereford and Lancaster combine, | 206 | | The Despensers are banished, | 206 | | An insult to the Queen rouses the King to energy, | 207 | | Edward recalls the Despensers, | 207 | | 1322 | Pacifies the Marches, | 207 | | Attacks Lancaster, | 207 | | Battle of Boroughbridge, | 207 | | Lancaster worshipped as a Saint, | 207 | | Triumph of the Despensers, | 208 | | Renewal of war with Scotland, | 208 | | 1323 | Peace for thirteen years with Scotland, | 208 | | Dangers surrounding the King, | 208 | | 1324 | Difficulties with France, | 209 | | 1325 | The Queen and Prince in France, | 209 | | 1326 | She lands in England, | 210 | | Her party gathers strength, | 210 | | The King is taken, | 210 | | 1327 | The Prince of Wales made King, | 210 | | Murder of Edward, | 211 |
| BEGINNING OF THE FACTION FIGHT AMONG THE NOBILITY. | | | | RICHARD II. 1377-1399. | | | | 1377 | Difficulties of the new reign, | 242 | | Regency and administration of Lancaster, | 242 | | Patriotic government, | 243 | | 1380 | Money wanted for the War in Brittany, | 243 | | The Poll Tax, | 243 | | 1381 | Insurrection of the Villeins, | 244 | | Death of Wat Tyler, | 244 | | The insurrection suppressed, | 245 | | Parliament rejects the Villeins’ claims, | 245 | | 1383 | Suspicions of Lancaster’s objects, | 245 | | He deserts Wicliffe, | 245 | | He is charged with the failure in Flanders, | 246 | | 1385 | Jealousy of him thwarts the Scotch invasion, | 246 | | He is glad of the excuse to leave England to support his claims in Castile, | 246 | | Gloucester takes Lancaster’s place, | 246 | | The King’s Favourites, | 247 | | 1386 | Gloucester heads an opposition, | 247 | | Change of Ministry demanded, | 247 | | Impeachment of Suffolk, | 247 | | Commission of Government, | 247 | | 1387 | The King prepares a counterblow, | 248 | | The Five Lords Appellant, | 248 | | They impeach the King’s friends, | 248 | | Affair of Radcot, | 248 | | 1388 | The Wonderful Parliament, | 248 | | 1389 | Gloucester’s unimportant Government, | 249 | | Richard assumes authority, | 249 | | 1393 | Final Statute of Provisors, | 250 | | 1394 | Expedition to Ireland, | 250 | | 1397 | Marriage with Isabella of France, | 251 | | Richard’s vengeance after seven years’ peace, | 251 | | 1398 | Hereford and Norfolk banished, | 252 | | His arbitrary rule alienates the people, | 253 | | 1399 | During his absence in Ireland, | 253 | | Hereford returns and is triumphantly received, | 253 | | He captures Richard, | 254 | | Makes him resign the Kingdom, | 254 | | | | ——————— | | State of Society. | | ——————— |
| MONARCHY BY PARLIAMENTARY TITLE. | | | | HENRY IV. 1399-1413. | | | | 1399 | Henry’s position in English History, | 275 | | Reversal of the Acts of the late King, | 276 | | Tumultuous scene in the First Parliament, | 276 | | The King’s insecure position for nine years, | 276 | | 1400 | Insurrection of the late Lords Appellant, | 277 | | Imprisonment and secret death of Richard, | 277 | | Hostile attitude of France and Scotland, | 278 | | Useless and impolitic march into Scotland, | 278 | | 1401 | Insurrection Wales, | 278 | | Owen Glendower, | 278 | | 1402 | Quarrel with the Percies, | 278 | | The pretended Richard, | 279 | | Causes of the quarrel with Northumberland, | 279 | | 1403 | The Percies combine with Glendower, | 279 | | Battle of Shrewsbury, | 280 | | 1404 | Submission of Northumberland, | 280 | | Widespread Conspiracy, | 280 | | 1405 | Flight of the young Earl of March, | 280 | | Renewed activity of Northumberland, Scrope and Mowbray, | 281 | | Events which secured Henry’s triumph, | 281 | | Capture of James of Scotland, | 281 | | 1407 | Murder of Orleans, | 282 | | 1408 | Final defeat and death of Northumberland, | 282 | | Henry’s improved position, | 282 | | His enforced respect for the Commons, | 282 | | Climax of their power, | 283 | | Explained by the King’s failing health, | 283 | | 1412 | Renewed vigour at the end of his reign, | 283 | | Henry’s foreign policy, | 283 | | His alliance with the Church, | 284 | | His persecuting Statute, | 285 | | Views of the nation with regard to the Church, | 285 | | Henry’s jealousy of the Prince of Wales, | 285 | | RENEWAL OF THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR. | | | | HENRY V. 1413-1422. | | | | 1413 | Fortunate opening of his reign, | 287 | | General amnesty and release of prisoners, | 288 | | 1414 | Signs of slumbering discontent, | 288 | | The Lollards, | 288 | | Henry’s reason for the impolitic French War, | 289 | | State of France, | 290 | | Expulsion of the Burgundians from Paris, | 290 | | Attempt at national government, | 290 | | Henry’s double diplomacy and outrageous claims, | 291 | | His preparations, | 291 | | 1415 | He lands in France, | 292 | | Conspiracy of Cambridge, | 292 | | Capture of Harfleur, | 292 | | Henry compelled to retire upon Calais, | 293 | | Battle of Agincourt, | 295 | | The French Government falls into the hands of the Armagnacs, | 296 | | 1416 | Visit of Sigismund, | 297 | | His position in Europe, | 297 | | His close union with Henry, | 297 | | Failure of his mediation, | 298 | | 1417 | Armagnac attacks Queen Isabella, | 298 | | She allies herself with Burgundy, | 298 | | Henry’s second Invasion, | 298 | | 1418 | The Parisians, anxious for peace, admit the Burgundians, | 298 | | 1419 | Fall of Rouen, | 299 | | Negotiations for peace, | 300 | | Attempted reconciliation of the French parties, | 300 | | Murder of Burgundy, | 300 | | Young Burgundy joins England, | 300 | | 1420 | Treaty of Troyes, | 300 | | 1421 | English defeat at BeaugÉ, | 301 | | Henry hurries to Paris, | 301 | | 1422 | While re-establishing his affairs he dies, | 301 | | Death of Charles VI., | 302 | | LOSS OF FRANCE AND DESTRUCTION OF THE BARONAGE. | | | | HENRY VI. 1422-1461. | | | | 1422 | Arrangements of the Kingdom, | 303 | | Position of affairs in France, | 304 | | 1423 | Bedford’s marriage, | 304 | | Release of the Scotch King, | 304 | | 1424 | Battle of Verneuil, | 305 | | Consequent strength of the English position in France, | 305 | | It is disturbed by the consequences of Gloucester’s marriage, | 305 | | The first blow to the Burgundian alliance, | 305 | | 1425 | Rivalry of Beaufort and Gloucester, | 306 | | 1426 | Gloucester’s marriage with Eleanor Cobham, | 307 | | Bedford again secures Burgundy, | 307 | | 1428 | And attacks Orleans, | 307 | | 1429 | Battle of the Herrings, | 308 | | Danger of Orleans, | 308 | | Joan of Arc, | 308 | | Causes of her success, | 310 | | The siege is raised, | 310 | | March to Rheims to crown the Dauphin, | 310 | | Unsuccessful attack on Paris, | 311 | | 1430 | Capture of Joan of Arc, | 311 | | Coronation of King Henry, | 311 | | 1431 | Joan’s death, | 311 | | 1432 | Increasing difficulties of the English, | 312 | | State of England, | 312 | | Conduct of Gloucester, | 312 | | Death of the Duchess of Bedford, | 312 | | Bedford re-marries. Second blow to the Burgundian alliance, | 312 | | 1433 | Efforts at peace, and | 313 | | 1434 | Rise of a War party under Gloucester, | 313 | | 1435 | Great Peace Congress at Arras, | 314 | | Bedford’s death, | 314 | | Consequent defection of Burgundy, | 314 | | 1436 | Obstinacy of the War party, | 314 | | Continued ill success, | 315 | | Danger from Scotland, | 315 | | 1437 | James’s death, | 315 | | 1440 | Peace party procures the liberation of Orleans, | 316 | | 1442 | Peace becomes necessary, | 316 | | Rise of Suffolk, | 316 | | 1445 | Marriage of Henry with Margaret of Anjou, | 316 | | 1446 | Pre-eminence of Suffolk, | 317 | | 1447 | Gloucester’s death, | 317 | | York takes his place, | 317 | | 1448 | Ministry of Suffolk, | 318 | | His unpopularity, | 318 | | Renewal of the War, | 318 | | 1449 | Fall of Rouen, | 319 | | Popular outbreak against Suffolk, | 319 | | 1450 | Murder of Suffolk, | 319 | | Continued discontent, | 320 | | Jack Cade, | 320 | | 1452 | York’s appearance in arms; Civil War begins, | 320 | | He is duped into submission, | 321 | | 1453 | Imbecility of the King, | 321 | | 1454 | Prince of Wales born, | 321 | | York’s First Protectorate, | 322 | | Recovery of the King, | 322 | | 1455 | York again appears in arms, | 322 | | First Battle of St. Albans, | 322 | | Character of the two parties, | 323 | | 1456 | York’s Second Protectorate, | 324 | | 1457 | With the Nevilles he retires from Court, | 324 | | 1458 | Hollow reconciliation of parties, | 325 | | 1459 | Renewed hostilities, | 325 | | Battle of Blore Heath, | 325 | | Flight of the Yorkists from Ludlow, | 325 | | Lancastrian Parliament at Coventry, | 325 | | 1460 | Fresh attack of the Yorkists, | 325 | | Battle of Northampton, | 326 | | Yorkist Parliament in London, | 326 | | York at last advances claims to the throne, | 326 | | The Lords agree on a compromise, | 326 | | York is defeated and killed at Wakefield, | 326 | | 1461 | The young Duke of York wins the Battle of Mortimer’s Cross, | 327 | | The Queen, advancing to London, wins second Battle of St. Albans, | 327 | | Sudden rising of the Home Counties, | 327 | | Triumphant entry of Edward, | 327 |
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