A Gothic Grammar, with selections for reading and a glossary

FONOLOGY.

§ 1. The monuments of the Gothic language ar handed down to us in a peculiar alfabet which, according to Greek ecclesiastic writers, was invented by Wulfila (s. § 221). The Gothic alfabet, however, is not entirely a new creation, but Wulfila based it on the Greek alfabet which he accomodated to the Gothic sounds, increasing it by several signs from the Latin alfabet, and, in a few cases, availing himself of the familiar runic alfabet. Of the Greek alfabet he also retaind the order and numerical value. The Gothic alfabet is now sufficiently represented in Roman letters. In the following we giv in the first line the original Gothic characters, in the second their numerical values, in the third the transliteration of the Gothic characters by Roman letters, which latter we shall uze exclusivly in this book.

??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
a	b	g	d	e	q	z	h	Þ
??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??
10	20	30	40	50	60	70	80	90
i	k	l	m	n	j	u	p	—
??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??
100	200	300	400	500	600	700	800	900
r	s	t	w	f	?	?	o	—

Note 1. Of these signs one (i, 10) is represented by two forms. The i without dots occurs oftener, the i with dots stands at the beginning of a word, and in the midl of a word after a vowel, to show that it forms a syllabl for itself and does not form a difthong with the preceding vowel; e. g., fraÏtiÞ (= fra-itiÞ). In transliteration i is employd thruout.

Note 2. Two characters, the Greek episema 'koppa' (90) and 'sampi' (900), hav no fonetic values, but serv only as numerals. When the symbols denote numerals, they ar markt by a horizontal stroke abuv them, or by dots before and after them: ib or ·ib· = 12.

Note 3. The transliteration of the Gothic symbols is not alike in all cases. Most editors hav hitherto uzed v for w (§ 39, n. 1); for the singl symbols q (§ 39, n. 1) and ? (§ 63) we find kv or qu and hv or w, respectivly; for Þ, which is borrowd from the Norse-A.-S. alfabet, also th occurs (§ 70, n. 1).

Note 4. The Gothic monuments show but few abbreviations; the holy names, guÞ, frauja, iÊsus, ?ristus, ar always abbreviated. Abbreviations ar denoted by a stroke abuv the word, but in our texts the abbreviated words ar uzually printed in ful; as, gÞ = guÞ, fa, fins = frauja, fraujins.—For more on this point, s. Gabelentz-Loebe's grammar, p. 19 et seq.

Note 5. The Goths alredy had the Germanic runic letters before Wulfila. The names of these letters wer uzed also for the new characters. The names of the Gothic symbols, together with a few Gothic words and alfabets, ar preservd in a Salzburg-Vienna manuscript of the 9th century: W. Grimm, 'Wiener JahrbÜcher der Litteratur 43', p. 4 et seq. Massmann, zs. fda. 1, p. 296 et seq.—The form of the names, however, is very corrupt. As to this, cp. A. Kirchhoff, 'Das Gotische Runenalphabet', 2nd edit., Berlin 1854; J. Zacher, 'Das Gotische Alphabet Vulfilas und das Runenalphabet', Leipzig 1855.—Of special importance is Wimmer's treatis on Wulfila's alfabet, as 'Appendix I' to his book: 'Die Runenschrift', Berlin 1887, pp. 259-274.

§ 2. Of the 27 characters two hav only numerical values, (§ 1, n. 2), a third, the ?, is retaind only in Greek foren words, especially in the name 'Christus', and denotes no Gothic sound. Hense there remain the following 24 characters whose fonetic values ar to be determind:

(a) Consonants:

p b f m w " t d Þ s z n l r " k q g h ? j.

(b) Vowels:

a e i o u.

ei iu ai au.

In determining the fonetic values of these characters we ar guided by the following means: (1) The Gothic alfabet is based on the Greek alfabet; hense, the pronunciation of the Greek letters to be determind for the 4th century, must also be regarded as that of the Gothic letters so long as there is no proof to the contrary. (2) The rendition of the numerous Greek foren words and proper nouns by Wulfila. (3) The transliteration of the Gothic proper nouns in Latin documents and by Latin authors of the 4th-8th centuries. (4) The testimony of the cognate Germanic languages. (5) Fonetic changes and grammatical fenomena in the Gothic language itself permit us to draw conclusions about the nature of the sounds.

Note 1. Concerning the pronunciation of the Gothic letters, cp. WeingÄrtner, 'Die Aussprache des Gotischen zur Zeit des Ulfilas', Leipzig 1858; Fr. Dietrich, 'Ueber die Aussprache des Gotischen wÄhrend der Zeit seines Bestehens', Marburg 1862; about the consonants, Paul, 'Zur Lautverschiebung', Beitr. 1, p. 147 et seq.

Note 2. An old testimony for the Gothic pronunciation in the Salzburg-Vienna MS.:

uuortun		otan		auar		euangeliu		ther	lucam
waurÞun		uÞÞan		afar		aiwaggeljo		Þairh	Lokan
	uuorthun		auar		thuo		iachuedant iach^uatun
	waurÞun		afar		Þo		jah qeÞun.

ubi dicit. genuit .j. ponitur ubi gabriel .g. ponunt et alia his sim ubi aspiratione. ut dicitur gah libeda jah libaida diptongon ai pro e longa p ch q ponunt.—Cp. § 1, n. 5, and, for explanation, especially Kirchhoff, p. 20 et seq.

§ 3. The Gothic a signifies as a rule the short a-sound [as in G. mann].

Note 1. Foren words and names; as, Annas, ???a?; Akaja, ??a?a; barbarus, ??a???; aggilus, ???e???; karkara, carcer; lukarn, lucerna; Kafarnaum, ?ape??a??.

Note 2. Gothic names: Athanaricus, Ariaricus, Amalafrigda (Ammian.)

§ 4. Short a is very frequent both in stem-syllabls and in inflection. E. g.

(a) Stem-syllabls: agis, aw; aljis, 'alius'; tagr, tear; a?a, 'aqua'; alan, to grow; hafjan, to heav; saltan, to salt; haldan, to hold; waldan, to rule; fadar, father; staÞs, place.—ahtau, 'octo'; gasts, guest; ?aÞar, 'uter'; awistr, sheepfold (OHG. au, 'ovis'; ahd. gr., § 219, n. 3); bandi, band; barn, child; saggws, song; all preterits of the III.-V. ablaut-series: bar, I bore; hlaf, I stole; band, I bound; gaf, I gave, etc.

(b) Inflections: daga (dat. sg., § 90), waÚrda (nom. acc. pl., § 93), giba (nom. acc. sg., § 96), guma (nom. sg., § 107), haÍrtÔna (nom. acc. pl., § 109); —blindamma, blindana, blinda, blindata (str. adj., § 123); —imma, ina, ita, ija, meina (prn.; § 150 et seq.); —nima (1st pers. sg. prs. ind.); nimaima, nimaiwa, nimaina (1st pers. pl. du. and 3d pers. pl. opt., § 170); haitada (medio-passiv, § 170); sÔkida (weak prt., § 184); —adverbs: -ba (as, glaggwuba), nÊ?a, inna, ana, waÍla, etc.

Note 1. Apocope of an unaccented a before enclitics: Þat-ist, Þat-ei, Þan-uh, Þamm-uh, Þan-ei, Þamm-ei, kar-ist.—Also frÊt and frÊtum (prt. of fra-itan, to devour, § 176, n. 3).

Note 2. For a in the difthongs ai, au, s. §§ 21. 25.

§ 5. In a few cases a is long [as in E. father]. (Comp. Holtzmann, Altd. Gr., I, 3 et seq.).

(a) In foren words: SilbÂnus (Silvanus), aurÂli (orale), spaÍkulÂtur (speculator), PeilÂtus, etc.;

(b) In the following Gothic words: fÂhan (OHG. fÂhan), to cach; hÂhan (OHG. hÂhan), to hang; ÞÂhta (prt. of Þagkjan, to think); brÂhta (prt. of briggan, to bring); gafÂhs, a haul; faÚrhÂh, curtain; gahÂhjÔ, in order; -gÂhts, a going; also ÞÂhÔ (OHG. dÂha), clay; unwÂhs, blameless (OE. wÔh, wrong).

Note. In the words mentiond under (b) Âh arose from anh (§ 50, n. 1). Cp. also Litbl. 1886, p. 485.

e

§ 6. e is always a long, close vowel (Ê) approaching very much the sound of i [as in E. they].

Note 1. In Greek words ? is regularly represented by Ê; e. g., GabriÊl, KÊfas, aÍkklÊsjÔ, KrÊta; —sumtimes also ?: NaÊn, ?a??; TykÊkus, ???????; aÍloÊ, ????; likewise e: JarÊd, ?a??d.

Note 2. In Gothic names Latin writers employ e for Gothic Ê: SigismÊres, GelimÊr, ReccarÊd; besides, as erly as the 6th century, quite regularly also i; as, Theodemir, Valamir. Cp. Beitr., 11, 7 et seq.; Wrede, Wand., 92 et seq.

§ 7. Goth. Ê (which regularly corresponds to OHG. and OS. Â; ahd. gr., § 34) is found:

(a) in reduplicating verbs, in part with the ablaut Ô (§§ 179. 181): grÊtan, lÊtan, slÊpan; (b) in the prt. pl. of the IV. and V. ablaut-series: sÊtum (inf. sitan, to sit), nÊmun (inf. niman, to take), tÊmum (inf. timan, to befit), Êtum (inf. itan), and in the prt. sg. frÊt; Luc. XV, 30 (§ 176, n. 3); (c) in derivativs from the verbal stems givn under (b); as, andanÊms, agreeabl; andanÊm, a receiving; gatÊmiba, becumingly; uzÊta, manger; (d) in other words; as, jÊr, year; qÊns, wife; mÊna, moon; lÊkeis, fysician; mÊrjan, to preach; manasÊÞs ('man-seed'), world, etc.; (e) in formativ syllabls: fahÊÞs, joy; awÊÞi, flock of sheep (cp. however § 17, n. 1); azÊts, easy; 2nd pers. sg. prt. of wvs., -dÊs (nasidÊs, § 184); (f) final: in the ending of the gen. pl.; as, dagÊ; in monosyllabic instrumentals: ÞÊ, ?Ê (§§ 153. 159); in particls and advs.; as, swÊ, untÊ, hidrÊ, bisunjanÊ; lastly, in the dativs ?ammÊh, ?arjammÊh, ainummÊ-hun (cp. §§ 163-166).

Note 1. Ê before vowels appears as ai; s. § 22.

Note 2. ei occurs quite often for Ê, especially in the Gospel of St. Luke; as, qeins (= qÊns), faheid (= fahÊd), fraleitais (= fralÊtais); Lu. II, 5. 10. 29; afleitan; Mt. IX, 6, etc.

Note 3. Sporadically also i for Ê; so, frequently, in the Gospel of St. Lu.; as, birusjÔs; Lu. II, 41; qiÞeina; VIII, 56. IX, 21; tawidideina; VI, 11; duatsniwun; Mk. VI, 53. Only i is found in wriÞus, herd; Lu. VIII, 33 (for wrÊÞus; cp. Bezzenb. Beitr. 3, 114).

Note 4. Reversely, also e occurs for i and ei (§ 10, n. 5; § 17, n. 1).—These deviations (in ns. 2-4) seem due to East Gothic writers; cp. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 161.

§ 8. From the preceding Ê must be separated the Ê of sum Gothic words in which it corresponds to OHG. ea, ia (not Â): hÊr, here; KrÊks, Greek; fÊra, side, region; mÊs, table. Cp. ahd. gr., §§ 35. 36; Beitr., 18, 409 et seq.

i

§ 9. Gothic i, as a rule, denotes the short vowel i [as in E. it], while its corresponding long sound is represented by ei [= ie in E. believ]; s. § 16.

Note 1. The i in Greek words stands for short ?, only exceptionally for ? which is generally represented by Ê; e. g., AÚnisimus, ???s???; BiÞania, ???a??a.

Note 2. i in Gothic words is long, when it is incorrectly employd for Ê (cp. § 7, n. 3).

§ 10. The Gothic i, from an historical point of view, is of two kinds: It represents two originally distinct sounds which, from a purely Gothic standpoint, can not be separated.

(a) Goth. i = proethnic Germanic e (OHG. Ë or i; cp. ahd. gr., §§ 28-30), as in the prs. tense of verbs of the III.-V. ablaut-series (§§ 32-34): niman, OHG. nËman; giban, OHG. gËban; giba, OHG. gËba; bindan, OHG. bintan; itan, to eat; midjis, 'medius'; hlifan, to steal; swistar, OHG. swËster; fidwÔr, four; gifts, gift; -qiss, speech; the pps. of the V. ablaut-series: gibans, itans, lisans, wigans, qiÞans.

(b) Goth. i = proethnic Germanic i (OHG. i; ahd. gr., § 31); e. g., lists, stratagem; fisks, fish; is, he; wissa, I knew; skritnan, to rend (intr.); prt. pl. and pp. of the verbs of the I. ablaut-series (§ 30): bitun, bitans (inf. beitan); stigun, stigans (inf. steigan); liÞun, liÞans (inf. leiÞan).

Note 1. Final i occurs in ni, bi, si, hiri; in the nominativs of feminin and neuter j-stems: bandi (§ 96), kuni (§ 93); in the acc. and voc. sg. of the masculin j-stems: hari (§ 90); 3d pers. sg. prt. opt.: nÊmi. This final i appears as j, when it becums medial (§ 45).

Note 2. Final i before a following i of an enclitic word is elided in nist (= ni-ist), sei (= si-ei), niba (= ni-iba).

Note 3. Every i before h and r is broken to aÍ; cp. § 20.

Note 4. ij is found in ija, 'eam'; Þrija, 'tria'; fijan, to hate; frijÔn, to luv; sijum, we ar; kijans, germinated, etc. i for ij is rare: fian, sium, etc., but friaÞwa (beside frijaÞwa), luv, occurs very often.

Note 5. Occasionally e takes the place of i; as, usdrebi; Mk. V, 10; seneigana; I. Tim. V, 1.

Note 6. For i in the difthong iu, s. §§ 18. 19.

Note 7. For a separation of the two is (= OHG. Ë and i) in East Gothic names, s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 162.

o

§ 11. The Gothic character o always denotes a long close o approaching sumwhat the sound of Û (= o in E. home).

Note 1. In Greek words o, as a rule, corresponds to ?, rarely to ?; e. g., Makidonja, ?a?ed???a; it also stands for ??: Iodas, ???da?; Lu. III, 26.

Note 2. o in Gothic words often stands for (short) u (§ 14, n. 3).

§ 12. Ô (= OHG. uo; s. ahd. gr., § 38 et seq.) is frequent in Gothic words. E. g., brÔÞar, brother; bÔka, beech; frÔÞs, wise; flÔdus, flud; fÔtus, foot.

In the prt. of the VI. series (§ 35) and of the Ê—Ô-series (§ 36): Ôl, hÔf, Ôg, pl. Ôlum, hÔfum, Ôgum; laÍlÔt, laÍlÔtum, aÍsÔ. In endings, as in nom. pl. gibÔs, dagÔs; wvs. II.: salbÔn; final, in gen. pl. f. gibÔ, tuggÔnÔ; nom. sg. tuggÔ, haÍrtÔ. Prns.: ?Ô, ÞÔ, sÔ, ?anÔ-h, ainnÔ-hun, ?arjanÔ-h. Verb salbÔ. Advs. in -Ô (§ 211).

Note 1. For Ô we sumtimes find u: gakrÔtÛda (inf. krÔtÔn), he is crusht; Lu. XX, 18; ÛhtÊdun (prs. Ôg), they feard; Mk. XI, 32.—In East Gothic names u often takes the place of Ô; s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 164.

Note 2. In a few words Ô before vowels becums au; s. § 26.

Note 3. Ô and u interchange in the inflection of fÔn, gen. funins (§ 118). Concerning this and other relations between Ô and u, cp. Beitr. 6, 377 et seq.; 564; also Kuhns Zs., 26, 16 et seq.

u

§ 13. The letter u in Gothic denotes both a short and a long vowel; the short u, however, occurs oftener than long Û.

Note 1. u in foren words regularly represents Gr. ??. In unaccented syllabls, however, it stands for Gr. ?: diabulus, d?????? (beside diabaÚlus), apaÚstulus (beside apaÚstaÚlus), paÍntÊkustÊ, pe?t???st?.

Note 2. u for Ô seldom (§ 12, n. 1), u for Áu (§ 25, n. 3).

§ 14. Short u is very frequent in Gothic. E. g.

(a) juk, yoke; sunus, sun; drus, fall; us-drusts, a falling; fra-lusts, lost; lusnan, to perish; —in the prt. pl. and pp. of the verbs of the II. series (§ 31); e. g., gutum, gutans; lusum, lusans; —in endings of the sbs. of the u-decl.: handus, handu; —final, as in Þu, prn., thou; nu, now; -u (interr. particl).

(b) wulfs, wolf; wulla, wool; gaqumÞs, council; gulÞ, gold; swumfsl, pond; hund, 100; sibun, 7; taÍhun, 10; fulls, ful; un- (privativ prefix); in the prt. pl. and pp. of the verbs of the III. series (§ 32): bundum, bundans; in the pp. of the verbs of the IV. series (§ 33): numans, stulans.

brukans, broken; us-bruknan, to break off (intr.); trudan, to tred, pp. trudans; snutrs, wise.

Note 1. As a rule, the final u of stems is dropt before derivativ j-suffixes; e. g., -hardjan, to harden (< hardus); -agljan, to trubl (< aglus); manwjan, to prepare (< manwus); ufarassjan, to increase (< ufarassus); L. Meyer, 'Got. Spr.', p. 325 et seq. But skadwjan, to overshadow (< skadus), and skadweins, a shading (cp. Zs. fda. 36, 269).—Concerning u beside w, cp. § 42.

Note 2. Every u before h and r is broken to aÚ; cp. § 24.

Note 3. u is eight times (mostly in Lu.) represented by o; e. g., laÚhmoni, lightning: Lu. XVII, 24; sunjos, suns; Lu. XVI, 8; ushÔfon; Lu. XVII, 13; ainomÊhun; Lu. VIII, 43; faÍho, muney; Mk. X, 23.

Note 4. In the endings of the u-declension u is occasionally represented by au; as, sunaus (nom. sg.); Lu. IV, 3; cp. § 105, n. 2.

§ 15. Long Û certainly appears in: (a) Ût, out (Ûta, etc.); dÛbÔ, duv; rÛna, mystery; rÛms, room, roomy; *mÛl (in faÚrmÛljan, to muzl); brÛÞs, bride; hÛs, house; skÛra, shower; hlÛtrs, pure; fÛls, foul; *mÛks (in mÛkamÔdei), meek; ÞÛsundi, 1000; brÛkjan, to uze (prt. brÛhta; adj. brÛks); lÛkan, to lock (§ 173, n. 2); hrÛkjan, to crow (s. Beitr., 6, 379); hnÛÞÔ, sting (Icel. hnÚÞa; s. Noreen, Nord. revy, April 1883).

(b) for nasalized u, the primitiv nasal being lost (cp. § 5, b; § 50, n. 1): ÞÛhta (prt. of Þugkjan, to think), ÞÛhtus, thought (adj. ÞÛhts); hÛhrus, hunger; jÛhiza (compar. to juggs), yunger; ÛhtwÔ, daybreak; Ûhteigs, Ûhtiugs, seasonabl; bi-Ûhts, accustomd (s. Brgm., I, 181).

Note 1. u is perhaps long in: ÞrÛtsfill, leprosy (cp. ON. ÞrÚtinn, swoln; OE. ÞrÛstfell; Beitr., 9, 254); anabÛsns, commandment (Beitr., 9, 152 and 10, 497; Brgm., II, 287); lÛns, ransom (Brgm., II, 285); sÛts, sweet (OS. swÔti, OE. swÊte; cp. however Kuhn's Zs., 26, 380); the suff. -dÛÞs (§ 103; cp. Beitr. 6, 380); jÛs, ye (§ 150; Brgm., III, 374. 398). Sum write also fidÛr- and -Ûh (cp. § 24, n. 2).

Note 2. In RÛma, Rome, RÛmÔneis, a Roman, Û stands for the Lt. o.

Note 3. o for Û occurs only in ÔhteigÔ; II. Tim. IV, 2 (in codex B, for ÛhteigÔ in A).

Note 4. For Û becuming au before vowels, s. § 26, b.

ei

§ 16. Like Greek e? at the time of Wulfila, and in imitation of it, Gothic ei denotes long Î.

Note 1. In Greek words ei uzually stands for ?, but also for ei, and sumtimes for ?.

Note 2. Concerning ei for Goth. Ê, s. § 7, n. 2.

Note 3. The difthongal pronunciation of ei suggested by J. Grimm is refuted also for linguistic reasons. Cp. J. Schmidt, 'Idg. Vocalismus', I, 485; Litbl. 1886, 485; Brgm., I, 57.

§ 17. ei in stem syllabls of Gothic words occurs especially in the prs. tense of the I. series (§ 30): beitan, to bite; steigan, to mount; Þeihan, to thrive; in the inflection of these verbs it interchanges with ai and i.

Other exampls: ?eila, time; eisarn, iron; leiÞu, cider; Þreis, 3; leihts, light; weihs, holy; skeirs, clear; pronouns: weis, we; meins, Þeins, seins; —very often in formativ and inflectional syllabls; as, adjs. in -eigs (mahteigs, mighty); in -eins (aiweins, eternal); nomina actionis in -eins (laiseins, doctrin); nom. and gen. sg. of the m. ja-stems: haÍrdeis, herd; laisareis, teacher; nom. pl. of the i-decl.: gasteis; opt. prt.: nÊmeis; final, in feminins in -ei: managei (§ 113); imperativs: sÔkei, etc. (§ 186); the rel. particl ei (§ 157), alone and in composition.

Note 1. ei is quite often represented by Ê; as akÊtis; Mt. XXVII, 48; wÊhsa; Mk. VIII, 26. 27; akÊ; Gal. II, 14; izÊ; Mk. IX, 1. Lu. VIII, 13. 15, etc.—Here perhaps belongs also awÊÞi (§ 7, e), which, however, occurs three times with Ê: Jo. XVI, 16. I. Cor. IX, 7; cp. Beitr., 11, 32; 18, 286.

Note 2. Onse (in seiteina; II. Cor. XI, 28) occurs ei beside in (in sinteins, daily; sinteinÔ, always).

Note 3. Beside gabeigs, rich (gabei, riches), which occurs 5 times in Luke, also II. Cor. VIII, 9. Eph. II, 4 (in B), we find more frequently (11 times) gabigs (> gabigjan, to enrich; gabignan, to grow rich); cp. Brgm., II, 261. 271.

iu

§ 18. In the pronunciation of iu the stress is on the i, and u is a consonant.

Note 1. In Gothic words Latin writers render iu by eu, eo: Theudes, Theudicodo; Theodoricus. As to this, cp. Wrede, 'Wand', 100 et seq.; 'Ostg.', 167.

Note 2. In sium (§ 10, n. 4), niu (interr. particl = ni-u, § 216) iu is dissyllabic, i. e. Í-Ú.

§ 19. iu is a normal vowel of the present tense of the II. series (§ 31), and here it interchanges with the ablauts au, u: biugan, to bend; biudan, to offer.—In other words; as, Þiuda, peple; dius, animal; liuhaÞ, light; diups, deep; siuks, sick; niujis, new; niun, 9; iup, upward.—In formativ and inflectional syllabls iu does not occur, except in the isolated Ûhtiugs (I. Cor. XVI, 12. Cp. Beitr., 12, 202).

Note. In triu, tree; qiujan, to quicken, etc., iu interchanges with iw before an inflectional vowel: gen. triwis; prt. qiwida; cp. § 42.

ai

ai in Gothic words denotes two etymologically, and certainly also fonetically, different sounds.

§ 20. I. The short vowel aÍ [= a in E. fat]. ai is uzed in Gothic to denote a short, open e[1]-sound. In this case, according to Grimm's exampl, grammarians put an accute accent over the i (aÍ) in order to distinguish it from Ái (§ 21). Gothic ai corresponds to e or i in OHG. and in the other Germanic languages. The short e-sound represented by aÍ occurs:

(1) before h (?) and r, which sounds hav caused breaking of every preceding short i to e (aÍ; § 10, n. 3); e. g., aÍrÞa, erth; waÍrpan, to throw; baÍrhts, bright; faÍhu, catl; maÍhstus, dung; raÍhts, right; taÍhun, 10; saÍ?an, to see; ÞaÍhum (prt. pl. of Þeihan, to grow). (2) in reduplicated syllabls (§ 178 et seq.): haÍhald, aÍaik, laÍlÔt, saÍsÔ, etc. Cp. Osthoff, 'Zur Geschichte des Perfects', p. 276 et seq. Brugmann, IV, 15. (3) in the conj. aÍÞÞau, or (= OHG. Ëddo, ahd. gr. § 167, n. 11; cp. Beitr. 12, 211); probably, also, in waÍla, wel (= OHG. wËla, ahd. gr., § 29, n. 4), but cp. Beitr. 11, 553.

Note 1. The law for the transition of i to ai before h and r (so-calld breaking or refraction) is almost without exception, and equally concerns the Germanic i in general and the Gothic is (§ 10) in particular. The i before h, r, is retaind only in the following words: nih, 'neque' (= ni uh), hiri, (cum) here!; du. hirjats, pl. hirjiÞ (219); and in the isolated forms: sihu, victory (cp. § 106, n. 1), Þarihis (a probably corrupt form in Mt. IX, 16), adj. in gen. sg., not fuld (said of cloth). Cp. IF. 4, 334 et seq.

Note 2. Not every ai before h, r is aÍ, but may also be the old difthong; e. g., ÞÁih (prt. of Þeihan, like rÁis, prt. of reisan, but pl. ÞaÍhum, like risum, § 30), Áih, I hav; Áihts, property; hÁihs, one-eyd; fÁih, deceit (Beitr., 12, 397); Áir, erly (OHG. Êr); sÁir (OHG. sÊr), sorrow; Áirus, messenger. Whether ai has the value of Ái or aÍ can in most cases only be inferd from the remaining Germanic languages.

Note 3. In Latin orthografy aÍ is exprest by e; e. g., Ermanaricus = Goth. *AÍrmanareiks, Ermenberga = Goth. *AÍrminbaÍrga. Cp. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 162.

Note 4. ai is to be regarded as a difthong (Ái) in baitrs, bitter; jains, yon, that (and its derivations), while formerly, according to OHG. bittar, jenÊr, it was thought to be short (aÍ). Cp. Holtzmann, 'Altd. Gr.', p. 11 et seq.; Brgm., I, 392; Bezzenb. Beitr., 16, 156.—Scherer (Zur Gesch. d. dtsch. Sprache) presumed short aÍ also in the 3d pers. sg. prs. opt. (like nimai) and in several forms of the strong inflection of adjs. (nom. pl. m. blindai, gen. sg. f. blindaizÔs, gen. pl. blindaizÊ, blindaizÔ). Hirt (Beitr., 18, 284 et seq.) goes stil farther in this direction.—Cp. also § 22, n. 3.

§ 21. II. The old Difthong ai. By far the greater number of the Gothic ais express a difthongal sound which is equivalent to OHG. ei or Ê (ahd. gr., §§ 43. 44), OS. Ê, ON. ei. The Goths of Wulfila's time indeed seem to hav stil pronounced this ai as a + i.—For the difthong ai we employ Grimm's sign Ái whenever it is likely to be confused with aÍ. Exampls of difthongal ai (before h, r, cp. § 20, n. 2): The prts. sg. of the I. ablaut-series (§ 30),—bait, I bit (inf. beitan); staig, I mounted (inf. steigan); etc.; wait (§ 197); ains, one; hlaifs, (loaf of) bred; staiga, path; laisjan, to teach; —haitan, to be calld; maitan, to cut; skaidan, to separate; aiws, time; —hails, hale, sound; dails, deal.

ai appears also in inflectional syllabls of the III. Weak Conjugation (§ 191): habais, habaida, etc.; in the prs. opt.: nimais, etc.; anstais, gen. sg. of the i-decl.; in the str. adjs.: blindaizÔs, etc. (§ 123); —final: gibai, anstai, dat. sg.: nimai, 3 prs. sg. opt.; blindai, dat. sg. f. and nom. pl. m. of the str. adj.; —monosyllabls: Þai, nom. pl., these; twai, 2; bai, both; jai, yes; sai, behold!; wai, woe!

Note 1. Latin writers express the Gothic ai predominantly by ai, ei: Dagalaiphus, Gaina, Radagaisus, Gisaleicus (cp. Dietrich, 'Ausspr.'), eils in a Lt. epigram (Zs. fda., 1, 379). On the Bukarest rune-ring (cp. § 221, n. 3) stands hailag (Paul's 'Grundriss', I, 411).—Concerning the difthongal pronunciation of the Gothic ai, cp. especially Wrede, 'Wand.', 95 et seq.; about monofthongization in East Goth., s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 165.

Note 2. ai and aj interchange in wai, woe!; wai-dÊdja, evil-doer, and waja-mÊrjan, to blasfeme; in aiws, time, and ajukdÛÞs, eternity.

§ 22. Many scholars hold that also the ai in the reduplicating ablaut vs. (§ 182) saian and waian is difthongal. This ai, however, stands etymologically for Gothic Ê, and its OHG. equivalent is Â (not ei): OHG. sÂen, wÂen (cp. ahd. gr., § 359, n. 3.) The difthong ai before a vowel would becum aj; hense, *sajan, *wajan. Here ai perhaps has the sound of long Æ, i. e. open e representing close e (Ê) when followd by a vowel; thus, saian, waian, for sÊan, wÊan.

Note 1. Before the i of the 3d pers. sg. prs. a j is often found: saijiÞ (Mk. IV, 14), saijiÞ (II. Cor. IX, 6 in A, for saiiÞ in B; Gal. VI, 7. 8. in A, for saiiÞ in B). Before a the j occurs but onse: saijands (Mk. IV, 14). Cp. Beitr. 11, 75 et seq.

Note 2. Here belongs also the isolated faian (Rom. IX, 19, in prs. faianda); but the prs. to the prt. laÍlÔun is lauan rather than laian. Cp. Beitr. 11, 56.

Note 3. Also the ai in armaiÔ, alms (Bezzenb. Beitr. 7, 210; Beitr. 11, 74), is likely to belong here.—Concerning the fonetic values of the ais discust here, cp. especially Beitr. 11, 51 et seq.; Brgm., I, pp. 126. 127; Wrede, 'Wand.' 99, who, beside Holtzmann, is inclined to assume a long sound for these ais; Noreen, 'Urg. Lautlehre', p. 35 et seq.

§ 23. That the Goth. ai may be both short and long (like a in E. at, fare) is evident from its regular occurrence in Greek words. As a rule, ai = e in aikklÊsjÔ, ?????s?a; AileisabaiÞ, ???s?e?; Baiailzaibul, ?ee??e???; GainnÊsaraiÞ, Ge???sa??t, etc.; likewise = a? (i. e. long Æ): Idumaia, ?d??a?a; HaÍbraius, ??a???; hairaÍsis, a??es??, etc.

Note. Gothic ai for Greek ? is exceptional; e. g., Hairodiadins, gen. to ???d?a? (Mk. VI, 17); NeikaÚdaimus (Skeir. 52); ????d??? (for NikaÚdÊmus elsewhere.)

au

Also Goth. au (like ai) stands for historically and fonetically different sounds.

§ 24. I. The short vowel aÚ.—au in Gothic denotes a short open o-sound. In this case grammarians put an accute accent over the u (aÚ) in order to keep it apart from the difthong au. Goth. aÚ corresponds to o or u in OHG. and in the other Germanic languages.

The aÚ, before h and r in Gothic words, has in every instance developt from a short u which, when immediately followd by these sounds, was 'broken' to short o. E. g.

waÚrms, wurm; haÚrn, horn; baÚrgs (OHG. burg), city; waÚrd, word; waÚrpum, prt. pl. of waÍrpan, to throw (cp. § 32); saÚhts (OHG. suht), sickness; daÚhtar, daughter; aÚhsa, ox; taÚhum, prt. pl. of tiuhan, to pul; baÚhta, prt. of bugjan, to buy.

Note 1. aÚ before other sounds is entirely exceptional and sumwhat doutful. Thus, in auftÔ, perhaps (onse also ufto; Mt. XXVII, 64), bisauljan, to sully; bisaulnan, to becum sullied. Holtzmann (altd. gr., p. 14) regards also ufbauljan (II. Tim. III, 4) as belonging to this class.

Note 2. The change of short u into aÚ before h is without exception. An apparent exception is the enclitic -uh, and, the u of which must be referd to a secondary development; it is never found after a short accented vowel, nor after a long vowel or difthong; e. g., sa-h, ni-h, Þai-h, wiljÁu-h, ?arjanÔ-h; u occurs after consonants, and in polysyllabic words in which a final short a before the u was elided; as, ?az-uh, Þammuh (= Þamma uh), qiÞuh (= qiÞa uh). Sum, however, assume -Ûh (cp. Beitr. 18, 299).—Other us before h ar all long: ÞÛhta (cp. § 15).—There ar a few cases of u before r in unaccented syllabls (§ 13, n. 1), namely in the foren words spaikulÂtur and paÚrpura (beside paÚrpaÚra), purpl; so, also, in the Gothic fidur- (§ 141, n. 1) which, however, stands perhaps for fidÛr- (cp. IF. 4, 334).—The prefix ur- (in urreisan, urruns, etc.) does not belong here; it is a late form for us the s of which was assimilated to a following r (§ 78, n. 4).

Note 3. Not every au before h and r has developt from u, but may also be the difthong au; as, hÁuhs, high; tÁuh, prt. of tiuhan (but pl. taÚhum, § 31); gÁurs, sorry (cp. OHG. gÔrag, wreched, and Goth. gaunÔn, to mourn).

Note 4. The au for u in the endings of the u-declension may be aÚ, but also Áu which would be due to confusion caused by analogy. Beitr., 18, 280.—Cp. also uftÔ for auftÔ, § 24, n. 1.

Note 5. As a rule, the Greek ? is represented by aÚ; e. g., apaustaulus, ?p?st????; alabalstraun, ???ast???; BarÞaulaumaius, ?a?????a???; Pauntius, ???t???; aÚ = ? in SaÚr, S????; paÚrpaÚra, p??f??a.—Goth. aÚ = o in the East Gothic name Thorisa. (Wrede, 'Ostg.', 76. 165).

§ 25. II. The old difthong au [= ou in E. house]. Every au not broken from u (before h, r; s. § 24 and note 3) is a difthong; it corresponds to OHG. au, ou, or Ô (ahd. gr., §§ 45. 46), OS. Ô, ON. au. Whenever it is likely to be confused with aÚ, we put (according to Grimm), an accute accent over the a (Áu). E. g.

The prts. sg. of the II. ablaut-series (§ 31): gaut, I pour (inf. giutan); laug, I lied, etc.; laugnjan, to deny; daupjan, to baptize; galaubjan, to believ; galaubeins, belief; rauÞs, red; dauÞus, deth; —aukan, to increase; hlaupan, to run; stautan, to push, strike; —haubiÞ, hed; augÔ, ey.

au in inflections and final occurs in the u-declension: sunaus, sunau; 1st pers. sg. opt.: nimau, nÊmjau; 3d pers. sg. imper.: lausjadau; opt. midl: haitaidau.

Note 1. au often interchanges with aw (cp. § 42); e. g., taujan, prt. tawida, to do; mawi, gen. maujÔs, girl; sniwan, prt. snau, to hasten.

Note 2. Latin writers express Goth. au by au; as, Ausila, Austrovaldus, Audericus. Cp. Wrede, 'Wand.', 96 et seq. Concerning East Gothic monofthongizations, s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 165 et seq. (Zs. fda., 36, 273²).

Note 3. In the u-declension u is often found for Áu; cp. § 24, n. 4; § 105, n. 2.

§ 26. Another au, historically, and probably also fonetically, different from the preceding ones occurs before vowels.

(a) For original Ô: stauida, prt. of stÔjan, to judge; staua, f., judgment; staua, m., judge; taui, n., gen. tÔjis, deed (cp. also ubiltÔjis, evil-doer; taujan, to do, prt. tawida); afmauidai and afdauidai, pps. of *afmÔjan, and *afdÔjan, to tire out, weary; sauil, n., sun.

(b) For Û in the other Germanic languages: trauan (OHG. trÛÊn), to trust; bauan (OHG. bÛan), to dwel; bnauan, to rub (to pieces or powder. ON. (g)nÚa, OHG. nÛan). Cp. also § 179, n. 2.

Sinse this au does not change into aw before vowels, it must denote a monofthong which is likely to be the long of aÚ, hense a long open o (= a in E. fall), while long close o (shading very much to Û, like Ô in E. home) is denoted by Ô. Accordingly, Goth. antevocalic Ô, Û past into au. Cp. Brgm., I, 156. For the extensiv literature on this question, s. Noreen's 'Urgerm. Lautlehre', p. 34; also Beitr., 17, 563-567.

Note 1. Also Gr. ? before a vowel, which is represented as a rule by Ô, is renderd by au: Trauada, ?????; NauÊl, ???; Lauidja, ????.

Note 2. Ô before u occurs, however, in the preterit forms waiwÔun (inf. waian, § 182), lailÔun (inf. *lauan, § 179, 4). Cp. Beitr., 11, 74².

APPENDIX.

§ 27. Beside the vowel-signs discust in the foregoing paragrafs, a few consonant-signs may likewise discharge the function of vowels, for the Gothic liquids l, r and the nasals m, n ar very often vocalic (i. e. syllabic) at the end of a word after a consonant. Here an original suffixal vowel was lost in most cases, and in its place the following liquid or nasal became the bearer of the accent. Thus the Gothic has dissyllabic words with vocalic liquids or vocalic nasals (sonant liquids or sonant nasals); as, akrs, field; fugls, bird; taikns, token; maiÞms, present.

Note In the West Germanic languages a new vowel (OHG. a) has developt from these vocalic liquids and nasals; e. g., OHG. akkar, fogal, zeihhan, OS. mÊÞom. Cp. ahd. gr., § 65, and Brgm., I, 190. 237.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] For the values of this sign according to 'Amended Spelling', s. 'Standard Dictionary', p. 568.

§ 28. In the preceding paragrafs the Gothic vowels hav been givn according to the letters by which they ar represented. Now they wil be arranged according to the nature of their sounds, the following scale of seven vowels from i to u being taken as a basis:

i e Æ a o o u.

e and o denote here the close e and o (which shade very much to i and u, respectivly); Æ = open e (= a in fat, fare); o = open o.

In the following survey we shal state after each of these vowel grades whether it occurs in Gothic, and by what letter it is exprest.

i:	Short, i (§ 10).
i:	Long, ei (§§ 16. 17).
e:	Short, wanting.
e:	Long, Ê (§§ 6-8).
Æ:	Short, aÍ (§ 20).
Æ:	Long? (perhaps the ai in § 22).
a:	Short, a (§§ 3. 4).
a:	Long, Â (§ 5).
o:	Short, wanting.
o:	Long, Ô (§§ 11. 12).
u:	Short, u (§§ 13. 14).
u:	Long, Û (§ 15).
Difthongs:
iu:	§§ 18. 19.
ai:	§ 21.
au:	§ 25.

B. HISTORICAL SYSTEM (Ablaut-Series).

§ 29. The Gothic vowels, as regarded from a historico-etymological point of view, may be groupt into a number of series of related vowels. The vowels belonging to such a series may interchange in formations with the same root; in the formation of tenses and in the verbal and nominal derivation all vowels of the same series may occur, but not such as hav nothing in common with that series. This change of vowels within a series is calld ablaut (or gradation), the series themselvs ablaut-series. The ablaut-series ar most perceptibl in the verb. The relation between the vowels of the same series is not a fonetic but a historical one; to establish it, we must pass beyond the limits of the Germanic languages and take recourse to the comparativ grammar of the Indo-Germanic languages. The Gothic ablaut-series as appearing in verbal inflection ar these (cp. § 172 et seq.):

§ 30. I. Series: ei ai i (aÍ).

Exampls: reisan (urreisan), rais, risum, risans, to rize; urraisjan, to raiz; urrists, f., resurrection; —Þeihan, ÞaÍh, ÞaÍhum, ÞaÍhans, to thrive; —wait, I know; pl. witum; weitan, to see; weitwÔds, witness; miÞ-wissei, conscience; witubni, n., knowledge; —lais, I know; lubja-leisei, f., wichcraft; lists, f. (?), stratagem; laisjan, to teach.

Note. The i of this series is the proethnic Germanic i mentiond in § 10, b.

§ 31. II. Series: iu au u (aÚ).

Exampls: giuta, gaut, gutum, gutans, to pour; gutnan, to pour (intr.); —liugan, laug, lugum, lugans, to lie; liugnja, m., liar; liugn, n., lie; analaugns, hidn; laugnjan, to deny; —galaubjan, to believ; galaubeins, belief; liufs, dear; lubÔ, f., luv; lubains, f., hope; —siuks, sick; saÚhts, f., sickness; —driusan, to fall; drausjan, to drop (tr.); drus, m., fall; driusÔ, f., slope.

Note. The vowel Û is rare in this series; cp. lÛkan, to lock (§ 173, n. 2); anabÛsns (? § 15, n. 1), command, < biudan.

§ 32. III. Series: i (aÍ) a u (aÚ).

The themes of this series always hav two consonants after the vowel, mostly a liquid or a nasal in gemination, or a liquid or a nasal + another consonant. E. g.

bindan, band, bundum, bundans, to bind; bandi, f., band; bandja, m., prisoner; gabinda, f., band, bond; and-bundnan, to becum loose; gabundi, f., bond; —rinnan, to run; rannjan, to cause to run; runs, m., a run, course; rinnÔ, f., brook; —waÍrpan, warp, waÚrpum, waÚrpans, to throw; uswaÚrpa, f., a casting out or away, an outcast; —ÞaÍrsan, to be dry; ÞaÚrsnan, to wither; ÞaÚrsus, dry, witherd; ÞaÚrstei, thirst; —drigkan, to drink; dragkjan, to giv to drink; dragk, n., a drink, potion; -drukja, m., a drinker; drugkanei, f., drunkenness; —Þriskan, to thresh; gaÞrask, n., threshing-floor.

Note. The i of this and the following two series is that givn in § 10, a (= proethnic Germanic e).

§ 33. IV. Series: i (aÍ) a Ê u (aÚ).

The stems of this series hav a simpl liquid or nasal after the vowel. E. g.

niman, nam, nÊmum, numans, to take; -numja, m., taker; anda-numts, f., a receiving; andanÊms, agreeabl; andanÊm, n., a receiving; —baÍran, bar, bÊrum, baÚrans, to bear; baÚr, m., 'natus'; barn, n., child; bÊrusjÔs, parents; —ga-timan, to becum, suit; ga-tamjan, to tame; gatÊmiba, fitly.

Note. To this series belongs also brikan, brak, brÊkum, brukans, to break: gabruka, f., a broken bit; us-bruknan, to break off (intr.); brakja, f., strugl.—Also trudan, to tred; § 175, n. 2.

§ 34. V. Series: i (aÍ) a Ê.

The vowel of the stems of this series is followd by a singl consonant other than a liquid or a nasal. E. g.

giban, gaf, gÊbum, gibans, to giv; giba, f., gift; gabei, f., richness; —sitan, to sit; satjan, to set; anda-sÊts, abominabl; —mitan, to mezure; mitÔn, to consider; mitaÞs, f., mezure; usmÊt, n., manner of life; —ga-nisan, to be saved, recuver; nasjan, to save; ganists, salvation.

Note. Also saÍ?an, sa?, sÊ?um, saÍ?ans, belongs to this class, because ? represents a singl sound; § 63, n. 1.

§ 35. VI. Series: a Ô.

Most of the stems of this series end in a singl consonant. E. g.

wakan, wÔk, wÔkum, wakans, to wake; waknan, to awake; wahtwÔ, f., wach; wÔkains, f., a waching; —graban, to dig; grÔba, f., pit, hole; graba, f., dich; —fraÞjan, frÔÞ, to understand; fraÞi, n., understanding; frÔÞs, wise; frÔdei, f., understanding, wisdom; —hafjan, hÔf, to heav (tr.); -hafnan, to heav (intr.); haban, to hav, hold; ungahÔbains, f., incontinency; —Ôg, I fear; unagands, fearless; Ôgjan, to frighten; usagjan, to terrify; agis, n., fear; —sakan, to contend; sakjÔ, f., strife; sÔkjan, to seek; sÔkns, f., serch, inquiry; unand-sÔks, irrefutabl.

§ 36. Series: Ê Ô (VII. Ablaut-Series).

A connection between Ê and Ô occurs in the so-calld reduplicating ablaut-verbs lÊtan, laÍlÔt, etc.; saian (= *sÊan, § 22), saÍsÔ, etc.; cp. § 180 et seq.

Note. This series is no longer found in the verbal inflection of the remaining Germanic languages, but its existence is proved by its occurring in word-formation; as, OHG. (Â: Ô) tÂt, f., tÔn, tuon, to do; —knÂan, to know: knÔt, chnuat, f., kin.—For more on this point, s. Beitr. 11, 262 et seq.

§ 37. The consonant-signs to be discust here both in regard to value and occurrence in the Gothic language hav alredy been enumerated in § 2. We divide the consonantal sounds in sonorous consonants and noizd sounds. Cp. Sievers, GrundzÜge der Phonetik⁴, p. 70 et seq. Accordingly, the Gothic consonant-signs w, j, l, m, n, r, represent the sonorous sounds, the rest the noizd sounds.

A. SONOROUS CONSONANTS.

1. The semivowels w and j.

§ 38. Germanic w and j ar the vowels u and i uzed as consonants; hense in Gothic the interchange between i and j, u and w, according to their position which determins their fonetic values as vowels or consonants. The consonantal i and u, which in other languages ar denoted by the same signs as the vocalic i and u, hav special signs in Gothic, j and w. These sounds ar also calld 'semivowels'.

w

§ 39. The sign of the Gothic alfabet which we represent by w, is, according to its form and alfabetic position, the Gr. ?. For this it also stands in Greek foren words, for exampl, Pawlus, ?a????; Daweid, ?a??d; aÍwaggÊljÔ, e?a???????; paraskaÍwÊ, pa?as?e??. But the Gothic w stands not only for the Gr. ? of the combinations a?, e?, in which it had perhaps at that time assumed the value of a spirant, but also for simpl Greek ?, namely vocalic ?; as, SwmaÍÔn, S?e??; swnagÔgÊ, s??a????; martwr, ??t??. But in our transcriptions of the Gothic texts the Greek vocalic ? is exprest by y instead of w (SymaÍÔn, synagÔgÊ, martyr); so, also, for practical reasons, in this book.

Note 1. A noteworthy Gothic transcription is kawtsjÔ (= Lt. cautio) in the document at Naples (§ 221, n. 3). Cp. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 166; Zs. fda., 36, 273.

Note 2. The Gothic sign is in most of the later editions represented by v. But because of its correspondence in the other Germanic languages the letter w should be uzed (as, Goth. wilja, MHG. NHG. wille, OE. willa, NE. wil). Cp. Beitr., 12, 218 et seq.

§ 40. In Gothic words the w originally had the fonetic value of the consonantal u (= E. w). But at Wulfila's time the u-sound seems to hav alredy containd sumwhat of a spirant. Cp. Zs. fda., 36, 266 et seq. (37, 121 et seq.).

Note. Latin writers uzually express the w in proper nouns by uu. Vvilia, Uualamir; but also often by Ub: Ubadala (= Wadila), Ubadamirus (= WadamÊrs), etc. Greek authors mostly put ?? for the Goth. w (as in ????da???), but also (as in ???da???). Cp. Dietrich, pp. 77-80. Wrede, 'Wand.', 102; 'Ostg.', 167 et seq.

§ 41. Initial Gothic w occurs frequently; e. g., wasjan, to clothe; witan, to know; wiljan, to wil; waÍr, man; warmjan, to warm.

So also before l and r; as, wlits, countenance; wrikan, to persecute; wrÔhjan, to accuse.

After the consonants: t, d, Þ, s; e. g., twai, two; dwals, foolish; Þwahan, to wash; swistar, sister.

Medial w before vowels; e. g., awistr, sheepfold; saiwala, soul; hneiwan, to bow; siggwan, to sing; ÛhtwÔ, dawn; taÍhswÔ, right hand; nidwa, rust.

Note. The signs q (kw) and ? (hw) ar also uzually explaind as combinations of w with k and h. There ar reasons, however, to assume that q and ? ar simpl labialized gutturals (§§ 59. 63). But on the other hand q and ? in High German ar treated precisely like Goth. tw, gw, etc. (= t, g, etc., medial w being dropt); for exampl, Goth. ÛhtwÔ, siggwan = OHG. Ûhta, singan; and Goth. sigqan, saÍ?an = OHG. sinkan, sehan. Altho this proves nothing as to the values of the Gothic signs, it certainly shows that in proethnic Germanic the tw, gw, etc., must hav denoted sounds analogous to those of kw and hw.

§ 42. (1) w remains unchanged after long vowels, difthongs, and consonants, (a) finally, (b) before the s of the nominativ, (c) before j; e. g., (a) lÊw, n., opportunity; hlaiw, n., grave;, waÚrstw, n., work; (b) snaiws, snow; triggws, tru, faithful; (c) lÊwjan, to betray; hnaiwjan, to abase; skadwjan, to cast a shade (< skadus, shade); arwjÔ, adv., in vain.

(2) in all three positions, however, w becums u after a short vowel; e. g., (a) snau (prt. to sniwan, § 176, n. 2); triu, tree (gen. triwis); *kniu, knee (gen. kniwis, § 94, n. 1); (b) naus, m., a ded person (gen. nawis); *Þius, servant (gen. Þiwis, § 91, n. 3); (c) mawi, gen. maujÔs, girl; gawi, gen. gaujis, district; Þiwi, gen. ÞiujÔs, maid-servant; tawida, pres. taujan, to do; *straujan, to strew, prt. strawida; iujan, to quicken, prt. qiwida.—Cp. Grundr., I, 414; Zs. fda., 36, 277.

Note 1. Hense a word does not end in aw, iw; aws, iws, except the isolated lasiws, weak (II. Cor. X, 10).

Note 2. aw for au occurs before j in usskawjan, to awake; II. Tim. II, 26 (in B); I. Cor. XV, 34 (ussk..jiÞ in MS.); and in the nom. pl. usskawai (unskawai in MS.), wakeful; I. Thess. V, 8; cp. § 124, n. 3.

Note 3. No exampl occurs for the position of medial w before consonants other than j and s; before n after a short vowel u is found in qiunan (< qiwa-), to becum alive; siuns (cp. saÍ?a-).

j

§ 43. The sign j stands, as a rule, for the Greek antevocalic ?, in Akaja, ??a?a; Marja, ?a??a; Judas, ???da?; IskarjÔtÊs, ?s?a???t??, etc. But Gr. antevocalic ? is also often represented by Goth. i; as, IskariÔtÊs, Zakarias, GabriÊl, IÛdas.—The sign j in Gothic pronunciation probably has the value of a consonantal i, not that of the spirant j in German.

§ 44. (a) Initial j in Gothic words: juk, yoke; jÊr, year; ju, alredy; jus, yu. (b) Medial j occurs after vowels and after consonants, but always before vowels, never before consonants; e. g., midjis, 'medius'; lagjan, to lay; niujis, new; frauja, lord; Þrija, 'tria'; bajÔÞs, both. (c) ji is contracted into ei after a consonant belonging to the same syllabl, but is retaind when the syllabl begins with j (cp. Beitr. 16, 282). The latter is the case when it is preceded by a short high-toned vowel with a singl consonant or by a long stem-vowel without a consonant. Exampls—concerning particularly the masculins (and neuters) of the ja-stems (§§ 92. 127)—ar: har-jis, tÔ-jis (doer), but haÍr-deis, dat. haÍrd-ja; —also the I. Weak Conjugation (§ 185): sÔ-kja, sÔ-keis, sÔ-keiÞ; san-dja, san-deiÞ; miki-lja, miki-leiÞ; but nas-ja, nas-jis, nas-jiÞ; stÔ-ja, stÔ-jis, stÔ-jiÞ.

Note 1. The rule under (c) may, practically, also be worded in the following manner: ji becums ei after a long stem-syllabl and after secondary syllabls, but remains ji after a short stem-syllabl and immediately after a long stem-vowel.—For exceptions, s. § 95; § 108, n. 2; § 132, n. 1.

Note 2. Only i is often employd for medial ij before vowels; s. § 10, n. 4; for j occurring sporadically in the inflection of saian, s. § 22, n. 1.

§ 45. j is never final; in this position it always becums i; e. g., harjis, acc. hari; mawi, gen. maujÔs (s. § 42, 2, c); taui, deed, gen. tÔjis.

Note 1. For the change of aj and ai, s. § 21, n. 2.

2. Liquids.

l

§ 46. Gothic l occurs often,—initially, medially, and finally; as, laggs, long; galaubjan, to believ; liuhaÞ, light; laÚhmuni, lightning; wiljan, to wil; aljis, 'alius'; blÔma, flower; —dubl l, as in fill, hide; fulls, ful; wulla, wool.

Note 1. l is syllabic (§ 27), for exampl, in fugls, bird (fowl); tuggl, constellation, star; tagl, hair; swumfsl, pond; sigljan, to seal.

Note 2. Goth. l always corresponds to Gr. ?. It is interpolated in alabalstraÚn, ???ast???.

r

§ 47. r is equivalent to Gr. ? and occurs frequently in Gothic words; e. g., raÍhts, right; raubÔn, to rob; baÍran, to bear; fidwÔr, four.—Dubl r is rare: qaÍrrus, meek; andstaÚrran, to threten; faÍrra, far.

Note 1. Syllabic r (§ 27) occurs, for exampl, in akrs, field; brÔÞr, dat. sg. of brÔÞar (§ 114), brother; figgrs, finger; tagr, tear; hlÛtrs, pure; fagrs, suitabl; maÚrÞr, murder; huggrjan, to hunger.

Note 2. Every i before r becums aÍ, and every u in the same position aÚ; s. §§ 20. 24.

Note 3. Concerning r from z, s. § 78, n. 4; § 24, n. 2.

3. Nasals.

m

§ 48. m occurs in all positions of a word; as, mizdÔ, f., reward; mÊna, m., moon; ams, m., shoulder; guma, m., man; finally: nam, I took; in the terminations of the dat. pl.,—dagam, etc.; 1st pers. pl.,—nimam, nÊmum, etc.—Dubl (mm) in swamms (cp. § 80, n. 1), spunge; wamm, n., spot; in the pronominal dat. sg.,—imma, blindamma.

Note. Syllabic m (§ 27) in maiÞms, present; bagms, tree.

n

§ 49. Initial n in nahts, night; niujis, new; ni (negation), etc.; medial: kuni, n., kin; ains, one, etc.; final: laun, n., reward; niun, nine; often in inflection; as, dat. sg. hanin, inf. niman, nÊmun (3d pers. pl. prt.), etc.

Dubl n (nn) occurs frequently; e. g., brinnan, to burn; spinnan, to spin; rinnan, to run; kann, I know; kannjan, to make known; manna, man; brunna, wel, spring. Dubl n remains finally and before j, but is simplified before other consonants (s. § 80): kant, kunÞa (inf. kunnan), rant (2nd pers. sg. prt.; inf. rinnan), brunsts (inf. brinnan), ur-runs (< rinnan), outlet.

Note. Syllabic n (§ 27) in usbeisns, f., expectation; taikns, f., token; ibns, even; laugnjan, to deny; swÊgnjan, to triumf, rejoice.

§ 50. Before guttural consonants n becums a guttural nasal which (in imitation of the Gr.) is denoted by g (gg; s. § 67).

Note. The (guttural) nasal disappears before h, and the preceding short vowel is lengthend. S. § 5, b; § 15, b (Brgm., I, 182 et seq.).

B. NOIZD SOUNDS.

1. Labials.

p

§ 51. The letter p, which does not occur very often in Gothic, corresponds to Gr. p.

(a) Initially, p may be regarded as being altogether wanting in purely Gothic words; the exampls which do occur ar either obviously foren words or at least etymologically obscure, if not loanwords too: plinsjan, to dance; plats, pach; anapraggan, to harass; paida, coat; puggs, purse; peikabagms, date-palm; pund, pound; plapja, street ('platea'); pistikeins, p?st????, paÚrpura, purpl.

(b) p occurs in purely Gothic words medially and finally; e. g., slÊpan, to sleep; greipan, to gripe; ?Ôpan, to boast; skapjan, to shape, make; hlaupan, to run; diups, deep; waÍrpan, to throw; hilpan, to help; skip, ship; iup, upwards.—Initial sp in speiwan, to spit; sparwa, sparrow; spillÔn, to narrate; spinnÔn, to spin.

Note 1. pp does not occur.

Note 2. p before t becums f in gaskafts, f., creature (cp. skapjan); ?Ôftuli, f., glory (cp. ?Ôpan). Cp. § 81.

f

§ 52. Gothic f in foren words corresponds to Gr. f; e. g., Filippus, F???pp??; Kajafa, ?a??fa?. Latin writers render Goth. f mostly by ph (Dietrich, p. 75); as, Dagalaiphus, Phaeba. Hense Goth. f was probably a bilabial, not a labiodental spirant, as is also evident from Goth. fimf, hamfs.

Note. f is regarded as labiodental by Jellinek; Zs. fda., 36, 275 et seq.

§ 53. (a) Initial f occurs often in Gothic words; e. g., fÔtus, foot; fadar, father; flÔdus, flud; faÍhu (catl), muney; fÛls, foul; frÔÞs, wise, judicious; frius, cold; fidwÔr, 4.

(b) Medially and finally f occurs in but a small number of Gothic words; as, hlifan, to steal; hafjan, to heav; hiufan, to lament; lÔfa, m., palm of the hand; ufar, over; afar, after. Before consonants: luftus, air; hamfs, maimd; tweifls, dout; wulfs, wolf; —(final) fimf, five; hÔf (prt. of hafjan); Þarf, I need (inf. ÞaÚrban).

Note 1. Finally and before the s of the nom., f occurs very often for medial b; s. § 56.

Note 2. Medial f before t (n) stands for b (§ 56, n. 4), before t also for p (§ 51, n. 2).

Note 3. ff is not found.

b

§ 54. b corresponds to Gr. , for which it stands in foren words; e. g., barbarus, ??a???; IakÔb, ?a??. The pronunciation of the Gr. was that of a labial soft spirant [nearly = E. v]. In like manner Goth. b has the value of a soft (voiced) labiolabial spirant medially after vowels, while initially and medially after consonants it denotes a soft stop (= E. b).

Note 1. Gothic b between vowels in Latin foren words stands for Lt. v, but after m for b: Silbanus, Silvanus; NaÚbaÍmbaÍr, November; (ana)kumbjan, cumbere.

Note 2. In Gothic names Latin writers employ Lt. b for Gothic b initially and after a consonant (as, Amala-berga, Hildi-bald, Albila), but medially between vowels Lt. v is uzed (as, Liuva, Erelieva); cp. Dietrich, p. 71; Beitr., 1, 148 et seq.; Wrede, 'Ostg.', 169; Zs. fda., 36, 275.

§ 55. Exampls of b:

(a) initially: baÍran, to bear; beitan, to bite; brikan, to break; brÛkjan, to uze; blÊsan, to blow; biudan, to offer; blÔma, flower; brÔÞar, brother; bÔka, letter; bnauan, to rub.

(b) medially: liuba (w. m. adj.), dear; galaubjan, to believ; graban, to dig; sibja, relationship; arbi, inheritance; kalbÔ, hefer; —haubiÞ, hed; hlaibis (gen. of hlaifs), bred; sibun, seven; haban, to hav; skaban, to shave; (bi-)leiban, to remain; liban, to liv; biraubÔn, to rob; salbÔn, to salv, anoint.

Note. bb occurs in foren words only; as, sabbatus.

§ 56. b after consonants (l, m, r) remains finally, before the s of the nom., and before the t of the 2nd pers. sg. prt.; postvocalic b becums f. This means that postvocalic b was a soft spirant (§ 54) which, finally, changed into the corresponding hard spirant, while postconsonantal b, medially and finally, had the value of a stop. Hense giban, to giv, 1st and 3d pers. sg. prt.: gaf, 2nd. pers. gaft, 2nd sg. imper.: gif; hlaifs, bred, acc. hlaif, nom. pl. hlaibÔs; —but lamb, lam; dumbs, dum; swaÍrban, to wipe, prt. swarb.

Note 1. Our texts contain a few exceptions to the rule of final f for medial b after vowels, but the preponderant number of exampls prove the validity of the rule which is fonetically founded and has a striking analogon in the OS. geban—gaf; liobo—liof (but lamb). The exceptional cases with final b (21 in all) occur only in definit parts of the texts (7 in Lu., 5 in the epistls to the Thess., 4 in Jo., 3 in Skeir., in all the other texts only onse each in Mk. and Eph.). Therefore the anomalous bs may be referd to the writers of the respectiv parts, who either from purely orthografic considerations put the medial bs also finally, or in order to express a later pronunciation as it existed at their time, according to which voiced sounds occurd also finally. The latter supposition is founded on the fact that in the Arezzo document (of the 6th century) the spelling Gudilub occurs.—Cp. also the remarks on the interchange of d and Þ in § 74, n. 1.

The exceptions in the verb ar rare, only grÔb (Lu. VI, 48) and gadÔb (Skeir. 42); —the forms with f occur in gaf, gaft, gif (very often); onse each: grÔf (inf. graban), swaif (inf. sweiban), bilaif (inf. bileiban), skauf (inf. skiuban). Accordingly, we may safely write draif (prt. of dreiban, to drive).

Of nouns only hlaifs is often found: nom. hlaifs (12 times, onse hlaibs), acc. hlaif (19 times, hlaib seven times); —twalif, twelv (12 times, twalib 3 times); accordingly, also *ainlif (dat. ainlibim).

Furthermore the following nominativs must be regarded as normal forms: *stafs, element (only stabim occurs); *laufs, leaf (only galaubamma 3 times, filugalaubis, galubaim), *gadÔfs, becuming (onse gadÔf, 4 times gadÔb), *liufs, dear (only forms with more than one syllabl occur: liubai, liuba, liubana, etc.). Lastly, also *Þiufs (= OS. thiof), thief, tho the nom. accidentally occurs (4 times) as Þiubs, beside ÞiubÔs (twice), ÞiubÊ.

Note 2. Subject to the abuv rule ar also the preps. of and uf, the f of which becums medial by enclisis and is changed into b before the following vowel; ab-u, ub-uh. In composition, however, f remains: af-Êtja, voracious eater; uf-aiÞeis, under oath. (Cp. us in § 78, n. 4).

Note 3. An apparent exception is Þarf, I want (for Þarb), pl. ÞaÚrbum; but Þarf has real f (§ 53) and must be kept apart from the pl. with b (s. ahd. gr., § 101). b stands correctly in the adj. gaÞaÚrbs. Cp. § 79, n. 2.

Note 4. f before t in derivativ words stands for b elsewhere (§ 81): gifts, f., gift (< giban, onse fragibtim; Lu. I, 27), ÞaÚrfts, necessity. b is common before n: ibns, stibna, daubnan, drÔbnan, but the ending -ubni interchanges with -ufni; as, fraistubni, temptation, but waldufni, power; aflifnan, to remain, be left; cp. laiba, remnant.

2. Gutturals.

k

§ 57. Goth. k corresponds to Greek ?, Lt. c; e. g., KÊfas, ??f??; aÍkklÊsjÔ, ?????s?a; laÍktjÔ, lectio. Goth. k in Greek words represents also ?; as, kaÚrazein, ???a???; ark-aggilus, ??????e???. The Gr. sign ? is but rarely retaind, always in ?ristus (s. § 2). Cp. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 54.

Note. The labialized k (kw) has a special sign (q § 59) in Gothic.

§ 58. Exampls of k: (a) initially: kniu, knee; kaÚrn, corn; kuni, kin; kalds, cold; kiusan, to choose; kalbÔ, f., calf; —sk: skeinan, to shine; skaidan, to separate. (b) medially: brikan, to break; aukan, to increase; akrs, field; reiks, mighty; mikils, great; waÚrkjan, to work; laikan, to leap; rakjan, to strech; finally: ik, I; mik, me; juk, yoke.

Note 1. kk occurs in smakka, fig; sakkus, sack.

Note 2. In derivativ words h takes the place of k before t (§ 81); as, saÚhts, sickness (cp. siuks); wahtwÔ, wach (cp. wakan); brÛhta (prt. of brÛkjan); ÞÂhta (prt. of Þagkjan).—Sinse there occur no exampls of the 2nd pers. prt. of verbs in k (as, wakan, aukan, tÊkan), it is uncertain whether the k before t remaind k or was changed into h (wÔkt or wÔht?).

q

§ 59. The Gothic sign q does not occur in the Greek alfabet, the corresponding sign being borrowd from the Latin (Q). In Lt. words it corresponds to Lt. qu (qartus; Rom. XVI, 23) to which it most likely corresponds also fonetically. The Lt. qu denoted a labialized k-sound which was a simpl consonant not forming position. Cp. Zs. fdph., 12, 481 et seq.

Note. The dubl sign kw (kv) which is uzed beside q for the Gothic character is due to the perception that in the cognate languages Gothic q is represented by a combination of consonants which appears as k with a w-sound closely attacht to it, and is therefore exprest by two signs: in OE. by cw, in ON. by kv, in OHG. MHG. NHG. by qu. Hense Goth. qiÞan, to say, = OE. cweÞan, ON. kveÞa, OHG. quedan. But from this nothing certain can be inferd about the fonetic value of Goth. q, altho it is possibl that its pronunciation was precisely the same as that of NHG. NE. qu.—Cp. also § 41, n. 1.

§ 60. Exampls of q: qinÔ, woman; *qius, pl. qiwai, alive; qaÍrnus, mil; qiman, to cum; qrammiÞa, moisture; naqaÞs, naked; aqizi, ax; riqis, darkness; sigqan, to sink, prt. sagq.

h

§ 61. Gothic h in Greek words stands for the ruf breathing (as, HaÍbraius, ??a???; HÊrÔdÊs, ???d??), but the ruf breathing is often disregarded (as, Ôsanna, ?sa???). Accordingly, Goth. initial h had the value of a mere breathing. Medially and finally it may stil hav had the value of a fricativ sound (HG. ch). Cp. the assimilations (§ 62, n. 3) and breaking (§ 62, n. 1). Also initially before consonants, (hl, hn, hr (?)), the h had probably retaind a stronger sound.

Note 1. Latin writers render Gothic h by their h (as, Hildibald, Hildericus); but they also omit it; as, Ariamirus, eils = hails in the epigram (s. § 21, n. 1), Zs. fda. 1, 379; cp. Dietrich, p. 77.

Note 2. Labialized h (hw) has a special sign in Gothic: ? (§§ 63. 64).

Note 3. In foren names h is sumtimes interposed medially between vowels; as, IÔhannÊs, ???????; Abraham, ??a?. Cp. Es. TegnÉr, Tidskr. for filol. N. R. 7, 304 et seq.

§ 62. Exampls for h: (a) initially: haÚrn, horn; hana, cock; haÍrtÔ, hart; hails, hole, sound; hund, hundred; hafjan, to heav; —initial combinations: hlaifs, bred; hliuma, m., hearing; hlifan, to steal; hlÛtrs, pure; hlahjan, to laf; hnaiws, low; hrains, clean; hrÔpjan, to call; hrÔt, n., roof.—(b) medially: faÍhu, muney; taÍhun, ten; teihan, to show; tiuhan, to pul; saÍhs, six; nahts, night; liuhtjan, to light; filhan, to conceal; swaÍhra, 'socer'.—(c) finally: jah, and; -uh, and (cp. § 24, n. 2); falh (prt. of filhan); taÚh (prt. of tiuhan), etc.

Note 1. Before h (as before r) i is broken to aÍ, u to aÚ; cp. §§ 20. 24.

Note 2. Dropping of n before h, which made the preceding vowel long: fÂhan (< fanhan), ÞÛhta (< Þunhta), etc.; cp. § 50, n. 1; § 5, b; § 15, b.

Note 3. Final h in -uh (or -h; § 24, n. 2), jah, nih, may be assimilated to the initial sound of a following word. But rarely in the gospels (cod. argent.) and in codex B, and only before particls or prns. beginning with Þ; frequently, however, also before other consonants, in codex A and Skeir; as, wasuÞÞan (= wasuh-Þan, but it was); Mk. I, 6; sumaiÞÞan (= sumaih-Þan, but sum); Mt. XXVI, 67; sijaiÞÞan (= sijaih-Þan, but it shall be); Mt. V, 37; jaÞÞÊ (= jah-ÞÊ, and if); niÞÞan (= nih-Þan, and not); —before other consonants in A: jalliban (= jah liban, and liv); II. Cor. I, 8; jaggatraua (= jah gatraua, and I trust); Rom. XIV, 14; jaddu (= jah du, and to); II. Cor. II, 16; jabbrusts (= jah brusts); II. Cor. VII, 15; nukkant (= nuh kant, knowest thou now?); I. Cor. VII, 16; exceptionally also in the codex argent., but only in Lu.: janni (= jah ni); Lu. VII, 32; nissijai (= nih sijai); Lu. XX, 16.

Note 4. Final h is sumtimes dropt (in consequence of having lost its sharp sound? But cp. Beitr., XV, 277): ?arjÔ (for ?arjÔh); Mk. XV, 6; ?ammÊ (for ?ammÊh); Gal. V, 3; ?arjanÔ (for ?arjanÔh); Skeir. 43; oftener inu (in A) for inuh, without; the h of consonant-combinations is dropt in hiuma; Lu. VI, 17. VIII, 4 (elsewhere hiuhma, multitude); drausnÔs; Skeir. 50 (beside drauhsna, crum); als (for alhs); Mk. XV, 38, etc. All these cases ar probably due to the copyists, and most of them hav therefore been amended by the editors. Cp. Bernhardt, Vulfila, LIII et seq.—Also superfluous h occurs: snauh (for snau); I. Thess. II, 16; here, however, it is perhaps the enclitic -h (= -uh, § 24, n. 2).

Note 5. In derivativ words h occurs in certain cases beside k (s. § 58, n. 2) and g (§ 66, n. 1).

?

§ 63. The sound of ? is peculiar to the Gothic, and has no equivalent in Gr. The Gothic sign (whose alfabetic position is that of the Greek ?) is uzually exprest by hv (hw), because all the corresponding words of the remaining Germanic languages (at least initially) hav hw (hu, hv); as, Goth. ?eits = OHG. hwÎz, OS. OE. hwÎt, ON. hvÎtr, white. But there ar reasons which justify the assumption that the Goth. ? was a simpl consonant. Fonetically, it may be regarded as a labialized h (or a voiceless w = NE. wh? Grundr., I, 411). It is therefore recommendabl to represent the simpl Gothic sign by the unitary ligature ?. Cp. Zs. fdph., 12, 481 et seq.; Beitr., 12, 218 et seq.

Note. ? and hw ar not identical in Gothic. This is proved by the fact that in composition the final h and the following initial w ar not exprest by ?, but by hw: ÞaÍrhwakandans, keeping wach (thruout); Lu. II, 8; ubuhwÔpida (= uf-uh-wÔpida; ufwÔpida < uf-wÔpjan), and he cried out; Lu. XVIII, 38.—The simpl sound of ? is also evident from the fact that the verb saÍ?an is inflected like the verbal stems ending in a singl consonant (§ 34, n. 1), and that in reduplication ? is treated like a singl consonant (?aÍ?Ôp, § 178). Cp. Holtzmann, altd. gr. I, 25, together with § 41, n. 1, abuv.

§ 64. Exampls of ?: initially: ?as, who; ?aÍrnei, f., skul; ?aÍrban, to walk about; ?eila, time; ?Ôpan, to boast; ?eits, white; ?aiteis, wheat; —medially: a?a, water; saÍ?an, to see; lei?an, to lend; Þei?Ô, thunder; nÊ?a, near; aÍ?a-tundi, f., brambl-bush; —also finally: sa?, sa?t (prt. of saÍ?an), nÊ?, near.

Note. i and u ar broken before ? as wel as before h; cp. § 62, n. 1.

§ 65. g corresponds to Greek ?, also as a guttural nasal; as, synagÔgÊ, s??a????; aggilus, ???e???.—The pronunciation of the Gothic initial g was quite certainly that of a soft (voiced) stop; final and medial g was possibly a spirant.

Note 1. Latin authors render g in Gothic names by g, but also by c; as, Caina beside Gaina (Jornandes), Commundus (= Gummundus); medially, especially before i, it is often dropt; as, Eila beside Agila, Egila, Aiulf (= Aigulf), Athanaildus (= Athanagildus); cp. Dietrich, p. 73 et seq.

Note 2. For the pronunciation of medial g as a spirant the Latin representations may be adduced (cp. especially Wrede, 'Ostg.', 173 et seq.); but this is contradicted by the fact that final g does not becum h (cp. b-f, d-Þ). Jellinek (Beitr., 15, 276 et seq.; Zs. fda., 36, 85) infers a 'media affricata' for the pronunciation of medial and final g; then the value of a stop seems more probabl (cp. Wilmanns, D. Gramm., I, 16).

§ 66. g occurs frequently in Goth. words, both initially and medially. E. g. (a) gasts, guest; guma, man; gulÞ, gold; gÔÞs, good; giutan, to pour; greipan, to gripe, seiz; graban, to dig. (b) agis, aw; wigs, way; gawigan, to move; steigan, to mount; ligan, to lie; Þragjan, to run; —augÔ, ey; tagr, tear; tigus, ten; aigan, to hav; suffixal g: mahteigs, mighty; mÔdags, angry.

Also final g remains unchanged: Ôg, I fear; mag, I can; wig (acc. of wigs, way), etc.

Note. g becums h before a suffixal t attacht to it (§ 81); e. g., mahts, mahta (prs. mag), Ôhta (prs. Ôg), baÚhta (inf. bugjan), brÂhta (inf. briggan). But there seems to be no change of consonants before the t of the 2nd pers. prt. Only magt (1st mag) is found (201).—Also elsewhere in word-formation an interchange between h and g takes place in words belonging to the same root: taÍhun, 10; and tigus, decad; filhan, to conceal, and fulgins, adj., hidn; faginÔn, to rejoice, and fahÊÞs f., joy; huggrjan, to hunger, and hÛhrus, hunger; juggs, yung; compar. jÛhiza; concerning the interchange between Áig and Áih, s. § 203, n. 1. Cp. § 79, n. 2.

§ 67. g denotes also a guttural nasal (s. § 50); e. g., (n + g): laggs, long; briggan, to bring; tuggÔ, tung; figgrs, finger; gaggan, to go; —(n + k, q): drigkan, to drink; Þagkjan, to think; Þugkjan, to seem; igqis, (to) yu both; sigqan, to sink; stigqan, to thrust.

Note 1. Beside the singl letter g uzed to express the guttural nasal, gg is sumtimes found (so regularly in codex B): siggqan, driggkan, iggqis; g is not dubld before g; the only case, atgagggand (Mt. IX, 15) is corrected by the editors. The reverse error occurs three times: faÚragagja (for faÚragaggja, steward); Lu. VIII, 3. XVI, 1; hugridai (for huggridai); I. Cor. IV, 11. Cp. Vulfila by Bernhardt, p. LI.

Note 2. The Latin sign (n) for the guttural nasal occurs but a few times in Lu.; as, Þank; XVII, 9; bringiÞ; XV, 22.

§ 68. The combination ggw deservs special notice. (1) It is a guttural nasal + gw, as is proved by the ng of the remaining Germanic languages (also of the ON.): aggwus, narrow (OHG. engi, ON. ongr); siggwan, to sing (OHG. singan, ON. syngva); saggws, song. Here perhaps belongs also unmanariggws, unrestraind, wild (cognate with OHG. ringi? Dtsch. Litteraturzeitg. 1888, p. 770).

(2) Another ggw corresponds to West-Germanic uw (OHG. uu or uuu; cp. ahd. gr., §§ 112. 113), to ON. gg(v); this gg certainly denotes a stop: triggws, faithful (OHG. triuwi, ON. tryggr); bliggwan, to beat (OHG. bliuwan); *glaggwus, exact (OHG. glauwÊr, ON. gloggr); skuggwa, mirror (ON. skyggja; cp. Goth. skawjan).

Note. Concerning the ggw of the words givn under (2) and the analogous ddj (§ 73, n. 1), cp. Beitr., IX, 545; GÖttinger Nachrichten, 1885, No. 6; Brgm., I, 157; Scherer, 'Kleinere Schriften', I, p. XII et seq.—Concerning the East-Gothic names Triggua, Trigguilla, s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 78 et seq.

3. Dentals.

t

§ 69. Gothic t corresponds to Greek t, and stands frequently both initially and medially. E. g. (a) initially: tunÞus, tooth; triu, tree; tuggÔ, tung; tagr, tear; taÍhun, ten; twai, two; tamjan, to tame; trauan, to trust. st: steigan, to mount. (b) medially: watÔ, water; haÍrtÔ, hart; baitrs, bitter; itan, to eat; giutan, to pour; sitan, to sit; witan, to know.

Final t remains unchanged; as, wait, I know; at, at; wit, we two.

Note 1. t is dubld in atta, father; skatts, muney.

Note 2. t before t in derivativ and inflected words becums s (§ 81); as, ushaista, very poor (cp. haitan); blÔstreis, wurshipper (cp. blÔtan, to wurship); 2nd pers. sg. prt. waist (1st wait), haÍhaist (inf. haitan, to be calld); weak prt. gamÔsta (1st pers. gamÔt); kaupasta (inf. kaupatjan, to cuf); wissa (< wista, 1st wait).

§ 70. Gothic Þ corresponds to Gr. ? (as, ÞÔmas, T???; NaÞan, ?a???); its sound-value was that of a voiceless dental spirant = the NE. surd th in thin. Also the Greek ? denoted at that time, as it stil does in New Greek, a similar sound.

Note 1. Greek authors represent the Goth. Þ by ?; as, Te?d??????. Latin writers express Goth. Þ mostly by th; as, Theodoricus, Theodomirus, but also often by t. Cp. Wrede, 'Wand.', 104; 'Ostg.', 170 et seq.—In like manner sum later prints hav th for Þ (s. § 1, n. 3).

Note 2. Latin authors often uze d beside th for medial Þ in proper nouns, from which a later softening may be inferd. Cp. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 171.

Note 3. Concerning the sound-value of Germanic-Goth. Þ, cp. IF. 4, 341 et seq.; for the relation between Goth. Þ and Gr. ?, s. Wimmer, 'Die Runenschrift', 268.

§ 71. Þ in Gothic words is very frequent. E. g. (a) initially: Þulan, to suffer; Þanjan, to strech; ga-ÞaÍrsan, to wither; ÞaÚrsus, witherd; ÞaÚrstei, thirst; Þata (prn.), that; Þu, thou; Þreis, three; Þliuhan, flee; ga-ÞlÁihan, to cumfort, console; Þwahan, to wash. (b) medially: brÔÞar, brother; tunÞus, tooth; wiÞrus, lam; fraÞi, n., understanding; fraÞjan, to understand; anÞar, other; ?aÞar, 'uter'; waÍrÞan, to becum; qiÞan, to say. (c) Also final Þ remains unchanged; as, ÞiuÞ, n., good (gen. ÞiuÞis); qaÞ, prt. of qiÞan; aiÞs, acc. aiÞ, oath.

Note 1. ÞÞ occurs in aiÞÞau, or (§ 20), and, by assimilation, for h-Þ: niÞÞan, etc.; s. § 62, n. 3.

Note 2. Þ finally and before the s of the nom. very often stands for d, and must be kept apart from the Þ mentiond under (c) which remain Þ medially also; s. § 74.

Note 3. Þ becums s before t (§ 81); e. g., 2nd pers. sg. prt. qast (inf. qiÞan), warst (inf. waÍrÞan), snaist (inf. sneiÞan, to cut).

Note 4. d stands for medial Þ in weitwÔdida, testimony; Jo. III, 32.

d

§ 72. Goth. d corresponds to Greek d. The New Greek pronunciation of d is that of a soft (voiced) dental spirant (Ð = NE. th in thou). Gothic d, at least medially after a vowel, likewise had the sound-value of this spirant. But d initially and medially after n, r, l, z, has the value of a soft (voiced) stop.

§ 73. Examples of d: (a) initially: daÚr, n., door, gate; daÚhtar, daughter; dal, dale, valley; dauns, odor; daddjan, to suckl; ga-daÚrsan, to dare; driusan, to fall; dwals, foolish. (b) medially: sidus, custom; wadi, n., wager; midjis, 'medius'; widuwÔ, widow; biudan, to offer; bindan, to bind; haÍrda, herd; waldan, to rule; mizdÔ, reward; fadar, father; frÔdei, understanding (cp. frÔÞs, frÔdis, intelligent); fidwÔr, four; Þridja, 'tertius'; Þiuda, peple; -ida, as in auÞida, desert; gahugds, mind; gards, house (yard); hardus, hard; hund, hundred; and, on, in; alds, age (cp. alÞeis, old), kalds, cold; gazds, sting.

Note. In Gothic words dd is found only in waddjus, wall (ON. veggr); daddjan, to suckl; twaddjÊ (gen. of twai, 2; ON. tweggja); iddja, I went; hense always in the combination ddj.—Cp. § 68, n. 1; and Brgm., I, 127.

§ 74. Finally and before the s of the nominativ d remains only after a consonant; e. g., hund, nimand (3d pers. pl. prs.), gards, alds, gazds, gahugds. But postvocalic d becuming final (and before the s of the nominativ) is changed into Þ, because Þ denotes the hard sound corresponding to d. Such eufonic Þs from medial ds constitute the greater number of the Gothic final Þs, the smaller number ar original (also medial) Þs. (§ 71, n. 2). E. g.

staÞs, stadis, place (but *staÞs, staÞis, shore); haubiÞ, haubidis, hed; liuhaÞ, liuhadis, light; frÔÞs, frÔdis, wise; gÔÞs, gÔdis, good; bÁuÞ, prt. of biudan; bidjan, to pray, prt. baÞ; —all pps. of wvs.; as, nasiÞs, nasidis; salbÔÞs, salbÔdis; furthermore all final Þs in verbal inflection (3d pers. sg., 2nd pl.); as, nimiÞ, nÊmuÞ, nÊmeiÞ,—but with enclitic -uh: nimiduh, nÊmuduh, nÊmeiduh; —advs. like ?aÞ, whither (cp. § 213); prep. miÞ, with.

Note 1. The change of final d into Þ does not occur in all cases in our manuscripts. This exception does not concern the original text of Wulfila, but is only a deviation from the normal state of orthografy, which is proved by the fact that final d occurs exceedingly often only in Lu., especially in the first ten chapters, not quite rarely also in Jo., more rarely in the other books. Exampls from the sixth chapter of Lu. ar: samalaud (34), gÔds (35. 43), gÔd (43), mitads (38), ptc. gamanwids (40), gasulid, and especially frequently verbal forms: taujid (2), ussuggwud (3), faginÔd, laikid (23), habaid (24), usbaÍrid (45), etc.—Sinse yunger forms of speech ar a characteristic feature of the gospel of Lu. (§ 221, 1), they might be regarded as representativs of a later development of the Goth. language, introduced into our text by sum writers (for similar cases in East-Gothic names, s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 171). Others explain the forms with final d as being due to their original position before words beginning with a vowel according to which the forms nimiÞ and nimid would be 'dublets' ('satzdubletten').—Cp. also Kock, Zs. fda., 26, 226 et seq., who shows that these ds for Þs ar most frequent after unaccented vowels (as in mitads), but after an accented vowel only when the latter is long or a difthong, rarely after a short accented vowel (as in mid; Lu. VII, 11.)

Note 2. Sinse the final Þ has by all means to be regarded as the regular one, it must also be employd in words of which only forms with medial d occur: biuÞs, biudis, table; rauÞs, red; usdauÞs, zelous; gamaiÞs, maimd; mÔÞs, anger; knÔÞs, stock, race. Hense also garaiÞs, redy; unlÊds, poor, which, beside the forms with medial b, hav onse each the final forms garaid and unlÊds, respectivly. But both forms occur in Lu.

With final d only ar repeatedly found: weitwÔds, witness, acc. weitwÔd; twice gariuds (gariud), honorabl; only one final form with d (but none with Þ) occurs in braids, broad; dÊds, deed; wÔds, mad, possest; grids, step, grade; skaÍskaid (prt. of skaidan). The normal forms would be dÊÞs, wÔÞs, etc., for the forms with d insted of Þ ar hardly due to anything else but unfavorabl transmission.

Note 3. The occurrence of this final Þ for thematic d must not be confounded with that of Þ in words that hav also medial Þ beside d in other words from the same root; as, frÔd- (nom. frÔÞs), prudent; frÔdei, prudence; but fraÞi, understanding, fraÞjan, to understand; sad- (nom. saÞs), satisfied, but ga-sÔÞjan, to satisfy; sinÞs, a going, way, but sandjan, to send; alds, age, but alÞeis, old. Cp. § 79, n. 2.

Note 4. Þ is seldom found where medial d is expected; as, guÞa (for guda); Gal. IV, 8; unfrÔÞans; Gal. III, 3.

§ 75. The d of the weak preterit, which stands mostly after vowels (nasida, habaida), remains intact after l and n (skulda, munda), while after s, h, f it becums t: kaupasta, mÔsta, daÚrsta, ÞÂhta, brÂhta, ÞÛhta, brÛhta, waÚrhta, baÚhta, Ôhta, mahta, Áihta, ÞaÚrfta; it is changed into Þ in kunÞa; ss is assimilated from st in wissa.

Conform to this rule ar the respectiv ptcs. nasiÞs, habaiÞs, skulds, munds, but waÚrhts, baÚhts, mahts, binaÚhts, ÞaÚrfts, kunÞs. Cp. § 187, n. 1; § 197 et seq.; §§ 208. 209.

Note. d becums s before the t of the 2nd pers. prt. (§ 81): baust (1st bauÞ, inf. biudan); so, also, before consonants in derivativ words; as, gilstr, tax, tribute (< gildan); usbeisns, expectation (< usbeidan, to abide, expect).

s

§ 76. s is a hard (voiceless) dental spirant and corresponds to Gr. s. s occurs very often in Gothic words, especially initially. E. g.

(a) initially: sunus, sun; sitan, to sit; skadus, shade; speiwan, to spit; standan, to stand; straujan, to strew; slÊpan, to sleep; smals, small; snutrs, wise; swaÍhra, father-in-law.

(b) medially: kiusan, to choose; wisan, to be; wasjan, to clothe; ÞÛsundi, thousand; gasts, guest; fisks, fish; asneis, hired man; hansa, host; aÚhsa, ox; ÞaÚrsus, witherd.

(c) Also final s remains unchanged; as, gras, grass; mÊs, table; was (prt. of wisan), was; hals, neck.

Note 1. ss occurs frequently; e. g., ?assei, sharpness; qiss, speech; wissa (prt. of witan); suff. -assus (Þiudinassus, kingdom, etc.).

Note 2. Final s stands in most cases for medial z, especially the final inflectional s. Cp. § 78; dropping of the s of the nominativ in § 78, n. 2.

Note 3. For s from t, Þ, d, before consonants (t), s. § 69, n. 2; § 71, n. 3; § 75, n. 1.

Note 4. Concerning the fonetic distinction between the spirants s and Þ, cp. IF., 342.

§ 77. The sign z corresponds in Greek words to ?; as, ZaÍbaÍdaius, ?eeda???; azymus, ?????. Its sound, like that of the Gr. ? both at Wulfila's time and in New Greek, was the corresponding soft sound of s, hense a voiced dental spirant (E. z).

§ 78. (a) In Goth. words z occurs never initially.

(b) Medial z is frequent. But final z becums s, the corresponding hard sound (cp. § 79). E. g.

azÊts, easy; hazjan, to praise; hazeins, praise; dius, gen. diuzis, animal; hatis, gen. hatizis, hatred; hatizÔn, to be angry; huzd, trezure; gazds, sting; mizdÔ, reward; azgÔ, ashes; marzjan, to offend; talzjan, to teach; —comparativs: maiza, 'major'; frÔdÔza, alÞiza, etc.; —pronominal forms; as, izwara, ÞizÔs, ÞizÊ, blindaizÔs; 2nd pers. sing. midl: haitaza.

(c) Most of the Gothic final ss represent z, especially the inflectional s; this reappears as z when it becums medial by an enclitic addition, for exampl, the s of the nom. ?as, who?, but ?azuh; is, he, but izei, who; us, out, but uzuh, uzu; dis- (as in dizuhÞansat; Mk. XVI, 8); ÞÔs, nom. pl. f., but ÞÔzuh; weis, we; weizuh; wileis, 2nd pers. sg., but wileizu; advs.: mais (compar. maiza), more; Áiris, erlier (compar. Áiriza), etc.

Note 1. z is but rarely employd for final s: minz, less; II. Cor. XII, 15 (Codex B), for mins elsewhere; riqiz (4 times), darkness, beside riqis, gen. riqizis; aiz, brass, muney (only Mk. VI, 8); mimz, flesh; I. Cor. VIII, 13.—For a different view of final s for z, s. Wilmanns, Dtsch. Gramm., I, p. 86.

Note 2. The s (z) of the nom. sg. is dropt (1) after s (ss, z): drus, m., gen. drusis, fall; swÊs, gen. swÊsis, adj., one's own; laus, lausis, loose; us-stass, f., gen. usstassais, resurrection; (2) after r immediately preceded by a short vowel: waÍr, waÍris, man; baÚr, sun; kaisar, CÆsar; anÞar, other; unsar, our; but s remains unchanged after a long syllabl: akrs, field; hÔrs, whoremonger; skeirs, clear; swÊrs, honord; gÁurs, sorrowful. An exception is the onse occurring nom. stiur, steer, calf. Cp. Brgm., I, 516; II, 531; Wrede, 'Ostg.', 177 et seq.—At a later stage of development, especially in East-Gothic, the loss of the nominativ-s occurs more extensivly. So alredy in the Documents (Neap. Doc.: Gudilub, Ufitahari); cp. Wrede, loc. cit.

Note 3. z and s interchange in the prt. of slÊpan; saÍslÊp; Mt. VIII, 24. Lu. VIII, 23. I. Thess. IV, 14; saÍzlÊp; Jo. XI, 11. I. Cor. XV, 6; —in the neuters in -is (gen. agisis and gen. hatizis); s. 94, n. 5.

Note 4. The z (s. c, abuv) of the prep. us is in compounds assimilated to a following r (cp. § 24, n. 2); e. g., urruns, a running out; urreisan, to (a)rise; urrÛmnan (beside usrÛmnan, in Codex B, II. Cor. VI, 11), to expand; onse ur for the prep. us: ur riqiza; II. Cor. IV, 6.—us remains unchanged before other sounds in cpds.; as, usagjan, to frighten; usbeidan, to abide, expect (cp. § 56, n. 2). z for s before a vowel appears only in uzÔn (prt. of *usanan, to expire); Mk. XV, 37. 39; and in uzÊtin (dat. of *usÊta, manger); Lu. II, 7. 12. 16.

Note 5. When us is affixt to a word beginning with st, only one s is sumtimes writn: ustaig (prt. of us-steigan); Mk. III, 13; ustÔÞ; Lu. VIII, 55. X, 25; ustandiÞ (prt. and prs. of us-standan); Mk. X, 34; ustassai (nom. usstass); Lu. XIV, 14.—Cp. twistandans (in B = twis-standans in A); II. Cor. II, 13; diskritnan (for dis-skritnan); Mt. XXVII, 51; there is no analogon for sp.

APPENDIX.
GENERAL REMARKS ON THE CONSONANTS.

§ 79. The Gothic soft spirants, b, d, z, finally and before the s of the nom. (cp. §§ 56. 74. 78) ar changed into the corresponding hard sounds, f, Þ, s, while the fourth soft spirant, medial g, remains unchanged when final (§ 66; § 65, n. 2).

Note 1. Also the final b, d, z hav sumtimes remaind unchanged, i. e. z rarely (§ 78, n. 1), but b and d especially often in certain parts where also other forms show a later stage of development. Cp. § 56, n. 1; § 74, n. 1, and Zs. fda., 25, 226 et seq.

Note 2. Interchange between f and b, Þ and d, h and g, s and z, which had taken place in proethnic Germanic according to definit laws and is better preservd in other Germanic languages ('Grammatical Change'; s. ahd. gr., § 100 et seq.), occurs in Gothic only in derivativ words; cp. g-h, § 66, n. 1; d-Þ, § 74, n. 3; (z—s, § 78, n. 3); and traces of it ar seen in the inflection of the verbs Þarf (§ 56, n. 3), Áih (§ 203, n. 1).

§ 80. Gemination of the Gothic liquids and nasals, l, m, n, r, is frequent; also ss and a few instances of kk (§ 58, n. 1), tt (§ 69, n. 1), ÞÞ (§ 71, n. 1), dd (§ 73, n. 1); —the more frequent exampls of gg (§§ 67. 68) ar in part of another kind.

The geminated consonants remain unchanged when final and before the s of the nominativ: skatts, full, kann, rann, wamm, gawiss; likewise before j (as in fulljan, skattja, kannjan, etc.), but ar as a rule simplified before other consonants: kant, kunÞa (cp. kann); rant, 2nd pers. sg. prt., ur-runs, m., a running out (cp. rinnan); swumfsl, pond (cp. *swimman); —but uzually fullnan, only a few times fulnan.

Note. Sum instances of gemination as wel as of simplified gemination in the MSS. ar merely orthografic errors; as, allh for alh; Lu. II, 46; wisÊdun (s for ss); inbranjada (nj for nnj); Jo. XV, 6; swam for swamm; Mk. XV, 36.—Such errors ar mostly corrected by the editors. Cp. Bernhardt, 'Vulfila', p. LVII.

§ 81. The changes of consonants before dentals may, as far as the Gothic is concernd, be embraced in the following rule:

Before the dentals, d, Þ, t, all labial stops and spirants ar changed into f, all gutturals into h, all dentals into s, the second dental appearing always as t. E. g.

skapjan, gaskafts (§ 51, n. 2); ÞaÚrban (*ÞaÚrbda), ÞaÚrfta; giban, gifts (§ 56, n. 4); —siuks, saÚhts; Þagkjan, ÞÂhta (§ 58, n. 2); magan, mahta (§ 66, n. 1); —wait, waist (§ 69, n. 2); waÍrÞan, warst (§ 71, n. 3); biudan, baust (§ 75, n. 1).

Note 1. Exceptions ar magt (2nd pers. sg.; 1st mag, § 201) and gahugds, mind.

Note 2. st often becums ss by assimilation; as, wissa, prt. of witan (§ 76, n. 1). Cp. Beitr., 7, 171 et seq.; 9, 150 et seq.; IF., 4, 341 et seq.

Note 3. The rule givn abuv from a practical standpoint of the Gothic grammar must be formulated differently from a comparativ-historical standpoint, because the discust sound-shiftings hav not originated in the Gothic language, but ar reflections of proethnic Germanic and Indo-Germanic relations of sounds. S. Brgm., I, 381 et seq.; 403 et seq.

§ 82. Assimilations occur only in combination with h (s. § 62, n. 3) and us (§ 78, n. 4).

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