2.Louis Post, ibid.

3.His name cannot be here given.

4.This work will show the real causes of it and the rapid tendency toward it.

5.Encyclopedia of Social Reform, p. 1435. Ed. by Rev. Wm. Bliss and published in 1897 by Funk and Wagnalls Company, New York and London.

6.This 5 per cent includes personal, unproductive property of all sorts.

7.Mind that these statements are of one authority only, viz.: Mr. G. K. Holmes.

8.House-scarb means: all domestic or household property that may be carried on from one rentable house to another.

9.Dr. C. B. Spahr, Pres. Distribution of Wealth in the U. S. (1896), p. 69; published by Thos. Y. Crowell & Company, Boston.

10.Encyclopedia of Social Reform, p. 1388.

11.Ibidem, p. 1388.

12.This table gives you the exact equivalent of diagrams found on p. 12.

13.So far, we give honor to Mr. Holmes in advance.

14.One of the best authorities in statistics.

15.Reported in Binghamton Independent of Aug. 12, 1899.

16.“The Public,” Chicago, No. 74, Sept., 1899.

17.The diagrams and statistical tables supply the life contents for these premises.

18.The exact statistics of the Eleventh Census, 1890, have given the average at about 4.93 members to a family, which means that in each 100 families 93 have 5 and 7 have only 4 members. In 1880 this average was 5.04, and in 1870, 5.09 members to a family.

19.Ibid., p. 69.—I italicize these conclusions. See Enc. of Soc. R., p. 1389.

20.Dr. C. B. Spahr, “The Present Distribution of Wealth in the U.S.,” 1896.

21.Whereas the general average of per capita wealth was $1,036.

22.Here, p. 6.

23.Here, p. 13.

24.Here, p. 21.

25.Here, see p. 18.

26.Dr. Spahr, “Present Distribution of Wealth in the United States,” p. 69.—Enc. of Soc. R., p. 1389.

27.Enc. of Soc. R., p. 1384.

28.C. D. Wright, “Atlantic Monthly,” Sept., 1897.

29.“Encyclopedia of Social Reform.” (p. 1388), 1897, by Rev. Wm. Bliss.

30.Dr. Spahr, “Present Distribution of Wealth in the U.S.,” p. 69, 1896, who held each family at five members.

31.It should be borne in mind that, “Goods, wares, merchandise, utensils, furniture, cattle, provisions, and every other species of personal property, was included among the assets” representing wealth. Dr. Spahr, Ib., p. 55.

32.Encyclopedia of Social Reform (publ. in 1897), p. 1388.

33.These totals have been summed up by me.

34.Table, p. 32, here.

35.Compare the total wealth of this table with that on p. 27.

36.Here, p. 13.

37.Atlantic Monthly, Sept. 1897.

38.See here, p. 18.

39.This is the restored group of the 1st table, p. 29.

40.3d group, p. 32 or 36.

41.See Diagrams, p. 12, and Table II, p. 13.

42.Compare these families in the 2d restored table, p. 36.

43.Compare the same families in the 1st restored table, p. 29.

44.Enc. of Soc. Reform, p. 1389.

45.Statistics and Sociology, p. 201-2.

46.Subtraction has been made on p. 36.

47.See table, p. 29.

48.The total number of immigrants entered into the United States from 1891 to 1897 inclusively was 2,854,834.—The World Almanac, 1899, p. 176.

49.Here, p. 18.—Dr. Spahr, “The Present Distribution of Wealth in the United States,” p. 69.

50.Even the uncultivated land is a great source of income to its owner. And if it were not so, the great landowners of England and Scotland would not have owned fully 20,000,000 acres of the U.S. land. But now five of them own it, and draw large incomes from it, while remaining at home beyond the Atlantic. And the Holland syndicate and the German syndicate could not have owned 7,000,000 acres of the U.S. land, if it were not a source of income, even without special application of any labor energy to it. But now the former syndicate owns 5,000,000 acres of grazing land in Western States; and the latter owns 2,000,000 acres of it in various States, as the “Up to Date, Coin’s Financial School,” has indicated, pp. 108-118.

51.Chas. R. Henderson, D. D., “Social Elements,” p. 144.

52.Some one may of course prefer to live in another’s house, as they say, not willing to pay taxes for his own property. But a just taxation can never cause this trouble. The abnormity of taxation is shown here in Chapter VI.

53.Land, Capital, Rentables, Salables are income-bearing properties.

54.“Encyclopedia of Social Reform,” p. 1389.

55.Dividogenesure means: (As a class and as an individual, I am the owner of land, of wealth and capital): Divide with me your sole results of active energy upon my source of wealth, or else you may be sure you have only the right to starve from drain by others without this supply. [Latin: divido, divide, part, separate. Greek: genesis, origin, source, creation, origination, production. Latin: ure, (perish) by rust, by fire, by cold, wither, dry up, or starve to death.]

56.Here, p. 32 or 36.

57.Dr. Warner, American Charities, pp. 178-9, Dr. T. Ely’s edition.

58.I italicized his words.

59.I italicized his words.

60.Dr. Warner, ibidem, p. 181.

61.Remember that these conclusions are moderate.

62.These owning families include the mortgagors.

63.Many of these home-owning families are in debt, and their homes serve as securities for it.

64.Enc. of Soc. R., pp. 899-900.

65.He pays rent.

66.He pays rent and divides the results of his labor, p. 58-61.

67.See conclusion, p. 18.

68.Mr. Wright, “Atlantic Monthly” for September, 1897.

69.See his conclusions and my explanation of them, here, pp. 12, 13.

70.Compare for this the original tables, pp. 28, 32 and 51.

71.See 1st R. table, group 1st, p. 47, and as individuals, p. 51.

72.Mayo Smith, “Statistics and Sociology,” pp. 200, 201-2.

73.Mr. E. Atkinson, “The Distribution of Products,” p. 15.

74.Ib., p. 22.

75.Ed. Atkinson, ib. p. 27.

76.Ed. Atkinson, ib., pp. 77, 78. Also, Enc. of S. R., p. 1093.

77.“Socialism and Christianity,” p. 205. Also Enc. of Soc. R., p. 289.

78.Prof. John R. Commons, “Distribution of Wealth,” p. 258. Also, see Enc. of Soc. Reform, p. 1102.

79.“Gross receipts less gross disbursements.”

80.Totals made up by me.

81.Compare the last two groups with the first two of the table, p. 28. And compare the same groups of table, p. 51.

82.See this number and families, p. 92.

83.See tables, p. 36 or 45.

84.By the “other” monopolies, I mean some monopolies, companies, trusts and combinations which have not been mentioned here at all, and many of which deal with rentable houses in cities, and so on.

85.Prof. George Herron’s dismissal from the Iowa College is a striking example, foreboding the nation’s near future. This professor was forbidden by financial necessity to teach what is good for the people.—“The Public,” Nov. 11, 1899, Chicago. “The Public” No. 115, 1900, has now on record four other professors similarly dealt with in different colleges on grounds similar to that of Prof. G. Herron. One of these four is President Henry Wade Rogers, of the Northwestern University, at Evanston, Ill.

86.Artificial property again means all things that were created or invented by man in the past or the present.

87.See the same number on p. 79.

88.Enc. of Soc. Reform, p. 899.

89.This number contains 1,624,765 tenant farming families.

90.Remember that the tenant families are excluded here.

91.Lien means a legal claim on property which must be paid.

92.Remember that the 4,999,396 tenant families are excluded here.

93.These percentages are from the Official Bulletin, No. 98.

94.Dividogenesure is the stronger, the larger the per cent an employer obtains from the results of the labor of every employee; and is the weaker, the smaller the per cent he obtains from every one dependent on him for life.

95.That is, the rate of making mortgages in 1880th year was 643,143, and the yearly rate in 1889th year was 1,226,323 in one year.

96.Enc. of Soc. Reform, p. 901.

97.Dr. Spahr, ib. p. 67.

98.All expressions under the inverted commas are from Bulletin.

99.Bulletin No. 71, Encyclopedia of Social Reform, p. 901.

100.Continuation, “On the debt in force against acres, $162,652,944; on lots, $234,789,848,” is the yearly interest.

101.Here, p. 112.

102.Ib., p. 113.

103.Enc. of Soc. Reform, p. 902. This interest charge is at the end of the Extra Bulletin No. 71.

104.Yet, it should be remembered that we do not here deal with the debts of Railroad Companies, Street Railway, Telegraph, Telephone and other companies and corporations; nor do we deal with the U.S. debt of $891,960,104; States, $228,997,389; Counties, $145,048,045; Municipalities, $724,463,060; School districts, $36,701,948, which in 1890 made the grand total of $18,027,170,546 including the debt under our consideration. But we deal with family-debtors, for whom debt is equal to ruin. Whereas debt to the others is prosperity.

105.That is, if we divide them by the line of families worth $5,000 and over, and families worth $5,000 and under; and the latter will include the economic dependants.

106.Here, p. 119.

107.Here, p. 121.

108.Enc. of Soc. Reform, p. 904, Edition of 1897.

109.Enc. of Soc. Reform, p. 904.

110.Ib., p. 904.

111.Mr. Dunn could not have known at the time that some Eastern States were even worse than the Western ones, and that “New York,” for instance, “is” more “conspicuously prominent as having a real estate mortgage indebtedness of $1,607,874,301, which is 26.71 per cent of the total indebtedness on acres and lots in the United States.”

112.Here, pp. 91, 92, or Mayo Smith, Statistics and Sociology, p. 200.

113.As the rates of their gains show, pp. 104, 105.

114.Enc. of Soc. Reform, p. 1386.—Waldron, “Handbook on Currency or Wealth.”

115.References: Enc. of Soc. R., see “Unemployment.” Dr. Spahr, “Present Distribution of Wealth in U.S.” (1896).—J. R. Common’s “Distribution of Wealth,” Enc. p. 1392.

116.Enc. of Soc. Reform, p. 1392.

117.Enc. of Soc. Reform, p. 1370.

118.Mr. and Mrs. Webb, “History of Trade Unionism,” p. 1 or 2.

119.“Introduction and Mutual Insurance,” vol. I, pp. 148-9, 150-1164.

120.Enc. of Soc. Reform, pp. 1370, 1373 and the Labor Reports.

121.Dr. Spahr, ib., pp. 116, 117.

122.The above 246,938 families could not be here classified among the tenants of farms consisting of the 1,624,765 families, because after losing their country properties, these homeless hurry on to crowd up cities.

123.Dr. Spahr, ibid, p. 122-3.

124.As numerous inquiries convince me.

125.According to the U.S. Census of 1890, there were 4,564,641 farms consisting of 623,218,619 acres of land, or an average of 136 acres to a farm. World Almanac, 1899, p. 184.

126.Enc. of Soc. Reform, pp. 22, 23; also based on the census.

127.“Present Distribution of Wealth in the U.S.,” pp. 104, 105; (see here: Appendix I.). The same: Enc. of Soc. Reform, p. 1385—table of incomes, 1890.

128.Some one may suppose that some net earnings of the national banks might overlap some net earnings of the mortgagee monopolies, since mortgage profits are often obtained by banks. But such a supposition cannot have a real ground here, because the national banks are prohibited by the law of the United States to make investments in mortgages; and because mortgages of real estate, being not easily convertible securities for loans, would not be admissible by them. The only exception made by the law for these banks is that, for a necessary accommodation of their business, a mortgage may sometimes be held as a security, collateral to some other which is more easily convertible into currency. (See Revised Statutes, §5137. Prof. Dunbar’s “Theory and Hist. of Banking,” p. 26.)

It is the non-national or State banks that often directly deal with mortgages. But estimating their gross earnings at $200,000,000 for the year 1890 (see p. 101), Mr. Waite evidently could not ascertain their enormous net incomes, hence we leave them to be understood as surplus above all our concluding totals of net incomes.

And whereas, the net incomes of the national banks decreased $110,378,930 in the 7 years, those of the life insurance companies increased $108,932,030 (World Almanac, 1900, p. 180, 184) and with the help of the omitted net incomes of the gas companies (p. 101) more than offset the loss, leaving our totals correct.

129.Enc. of Soc. Reform, 1897, pp. 1346-7; from “Philadelphia Times,” etc.

130.Dr. Spahr, ibid., pp. 104-5.

131.It was the gross income.

132.See the upper table, p. 42.

133.Table, p. 47.

134.Lower table, p. 42, 1st two groups.

135.Mr. Waldron, “Hand-book on Currency or Wealth,” pp. 106 and 107. See also: Enc. of Soc. Reform, p. 1389.

136.See the statistical conclusions on the fall of wages, p. 134; also Dr. Spahr’s “Present Distribution of Wealth,” etc., pp. 95-118.

137.“Present Distr. of Wealth in U.S.” (1896), pp. 104, 105, 112. Here, pp. 140-143. “Average daily wages: 1873, $2.04; 1891, $1.69; urban laborers.”

138.Dr. Spahr, ibid., pp. 104-5. Enc. of Soc. Reform, p. 1385.

139.Dr. Spahr, ibid., pp. 98, 104-5. Also: Statistics of Massachusetts Bureau of Labor, 1890, p. 319.

140.Dr. Spahr, ibid., p. 104-5.

141.Dr. Spahr, ibid., pp. 116, 117.

142.Ibid., pp. 104, 105.

143.Dr. Spahr, ibid., p. 104-5.

144.World Almanac, 1899, pp. 200, 225.

145.Quoted from Enc. of Soc. Reform, p. 1347.

146.For 1897 is an approximate estimate of The World Almanac, 1899, p. 200, foot note.

147.It might be that some of these families paid house rents on farms beside the land rent, as Dr. Spahr has shown; while some others might pay simply house rents, and thus offset each other, making the above sum correct.

148.“For a share in product” is an initial form of serfdom pure and simple.

149.Enc. of Soc. Reform, pp. 606-7.

150.Also here, p. 125.

151.Enc. of Soc. Reform, pp. 606-7.

152.World Almanac, 1900, p. 174.

153.Here, see foot-note, p. 150.

154.Table of profits, here, p. 101.

155.Includes the increase of $310,001,619 by the railroad, telegraph and telephone monopolies, p. 162.

156.Excludes net incomes of the artificial gas companies and those of the non-national banks (beside mortgages) as not given in the table on p. 101. See foot note, pp. 150, 167, 168.

157.Includes the house rent on farms and that of the increased population, pp. 149, 164.

158.Includes the rent of land paid by the increased populations, p. 165.

159.This amount of double taxes is calculated to have been fully paid for 7 years on the net incomes here stated, and on all the property these trusts, etc., have had in the beginning of 1891 and after, according to the tax rates to be here indicated.

160.Compare tables, here, on pp. 42 and 47.

161.Mr. Mallock’s “Classes and Masses” (1896.)

162.Enc. of Soc. Reform, p. 1392.

163.His work on “Social Elements,” p. 162.

164.“Statistics of Railways, 1890,” p. 58.

165.I italicized the words.

166.Dr. Spahr, ibid., pp. 41, 42. The total capitalization of railroads in 1890 was represented by $9,437,300,000, while the total investment amounted to only $3,714,400,000. And Mr. Van Oss stated that “shares now return at least 18 per cent per annum on the actual investment.” Ibidem.

167.Dr. Spahr, ibid., p. 143. The total incomes in the table of taxes above represented are gross incomes.

168.Statistics, World Almanac, 1899, p. 165.

169.Dr. Spahr, “Present Distribution of Wealth in the United States,” p. 143-4.

170.Ib., p. 156-7.

171.

The Bulletin adds that “three-fourths of this tax falls upon the relatively poorer classes.” Dr. Spahr, ibid., p. 156.

172.See here, pp. 64, 65, 68, 72.

173.Dr. Spahr, ibid., pp. 157, 158.

174.The World Almanac, 1899, p. 164. Mr. Upton, here, p. 27.

175.The World Almanac, 1900, p. 539.

176.This average would mean that in every 100 families 90 have 5 and 10 have only 4 members. See the decrease of family membership: foot note, p. 18.

177.“It is interesting to remark that, while in 1893 the number of the propertyless families reached over 7-millions, the national and local Building and Loan Associations having net assets of over $450,000,000, have,” in 25 years, “helped to secure” only “probably over 400,000 homes,” says Mr. Wright, U.S. Commissioner of Labor. The World Almanac, 1899, p. 168; ib., 1900, p. 172. But that inability is aggravated by the taxation unjust to the poor. See here, pp. 174-178.

179.Encyclopedia of Social Reform, p. 1346.

180.Encyclopedia of Social Reform, p. 1346.

181.Ibid., p. 888.