The Settlement of Illinois, 1778-1830

II. Secondary Works.

Abbott, John Stevens Cabot. History of Maine from the earliest Discovery of the Region by the Northmen until the present Time. Boston: B. B. Russell, 1875. 556 pp.

Tells of the “Ohio fever,” which raged about the close of the war of 1812, and which furnished some settlers to Illinois.

Agnew, Hon. Daniel, LL. D. History of the Region of Pennsylvania north of the Ohio and west of the Allegheny River ... also, an Account of the Division of the Territory for public Purposes, and of the Lands, Laws, Titles, Settlements, Controversies, and Litigation within this Region. Philadelphia: Kay & Brother, 1887. 4+246 pp.

The work shows the price at which Pennsylvania public lands sold at the time Illinois was being settled.

Allen, J. A. American Bisons, living and extinct. Cambridge, Mass.: Welch, Bigelow, & Co., 1876. ix.+246 pp. and 12 plates.

Carefully done. Tells of the great herds of buffalo early found in Illinois and of their extermination in that region.

Allen, William Francis. The Place of the North-West in general History. Pages 92-111 of the author's Essays and Monographs. Boston: Geo. H. Ellis, 1890. 392 pp. Found also in Papers of the Am. Hist. Ass'n., III., pp. 329-48.

Good for a view of our subject as connected with larger portions of the world's history.

Alton city Directory, 1858. Alton, Ill.: McEvoy & Bowron, 1858. 156 pp.

A short historical sketch of Alton is given. Its authority is on a par with that of county histories.

American historical Review. New York. Vol. IV., 623-35. See Boyd, Carl Evans, below.

Andreas, A. T. History of Chicago from the earliest Period to the present Time. Chicago: A. T. Andreas, 1884. I., 648; II., 780; III., 876 pp.

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Only pages 31-111 of Volume I. concern the period before 1830. The narrative is written with considerable care, and the work is especially rich in copies of old maps, having not fewer than two dozen before 1830.

Asbury, Henry. Reminiscences of Quincy, Illinois, containing historical Events, Anecdotes, Matters concerning old Settlers and old Times, etc. Quincy, Ill.: D. Wilcox & Sons, 1882. 224 pp.

Tells of the first settlement of Adams county, under the congressional act of Jan. 13, 1825. The large number of New Englanders is suggestive of the increase of northern over southern immigration.

Atlantic Monthly. Boston and London. Vol. II., 579-95. (May, 1861.) See Clarke, S. C.

Barber, John Warner, and Howe, Henry. All the Western States and Territories, from the Alleghanies to the Pacific, and from the Lakes to the Gulf. Cincinnati: Howe's Subscription Book Concern, 1867. 16mo. 733 pp.

Pages 195-250 are on Illinois. Early settlement, Clark's campaign, and the Chicago Massacre of 1812 are described. The work is popular in character, yet its citation of sources makes it of some value.

Barry, Hon. P. T. The first Irish in Illinois. Reminiscent of Old Kaskaskia Days. In Trans. of the Ill. State Hist. Soc., 1902. Springfield, Ill.: Phillips Bros., State Printers, 1902. pp. 63-70.

Almost exclusively concerned with the period before 1830. Tells of the work of Chevalier Makarty, George Croghan, John Reynolds, and of the Irish soldiers under George Rogers Clark.

Barstow, George. The History of New Hampshire, from its Discovery, in 1614, to the Passage of the Toleration Act in 1819. 2d ed. New York: G. P. Putnam & Co., 1853. 8vo. iv. +456 pp.

Gives a short account of the unusual cold of 1816-17, which affected western immigration. There is nothing to indicate that the second edition is not an exact reprint of the first. Copyright, 1842.

Beck, Lewis C. A Gazetteer of the States of Illinois and Missouri; containing a general View of each State, a general View of their Counties, and a particular Description of their Towns, Villages, Rivers, &c., &c. Albany: Charles R. and George Webster, 1823. 352 pp.

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165 pages are devoted to Illinois. Much interesting material is given, but the nature of the publication makes caution in its use necessary.

Beckley, Hosea, A. M. The History of Vermont; with Descriptions, physical and topographical. Brattleboro: George H. Salisbury, 1846. 16mo. 396 pp.

Describes the effects of the unusual cold of 1816-17, which greatly affected western emigration.

Beckwith, Hiram Williams. Historic Notes on the North-west, gleaned from early Authors, old Maps and Manuscripts, private and official Correspondence, and other authentic, though, for the most part, out-of-the-way Sources. (In Hist. of Vermilion County, Ill. Chicago: H. H. Hill & Co., 1879. 11-304 pp).

Deals with the period before Illinois became a state (1818). “The authorities consulted show a large range of acquaintance with the very best sources of information extant”—Lyman C. Draper. Strong on French and Indians.

——A brief History of Danville, Illinois, with a concise Statement of its mining, manufacturing, and commercial Advantages. Danville, Ill.: Danville Printing Co., 1874. 11 pp. (unnumbered).

Slight, but tells of the beginnings of the city in the third decade of the 19th century.

Beckwith, Paul. Creoles of St. Louis. St. Louis: Nixon-Jones Printing Co., 1893. 169 pp.

The genealogy of the five branches of the Chouteau family is given. As many of this family were prominent in early Illinois the work is of some interest, although not wholly reliable.

Beggs, Rev. Stephen R. Pages from the early History of the West and North-West: embracing Reminiscences and Incidents of Settlement and Growth, and Sketches of the material and religious Progress of the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri, with especial Reference to the History of Methodism. Cincinnati: Methodist Book Concern, 1868. 325 pp.

Good upon the beginnings of northern Illinois. Tells of the Chicago massacre (1812), of the work of Rev. Jesse Walker, and of early pioneer life. No clerical bias, in the bad sense.

Bernheim, G. D. History of the German Settlements and of [pg 237] the Lutheran Church in North and South Carolina, from the earliest Period of the Colonization of the Dutch, German and Swiss Settlers to the Close of the first Half of the present Century. Philadelphia: The Lutheran Book Store, 1872. ix.+557 pp.

Pages 471-3 tell of the North Carolina Synod sending a missionary to Illinois in 1827.

Birney, William. James G. Birney and his Times. The Genesis of the Republican Party with some Account of abolition Movements in the South before 1828. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1890. 24mo. x.+443 pp.

Chapter 12 is on abolition in the South before 1828. The work is helpful in learning the conditions from which southern emigrants moved.

Blanchard, Rufus. Discovery and Conquest of the Northwest, with the History of Chicago. Wheaton: R. Blanchard & Co., 1879. Chicago: Cushing, 1880. 768 pp. 8vo.

A well-written and valuable book for discovery and conquest, but of little value for a study of mere immigration before 1831. What it has of immigration is almost exclusively confined to immigration to the region of the present Chicago.

——History of Illinois, to accompany an historical Map of the State. Chicago: National School Furnishing Company, 1883. 128 pp.

The text is a disconnected symposium, and has in some cases been superseded by later research. The map is the most valuable part of the work. It is 27-½x42-½ inches in size, mounted on heavy cloth, and shows, with dates, Indian trails, routes of exploring and military expeditions, early stage and mail routes, historic sites, dates of settlement of the principal towns.

Bonham, Jeriah. Fifty Years' Recollections with Observations and Reflections on historical Events, giving Sketches of eminent Citizens—their Lives and public Services. Peoria: J. W. Franks & Sons, 1883. 536 pp.

The “fifty years” seem to have begun shortly after 1830. The biographical sketches, however, give several facts in regard to the origin and immigration of such early leaders as Coles, Edwards, Reynolds, Carlin, and others.

Boyd, Carl Evans. County of Illinois, The. Am. Hist. Rev., IV., 623-35. July, 1899.

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A scholarly history of Virginia's ephemeral County of Illinois, although in error as to the dates of its beginning and ending, respectively.

Brackenridge, Henry Marie, Esq. History of the late War between the United States and Great Britain. Containing a minute Account of the various military and naval Operations. Baltimore: Cushing, 1817. 4th ed. Baltimore: Cushing & Jewett, 1818. xxiv.+348 pp. 6th ed. Philadelphia: James Kay, 1839. 298 pp.

Valuable. Several times translated. Impartial. Gives a short account of the massacre at Fort Dearborn, August 15, 1812.

Brown, Charles R. The Old Northwest Territory: its Missions, Forts, and trading Posts. Kalamazoo, Mich.: Brown, Moore & Quale, 1875. 32 pp.

The work consists of an historical and chronological map (14-½ x 15 inches), and notes upon the 94 sites located upon it. Eleven of the sites are in Illinois. Valuable and suggestive, although deficient in citation of authorities.

Brown, Henry. The History of Illinois from its first Discovery and Settlement to the present Time. New York: J. Winchester, 1844. vi.+492 pp.

The author confesses to having written in haste and to having borrowed stories from other states simply to amuse his readers. Worthless except to furnish a few topics which one may wish to verify. Criticism: Draper MSS., Z No. 2.

Brown, Samuel R. The Western Gazetteer; or, Emigrant's Directory, (1817) containing a geographical Description of the western States and Territories, viz., the States of Ky., Ind., La., O., Tenn., and Miss., and the Territories of Ill., Mo., Ala., Mich., and N. Western, with an Appendix containing Sketches of some of the western Counties of N. Y., Pa. and Va.; a description of the Gt. Northern Lakes; Indian Annuities, and Directions to Emigrants. Auburn, N. Y.: H. C. Southwick, 1817. 360 pp.

Pages 17-35 give an inaccurate description of Illinois' population and resources.

Brown, William Hubbard. An historical Sketch of the early Movement in Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery, read at the annual Meeting of the Chicago Historical Society, Dec. 5, 1864.

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Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1876. 31 pp. Fergus hist. Series, No. 4. 8vo. 25 cents.

Especially valuable for the great struggle over slavery in Illinois in 1822-24. First printed in 1865, under the auspices of the Chicago Historical Society.

Buckley, James Monroe. A History of Methodists in the United States. (Volume V. of American Church History.) New York: The Christian Literature Co., 1896. xix.+714 pp.

Tells of the founding of Lebanon Seminary, later McKendree College, at Lebanon, Ill., in 1828.

Chicago City Directory, for the Year 1855-56, and Northern Illinois Gazetteer. Chicago: Robert Fergus, 1855. 150+xxxii.+208+128 pp.

Of slight value for our purpose, although the historical introductions to the directories of the various cities and towns have a few usable statements.

Chicago daily Democratic Press. Railroads, History and Commerce of Chicago, three Articles. 2d ed. Chicago: Democratic Press Job and Book Steam Print, 1854. 80 pp.

Of considerable interest, although many statements are of too late a date to be used.

Chicago Magazine. Chicago, Ill.

I., 103-16 (1857), gives an account of the massacre at Fort Dearborn, August 15, 1812, largely taken from the Kinzie narrative.

Chicago Sunday Tribune, Nov. 28, 1897.

New light thrown on Old Fort Dearborn. An account of the finding of important records in the archives of the U. S. government. The archives contained the original order for building a fort where Fort Dearborn later stood (order of 1803), and sketches of Fort Dearborn as early as January, 1808. The sketches are reproduced.

Clarke, S. C. Prairie State, The. (Atlantic Monthly, VII., 579-595, May, 1861.)

Well written and treats a large number of subjects.

Copeland, Louis Albert, B. L. The Cornish in southwest Wisconsin. Pages 301-334 of Wis. Hist. Coll., XIV. Madison, Wis.: Democrat Printing Co., State Printer, 1898.

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Gives several facts concerning the early history of the Galena region. Most of the Cornish, however, came after 1830.

Dana, E. Geographical Sketches on the Western Country: designed for Emigrants and Settlers: being the Result of extensive Researches and Remarks. To which is added a Summary of all the most interesting Matters on the Subject, including a particular Description of the unsold public Lands, ... also, a List of the principal Roads. Cincinnati: Looker, Reynolds & Co., 1819. 312 pp.

Pages 133-156 are devoted to Illinois. A suggestion of the fraudulent count in the census of 1818 is given.

——A Description of the bounty Lands in the State of Illinois: also, the principal Roads and Routes, by Land and Water, through the Territory of the United States. Cincinnati: Looker, Reynolds & Co., 1819. 12mo. 108 pp.

Gives very few references to settlement and few descriptions of historic sites.

Davidson, Alexander, and StuvÉ, Bernard. A complete History of Illinois from 1673 to 1873; embracing the physical Features of the Country; its early Explorations, aboriginal Inhabitants; French and British Occupation; Conquest by Virginia; territorial Condition and the subsequent civil, military and political Events of the State. Springfield, Ill.: Ill. Journal Co., 1874. 944 pp.

Crude, but no specialist in Illinois history should be without it. Not minute in treatment of immigration.

Decatur, Macon County, Illinois, History of. Decatur, Ill.: Compiled and published by Wiggins & Co., Cleveland, O., 1871. 51 pp.

A symposium without historical merit. Almost exclusively of a later period than 1830, but tells of the first settlement of the county in 1820.

Drake, Samuel Adams. The Making of the Ohio Valley States, 1660-1837. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1894. 16mo. 269 pp.

A very few pages are devoted to Illinois, and naturally the larger events alone are noted.

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Drew, Benjamin. The Refugee; or, The Narratives of fugitive Slaves in Canada. Related by themselves, with an Account of the History and Condition of the colored Population of Upper Canada. Boston: John P. Jewett & Co., 1856. 12mo. 387 pp.

A few of the refugees whose escapes are narrated passed through Illinois on the Underground Railroad.

Eames, Charles M. Historic Morgan and Classic Jacksonville. Jacksonville, Ill.: Daily Journal Steam Job Printing Office, 1885. 336 pp. In Library of Chicago Historical Society.

Of great interest because of its details concerning early methods of travel and concerning the beginnings in Morgan county. Deals with pioneer and slavery history.

Edwards, Ninian Wirt. History of Illinois, from 1778 to 1833; and Life and Times of Ninian Edwards. Springfield, Ill.: Ill. State Journal Co., 1870. 549 + iii. pp.

Written by the son of Gov. Ninian Edwards. Not in good form, but has much authentic material.

Family Magazine: or, Monthly Abstract of general Knowledge. New York, Boston, Cincinnati.

Volumes IV. (1837) and V. (1839) have short articles on Illinois, which are too light to be taken seriously.

Farmer, Silas. The History of Detroit and Michigan, or the Metropolis illustrated. A chronological Cyclopedia of the Past end Present, including a full Record of territorial Days in Michigan and the Annals of Wayne County. Detroit: Silas Farmer & Co., 1884. Revised and enlarged, 1890. 2 vols.

Valuable for information concerning Clark, Hamilton, Vigo, and La Balme.

Flagler, Major D. W. A History of the Rock Island Arsenal from its establishment in 1863 to December, 1876: and of the Island of Rock Island, the Site of the Arsenal, from 1804 to 1863. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1877. 483 pp. 13 plates, 2 pictures.

The first chapter of the book refers to the first white settlement in the region of Rock Island, about 1828.

Ford, Gov. Thomas. A History of Illinois, from its Commencement [pg 242] as a State in 1818 to 1847. Containing a full Account of the Black Hawk War, the Rise, Progress, and Fall of Mormonism, the Alton and Lovejoy Riots, and other important and interesting Events. Chicago: S. C. Griggs & Co., 1854. 447 pp.

As the title indicates, the book is chiefly valuable for a period later than 1830. It is also largely political. The first one hundred and ten pages will be found useful and deal to some extent with the social life when the state was young. Criticism: Draper MSS., Z 13.

Gerhard, Fred. Illinois as it is; its History, Geography, Statistics, Constitution, Laws, Government, Finances, Climate, Soil, Plants, Animals, State of Health, Prairies, Agriculture, Cattle-breeding, Orcharding, Cultivation of the Grape, Timber-growing, Market-prices, Lands and Land-prices ... etc. Philadelphia: Charles Desilver, 1857. 451 pp.

Pages 13-137 are devoted to the history of Illinois. The author is conspicuously accurate and treats a large number of topics. A valuable secondary work.

Glimpses of the Monastery. Scenes from the History of the Ursulines of Quebec during two hundred Years, 1639-1839. By a Member of the Community. Second edition, completed by Reminiscences of the last fifty Years, 1839-1889. Quebec: L. J. Domers & FrÈre, 1897. ix.+418+184 pp.

Pages 84-93 of the first pagination give a suggestive discussion of the capability of the Indian for civilization.

Green, Thomas Marshall. Historic Families of Kentucky. (First Series.) Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1889. 304 pp.

Gives a few facts concerning John Todd and John Todd Stuart, who were active in Illinois. The latter was a cousin of Mary Todd Lincoln and had much early influence upon Lincoln. The volume deals with McDowells, Logans, and Allens. Well written and valuable.

Haight, Walter C., B. L. The Ordinance of 1787. (pp. 343-402 of Pub. of the Mich. Pol. Sci. Ass'n. II.), 1896, 1897.

A discussion of the binding effect of the Ordinance of 1787. The question has a close connection with slavery in Illinois.

Hall, B. F. The early History of the North Western States, [pg 243] embracing New York, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Iowa and Wisconsin, with their land Laws, etc., and an Appendix containing the Constitutions of those States. Buffalo: Geo. H. Derby & Co., 1849. Duodecimo. 477 pp.

Statements made in this book must be carefully verified. The rise of conflicting land titles is fairly well treated.

Harris, N. Dwight, Ph. D. The History of Negro Servitude in Illinois and of the slavery Agitation in that State 1719-1864. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1904. 276 pp.

An erudite work, compiled from many sources previously unused.

Hayes, A. A., Jr. The Metropolis of the Prairies. (Harper's New Monthly Mag., LXI., 711-730, Oct. 1880).

A readable popular article. Chiefly concerned with events later than 1830.

Heaton, John L. The Story of Vermont. Boston: D. Lothrop Co., 1889. 319 pp.

Has an interesting chapter of twenty pages on The Great West. More reliable than so popular a book usually is.

Henderson, John G. Early History of the “Sangamon Country,” being Notes on the first Settlements in the Territory now comprised within the Limits of Morgan, Scott and Cass Counties. Davenport, Iowa: Day, Egbert & Fidlar, 1873. 33 pp.

Of great interest for a study of early troubles with the Indians. Treats of East vs. South in Illinois and of Regulators. Deals almost exclusively with the period before 1830. Compiled largely from interviews with old settlers, hence not wholly reliable.

Hinsdale, Burke Aaron. The Old Northwest with a View of the thirteen Colonies as constituted by the royal Charters. New York: Townsend MacCoun, 1888. 8vo. 440 pp. 2d ed., rev. New York: Silver, Burdett & Co., 1899. $2.50.

In general only the boldest outlines of immigration to Illinois are sketched. The slavery struggle in Illinois (1822-24) is treated with comparative fullness. Criticism: Boston Herald, July 2, 1888.

Hoskins, Nathan. A History of the State of Vermont, from its Discovery and Settlement to the Close of the Year 1830. Vergennes: J. Shedd, 1831. 12 mo. 316 pp.

Tells of the unusually cold summer of 1816.

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Howe, Henry. Historical Collections of the great West: containing Narratives of the most important and interesting Events in western History—remarkable individual Adventures—Sketches of frontier Life—Descriptions of natural Curiosities: to which is appended historical and descriptive Sketches of Oregon, New Mexico, Texas, Minnesota, Utah and California. Cincinnati: Henry Howe, 1853. 8vo. 440 pp.

Compiled from a large number of sources, largely secondary.

Hubbard, George D. A Case of geographic Influence upon human Affairs. Pages 145-157 of Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, XXXVI., No. 3, March, 1904. Pub. by the Society, New York.

A scientific discussion of the effect of glaciation upon the character of the people of different portions of Illinois.

Hulbert, Archer Butler. Red-Men's Roads. The Indian Thoroughfares of the central West. Columbus, Ohio: Fred J. Heer & Co., 1900. 37 pp.

The book has many maps and is a help toward an understanding of the ways by which early settlers reached Illinois.

Hynes, Rev. Thomas W. History of a Century. An Address delivered at Greenville, Bond Co., Ill., on July 4, 1876.

A newspaper clipping, bound, without the name of the paper from which it was taken, in Illinois Local History Pamphlets, V., in Library of the Wisconsin State Historical Society. It contains a valuable historical letter from Mrs. Almira Morse, a resident as early as 1820.

Illinois. Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois. Chicago and New York: Munsell Pub. Co., 1900. 608 pp.

Edited by Newton Bateman, LL. D., and Paul Selby, A. M. Much more reliable than many books of the same literary type.

International Monthly. Burlington, Vt., IV., 794-820. See Turner, Frederick Jackson.

James, Edmund Janes, and Loveless, Milo J. A Bibliography of Newspapers published in Illinois prior to 1860. Springfield, Ill., Phillips Bros., State Printers, 1899. 94 pp.

A very valuable work. An appendix gives a list of the Illinois and Missouri [pg 245] papers (1808-1897) in the St. Louis Mercantile Library, while a second appendix enumerates the county histories of Illinois and tells where they may be found.

Johnson, Eric and Peterson, C. F. Svenskarne i Illinois. Chicago: W. Williamson, 1880. 471 pp.

Chiefly valuable for a later period. The salient points of early Illinois history are canvassed.

Kingdom, William, Jr. America and the British Colonies, an abstract of all the most useful Information relative to the United States of America, and the British Colonies of Canada, the Cape of Good Hope, New South Wales, and Van Diemen's Island. London: G. and W. B. Whittaker, 1820. 16mo. 359 pp.

Pages 61-73 describe Illinois and give some judicious advice to emigrants. Conservative, but not cynical. Entire pages are reprinted from other authors, notably Fearon, without the use of quotation marks.

Kingston, Hon. John T. Early Western Days. (In Wis. Hist. Coll., VII., 297-344). Madison, Wis.: E. B. Bolens, 1876.

Gives a short account of the slavery struggle in Illinois in 1822-24.

—— Slavery in Illinois. Necedah, Wis.: Necedah Republican. 6 pp. Reprinted, without date, in pamphlet form. In Library of State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

A very short sketch of slavery in Illinois from its introduction in 1719-20.

Kirkland, Joseph. The Story of Chicago. Chicago: Dibble Pub. Co., 1892. 470 pp.

The book makes large reference to authorities and is in consequence valuable for reference.

KÖrner, Gustav. Das deutsche Element in den Vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika, 1818-1848. Cincinnati: A. E. Wilde & Co., 1880. 16mo. 461 pp.

The 12th chapter (pp. 244-81) treats of German settlement in Illinois. Tells of the first German and Swiss settlements in the state. Naturally this chapter and the work as a whole is largely concerned with a period later than 1830.

Law, Judge John. Address delivered before the Vincennes Historical and Antiquarian Society, February 22, 1839. Louisville, [pg 246] Ky.: Prentice & Weissinger, 1839. 48 pp. Enlarged and reprinted as The colonial History of Vincennes. Vincennes: Harvey, Mason & Co., 1858. 156 pp.

Of great value on account of its description of Clark's campaign, and its notes on Mermet, Gibault, Hamilton, Tecumseh, La Balme, and on the public lands.

Lawrence, John. The History of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ. Dayton, Ohio: W. J. Shuey, 1868. 2 vols. I., vi.+416; II., vii.+431 pp.

The book contains many facts concerning early emigration and settlement. Its bearing on early Illinois history is, however, slight.

Leaton, Rev. James. History of Methodism in Illinois, from 1793 to 1832. Cincinnati: Walden & Stowe, 1883. 410 pp.

Very interesting notes on Peter Cartwright, Jesse Walker, and other pioneers.

Lee, Francis Bagley. New Jersey as a Colony and as a State. New York: The Publishing Soc. of New Jersey, 1902. 4 vols. I., 422; II., 456; III., 400; IV., 402 pp.

The work is superbly printed and illustrated and contains a vast amount of information, but is totally lacking in bibliography or references, except a few indications in the index to the illustrations.

LÖher, Franz. Geschichte und ZustÄnde der Deutschen in Amerika. Cincinnati: Eggers & Wulkop, 1847. v.+544 pp.

The chapters of especial interest to us are “AusstrÖmen der Yankees,” pp. 237-41; “Einwanderung von 1815 bis 1830,” pp. 253-58; “Die Wohnsitze” (Illinois and Missouri), pp. 337-40. The author cites many authorities, and his book is of very great value in the study of the assimilation of an expatriated people.

Lothrop, J. S. J. S. Lothrop's Champaign County (Ill.) Directory for 1870-1, with History of the same, and of each Township therein. Chicago: J. S. Lothrop, 1871.

Tells a great many things—several of which are false—concerning the early period of Illinois history.

Lusk, D. W. Eighty Years of Illinois Politics and Politicians, Anecdotes and Incidents. A succinct History of the State, 1809-1889. 3d ed. Revised and enlarged. Springfield, Ill.: H. W. Rokker, 1889. 609+109 pp.

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The 609 pages are political. The 109 pages have a great interest, dealing as they do with the beginnings of Illinois. Secondary sources are largely quoted. Not exact enough for critical work, yet very suggestive.

M'Afee, Robert B. History of the late War in the Western Country, comprising a full Account of all the Transactions in that Quarter, from the Commencement of Hostilities at Tippecanoe, to the Termination of the Contest at New Orleans on the Return of Peace. Lexington, Ky.: Worsley & Smith, 1816. 8vo. 534 pp.

Very rare. In the Chicago Historical Society Library. A valuable book. Describes the attack on Fort Dearborn in 1812.

Mackenzie, E. An historical, topographical, and descriptive View of the United States of America, and of Upper and Lower Canada ... the present State of Mexico and South America, and also of the native Tribes of the New World. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Mackenzie & Dent, 1819. viii. + 432 pp.

The four pages devoted to Illinois are interesting and fairly reliable, though scarcely up to date. The author mentions eighteen works used in compiling his book.

McLaughlin, Andrew C. Lewis Cass. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1891. 363 pp. $1.25.

Describes the expedition of General Cass to northern Illinois during the Sauk outbreak of 1827. Criticism: Nation, LIII., 204.

Marietta, O. Report of the Commissioners of the National Centennial Celebration of the Early Settlement of the Territory North West of the Ohio River, ... held at Marietta, O., July 15-19, inclusive, 1888. Columbus, O.: The Westbote Company, State Printers, 1889. 292 pp.

Contains many speeches of varying historical accuracy and importance.

Mason, Edward Gay. Chapters from Illinois History. Chicago: Herbert S. Stone, 1901. 322 pp.

Scholarly and accurate, and rich in citation of sources. Tells of Old Fort Chartres, John Todd's Record-Book, the march of the Spaniards across Illinois, and the Chicago massacre.

—— March of the Spaniards across Illinois. (In his Chapters of Illinois History, Chicago, 1901; also in Mag. of Am. Hist. N. Y., XV., 457-469, 1886.)

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Refers to a number of sources. The march is that of 1781 against St. Joseph.

Mather, Irwin F. The Making of Illinois. Chicago: A. Flanagan, 1900. 292 pp.

The work is strong in the number of subjects which it treats. The Illinois of our period is well covered. The bibliography cites many valuable sources, but no references are given in the body of the work. The date of the founding of the village of Kaskaskia is given as 1695—a confusion of the mission on the Illinois River with the later village of the same name.

Mayo, A. D. Western Emigration and Western Character. (Christian Examiner, N. Y., LXXXII., 265-82, 1867.)

The subject is well treated, but the value of the article for our purpose is not so great as it would have been if confined to the early period.

Meigs, William M. The Life of Thomas Hart Benton. Philadelphia and London: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1904. 535 pp.

The work throws much light upon the policy of the United States in regard to the sale of public lands, and the attitude of the West towards that policy.

Melish, John. A geographical Description of the United States, with the contiguous British and Spanish Possessions. Philadelphia: John Melish, 1816. 182 pp.

A trifle over one page is devoted to Illinois. Of interest only as showing what was presented to the East at the time concerning Illinois. Melish was a professional map and gazetteer maker. His work typifies that of the geographers of the time, who described the world with marvelous audacity.

—— A geographical Description of the United States, with the contiguous Countries, including Mexico and the West Indies. Philadelphia: John Melish, 1822. v.+491 pp.

Seven pages are devoted to Illinois. The description of several Illinois towns is useful. This was a second and much improved edition of the author's similar work of 1816.

—— Information and Advice to Emigrants to the United States: and from the Eastern to the Western States: illustrated by a Map of the United States and a Chart of the Atlantic Ocean. Philadelphia: John Melish, 1819. 12mo. v.+144 pp.

An entire chapter of twenty six pages is devoted to Birkbeck's settlement in Illinois. The map shows several routes in Illinois, but it must have been old. The book is a good type of its class.

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Moore, Charles. The Northwest under three Flags, 1635-1796. New York: Harper & Bros., 1900. xxiii. + 402 pp.

Many facts concerning the Illinois of the period are given. This work is of considerable historical value. References to sources, although not abundant, are helpful.

Moses, John. Illinois, historical and statistical. Comprising the essential Facts of its Planting and Growth as a Province, County, Territory, and State. Derived from the most authentic Sources, including original Documents and Papers. Together with carefully prepared statistical Tables.... Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1889-93. 2 vols. 1316 pp.

The author was secretary and librarian of the Chicago Historical Society. His work is perhaps the best that has appeared.

Mowry, William Augustus. The territorial Growth of the United States. New York: Silver, Burdett & Co., 1902. 225 pp.

The chapter on the Northwest Territory tells of various cessions of land comprised in the present Illinois.

Murat, Achille. America and the Americans. New York: William H. Graham, 1849. Duodecimo. vii. + 260 pp.

Too late in date to be of much service, although some valuable suggestions as to the social and political development of the frontier can be obtained. The writer was an acute observer. He treats politics, slavery, society, religion, justice, etc. The book was written about 1829. Describes customs and extra legal proceedings in the West.

Nashville, Tennessee, History of, with full Outline of the natural Advantages.... Nashville, Tenn.: Pub. House of the M. E. Church, South, 1890. 656 pp.

Tells of passage of emigrants from North Carolina to Illinois in 1780, of French traders from Illinois to Tennessee in 1779, of Tennesseeans getting head rights from George Rogers Clark.

North American Review, Boston.

Volume LI., 92-140 (July, 1840) has an exhaustive review of Peck's Gazetteer of Illinois. The review is probably of much more historical interest than the Gazetteer.

Palmer, B. M. Slavery in Illinois. (Dubuque semi-weekly Telegraph, Tues., Sept. 19, 1899.)

[pg 250]

Gives the bill of sale, taken from the county records of Jo Daviess County, Ill., and executed in that county in 1830, of a negro mother and child.

Patterson, Robert Wilson. Early Society in southern Illinois. Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1879. Pp. 103-131 of Fergus historical Series No. 14.

A characterization, in general terms, of early Illinois society, its manners and its origin. This was a lecture read before the Chicago Historical Society, Oct. 19, 1880.

Peck, Rev. John Mason, Editor. “Father Clark” or the Pioneer Preacher. Sketches and Incidents of Rev. John Clark, by An Old Pioneer. New York: Sheldon, Lamport & Blakeman, 1855. 287 pp.

Gives considerable religious and Indian material for Illinois history from 1790 to 1833, but chiefly on the earlier part of that period.

—— An historical Sketch of the early American Settlements in Illinois, from 1780-1800. Read before the Ill. State Lyceum, at its anniversary, Aug. 16, 1832. (Western monthly Mag., I., 73-83. Feb. 1833.)

Popular, but of some value.

Post, Rev. T. M. [Author of pp. 93-102.] Contributions to the ecclesiastical History of Connecticut; prepared under the Direction of the General Association, to commemorate the Completion of one hundred and fifty Years since its first annual Assembly. New Haven: Wm. L. Kingsley, 1861. xiv. + 562 pp.

A symposium. The article by Rev. Mr. Post is on “The Mission of Congregationalism at the West.” It is suggestive on the moral effects of frontier life.

Powell, J. W., Director. Eighteenth annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1896-97. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1899. Part 2. Indian land Cessions in the United States compiled by Charles C. Royce, with an Introduction by Cyrus Thomas. 521-997 pp. and 67 plates.

Valuable. The work was used in preparing the outline maps of Indian cessions contained in this work.

[pg 251]

Reid, Harvey. Biographical Sketch of Enoch Long, an Illinois Pioneer. Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1884. 134 pp. This is Volume II. of the Chicago Historical Society's Collections.

Mr. Long visited St. Louis and resided at Alton and Galena before 1827. The book is of great interest on account of its notes on the methods of travel and the extent of Illinois settlements at that date.

Reynolds, John. Belleville in January, 1854. A 12-page pamphlet, printed without place, publisher, or date. In Library of Wisconsin State Historical Society.

Tells of the laying out of the city in the cornfield of George Blair, in 1814.

—— A biographical Sketch. (Western Journal and Civilian, XV., 100-114).

Gives glimpses of early travel and of pioneer life.

—— The pioneer History of Illinois, containing the Discovery, in 1673, and the History of the Country to the Year 1818. Belleville, Ill.: N. A. Randall, 1852. 2d ed., with portrait, notes and index, Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1887. 459 pp.

Contains much valuable biographical material, and describes the life of the early settlers in a clear way. Criticism: Draper MSS., Z 13, 14.

Roosevelt, Theodore. The Winning of the West. New York: G. W. Putnam's Sons, 1889-96. Vols. I.-IV.. I., xiv. + 352: II., 427; III., 339: IV., 363 pp.

Valuable, although bearing marks of haste in preparation. Criticism: Am. Hist. Rev., II., 171.

Sanborn, Edwin David. History of New Hampshire, from its Discovery to the Year 1830. Manchester, N. H.: John B. Clarke, 1875. 422 pp.

Describes the unusually cold summer of 1816 and its effect upon western migration. The book is written in an extremely disconnected style, and is without index, references, or bibliography.

Sergeant, Thomas, Esq. View of the land Laws of Pennsylvania. With Notices of its early History and Legislation. Philadelphia: James Kay, Jr., and Brother. Pittsburgh: John I. Kay & Co., 1838. 13 + 203 pp.

Valuable for ascertaining the price at which Pennsylvania public lands, which competed with government lands in the West, were sold.

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Shaler, Nathaniel Southgate. Kentucky. A pioneer Commonwealth. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1885. viii. + 433 pp.

Useful as giving an insight into the character of a neighboring state from which many of the early settlers of Illinois came. One of the best of the American Commonwealths series.

Shea, John Gilmary. History of the Catholic Church in the United States, 1808-1843. New York: John G. Shea, 1890. vii. + 731 pp.

References to Illinois are very few, but are important. The volume is the third in the author's four-volumed History of the Catholic Church in the United States.

Siebert, Wilbur Henry. The Underground Rail Road from Slavery to Freedom; with an Introduction by Albert Bushnell Hart. New York; The Macmillan Co., 1898. viii. + iii. + 478 pp.

Has notes of great interest on the U. G. R. R. in Illinois before 1830. Criticism: Am. Hist. Rev., IV., 557.

Smith, Theodore Clarke. The Liberty and Free Soil Parties in the Northwest. New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1897. vii. + 351 pp. (Harvard Hist. Studies, VI.)

A well-written book, but only the first chapter concerns the period before 1830. This chapter is, however, well worth attention.

Steinhard, S. Deutschland und sein Volk. Gotha: Hugo Scheube, 1856-7. 2 vols. I., x. + 658; II., 826 pp.

Pages 28-46 of volume II. are on the Germans in the United States and contain a few important facts, including statistics, for our period. The Vandalia (Ill.) settlement of 1820 is mentioned.

Stevens, Abel, LL. D. History of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States of America. New York: Phillips & Hunt, 1884. 4 vols. I., 423; II., 511; III., 510; IV., 522 pp.

The fourth volume of this history has interesting notes on Benjamin Young and Jesse Walker, respectively. These men came to Illinois as pioneer ministers; the former in 1804, the latter in 1806.

Strong, Moses M., A. M. History of the Territory of Wisconsin, from 1836 to 1848. Preceded by an Account of some Events [pg 253] during the Period in which it was under the Dominion of Kings, States or other Territories, previous to the Year 1836. Madison, Wis.: Democrat Printing Co., State Printers, 1885. 16mo. 637 pp.

A valuable book. Its chief interest for us is its sketches of early settlement in the Galena lead region.

Sulte, Benjamin. Histoire des Canadiens-FranÇais, 1608-1880. Montreal: Wilson & Cie., 1882-4. 8 vols. 8vo. About 160 pp. per vol. Montreal: Granger FrÈres. 40 parts, paper, $10; 4 vols, cloth.

Gives only slight attention to the French of Illinois. A popular work, but quite useful for a study of social institutions.

Summers, Thomas O. Biographical Sketches of eminent itinerant Ministers distinguished, for the most Part, as Pioneers of Methodism within the Bounds of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. Nashville, Tenn.: Southern Methodist Publishing House, 1859. 374 pp.

Pages 48-56 give a character sketch of Jesse Walker and an idea of the character of the men to whom he preached in Illinois in 1807.

Swayne, Wager. The Ordinance of 1787; and the War of 1861. An Address delivered before the N. Y. Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion. New York: C. G. Burgoyne, [c. 1893]. 90 pp.

Contains interesting notes on George Rogers Clark and on slavery in Illinois.

Thomson, John Lewis. Historical Sketches of the late War between the United States and Great Britain. Philadelphia: Thos. Desilver, 1816. 359 pp. 5th ed., 1818.

Contains one of the earliest accounts of the massacre at Fort Dearborn, August 15, 1812. The account is short, but tolerably correct. The work was reprinted in 1887 [Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co.], with a short account of the war with Mexico added. 656 pp.

Thompson, Zadock. History of the State of Vermont, from its earliest Settlement to the Close of the Year 1832. Burlington: Edward Smith, 1833. 12mo. 252 pp. Reprinted with natural Hist. of Vt. and Gazetteer of Vt. Burlington: Zadock Thompson, 1853. 8vo. 224+224+200+63 pp.

Describes the cold season of 1816-17.

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Thwaites, Reuben Gold. Early Lead-mining in Illinois and Wisconsin. Pages 191-196 of Am. Hist. Ass'n. Rep't., 1893. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1894.

Contains several interesting statements concerning the early history of the Galena region.

Tucker, George. Progress of the United States in Population and Wealth in fifty Years, as exhibited by the decennial Census. Boston: Little & Brown, 1843. 12mo. 211 pp.

The fifty years were 1790-1840. Very useful for material concerning the relative growth of different sections of the country.

Turner, Frederick Jackson. Middle West, The. International Monthly, IV., 794-820 (1901).

The article has a few suggestions that are of value for our period.

—— The Significance of the Frontier in American History. Pages 199-227 of Rep't. of Am. Hist. Ass'n., 1893.

Contains a valuable characterization of the French as colonizers.

Varney, George Jones. A brief History of Maine. Portland, Me.: McLellan, Mosher & Co., 1888. 336 pp.

Tells of the intense cold of 1816-17 and of the great Western exodus. A “Young People's History.” Popular. Without references.

Walker, Edwin Sawyer. History of the Springfield (Illinois) Baptist Association. Springfield, Ill.: H. W. Rokker, 1881. 140 pp.

Tells of the organization of the United Baptist Church, of Springfield, on July 17, 1830, with eight members.

Wallace, Joseph. The History of Illinois and Louisiana under the French Rule, embracing a general View of the French Dominion in North America, with some Account of the English Occupation of Illinois. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1893. vi. + 433 pp.

Contains a great deal of material. Usually, though not always, correct.

Warden, David Baillie. A statistical, political and historical Account of the U. S. of N. A.; from the period of their first Colonization to the present Day. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable & Co., 1819. 3 vols. 16mo. I., lxiv. + 552; II., 571; III., 588 pp.

[pg 255]

Pages 43-65 of Volume III. deal with Illinois exclusively. At the close of the chapter the author gives a bibliography for Illinois—five titles and two maps. A useful book.

Wentworth, Hon. John. Early Chicago. Two Lectures delivered April 11, 1875, and May 7, 1876, respectively. 48 and 56 pp. Nos. 8 and 7 of Fergus historical Series. Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1876.

The critical supplemental notes are of especial interest.

West, Mary Allen. A MS. Letter in the Illinois State Historical Library.

Tells the story of the coming of James Moore and his party from Virginia in 1781.

Western monthly Magazine. Conducted by James Hall. Cincinnati, I., 73-83. See Peck, Rev. John Mason.

White, Emma Siggins. Genealogy of the Descendants of John Walker of Wigton, Scotland, with Records and some fragmentary Notes pertaining to the History of Virginia, 1600-1902. Tiernan-Dart Printing Co., 1902. xxx. + 722 pp.

Valuable. Has original letters from Western emigrants. Suggests the great influx of people into Illinois in the third decade of the 19th century. Gives a good idea of the westward drift of population in the United States.

Whiton, John Milton. Sketches of the History of New-Hampshire, from its Settlement in 1623 to 1833. Concord: Marsh, Capen & Lyon, 1834. 222 pp.

Describes the great cold of 1816 and the great emigration to the West. An unimportant work, confessedly popular, and without references.

Wilbur, La Fayette. Early History of Vermont. Jericho, Vt.: Roscoe Printing House, 1899-1903. 4 vols. I., 362; II., 419; III., 397; IV., 463 pp.

Pages 162-3 of Volume III. tell of the unusual cold of 1816-17 and quote Governor Galusha's reference to the impending famine. No references are given.

Williams, George Washington. History of the Negro Race in America from 1619-1880. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1882. 2 vols. I., X. + 481; II., 611 pp. The two volumes are also issued as one.

[pg 256]

Gives some statistics concerning slaves in Illinois and notes on Illinois slavery legislation. The author was a negro.

Williamson, William Durkee. The History of the State of Maine: from its first Discovery, A. D. 1602, to the Separation, A. D. 1820. inclusive. Hallowell: Glazier, Masters & Co., 1832. 2 vols. I., iv. + 696; II., 729 pp.

Tells of the unusual cold of 1816-17 and of the great movement toward the West. Strong in citation of authorities. Much above the average of State histories of its time.

Wilson, Henry. History of the Rise and Fall of the slave Power in America. Boston: James R. Osgood & Co., 1872-7. 3 vols. I., vii. + 670; II., 720: III., 774 pp. Houghton. 3 vols.

Valuable material on slavery in Illinois. A strong work.

Winsor, Justin. The westward Movement: the Colonies and the Republic west of the Alleghanies, 1673-98; with full cartographical Illustrations from contemporary Sources. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1897. 595 pp.

Criticism: Am. Hist. Rev., III., 556.

Withers, Alexander Scott. Chronicles of border Warfare, or A History of the Settlement by the Whites, of North-western Virginia: and of the Indian Wars and Massacres, in that Section of the State. Clarksburg, Va.: Joseph Israel, 1831. 319+iv. pp. Very rare. Same. New ed., edited and annotated by Reuben Gold Thwaites. Cincinnati: Clarke, 1895.

A few references are to events in Illinois. Criticism: Am. Hist. Rev., I., 170.

Young, William T. Life and public Services of General Lewis Cass. 2d ed. Detroit: Markham & Elwood, 1852. 420 pp.

Tells of Gen. Cass' expedition to Illinois during the trouble with the Sauk Indians in 1827.

n class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left">or De Munbrun, ThimothÉ, 22, 41.

Detroit, land office at, 80;

mention, 190;

threatened by de la Balme, 35, 36.

Dickinson College, mention, 210.

Dixon's ferry. See Ogee's ferry.

Dodge, Capt. John, 22-23, 26-27, 67.

Ducharme, trader, 33.

Ducoigne, ——, 68.

Duncan, Joseph, 145.

Easton, Joseph, emigrant from England, 1633, 203.

Easton, Rufus, founder of Alton, 203;

political career, 204.

Edgar, John, career of, 174, 193, 194;

correspondence concerning anarchy in Illinois, 67;

land holdings of, 10, 101;

letter to St. Clair, 85.

Edwards, Ninian, appointed governor of Illinois Territory, 111, 113, 145;

in War of 1812, 107, 108;

message of 1828, 149;

on prices of public lands, 138;

political career of, 210;

wages offered by, 130.

Edwards county, Birkbeck's settlement in. See English Settlement.

Edwardsville, Bank of, 207;

public lands at, 105, 137.

Ellery, Abm. R., mention, 203.

Emancipation. See under Slavery.

Emigration and immigration, 127, 176 et seq.;

causes of:—from New England, 120,

from the South, 121, 189;

cost of, 124;

food supply for emigrants, 119, 133;

increase, 180;

opposition to immigration, 91.

English Settlement, The, 124, 157, 161, 169;

cost of transportation to, 100;

ships produce to New Orleans 154.

See also Birkbeck, Morris; also Flower, George.

Enos, Pascal Paoli, joint proprietor of Springfield, 205, 206.

Enos, Maj.-Gen. Roger, 206.

Ernst, Ferdinand, mention, 167.

Extinguishment of Indian land titles, 77, 79, 81, 109, 144, 146.

Falls of Ohio, 30, 64, 65, 160, 162.

See also under Health.

Illiteracy of French inhabitants, 13.

Immigration. See with Emigration.

Indentured servitude, 117, 176 et seq.

Indian agents, 134.

Indians, 11, 12;

employed by British, 32;

land cessions, maps: 1705-1801, 72;

1809-1818, 104;

1818-1830, 136;

reservations, 134, 135;

titles to land extinguished, 77, 79, 81, 109, 144, 146;

traders, 134;

tribes: Cahokias, 52;

Chickasaws, 73;

Chippewas, 134;

Foxes, 33, 81;

Kaskaskias, 12;

[pg 262]

Kickapoos, 110;

Menominees, 134;

Mitchas, 52;

Mitchigamias, 12;

Ottawas, 135;

Ouias, 29;

Peorias, 12, 52;

Piankashaws, 81;

Potawatomies, 134;

Sauks, 33, 81;

Sioux, 31;

Tamarois, 110;

Winnebagoes, 135.

Indiana, population, 91, 181;

route to, from North Carolina, 156;

slavery, 185.

Indiana Territory, divided, 81, 88, 89;

formed, 84.

Jacksonville, 156;

English emigrants at, 189.

Jarrott's mill, 167.

Jefferson, Thomas, mention, 203, 204.

Johnson, Capt. elected magistrate, 61.

Johnson, Col. R. M., 163.

Jones, John Rice, career of, 195, 196;

death, 196;

mention, 68;

with Clark, 54.

Jones, Rev. William, rep., 113.

Judges, election of, 17, 58, 111.

Judy, Samuel, leg. coun., 113.

Jurors paid, 58.

Jury, trial by, 60.

Justices of the peace, not paid, 23.

Kane, Elias K., 145.

Kaskaskia, bounty lands, 57;

court, 17, 19;

judicial district of, 44;

land office at, 103, 136, 137, 138, 143.

Kaskaskia Indians, 12.

Keel-boats, 125, 129;

rates, 161.

Kenton, Simon, 179.

Kentucky, emigration to Illinois, 189;

journey from, to Illinois, 1819, 155;

mention, 21, 24, 32, 33, 189;

population, 1790, 1800, 1810, 91, 93;

1820, 181.

Kentucky boats, 93, 94.

Priests, French, emigrate from Illinois, 68.

Pro-slavery agitation. See under Slavery.

Provisions, scarcity of, 21-23, 25, 28.

Public lands, donated for schools and internal improvements, 142;

price of in various states, 103, 104, 105;

proceeds of sales applied to roads and schools, 116;

receipts from sale of, 143;

sales in Illinois, 77, 81, 105, 106, 137, 143;

sales in other states, 103, 104, 144;

tax regulations of, up to 1818, 130.

Public morals, 28, 29.

Publications. See Books, Newspapers.

Quebec, Bishop of, pastoral letter, 1767, 12.

Randolphs, The, mention, 209.

Randolph county, formed, 75 n., 83;

slaves in, 180.

Rangers, volunteer for guard service, 108, 109.

Regulators of the Valley, 147.

Religious denominations, 172 et seq.

Reynolds, Gov. John, 145, 196.

Richland Creek, settlement, 78.

River craft, 93, 94, 126, 129.

RiviÈre du Chemin, fight at, 37.

Roads, 86, 116, 153 et seq.;

Illinois settlements to Galena, 151;

repairs, 158;

Shawneetown to Birkbeck's settlement, 157;

to Kaskaskia, Cahokia and St. Louis, 101, 102, 157;

Vandalia to Springfield, 157.

See also under Illinois; also Toll roads.

Rock river, 152.

Rock Spring Seminary (Shurtleff College) founded by Baptists in 1827, 174.

[pg 265]

Rogers, Capt. ——, defense of, 28, 29.

Roosevelt, Theodore, “Winning of the West,” 9.

Rush, Benjamin, mention, 195.

St. Clair, Gov. Arthur, 10, 64;

at Kaskaskia, 69;

establishes counties, 83;

president of Congress, 54.

St. Clair, James, 74.

St. Clair, John Murray, 10, 193.

St. Clair, William, 74.

St. Clair county, divided, 83;

formed, 75 n., 82.

St. Josephs, expedition against, 37, 38.

St. Louis, attacked by British, 33;

population of, 1817, 132;

Treaty of, 1804, 81.

St. Marie, Joseph, goods confiscated by Spanish, 63.

St. Philips, inhabitants of, 12.

St. Pierre,

Illustration: Map of Illinois Country.

“Jour. H. of Del.,” Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 106-7; “Jour. of Senate,” Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 52.

Erroneous statements concerning the time of the formation of the County of Illinois have been made by Winsor, “Westward Movement,” 122; Poole, in Winsor, “Narrative and Crit. Hist. of Am.,” VI., 729; Thwaites, “How George Rogers Clark Won the Northwest,” 64; Boyd, in “Am. Hist. Rev.,” IV., 623; Mason, in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 286; Pirtle, “Clark's Campaign in the Ill.,” 5; Moore, “The Northwest Under Three Flags,” 220; Wallace, “Hist, of Ill. and La. Under French Rule,” 402; Butler, “Hist. of Ky.,” 1836 ed., 64; and others. Roosevelt's indefinite statement that the county was formed “in the fall of 1778”—“Winning of the West,” II., 168—is technically correct. Kate Mason Rowland truthfully says—“George Mason,” I., 307, 308—that a committee was ordered to prepare a bill for the formation of the county, on November 19, 1778, and that such a bill was presented on November 30. Butterfield says—“George Rogers Clark's Conquest of the Ill.,” 681-6—that the Act was passed between the 10th of November and the 12th of December, 1778. It is true that the bill in its final amended form passed both houses on December 9, was signed by the Speaker of the Senate on December 17, and subsequently, if at all, by the Speaker of the House of Delegates. On the 12th of December, Governor Patrick Henry issued three important sets of instructions in accordance with the provisions of the Act creating the County of Illinois. As the signing of the bill by the Speakers was mandatory after its passage, it is easy to understand the issuance of these instructions previous to the signing. It is almost impossible to conceive that Governor Henry, who showed marked interest in the Western frontier, should first have begun to issue orders at least six weeks after the county was formed, as is implied by the date commonly given for its formation. For the legislative history of the act, see “Jour. H. of Del.,” Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 65, 72, 79-80, 91, 96, 106-7; “Jour. of Senate,” Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 70-1.

“Jour. H. of Del.” Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 72; “Hening's Statutes,” IX., 553.

“Public Lands,” II., 204, 206-9.

The Illinois and Wabash Land companies, which had several members in common, united in 1780. After a long series of memorials to Congress, the Supreme Court of the United States, in 1823, decided that “a title to land, under grant to private individuals, made by Indian tribes or nations, northwest of the river Ohio, in 1773 and 1775, can not be recognized in the courts of the United States”—8 “Wheaton,” 543-605. In general see: “Pub. Lands,” I., 24, 27, 72, 74, 160, 189, 301; II., 108-20, 138, 253; “Sen. Jour.,” 1793-99, 317, 326; Ibid., “2d Cong.,” 165; “Va. Calendar State Papers,” I., 314; “Jour. of Cong.,” III., 676-7, 681; IV., 23; “An Account of the Proceedings of the Ill. and Ouabache Land Companies,” 1-55, Phil'a, 1796; “Memorial of the Ill. and Wabash Land Company,” 1-26, Phil'a, 1797; “Memorial of the Ill. and Ouabache Land Companies,” 1802, 1-20; “An Account of the Proceedings of the Ill. and Ouabache Land Company,” 1-74, Phil'a, 1803; “Memorial of the United Ill. and Wabash Land Companies,” 1-48, Baltimore, 1816. For a map of the claims, see “Map of the State of Ky. with the Adjoining Territories,” 1794, pub. by H. D. Symonds; also a copy of the same published by Smith, Reid and Wayland, in 1795; and “States of America,” by J. Russell, London, C. Dilly and G. G. & J. Robinson, 1799. The last map gives the claims of the Ill., Wabash, and N. J. companies, respectively, the others, the claims of the last two only. All references here given are to material to be found in the libraries of the Chicago Historical Society and of the State Hist. Soc. of Wis.

Mother Mary of the Incarnation, of Quebec, in 1668. In “Glimpses of the Monastery.” “Scenes from the Hist. of the Ursulines of Quebec,” 1639-1839, “by a Member of the Community,” 90. Charlevoix, “Histoire de la Nouvelle-France,” III., 322, expressed a similar opinion in 1721, and Collot, “Journey in N. A.,” I., 232-3, shows that the Illinois French of 1796-7 were a case in point.

Pittman, “European Settlements on the Miss.,” 55. See pp. 42, 44, 45, 47, 48, for the settlement in detail.

Hutchins, “Topographical Desc. of Va.,” 36-8.

“Mandements des EvÊques de Quebec,” II., 1741-1806, 205-6.

Thwaites, “Early Western Travels,” I., 141, reprint of Croghan's Jour.

10.

“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 165; “Ind. Hist Soc. Pub.,” II., 513-4.

11.

“Public Lands,” I., 10.

12.

Two of the many maps illustrating this are in “Pub. Lands,” II., facing 183, 195. A number of maps in Hopkins', “The Home Lots of the Early Settlers of the Providence Plantations,” especially the one following page 17, show that the same form of holdings existed in Providence, R. I. For reasons for this form, see the note by Emma Helen Blair, in Thwaites', “Jesuit Relations,” IV., 268-9. Stiles, “Ancient Windsor,” I., 149, has a map showing such holdings in Windsor, Conn., 1633-1650.

13.

Monroe, “Writings,” I., 117; “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 483-92; Hutchins, “Topographical Desc. of Va.,” map facing 41; Collot, “A Journey in N. A.,” I., 239-42, describes the roads in Illinois in 1796, and plate 28 of the accompanying atlas gives an excellent map, q. v. in pocket.

14.

“Draper Coll., Ill. MSS.,” 99.

15.

Harmar to Sec. of War from Fort Harmar, Nov. 24, 1787—“St. Clair Papers,” II., 30-1.

16.

Collot, “A Journey in N. A.,” I., 233.

17.

At the November session of 1738, Virginia had formed the County of Augusta, which technically included the Illinois country—“Hening's Statutes,” V., 78-80. For a map, see Waddell, “Annals of Augusta Co., Va.,” frontispiece.

18.

“Hening's Statutes,” IX., 117, 552-5; V., 489, 491.

19.

Henry, “Life of Patrick Henry,” III., 209-18.

20.

“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 312-14.

Col. John Todd, jr., was born March 27, 1750, in Pennsylvania. He was well educated by his uncle in Virginia, in which state young Todd practised law for some years. In 1775, he was one of the representatives chosen at the call of the proprietors of Transylvania to form an ultra-constitutional government for that new settlement. In 1777, he was one of the first two burgesses from the county of Kentucky. He was killed at the Battle of the Blue Licks, August 19, 1782. For biographical sketches see John Mason Brown, “Oration at the Centennial of the Battle of the Blue Licks,” 27-31; “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 285-8; Green, “Historic Families of Ky.,” 211; White, “Descendants of John Walker,” 56; “Filson Club Pub.” VI., 27-8; Morehead, “Settlement of Ky.,” 174. Morehead's facts were from R. Wickliffe, Todd's son-in-law, but this fact loses its significance from the circumstance that Todd's only living child was of posthumous birth.

21.

Henry, “Life of Patrick Henry,” III., 216-18.

22.

Ibid., 237.

23.

“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XLIX., 43, original MS. in French.

24.

“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 295.

25.

“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 294-6, 418; “Mich. Pioneer Coll.,” IX., 498.

A Mr. Winston, probably Richard, was in Illinois in 1770, and was regarded as an authority on the prices of cattle, as is shown by the court records. In 1773, upon the occasion of the purchase of land from the Kaskaskia Indians, by the Illinois Land Company, Richard Winston was at Kaskaskia, and interpreted in French to the illiterate Indian interpreter of His Majesty what the company desired to say to the Indians—“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 435; “An Account of the Proceedings of the Ill. and Ouabache Land Companies,” 1796, 14. Richard Winston was one of the original Indiana Company—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” VI., 18, 35.

26.

“Hening's Statutes,” X., 26, 32, 43, 161.

27.

“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 301; “Pub. Lands,” I., 16.

28.

Todd to Winston, June 15, 1779—“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 302; Todd to Judges at Kaskaskia, July 31, 1779—Ibid., 304; McCarty to Todd, from Cahokia, July 18, 1779—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XLIX., 72, original MS.; McCarty to Montgomery, from Cahokia, Sept. 19, 1779,—Ibid., XLIX., 71, original MS.

Richard McCarty had been a resident of Cahokia under British rule and had warned the British against American encroachments. He was licensed to trade by the county government upon the recommendation of the court of the District of Cahokia, June 5, 1779—“Mich. Pioneer Coll.,” IX., 368, 383; “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 296-7-8.

29.

Capt. John Williams to G. R. Clark, from Fort Clark, Kaskaskia, Sept. 25, 1779—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XLIX., 73, original MS.

30.

Todd to Col. Will Fleming, senator from Botetourt, from Kaskaskia, Aug. 18, 1779—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XXIII, 103, original MS.

31.

Todd to Gov. of Va., from Kaskaskia, Aug. 18, 1779—“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 319.

32.

Capt. John Williams to Col. Wm. Preston, from Ft. Clark, Kaskaskia, Sept. 20, 1779—“Draper Coll., Preston Papers.” V., 9, original MS.

Montgomery to Clark, from Ft. Clark, Kaskaskia, Oct. 5, 1779—Ibid., “Clark MSS.,” XLIX., 78, original MS.

33.

Shelby to Clark, from Vincennes, Oct. 10, 1779—Ibid., XLIX., 79, original MS.; Montgomery to Clark, from Ft. Clark, Kaskaskia, Nov. 15, 1779—Ibid., XLIX., 85, original MS.

34.

Montgomery to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Feb. 1, 1780—“Draper Coll. Clark MSS.,” L., 9, original MS.; Clark to Todd, from Louisville, March, 1780—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 338-9; John McArthur from Ste. Genevieve, Mo., Oct. 22, 1883—“Draper Coll. Clark MSS.,” VIII., 27.

I have been unable to determine just when Col. Todd left Illinois, whether he resigned as county-lieutenant, and whether he again returned. Boyd in his article in the “Am. Hist. Rev.,” IV., says that he left in 1780, resigned in the same year, and apparently did not return. Mason, in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 287, says that he seems to have left in 1779, seems not to have resigned, and not to have returned. Wickliffe, in Morehead, “Settlement of Ky.,” 174, implies that he did not resign, and says that he several times revisited the county. No one of these writers gives any authority for his statement and I have found none. It is certain that Todd was at the Falls of Ohio on December 23, 1779; that he then wrote to the governor of Virginia expressing his intention of resigning; that the governor, Jefferson, strongly opposed his resigning—“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 359; that he left some peltry in the joint care of his subordinates, Montgomery and Winston, in November, 1779; that goods were said to be consigned to him as county-lieutenant of Illinois in November, 1780; that he wrote “I still receive complaints from the Illinois,” on April 15, 1781; that on April 29, 1781, Winston was referred to as “Deputy County-Lieutenant for the Illinois County;” and that ThimothÉ Demunbrunt signed as “Lt. Comd. par interim, &c.” in February and again in March, 1782—“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 315-16, 335, 343, 359; “Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,” III., 40-4.

35.

Edward Murray to ——, from Kaskaskia, Apr. 19, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XLVI., 52, original MS. John Dodge had been an Indian trader between Detroit and Pittsburg. He was captured by the British, but escaped on Oct. 9, 1778, after thirty-three months detention. Washington recommended him to Congress as a man who would be useful because of his knowledge of the country—“Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,” VI., 153-5.

36.

Unsigned and unaddressed, from “Williamsburg, Jan. 28, 1780”—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” I., 5, original MS.

37.

Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Apr. 13, 1788—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” I., 386-7.

38.

Clark to Todd from Louisville, Mar., 1780—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 338-9; see also pp. 358, 360.

Unsigned and unaddressed official letter, from Williamsburg, Jan. 28, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 5, original MS.

39.

Dodge to Gov. of Va., from Ft. Jefferson, Aug. 1, 1780—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 368.

40.

Todd to Gov. Jefferson, from Richmond, June 2, 1780—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 358; Address from the people of Cahokia to G. R. Clark, April 11, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 27, original MS. in French.

41.

Legras to Clark, from Vincennes, Aug. 1, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 54, original MS. in French.

42.

“Hening's Statutes,” X., 303, 388-9.

43.

Extract from McCarty's journal, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 14, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 66; McCarty to Col. Slaughter, Jan. 27, 1781—“Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,” III., 1, 2; incomplete in “Cal. of Va. State Papers.” I., 465; Montgomery to McCarty, between Aug. 27 and Aug. 30, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 66, 68; Ibid., L., 70, original MS.

44.

McCarty to Todd, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 14, 1780—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” L., 380.

45.

Winston to Todd, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 24, 1780—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 380-2.

46.

Winston to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 24, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 71, original MS.; “Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,” II., 136-40; Helm to Slaughter, from Fort Jefferson, Oct. 29, 1780—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 383; Williams to Clark, from Camp Jefferson, Oct. 28, 1780—Ibid., I., 383.

47.

Montgomery to Jefferson, from New Orleans, Jan. 8, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 424-5.

48.

“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” VIII., 78.

49.

Todd to Gov. Jefferson, from Lexington, Ky., Jan. 24, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 460.

50.

“Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,” II., 158.

51.

Rogers to Gov. Jefferson, from Harrodsburg, Apr. 29, 1781—“Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,” III., 40-4; incomplete in “Cal. of Va. State Papers,” II., 76-7. Rogers refers to Winston as “Deputy County Lieutenant for the Illinois County.” Who was county-lieutenant?

52.

Slaughter to Gov. Jefferson, from Louisville, Jan. 14, 1781—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” LI., 12, original MS.; Maj. Williams's orders, endorsed “pretended orders,” from Fort Clark, Kaskaskia, Feb. 12, 1781.

53.

Clark to Gov. of Va., from “Yough,” Mar. 27, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 597.

54.

Montgomery to Gov. of Va., from Falls of Ohio, Aug. 10, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” II., 313; Montgomery to the Board of Commissioners for the Settlement of Western Accounts, from New Holland, Feb. 22, 1783—Ibid., III., 441-4.

55.

Todd to Gov. Jefferson, from Lexington, Ky., Apr. 15, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” II., 44-5.

56.

“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” LX., 17, No. 2; Maj. de Peyster to Brig.-Gen. Powell, from Detroit, July 12, 1781—“Mich. Pioneer Coll.,” XIX., 646.

57.

“Can. Archives,” Series B., Vol. 182, 489; “Rept. on Can. Archives,” 1888, 882.

58.

Montgomery to Gov. Nelson, from Falls of Ohio, Aug. 10, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” II., 313; Same to same, same date—Ibid., II., 315.

59.

Capt. Bailey to Col. Slaughter, from “Port Vincennes,” Aug. 6, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” II., 338.

60.

“Jour. H. of Del.,” Va., Oct. Sess., 1781, 13-39.

61.

Ibid., 72, 73, 74. Boyd states in “Am. Hist. Rev.,” IV., 632, 635, that the county ceased to exist in 1781. This is erroneous. Mr. Boyd's article is the most scholarly treatment of the County of Illinois which has been published. Aside from the errors as to the time of the beginning and the ending of the county, and doubtful statements as to Todd's leaving Illinois and subsequently resigning, no errors of fact have been noted. A more complete, but unpublished, article on the subject is by Dr. Edith Lyle.

62.

Sinclair to Haldim, from Michilimackinac, Feb. 17, 1780—“Mich. Pioneer Coll.,” IX., 546; Same to same, May 29, 1780—Ibid., IX., 548-9; Same to De Peyster, Feb. 15, 1780—Ibid., XIX., 500-1; Same to Lt.-Col. Bolton, June 4, 1780—Ibid., XIX., 529; De Peyster to Lt.-Col. Bolton, from Detroit, June 8, 1780—Ibid., XIX., 531-2; McKee to De Peyster, June 4, 1780—Ibid., XIX., 530-1; Bird to De Peyster, from “a day's march from the Ohio,” June 3, 1780—Ibid., XIX., 527-9.

63.

Sinclair to Bolton, from Michilimackinac, July 4, 1780—“Mich. Pioneer Coll.,” XIX., 529-30; Same to Haldimand, July 8, 1780—Ibid., IX., 558-9; Same to same, May 29, 1780—Ibid., IX., 548-9; Same to De Peyster, July 30, 1780—Ibid., IX., 586; “Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XXVIII., No. 117, p. 6; Scharf to Lyman C. Draper, from Baltimore, Dec. 16, 1882—Ibid., p. 7; Capt. John Rogers' account—Ibid., p. 3; Capt. John Murphy's account—Ibid., VIII., 66-78; See also Ibid., XXVI., 18.

64.

“Rept. on Canadian Archives,” 1888, p. 904; “Mag. of Am. Hist.,” III., 366.

65.

Bentley to Clark, from Vincennes, July 30, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 51. A copy, incomplete and not exact, is in Ibid., XXVI., 85.

66.

Extracts from Capt. McCarty's Journal, at Kaskaskia—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XXVI., 85-6; McCarty to Todd, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 14, 1780—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 380; Winston to Todd, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 24, 1780—Ibid., I., 381-2; Auguste St. Jemme, son of an inhabitant of Kaskaskia, to Lyman C. Draper—“Draper's Notes, Trip 1851,” I., 48-9—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XXVI., 82.

67.

De Peyster to Powell, from Detroit, Nov. 13, 1780—“Mich. Pioneer Coll.,” XIX., 581; Same to Haldimand, Nov. 16, 1780—Ibid., X., 448-9; Linctot to Slaughter, “O'Post,” Jan. 11, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 429; J. L. William to Lyman C. Draper, from Fort Wayne, Ind., Oct. 1, 1881—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XXVI., 92; McCarty to Slaughter, from Ill., Jan. 27, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers” I., 465; Col. Brodhead to Washington, from Fort Pitt, Mar. 10, 1781, “Olden Time,” II., 391; Col. Levin Powell, from Harrodsburg, Jan. 21, 1781—“Pa. Archives,” VIII., 768; De Peyster to Haldimand, from Detroit, Nov. 13, 1780, Farmer, “Hist. of Detroit and Michigan,” 257; Letter from J. M. P. Legras, from Vincennes, Dec. 1, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 77, original corrected draft; “Rept. on Canadian Archives,” 1888, 904-5; extract from “Scot's Magazine,” May, 1781, in “Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XXVI., 82. Whether La Balme had any countenance from either the French government or its representatives is an unsettled question. That France should regain her hold in America was desired by many Frenchmen, but on the other hand, the French government was pledged by its treaty of alliance to make no acquisitions of territory in America. The following references raise the question, but I know of none which settle it: Kingsford, “Canada,” VI., 342-3; Sparks, “Washington,” VI., 106 ff., 113; Stevens, “Facsimiles,” XVII., No. 1609; “Secret Jour. of Cong.,” II., 111-117, 125.

68.

Haldimand to De Peyster, from Quebec, Jan. 6, 1781—“Mich. Pioneer Coll.,” IX., 641.

69.

This amounts to but sixteen men. De Peyster says that the party was one of sixteen; McCarty says there were seventeen.

70.

McCarty to Slaughter, from Ill., Jan. 27, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 465; Sinclair to Mathews, from Michilimackinac, Feb. 23, 1781—“Mich. Pioneer Coll.,” IX., 629; De Peyster to Powell, from Detroit, Jan. 8, 1781—Ibid., XIX., 591-2; Same to Haldimand, same date—Ibid., X., 450-1; Same to McKee, from Detroit, Feb. 1, 1781—De Peyster, “Miscellanies,” p. xxvi.; Linctot to commanding officer at the Falls of Ohio, “Opost Vincennes,” Jan. 13, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 432; Draper on date of the expedition, “Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XXVI., 88; De Peyster to Powell, from Detroit, Mar. 17, 1781—“Mich. Pioneer Coll.,” XIX., 600; Sinclair to Powell, from Michilimackinac Id., May 1, 1781—Ibid., XIX., 632; “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 216.

71.

Jay to Livingston, from Madrid, Apr. 28, 1782—“Secret Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 64; or Wharton, “Dipl. Corr. of the Am. Rev.,” V., 363-4; or Sparks, Ibid., VIII., 76-8; McCarty to Slaughter, from Ill., Jan. 27, 1781—“Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,” III., 1-2; incomplete copy in “Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 465; Linctot to commanding officer at Falls of Ohio, from Vincennes, Jan. 13, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 432; Franklin to Livingston, from Passy, Apr. 12, 1782—Sparks, “Dipl. Corr. of the Am. Rev.,” III., 339. See also Ibid., VIII., 150; Sparks, “Franklin's Works,” IX., 206, Boston, 1856.

72.

Linctot to ——, from St. Louis, July 31, 1781—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” LI., 75, original MS. in French; Gratiot to Clark, from St. Louis, Aug. 1, 1781—Ibid., LI., 77, original MS. in French.

73.

This chapter was read, by request, before the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters, on February 8, 1906.

74.

In Council, Jan. 29, 1782—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XLVI., 69, original MS.

75.

Demunbrunt to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Mar. 5, 1782—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 70; LI., 25, original MS. Demunbrunt, whose name also appears as Demunbrun and De Munbrun, was prominent in early Illinois history. Records signed by him as Lieutenant Commandant par interim appear in “John Todd's Record-Book” under the dates June 14, 1779, Feb'y, 1782, and March 22, 1782. In 1783, 1784, and probably at other dates he made grants of land in the Illinois country. He served under Clark. From the time Winston was appointed to the command of the County of Illinois, until the coming of St. Clair, Demunbrunt was “commandant of the village of Kaskaskia and its dependencies.” He had important dealings with an embassy from the Cherokee Indians. He was allowed land under the Virginia grants. In his memorial to the General Assembly, he said: “Your memorialist, little acquainted with the mode of doing business in this State, never kept a regular account, depending altogether on the justice and generosity of the Legislature”—“Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,” V., 15-18; “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 315-16; “Pub. Lands,” II., 146.

76.

Todd to Winston, June 15, 1779, in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 302; Legras to Clark, from Vincennes, Dec. 31, 1782—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” LII., 67, original MS.; “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 289.

77.

Letter from Capt. Dodge, from Kaskaskia, Mar. 6, 1783—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” LX., No. 3, p. 48.

78.

Dodge to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Mar. 3, 1783—Ibid., LII., 78.

79.

Officers to Clark, from Ft. Nelson, Falls of Ohio, March 30, 1783—Ibid., LII., 80.

80.

Montgomery to Board of Commissioners, from New Holland, Feb. 22, 1783—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” III., 441-4.

81.

Board of Commissioners to Gov. Benjamin Harrison, from Jefferson county, Feb. 17, 1783—“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 350-1.

82.

Walker Daniel to Board of Commissioners, from New Holland, Feb. 3, 1783—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” III., 430-2.

83.

“Jour. of Cong.,” III., 383-5.

84.

“Jour. H. of Del.,” Va., May Sess., 1780, 25, 69, 70.

85.

Law, “The Colonial Hist. of Vincennes,” 1858, 117-8, gives a copy of the deed. For claims under such deeds see “Pub. Lands,” I., 294-8.

86.

“Pub. Lands,” I., 301.

87.

“Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 342-4.

88.

Ibid., IV., 379-80; Thwaites, “The Boundaries of Wisconsin,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” XI., 452, gives a map of Jefferson's proposed states.

89.

“Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 473, 477.

90.

John Edgar to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Nov. 7, 1785—“Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,” VI., 214-5.

91.

Petition to Clark, from Vincennes, Mar. 16, 1786—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” LIII., 23.

92.

Petition to Congress, from Vincennes, June 1, 1786—Ibid., LIII., 31.

93.

Clark to Richard H. Lee, pres. of Cong., from Louisville, received June 8, 1786—“Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,” VI., 208-9.

94.

Moses Henry to Clark, from Vincennes, June 12, 1786—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” LIII., 32.

95.

Daniel Sullivan to Clark, from Vincennes, June 23, 1786—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” LIII., 35; John Small to Clark, same place and day—Ibid., LIII., 36.

96.

John Edgar to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 23, 1786—Ibid., LIII., 56.

97.

Clark to people of Vincennes—Ibid., LIII., 52.

98.

Letter from a man at Falls of Ohio to a friend in N. England, Dec. 4, 1786—“Secret Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 321.

99.

“Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 688-9.

100.

Harmar to Sec'y of War, from Fort Harmar, May 14, 1787—“St. Clair Papers,” II., 20-1; Maj. Wyllys to Harmar, from Fort Finney, Rapids of Ohio, Feb. 6, 1787—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” I., 281-2; Knox to Harmar, June 19, 1787—Ibid., I., 303. See also Ibid., I., 290; Sec'y of War to Harmar, Apr. 26, 1787—“St. Clair Papers,” II., 22.

101.

Harmar to Sec'y of War, from Vincennes, Aug. 7, 1787—“St. Clair Papers,” II., 27-9; Address of Am. settlers at Vincennes to Harmar, transmitted to the War Office, Aug. 7, 1787—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” I., 337-9; Address of French at Vincennes to Harmar, July 28, 1787—Ibid., I., 331-3.

102.

Harmar to Sec'y of War, from Fort Harmar, Nov. 24, 1787—“St. Clair Papers,” II., 30-2.

103.

Harmar to the Sec'y of War, from Fort Harmar, Nov. 24, 1787—“St. Clair Papers,& #8221; II., 34.

104.

Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Nov. 3, 1787—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” I., 352.

105.

Harmar to Sec'y of War, from Fort Harmar, Nov. 24, 1787—“St. Clair Papers,” II., 35.

106.

“Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,” VI., 170-3.

107.

“Secret Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 301-29.

108.

St. Clair to the President, 1790—“St. Clair Papers” II., 175.

109.

Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Oct. 13, 1788—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” I., 479; extract in “St. Clair Papers,” II., 105.

110.

Tardiveau to St. Clair, from Danville, June 30, 1789—“St. Clair Papers,” II., 117-19.

111.

Extract from above letter.—Ibid., II., 119-20, note.

112.

George Morgan was much engaged in large land purchases. In 1763, some Shawanese and other Indians carried off the property of certain whites to the value of £85,916 10s., 8d. The offenders being tributary to the Six Nations, the latter granted to King George III., for the exclusive use of the sufferers, on November 3, 1768, at Fort Stanwix, the tract of some two million five hundred thousand acres, later known as the claim of the Indiana Company. The land lay southeast of the Ohio, and was claimed in part by both Virginia and Pennsylvania. For map see “States of America,” by J. Russell, London, E. Dilly and G. G. and J. Robinson, 1799; Hutchins, “Topographical Desc. of Va.,” etc., French ed., Paris, 1781; Winsor, “Westward Movement,” 17. Morgan, who was a large shareholder in the company, was for years its agent. The claim was finally denied. Morgan was also the founder of New Madrid, in what is now Missouri, but he was unfortunate in assuming powers denied by the Spanish government. His experience in Illinois was likewise a failure—“Cal. of Va. State Papers” I., 273, 297, 320; VI., 1-36 (a history of the Indiana purchase), 261, 679, 301; “Jour. of Cong.,” III., 359, 373; IV., 23; “Rept. on Canadian Archives,” 1888, p. 939; “Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” LIII., 78; GayerrÉ, “Hist. of La.,” index under Morgan refers to passages giving several quotations from sources; Kate Mason Rowland, “George Mason,” I., 230, 324-8, 289, 308, 333, 341-4; II., 21, 26, 239, 244, 262, 341-5, 406, 440-1. George Mason was manager for the commonwealth when, in 1791, the final effort was made by the Indiana Company to overthrow the Virginia settlement of its claim. Some original sources of importance are given in this work—“Plain Facts: being an Examination into the Rights of the Indian Nations of America, to their respective Countries, and a Vindication of the Grant, from the Six United Nations of Indians, to the Proprietors of Indiana, against the decision of Virginia, together with authentic documents, proving that the territory, westward of the Alleghany Mountain, never belonged to Virginia, etc., Philadelphia...: M.DCC.LXXXI.” The work gives a resumÉ of the proceedings of the company to 1779, 164 pp. “View of the Title to Indiana, a tract of country on the River Ohio,” 24 pp., printed about 1775.

113.

“Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 341-2, 823-5.

114.

“Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 823-5. The location of the ridge of rocks is clearly shown in Hutchins' “Topographical Desc. of Va.,” 1778, on a map opposite p. 41. French edition of 1781, facing p. 16; Winsor, “Nar. and Crit. Hist. of Am.,” VI., 700; Collot, “Atlas of America,” 1826.

115.

Throughout the period covered by this work, the term squatter denoted one who illegally settled on public land, without a title. Later laws permitted settling before securing a title, but in the early period, no squatting was legal.

116.

“Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 857-9.

117.

“John Todd's Record-Book,” “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 308-14.

118.

Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, April 13, 1788—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” I., 386-7. At the time fees as above were being charged, prices current in Vincennes were:

Corn, per bu. $ 2.00
Flour, per cwt. 7.00
Pork, per lb. .30
Beef, per lb. .15
Bordeaux wine, per bottle 2.00
Spirits, per gal. 12.00
Whisky, per gal. $ 8.00
Butter, per lb. 1.00
Eggs, per doz. 1.00
Loaf sugar, per lb. 1.00
Brown sugar, per lb. .60
Coffee, per lb. 1.45
A dunghill fowl $ 1.00
Potatoes, per bu. 2.00
Onions, per bu. 5.00
Cabbage, per head .15
Turnips, per bu. 1.00

See Ibid., 388-9.

Beef was probably buffalo beef, as that was then the common meat for garrisons and settlers in the West.

119.

“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” I., 389-92.

120.

Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, May 21, 1788—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” I., 396. “Mr. Henry, of this place, who is very much connected with the Indians, particularly his wife,” implies that Henry's wife was an Indian—Ibid., 3-4.

121.

Same to same, Aug. 31, 1788—Ibid., I., 450.

122.

Same to same, July 29, 1789—Ibid., II., 70-1.

123.

Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Nov. 11, 1789—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 130-2.

124.

Same to same, June 24, 1790—Ibid., II., 254.

125.

Same to ——, Jan. 1, 1788—Ibid., I., 371.

126.

Morgan's proclamation, Oct. 3, 1788—Ibid., “Clark MSS.,” LIII., 78, incomplete.

127.

From Vincennes, Aug. 26, 1788—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” I., 455-61.

128.

Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Mar. 28, 1789—Ibid., II., 17-18.

129.

Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Apr. 11, 1789—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 27-28.

130.

Harmar to St. Clair, from Fort Harmar, May 8, 1789—Ibid., II., 51. Harmar to Knox, same date and of similar tenor—Ibid., II., 53.

131.

Hamtramck to Wyllys, from Vincennes, May 27, 1789—Ibid., II., 39.

132.

Hamtramck to Harmar, from Fort Knox, Vincennes, Jan. 19, 1789—Ibid., II., 1.

133.

Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Aug. 14, 1798—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 90-1.

134.

Inclosed in Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Nov. 2, 1789—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 124-7.

135.

Offer dated Oct. 3, 1789. Inclosed in Hamtramck to Harmar, Nov. 2, 1789—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 127-8.

136.

Hamtramck's reply of Oct. 14, 1789, to petition of Sept. 14, preceding, inclosed as above—Ibid., II., 128-30; “Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 128-130.

137.

Edgar to Hamtramck, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 28, 1789—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 132-6.

138.

Jones to Hamtramck, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 29, 1789—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 136-41.

139.

Ibid., II., 182; “St. Clair Papers,” II., 164.

140.

Tardiveau to Hamtramck, from Kaskaskia, Aug. 1, 1790—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 302.

141.

“St. Clair Papers,” II., 165.

142.

Harmar to Hamtramck, Sept. 3, 1790—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 332.

143.

“Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 823.

144.

Pittman, “European Settlements on the Miss.,” 55.

145.

Hutchins, “Topographical Desc. of Va.” 36-8.

146.

“St. Clair Papers,” II. 122-3.

147.

“Secret Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 301-29.

148.

“St. Clair Papers,” I., 150.

149.

“Pub. Lands,” I., 20.

150.

“Statutes at Large,” I., 221-2.

151.

Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Apr. 14, 1791—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 410.

152.

“Draper MSS., Translation of Spanish Documents,” 49-60.

153.

Carondolet to Duke of Alcudia, from New Orleans, Sept. 27, 1793—“Draper MSS., Translation of Spanish Documents.” 24, second pagination of typewritten matter.

154.

Carondolet to ——,—Ibid., 33, first pagination of matter in long hand.

155.

“Pub. Lands,” I., 69.

156.

“St. Clair Papers,” II., 398-9.

157.

John Edgar, for years the wealthiest citizen of Illinois, was born in Ireland, came to Kaskaskia in 1784, and soon became a large landholder by purchasing French donation-rights. Wm. Morrison, a native of Bucks county, Pa., came from Philadelphia to Kaskaskia in 1790 and became a leading merchant and shipper. Wm. St. Clair, a son of James St. Clair, once captain in the Irish Brigade in the service of France, was the first clerk of the court of St. Clair county. John Dumoulin (or De Moulin) was a Swiss. In 1790, he was a judge of the Court of Common Pleas in the Cahokia district of St. Clair county.

158.

St. Clair county had been formed in 1790 and Randolph county in 1795. In 1796, they were the only counties lying wholly within the present State of Illinois. A strip of the eastern part of Illinois lay in Knox county. The line between St. Clair and Randolph was an east-and-west line, a little south of New Design, Randolph lying to the south—“St. Clair Papers,” II., 165, 166, 345.

159.

“Pub. Lands,” I., 68-9; “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 447-52, 452-55.

160.

“Pub. Lands,” I., 68; Poore, “Desc. Catalogue of Govt. Publications,” 43; “Laws of U. S. Relating to Pub. Lands,” 420-5.

161.

“Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 455-61; “Annals of Cong.,” 6th Cong., 735.

162.

“Annals of Cong.,” 6th Cong., 537-538; Poore, “Desc. Catalogue of Govt. Publications,” 43; “Statutes at Large,” II., 73-8.

163.

“Statutes at Large,” II., 58-9; “Annals of Cong.,” 6th Cong., 507, 699, 701.

164.

According to the Act of May 10, 1800, public land was to be sold in tracts, not smaller than one-half sections, and for a minimum price of two dollars per acre. One-twentieth of the purchase-money should be paid at the time of sale, the remainder of one-fourth of the price within forty days, one-fourth in two years, one-fourth in three years, and one-fourth in four years. On the last three payments, interest should be paid at six per cent from the date of sale, and on the same three payments a discount of eight per cent per year should be granted for prepayment. Land unpaid for reverted to the United States—“Statutes at Large,” II., 73-8.

165.

“Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 461-70; “Annals of Cong.,” 8th Cong., 1st Sess., 1023-4; 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 293-4, 466-8.

166.

A western tributary of the lower part of the Kaskaskia.

167.

“Pub. Lands,” I., 591.

168.

“Statutes at Large,” II., 469; Poore, “Charters and Constitutions,” 821, 832, 964, 973; McMaster, “Acquisition of the ... Rights of Man in Am.,” 111-22; “Proceedings and Debates of the Va. State Conv. of 1829-30,” passim; Mowry, “The Dorr War,” passim.

169.

“Draper Coll., Ill. MSS.,” 37, 39, 43, 54, 57, 58, 67, 102, 104, 107, 108, 113; “Pub. Lands,” I., 20; “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” VII., 300; “ ‘Father Clark;’ or, The Pioneer Preacher,” 181 et seq.

170.

“Indian Aff.,” I., 562; “An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,” 18, Pt. 2, 656-7, Plates CXXIV., CXXV.; see map of Indian cessions, 1795-1809.

171.

“An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,” 18, Pt. 2, 656-7; Plates CXXIV., CXXV.; “Indian Aff.,” I., 688; see map of Indian cessions.

172.

“Indian Aff.,” I., 687; “An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,” 18, Pt. 2, 664-5, Plate CXXIV.; see map of Indian cessions.

173.

“Statutes at Large,” II., 277-83, 343-5, 446-8, 517, 590-1.

174.

“Indian Aff.,” I., 693-4; “An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,” 18, Pt. 2, 666-7, Plate CXXIV.; see map of Indian cessions.

175.

“Indian Aff.,” I., 704-5; “An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,” 18, Pt. 2, 672-3, Plate CXXIV.; see map of Indian cessions.

176.

“Annals of Cong.,” 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 339; see map in the “Hist. of Randolph, Monroe, and Perry Counties, Ill.,” frontispiece.

177.

St. Clair to Judge Turner, from Marietta, May 2, 1795—“St. Clair Papers,” II., 348-9.

178.

Edwards, “Great West,” 271, 274-5; figures from the official census.

179.

See map of Illinois country.

180.

“St. Clair Papers,” I., 193; II., 345.

181.

“Laws of N.-W. Ter.,” 1800, I., 47-51.

182.

Ibid., 1800, I., 58-61.

183.

Ibid., 1800, I., 178.

184.

“Territorial Records of Ill.” (“Pub. of Ill. Hist. Lib.,” No. III., 62, 86).

(For each of the following officials, their Nativity and County are listed.)

Legislative Council.

Pierre Menard, Canada, Randolph.
Wm. Biggs, Md. St. Clair.
Sam'l Judy, Swiss or Md., Madison.
Thos. Ferguson, Johnson.
Benjamin Talbott, Gallatin.

House of Reps.

Dr. George Fisher, Va., Randolph.
Rev. Joshua Oglesby, St. Clair.
Jacob Short, St. Clair.
Rev. Wm. Jones, N. C., Madison.
Philip Trammell, Gallatin.
Alex. Wilson, Va., Gallatin.
John Grammar, Johnson.

Territorial Judges.

Jesse B. Thomas, Maryland.
Alexander Stuart, Virginia.
William Sprigg, Maryland.

Territorial Secretaries.

Nathaniel Pope, Kentucky.
Joseph Philips, Tennessee.

Delegates in Congress and Term.

Shadrach Bond, Md, Dec. 3, 1812-14.
Benj. Stephenson, Ky, Nov. 14, 1814-16.
Nathan'l Pope, Ky, Dec. 2, 1816-18.

Governor.

Ninian Edwards, Md., 1809-1818.

Officers other than members are added to the above in order to emphasize the southern origin of Illinois territorial officials. New England was not yet a factor in Illinois politics.

272.

“Territorial Records of Illinois” (“Pub. of the Ill. Hist. Lib.,” No. III., 62-170).

273.

“Laws of Ill. Ter., 1817-18,” pp. 72-82; Ibid., 1815-16, p. 44.

274.

“Laws of Ill. Ter., 1817-18,” pp. 57-64.

275.

“Annals of Cong.,” 15th Cong., 1st Sess., 1677, 1738; “H. J.,” 15th Cong., 1st Sess., 151, 174; Benton, “Abridgment of Debates in Cong.,” VI., 173; “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” XI., 494-501.

276.

“Statutes at Large,” III., 428; “Laws of Ill. Ter.,” 1817-18. pp. 42-5; Dana, “Sketches of Western Country,” 1819, 153; “Niles' Register,” XIV., 359 (July 18, 1818); Babcock, “Memoir of John Mason Peck,” 99.

277.

Poore, “Charters and Constitutions,” Pt. I., 442, 445. Of the members of the Constitutional Convention of Illinois whose nativity has been learned, ten were natives of the South, two were natives of Illinois born of southern parents, two were Irishmen from the South, and five were natives of the North. New England was represented by one man, John Messinger, a son-in-law of Matthew Lyon.

278.

“Annals of Cong.,” 15th Cong., 2d Sess., 38, 305-11; “Statutes at Large,” III., 536.

279.

“Niles' Register,” XIII., 1817, 224.

280.

Kingdom, “America and the British Colonies,” 1816, 17.

281.

Birkbeck, “Journey from Va. to Ill.,” 1817, 25, 29.

282.

Wright, “Letters from the West, or, A Caution to Emigrants,” 1818, 1.

283.

Harding, “Tour through the Western Country,” 1818-19, 5.

284.

“Am. Mag. and Review,” III., 1818, 152; I., 1817, 473.

285.

Goodrich, “Recollections of a Life Time,” II., 78 ff.; Birkbeck, “Journey from Va. to Ill.,” 1817, 25; “Va. Patriot,” Sept. 7, 21, 1816; Varney, “A Brief Hist. of Me.,” 239; Abbott, “Hist. of Me.,” 424; Williamson, “Hist. of Me.,” II., 664-6; Sanborn, “Hist. of N. H.,” 265; Whiton, “Hist. of N. H.,” 188; Barstow, “Hist. of N. H.,” 392; Thompson, “Hist. of the State of Vt.,” 1833, 222; same, 1853, Pt. I., 20; Hoskins, “Hist. of the State of Vt.,” 232; Wilbur, “Early Hist. of Vt.,” III., 162-3; Heaton, “Story of Vt.,” 136; Beckley, “Hist. of Vt.,” 171-2; “Gov. and Council-Vt.,” VI., 429-31.

286.

“Va. Patriot,” Sept. 11, 1816.

287.

White, “Descendants of John Walker,” 425, 453, 461.

288.

Bassett, “Anti-Slavery Leaders of N. C.” (J. H. U. Studies, XVI., 267-71).

289.

De Bow, “Industrial Resources of the U. S.,” I., 122-3. Millions of pounds of cotton raised in the U. S.:

1808, 75.
1809, 82.
1810, 85.
1811, 80.
1812, 75.
1813, 75.
1814, 70.
1815, 100.
1816, 124.
1817, 130.
1818, 125.
1819, 167.
1820, 160.
1821, 180.
1822, 210.
In Ga. 1811, 20, 1821, 45.
In Tenn. 1811, 3., 1821, 20.

290.

“Statutes at Large,” S. C., VII., 451-66; “Laws of Tenn., revision of 1831,” I., 314-30; “Acts of 1818,” Ky., 623, 787; “Acts of 1815,” Ky., Feb. 8, 1815.

291.

J. L. Watkins, in “U. S. Dept. of Agric., Div. of Statistics, Misc. Ser., Bulletin No. 9,” p. 8.

292.

“National Intelligencer,” Washington, D. C., Apr. 18, 1812.

293.

“Rambler in N. A.,” I., 104-11; “Am. Register,” II., 1817, 202-3.

294.

“Memoir of John Mason Peck,” 81.

295.

“Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 156.

296.

Morris Birkbeck and George Flower, from England, founded in 1817, in Edwards County, Illinois, what was the most famous of the English settlements in Illinois. Birkbeck was an educated man and his writings are among the important sources for the early history of Illinois. He was at one time Secretary of State of Illinois. George Flower became the historian of the settlement.

297.

Birkbeck, “Letters from Ill.,” 56.

298.

Flower, “Hist. of the Eng. Settlement in Edwards Co., Ill.,” “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” I., 95-99.

299.

“Memoir of John Mason Peck,” 71, 74.

300.

Ibid., 74-81. The disparity in dates in the latter part of the quotation suggests that “23d of October” should probably read “3d of October.”

301.

Fearon, “Sketches of America,” 258; William Tell Harris, “Remarks Made During a Tour through the U. S. of America in the Years 1817, 1818, 1819.”

302.

Birkbeck, “Journey from Va. to Ill.,” 1817, 128.

303.

Fearon, “Sketches of Am.,” 1817, 260. In Fearon's work 2s. 3d. is equal to 50 cents, p. 5.

304.

Kingdom, “Am. and the British Colonies,” 2.

305.

Hecke, “Reise durch die Vereinigten Staaten von Nord-Amerika,” 1818-19, I., 34.

306.

Warden, “Acct. of the U. S. of N. A.,” 1819, III., 62.

307.

“State Papers,” 13th Cong., 3d Sess.

308.

“State Papers,” 14th Cong., 2d Sess., II., folio. Another volume with the same number is a quarto.

309.

Ibid., 14th Cong., 2d Sess., I.

310.

Ross, “Early Pioneers and Pioneer Events,” 65.

311.

Kingston, “Early Western Days,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” VII., 313.

312.

Shaw, “Personal Narrative,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” II., 225.

313.

Fearon, “Sketches of Am.,” 1817, 258; Brown, “Western Gazetteer; or, Emigrant's Directory,” 1817, 20.

314.

Birkbeck, “Journey from Va. to Ill.,” 1817, 137.

315.

Burnham in “Pub. of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,” No. VIII., 181.

316.

Harding, “Tour through the Western Country,” 8. This passage is practically plagiarized in Ogden, “Letters from the West,” and in Thwaites, “Early Western Travels,” XIX., 56.

317.

Palmer, “U. S. and Canada,” 1818, 417; “Statutes at Large,” II., 584; “Incidents and Events in the Life of Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard,” 38.

318.

“State Papers,” 13th Cong., 3d Sess.

319.

Ibid., 13th Cong., 2d Sess., II.

320.

“Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 178; Birkbeck, “Journey from Va. to Ill.,” 1817, 128.

321.

James and Loveless, “Newspapers in Ill. Prior to 1860,” “Pub. of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,” No. I., 41, 42, 64, 73, 74; Palmer, “U. S. and Canada,” 1818, 416.

322.

Burnham, “An Early Ill. Newspaper,” “Pub. of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,” No. VIII., 182.

323.

Col. Daniel M. Parkison, “Pioneer Life in Wis.,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” II., 326-7, cf. “Memoir of John Mason Peck,” 76, 87.

324.

“Indian Aff.,” II., 196-7; “18th An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,” Pt. 2, 696-9, Plate CXXV.; Dana, “Sketches of Western Country,” 1819, 147. See map of Indian cessions.

325.

“State Papers,” No. 64, 18th Cong., 2d Sess., IV.

326.

Ibid., No. 118, 19th Cong., 1st Sess., VI.

327.

Ibid., No. 96, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., III.; “Ex. Doc.,” No. 140, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., IV.

328.

“Senate Doc.,” No. 47, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., I.

329.

Ibid., No. 72, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., I.

330.

“Senate Doc.,” No. 72, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., I.; see also ibid., No. 27.

331.

“State Papers,” No. 24, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., II.; “18th An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,” Pt. 2, 722-5, Plate CXXV.

332.

Ibid., Pt. 2, 736-7, 738-9, 750-1, Plates CXXIV. and CXXV.

333.

Tenney, “Early Times in Wis.,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” I., 96.

334.

McLaughlin, “Lewis Cass,” 125; Young, “Life of Gen. Lewis Cass,” 93.

335.

“State Papers,” Senate, No. 87, 16th Cong., 1st Sess., II.

336.

Ibid., No. 57, 16th Cong., 1st Sess., V.

337.

“Statutes at Large,” III., 566-7.

338.

Donaldson, “Public Domain,” 200 ff.

339.

“State Papers,” No. 35, 10th Cong., 2d Sess., II.

340.

“Pub. Lands,” III., 533. It is interesting to note that for the five years ending in 1822, the Pulteney estate of 380,000 acres of land in Steuben and Alleghany counties, New York, had sold an average of 10,000 acres per year, at an average price of $3.37 per acre—“Columbian Sentinel,” Boston, Oct. 2, 1822.

341.

“Illinois Intelligencer,” Oct. 30, 1821.

342.

“Pub. Lands,” IV.. 145; “ Repts. and S. Doc.,” No. 25, 18th Cong., 2d Sess., II.

343.

“Pub. Lands,” IV., 871; “S. Doc.,” No. 17, 19th Cong., 2d Sess., II.

344.

“H. J.,” Ill., 1826-27, p. 54.

345.

“Repts. of Com.,” No. 125, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., II.

346.

“Senate Doc.,” No. 58, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., I. For the long and futile effort made in Congress to secure a law graduating the price of public lands, see Meigs, “Life of Thomas Hart Benton,” ch. xi., with the foot references thereto.

347.

Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 246, 254.

348.

“Statutes at Large,” IV., 420-1.

349.

“Pub. Lands,” VI., 240.

350.

“Statutes at Large,” III., 786; “Repts. of Com.,” No. 58, 17th Cong., 1st Sess., I.; “Pub. Lands,” III., 406, 412-3, 421, 462-3; VI., 23-5; “S. Doc.,” No. 10, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., I.

351.

“Illinois Intelligencer,” Vandalia, Ill., Apr. 24, 1821.

352.

“Niles' Register,” XXV., 117.

353.

“Washington (D. C.) Republican,” Sept. 27, 1823.

354.

“Illinois Intelligencer,” Oct. 3, 1829.

355.

“Senate Jour.,” Ill., 1830-31, 8-51. The message was delivered on Dec. 7, 1830, and Edwards' successor was inaugurated the following day.

356.

“State Papers,” No. 17, 16th Cong., 1st Sess., II.

357.

“Statutes at Large,” III., 659-60; “Niles' Register,” XXII., 59.

358.

“Pub. Lands,” IV., 437-8; “Repts. of Com.,” No. 147, 19th Cong., 1st Sess., II.; ibid., No. 53, 18th Cong., 2d Sess., I.; “S. Doc.,” No. 49, 19th Cong., 1st Sess., II.

359.

Ibid., No. 46, 19th Cong., 2d Sess., II.; “State Papers,” No. 81, 19th Cong., 2d Sess., V.

360.

“Pub. Lands,” VI., 27; “Statutes at Large,” IV., 234.

361.

“S. Doc.,” No. 11, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., I.

362.

“Pub. Lands,” IV., 888, 921; V., 33, 35, 620; “Statutes at Large,” IV., 305.

363.

“Laws of Ill.,” 1820-21, 39-45; 1824-25, 72.

364.

Ibid., 1820-21, 153-4.

365.

The total receipts from sales of 1829 is erroneously given as $256,124.54 in the original.

366.

“Pub. Lands,” VI., 158-9.

367.

Ibid., VI., 219; “H. Ex. Doc.,” No. 19, 21st Cong., 2d Sess., I.

368.

“Rept. of a Meeting of Workingmen in the City of Wheeling, Va., on Forming a Settlement in the State of Ill.,” Oct. 4, 1830, 1-12.

369.

“Information for Emigrants,” London, 1848, 33, first pagination. The hogs were sold in 1829.

370.

Senators from Illinois:

Ninian Edwards, Maryland, Dec. 4, 1818-Mar. 4, 1824
Jesse B. Thomas, Maryland, Dec. 4, 1818-Mar. 3, 1829
John McLean, North Carolina, Dec. 20, 1824-Mar. 3, 1825
and Dec. 7, 1829-Oct. 14, 1830
Elias K. Kane, New York, Dec. 5, 1825-Dec. 11, 1835
David J. Baker, Connecticut, Dec. 6, 1830-Jan. 4, 1831

Representatives from Illinois:

John McLean, North Carolina, Dec. 4, 1818-Mar. 3, 1819
Daniel P. Cook, Kentucky, Dec. 6, 1819-Mar. 3, 1827
Joseph Duncan, Kentucky, Dec. 3, 1827-Nov. 1834

Governors of Illinois:

1809-1818: Ninian Edwards, Maryland
1818-1822: Shadrach Bond, Maryland
1822-1826: Edward Coles, Virginia
1826-1830: Ninian Edwards, Maryland
1830-1834: John Reynolds, Pennsylvania

The governors from 1834-1842 were from Kentucky, 1842-1861 from the North, 1861-1873 from Kentucky. During the period 1846-1853, Illinois had a Democratic governor (Augustus C. French), from New Hampshire, this being the only instance of an Illinois governor from New England.

371.

Sulte, “Histoire des Canadiens-FranÇais,” VIII., 53.

372.

“Annals of Cong.,” 15th Cong., 2d Sess., 436, 704; “H. J.,” 15th Cong., 2d Sess., 100, 136-7, 273, 308; “S. J.,” 15th Cong., 2d Sess., 239, 240, 278-85, 322; 16th Cong., 1st Sess., 107, 201-2, 245; “Annals of Cong.,” 16th Cong., 1st Sess., I., 450-2, 482-5; II., 1331-3; “S. J.,” 21st Cong., 2d Sess., 38, 48, 51.

373.

“S. J.,” 18th Cong., 1st Sess., 401; “H. J.,” 18th Cong., 1st Sess., 428; “Cong. Debates,” 20th Cong., 1st Sess., IV. 786, 2471.

374.

“Cong. Debates,” 20th Cong., 1st Sess., IV., 90.

375.

“Ohio Republican,” April 19, 1823.

376.

Eames, “Historic Morgan and Classic Jacksonville,” 22. A letter from the son of Mr. Eames, now deceased, says that search has failed to recover the constitution of the Regulators of the Valley. Regulators were also useful in preventing speculators from entering the claims of squatters, even when the squatter was too poor to enter his own claim—Henderson, “Early Hist. of the Sangamon Country,” 21. For another instance, see Blaney, “Excursion through the U. S.,” 233-6; also, Reynolds, “My Own Times,” 1879, 113.

377.

“Laws of Ill.,” 1820-21, pp. 45-6; 1822-23, p. 109; Henderson, “Early Hist. of the Sangamon Country,” 21.

378.

“Laws of Ill.,” 1822-23, p. 86 ff.; 1824-25, p. 116.

379.

“Miners' Journal,” Galena, Dec. 22, 1829; “Revised Laws of Ill.,” 1829, 57; “H. J.,” (Ill.), 1828-29, p. 57.

380.

“Laws of Ill.,” 1822-23, pp. 149-51.

381.

Ibid., 1824-25, pp. 121-8; “Revised Laws of Ill.,” 1829, 149.

382.

“Revised Laws of Ill.,” 1829, p. 100; McMaster, “Rights of Man in Am.,” 97.

383.

“Laws of Ill.,” 1822-23, pp. 229-30.

384.

“H. J.,” Ill., 1828-29, p. 8.

385.

Tenney, “Early Times in Wis.,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” I., 97; “Niles' Register,” XXXVII., 53; “State Papers,” No. 35, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., II.

386.

“Repts. of Com.,” No. 177, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., III.; Meeker, “Early Hist. of the Lead Region of Wis.,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” VI., 278-9.

387.

“State Papers,” No. 66, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., II.

388.

“Statutes at Large,” IV., 334.

389.

“Galena Advertiser,” Sept. 14, 1829.

390.

Bonner, “Life and Adventures of Beckwourth,” 20, 21. Written from Beckwourth's dictation.

391.

Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,” 48.

392.

Meeker, “Early Hist. of the Lead Region of Wis.,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” VI., 276-9.

393.

Blaney, “Excursion through the U. S. and Canada,” 159.

394.

“Niles' Register,” XXVIII., 168; Dana, “Sketches of Western Country,” 1819, 154; “Laws of Ill. Ter.,” 1817-18, pp. 57-64.

395.

Henderson, “Early Hist. of the Sangamon Country,” 13.

396.

Reid, “Sketch of Enoch Long,” “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” Il., 61-2.

397.

“Pub. No. 8 of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,” 156; Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 200-1; Faux, “Memorable Days in Am.,” 310.

398.

“Reminiscences of Levi Coffin,” 89-99.

399.

Ibid., 76.

400.

Ibid., 94-5; Mrs. Delilah Mullin-Evans, in “Trans. of the McLean Co. (Ill.) Hist. Soc.,” II., 17; Hecke, “Reise durch die Vereinigten Staaten,” I., 37-8.

401.

Loomis, “Notes of a Journey to the Great West,” pages unnumbered; “Niles' Register,” XXII., 320.

402.

“Stories of the Pioneer Mothers of Ill.,” MS. in Ill. State Hist. Lib.

403.

Tillson, “Reminiscences,” 120.

404.

Melish, “Information and Advice to Emigrants,” 1819, 108.

405.

Woods, “Residence in Ill.,” 140.

406.

“Laws of Ill.,” 1820-21, pp. 94-6.

407.

Tillson, “Reminiscences,” 54.

408.

Hamilton, “Incidents and Events in the Life of Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard,” 136.

409.

Tillson, “Reminiscences,” 81; Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 250.

410.

“State Papers,” No. 77, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., III.

411.

“S. Doc.,” No. 28, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., I.

412.

Meeker, “Early Hist. of the Lead Region of Wis.,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” VI., 278-9.

413.

Reid, “Sketch of Enoch Long,” Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll., II., 67-8. See also Owen, in “Deutsch-Amerikanische Geschichtsblatter,” Jahrgang 2, Heft 2, 42.

414.

Chetlain, “Recollections of Seventy Years,” 10.

415.

Hulme, in Cobbett. “Year's Residence in the U. S.,” 279, 302.

416.

Birkbeck, “Letters from Ill.,” 113; Birkbeck, “Jour. from Va. to Ill.,” 133-4.

417.

Fearon, “Sketches of Am.,” 260, repeated in Kingdom, “Am. and the British Colonies,” 63. In the works of Fearon and Kingdom 4s. 6d. are equal to $1.00.

418.

Cobbett, “A Year's Residence in the U. S.,” 337.

419.

Birkbeck, “Extracts,” 4.

420.

Woods, “Residence in Illinois,” 33, 74, 111, 131, 133, 143-4.

421.

Faux, “Memorable Days in Am.,” 315.

422.

Ibid., 183, et seq., 203, 209.

In general, on the subject of religion in early Illinois, see: Peck, in Reynolds, “Pioneer Hist, of Ill.,” 253-75, and the above mentioned works.

491.

Harris, “Negro Servitude in Ill.,” 116-9, note 3, p. 118.

492.

“Public Laws” (Ill.). 1865, 105.

493.

The question of the binding effect of the Ordinance received much attention, especially from state courts, but early petitions show that the discussion was not early important. In general, see Haight, “Ordinance of 1787,” in “Mich. Pol. Sci. Ass'n Pub.,” II., 343-402; Cooley, “Michigan,” 137-9; Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,” 67-71.

494.

“Pub. Lands,” I., 68-9; “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 447-52, 452-5.

495.

“Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 455-61; “Annals of Cong.,” 6th Cong., 735.

496.

“Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 461-70; “A. S. P. Misc.,” I., 387; “Annals of Cong.,” 8th Cong., 1st Sess., 1023-4; ibid., 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 466-8.

497.

“Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 476-83, 498-506.

498.

Ibid., II., 494-7; “A. S. P., Misc.,” I., 450; “Annals of Cong.,” 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 293, 466-8.

499.

“Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 507-10; “A. S. P., Misc.,” I., 467, 477; “Annals of Cong.,” 9th Cong., 2d Sess., 375, 482.

500.

“Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 515-21; “A. S. P., Misc.,” I., 484; “Annals of Cong.,” 10th Cong., 1st Sess., 23, et seq., 816.

501.

Harris, “Negro Servitude in Ill.,” 11, note 3.

502.

Poore, “Charters and Constitutions,” Pt. I., 445-6.

503.

“Revised Laws of Ill.,” 1833, 457-62.

504.

“Ninth Census of U. S., Population and Social Statistics,” 5, 7, 24-5; Melish, “Geog. Desc. of the U. S.,” 1822, 359.

505.

“Ninth Census of U. S., Population and Social Statistics,” 3, 7.

506.

J. Q. Adams, “Memoirs,” V., 9.

507.

“Illinois Intelligencer” (Vandalia), Apr. 24, 1821.

508.

“Ninth Census of the U. S., Population and Social Statistics,” 3.

509.

The vote for governor given by W. H. Brown, “Early Movement in Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery,” (“Fergus Hist. Ser.,” No. 4, p. 15), differs from that by Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,” 58, and Bonham, “Fifty Years Recollections,” 22, while neither gives Coles a plurality of 46 votes, as Harris in “Negro Servitude in Ill.,” 31, says the official returns show him to have received. For the purposes of this work the differences are so slight as to be negligible.

510.

“House Journal” (Ill.), 1822-23, pp. 25-7; “Senate Journal” (Ill.), 1822-23, pp. 29-30.

511.

“Senate Journal” (Ill.), 1822-23, pp. 43-6; “House Journal” (Ill.), 1822-23, pp. 68, 134, 147-8.

512.

“House Journal” (Ill.), 1822-23, pp. 44, 45.

513.

Davidson and StuvÉ, “Hist. of Ill.,” 320.

514.

“House Journal” (Ill.), 1822-23, p. 272.

515.

Ibid., 1822-23, P. 276; “Senate Journal” (Ill.), 1822-23, p. 252.

516.

Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,” passim.

517.

“Edwardsville Spectator,” Jan. 27, 1824; Nov. 29, 1823.

518.

Eames, “Historic Morgan and Classic Jacksonville,” 12.

519.

“House Journal” (Ill.), 1824-25, p. 64. The corrected official vote (Aug. 2, 1824), by counties, is as follows:

For. Against.
Alexander, 75, 51
Bond, 63, 240
Clark, 31, 116
Crawford, 134, 262
Edgar, 3, 234
Edwards, 189, 391
Fayette, 125, 121
Franklin, 170, 113
Fulton, 5, 60
Gallatin, 597, 133
Greene, 164, 379
Hamilton, 173, 85
Jackson, 180, 93
Jefferson, 99, 43
Johnson, 74, 74
Lawrence, 158, 261
Madison, 351, 563
Marion, 45, 52
Montgomery, 74, 90
Monroe, 141, 196
Morgan, 42, 432
Pike, 19, 165
Pope, 273, 124
Randolph, 357, 284
Sangamon, 153, 722
St. Clair, 408, 506
Union, 213, 240
Washington, 112, 173
Wayne, 189, 111
White, 355, 326

Totals, 4972, 6640

The vote as here given is from Moses, “Illinois,” I., 324. It is also given in Harris, “Negro Servitude in Illinois,” 48. It differs to a slight degree from that given by William H. Brown in his “Historical Sketch of the Early Movement in Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery,” read at the annual meeting of the Chicago Hist. Soc., Dec. 5, 1864 (“Fergus Hist. Ser.,” No. 4), and in Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,” 191. Brown was one of the leaders in the struggle and his work is of especial value. It is probable that the vote appended to his address was prepared by some one else. The work of Moses is of later date and his figures correspond to the official report in respect to the majority against the convention, as the others do not.

520.

Brown, “Early Movement in Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery,” in “Fergus Hist. Series,” No. 4, pp. 16-17.

521.

“Niles' Register,” XXV., 39; “The Columbian Star” (Washington, D. C.), Feb. 21, 1824.

522.

“H. J.” (Ill.), 1824-25, p. 13; on kidnapping see Harris, “Negro Servitude in Ill.,” 53 ff.

523.

Ibid., 1824-25, pp. 26, 27, 151.

524.

Ibid., 1826-27, pp. 9-10.

525.

“Revised Laws of Ill.,” 1833, 180-1.

526.

“Laws of Ill.,” 1824-25, p. 50.

527.

“Revised Laws of Ill.” 1833, 463-65.

528.

“Ninth Census of the U. S., Population and Social Statistics,” p. 7.

529.

Ibid., 3; “H. J.” (Ill.), 1826, 11.

530.

“H. J.” (Ill.), 1826, 11.

531.

“Edwardsville (Ill.) Spectator,” Oct. 5, 1824.

532.

“Niles' Register,” XXIX., 208.

533.

Ibid., XXIX., 422.

534.

Shaler, “Kentucky,” 176-85.

535.

“Nashville (Tenn.) Republican,” Apr. 16, 1825.

536.

“Niles' Register,” XXX., 449.

537.

“Galena Advertiser,” July 20, Aug. 10, Sept. 21, 1829.

538.

“Niles' Register,” XXXVI., 222.

539.

“Illinois Intelligencer” (Vandalia), Oct. 31, 1829.

540.

“Niles' Register,” XXXVI., 271.

541.

“Illinois Intelligencer” (Vandalia), Nov. 27, 1830.

542.

“Niles' Register,” XXXVII., 195.

543.

“Galena Advertiser,” July 20, 1829; “Niles' Register,” XXXVII., 230.

544.

“Niles' Register,” XXVIII., 161.

545.

“State Papers,” No. 69, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. III.

546.

Thomas S. Hinde, writing over the signature of “Theophilus Arminius,” in “Methodist Magazine,” XI., 1828, 154-8. The identity of the writer is shown by a note on p. 33 of the same volume.

Among the many writings concerning Peter Cartwright, the best are Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright”; Cartwright, “Fifty Years as a Presiding Elder,” and the obituary notice in “Minutes of the Annual Conferences of the M. E. Church,” 1873, 115-7. See also Moses, “Illinois,” I., 348, 379, 395, 506, 1166.

For the character of John M. Peck, also a noted pioneer preacher and founder of Rock Spring Seminary in Illinois, see “Memoir of John Mason Peck, D. D.,” edited by Rufus Babcock.

547.

“Pub. Lands,” I., 69-70; II., 203-4; “Early Chicago and Illinois,” in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 145, 159, 167, 169-70, 178-9, 209; Reynolds, “Pioneer Hist, of Ill.,” 110, 116-8, 180, 215; John Edgar to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Nov. 7, 1785, in “Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,” VI., 214-5; Edgar to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 23, 1786, “Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” LIII., 56; Petition from Kaskaskia, Sept. 14, 1789, “Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 124-7; Offer of John Edgar, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 3, 1789, “Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 127-8; Hamtramck's reply to the Kaskaskia petition of Sept. 14, 1789, from Vincennes, Oct. 14, 1789, “Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 128-30; Edgar to Hamtramck, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 28, 1789, ibid., II., 132-6; “DraperColl., Kenton MSS.,” Edgar Papers.

548.

Reynolds, “Pioneer Hist. of Ill.,” 170-2; W. A. Burt Jones, in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 230-70; Jones to Hamtramck, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 29, 1789, “Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 136-41.

549.

“Methodist Magazine,” XI., 1828, 154-8. The remarks of Hinde recall the difficulty which was experienced by the men who governed the Northwest Territory under the Ordinance of 1787 when they attempted to use only such laws as had been adopted by some state. The attempt was early and finally abandoned. Hinde gives the following in a foot-note: “A gentleman, a Virginian, a physician of eminence who was educated in Paris, visited a western state many years ago [written in 1827], and lost all his money by gambling, (playing at cards). Meeting a friend on the mountains on his return, he was thus addressed: ‘Well, doctor, you have been to see the new country.’ ‘Yes,’ replied the doctor, biting his lips, ‘it is a new country, it is true; but there are some of the oldest people in it that I ever saw.’ ”—See above reference, p. 155.

On Mt. Carmel and its founders, in general, see: “Articles of Association for the City of Mount Carmel”; Bangs, “Hist. of the M. E. Church,” IV., appendix, 3, 25; III., 230, 308-14; “Minutes of Conferences” Annual, M. E., I., 347, 474, 516; “American Pioneer,” I., 327; II., 363-8; “Laws of Ill., 1824-25,” 72-5; Simpson, “Cyclopedia of Methodism,” 97-S; “Methodist Magazine,” VIII., 17, 49, 86. Less reliable data is given in “Hist. of Edwards, Lawrence, and Wabash Counties, Ill.,” 85, 162, 189-90, 236, 238, 239. Mount Carmel is now (1908) the county seat of Wabash county. The “Hinde MSS.” in the “Draper Coll.” are large in volume, but have slight historic value, being chiefly musings of the author's later years.

550.

Bay, “Reminiscences of the Bench and Bar of Mo.,” 78-91; “Pub. Lands,” II., index under Easton, Rufus; Easton, “Descendants of Joseph Easton, Hartford, Conn.,” I, 37, 65; Moses, “Illinois,” I., 272; “Laws of Ill., 1820-21,” 39-45; ibid., 1822-23, 147.

551.

For information concerning Iles, see: “Reminiscences of Elijah Iles,” in “Hist. of Sangamon County, Ill.,” 580-3; Power, “Hist. of the Early Settlers of Sangamon Co., Ill.,” 397-400 (practically a short autobiography of Iles, written in 1876); Moses, “Illinois,” I., 344; II., 1174. Concerning Enos, see: Stiles, “Ancient Windsor,” (Conn.), II., 245, 246; “Executive Journal,” Senate, 1815-29, pp. 325, 328, 551, 553, 555; ibid., 1829-37, pp. 50, 391; “Edwards Papers,” in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” III., 205, 391. Concerning Cox, see: Moses, “Illinois,” II., 1168; “Executive Journal,” Senate, 1815-29, pp. 216-7, 325, 328, 551, 553, 555; Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,” 128-30; “Edwards Papers,” in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” III., 76, 211, 336-7; Gue, “Hist. of Iowa,” I., 205, 211; Fairall, “Manual of Iowa Politics,” 107; “Hist. of Jackson County,” Iowa, 360-403. On Springfield, see: Peck, “Gazetteer of Illinois,” 1834, 337.

552.

Moses, “Illinois,” I., 287, 289-90; Reynolds, “Pioneer Hist. of Ill.,” 291-4, 323-7.

553.

Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,” 16 et seq., 54-7. Washburne, the writer, came to Galena, Illinois, when it still had many frontier characteristics, and for seventeen years represented his district in Congress.

554.

Moses, “Illinois,” L., 242-3, 336, 340-1, 351; Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,” 54-7; and for a general view of Edwards, see: N. W. Edwards, “Hist. of Ill. and Life of Ninian Edwards,” and “The Edwards Papers,” in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” III.

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