1. E.g., Casina in the Cas., Silenium in the Cis., Planesium in the Cur., Adelphasium and Anterastylis in the Poen., Palaestra in the Rud.2. V. infra, part II, sec. I. B. I.3. E.g., Lorcnz's Introd. to Most. and Pseud. V. infra, part I, § i.4. We are not concerned in this question with technical discussion as to the position of the banquet table on the stage, the nature of the dog of the Most. and the like, but with the delivery and movements of the actors themselves.5. De Off. I. 29.104.6. X. 1.99. Cf. Ritschl's citations of Varro: Parerga, p. 71 ff. Cf. Epig. quoted by Varro and attributed to Plautus himself, ap. Gel. N.A., I. 24.1-3. But that this was a patent literary forgery is proved by Gudeman in TAPA. XXV, p. 160.7. N.A., VI. 17.4.8. I.7.17.9. XIX. 8.6.10. A.P., 270 ff. Cf. Ep. II. I.170 ff. and Fay, ed. Most., Intro. § 2.11. De Com. III. 6, Donatus ed. Wessner. For full quotation, v. infra, Part II, Sec. II. A. 3, Note 50.12. Excerpta de Com. V. 1.13. For a complete list, see Testimonia prefixed to Goetz and Schoell's ed. of Plautus.14. P. 217 M.15. 404, 412, 823.16. Ed. Men. (Leipzig, 1891), ad 410.17. Cf. opening lines of Eurip. Iph. in Taur.18. Pp. 13--19. V. Langen, Plautinische Studien, pp. 139-142. Cf. also comments of Brix to Menaechmi passim.19. Op. cit., p. 146.20. Cf. Gel. N. A., III. 3-14 ff.21. V. infra, Part II, under 'Careless Composition'.22. Beschluss der Critik iiber die Gefangenen des Plaulus.23. 23: Op. cit., fin.24. La Litterature latine depuis la fondation de Rome (Paris, 1899), Bk. II. chap. 3. sec. 15, p. 362.25. Introd. to ed. Mosl., p. 37.26. Bk. II, Ch. 4.27. Lamarre, op. cit., Bk. II, Ch. 4, Sec. 12, p. 475.28. ThÉÂtre de Plaute (Paris, 1845), Introd. p. 18.29. Opuscula Philologica, Vol. II p. 743.30. 0pusc. II. 733 ff.31. In Opusc. III. 455, Ritschl relates that Varro wrote six books on drama, with Plautus as the especial object of his interest: de originibus scaenicis, de scaenicis actionibus, de actibus scaenicis, de personis, de descriptionibus, quaestiones Plautinae.32. Langen, op. cit., p. 127.33. Opusc. II. 746.34. Op. cit., p. 165.35. Op. cit., p. 167.36. Mil. 522 ff. (All citations from Plautus are based on the text and numbering of the lines in the text of Goetz and Schoell).37. History of Rome, (Transl. Dickson, Scribner, N.Y., 1900), Vol. III, p. 143.38. E.g., LeGrand, Daos, V. supra. Cf. also N. 80, Part II.39. P. 190, trans. John Black (London, 1846), Lecture XIV.40. Theatre of the Greeks, p. 443.41. P. 197.42. Cf. Ritschl's opinion, Note 30.43. V. supra.44. P. 620. But cf. Note 37.45. Cf. further Plessis, La poÉsie latine (Paris, 1909), p. 54 ff.; Patin, Études sur la poÉsie latine (Paris, 1869), Vol. II, p. 224 ff.; Ribbeck, Geschichte der rÖmischen Dichtung (Stuttgart, 1894), Vol. I, p. 57 ff.; Tyrrell, Early Latin Poetry, p. 44 ff. A very excellent discussion is contained in Duff, A Literary History of Rome (N.Y., 1909), p. 183 ff.46. History of Rome, Vol. III, p. 139. Cf. note 37.47. Cf. Prol. Poen. 28-9.48. Prol. Poen., II ff. 49. Plaudere, πάλιν, sibilare or exsibilare, explodere, eicere were expressions used to indicate approval or disapproval. Cf. the discussion of Oehmichen, article BÜhnenwesen in Von MÜller's Handbuch der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, 5ter Band, 3te Abteilung, § 73. 2, p. 271.50. Cf. Prol. Poen. 36 ff.51. Cf. Tac. Ann. I. 77. V. Oehmichen, op. cit., § 39.3, p. 220.52. V. Prol. Amph. 52-3:

Quid contraxistis frontem?
Quia tragoediam Dixi futuram hanc?

53. Parad. III. 2.26. Cf. Or. 51.173, de Or. III. 50.196: "theatra tota reclamant"; Hor. Ep. II. 1.200 ff.; Suet. Nero, 24.1.54. Cic. de Or. I.61.259, I.27.124.55. Hist. Rome, ed. cit., Vol. III, p. 140.56. Cist. 785: Qui deliquit vapulabit, qui non deliquit bibet. Cf. Trin. 990. Amph. 83-4, (if this is not merely an imitation of the Greek original).57. Tac. Ann. 1.77.58. Amph. 65 ff., Poen. 36 ff., Ter. Phor. 16 ff., Cic. ad Att. IV. 15.6, Hor. Ep. II. 1.181.59. Cas. 17 ff., Trin. 706 ff. But others argue that these passages are only translations from the Greek. V. Leo in Hermes, 1883, p. 561, F. Ostermayer, De hist. fab. in com. Pl. (Greifswald, 1884), p. 7. Ritschl (Parerga, p. 229) argues that the passages refer to cases of extraordinary public approval, not to formal contests. Cf. Var. L.L. V. 178.60. Cic. pro. Ros. Com. 10.28-9, Plin. N. H. 7.39.128, Dio 77.21. Cf. Sen. Ep. 80.7.61. KÖrting, op. cit., p. 244 ff.62. Cic. de Or. I.59.251, Suet. Nero 20, Quint. XI. 3.19.63. I.ii.i-2, I.ii.12.64. Quint. XI.3.iii.65. Cic. Or. 31.109.66. Quint. XI.3.178, Juv. III. 98-9.67. Cic. de Off. I.31.114, ad Att. IV.15.6.68. Ap. Athen. XIV. 615 A.69. For a full discussion of the ancient actor v. Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclopadie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, s. v. histrio; Friedlander in Marquardt-Mommsen Handbuch der romischen Altertumer, VI. p. 508 ff.; J. van Wageningen, Scaenica Romana; Warnecke, Die Vortragskunst der romischen Schauspieler, in Neue Jahrbucher, 1908, p. 704 ff.70. Cf. de Or. III.56.214, III.22.83, Quint. XI. 3.125, 181-2.71. Quint. XI.3.112.72. Cf. Quint. XI.3.89.73. Cic. ad Att. VI.1.8.74. Cf. de Or. III.26.102, Quint. XI.3.71, 89.75. For further treatment of the gestures of orators see Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclopadie, s. v. histrio; Warnecke in Neue Jahrbucher, 1910, p. 593; Sittl, Die Gebarden der Griechen und Romer, Chap. XI; Mart. Cap. 43. In the other rhetoricians of the later Empire there is much copying of Cicero and Quintilian, but nothing of significance for our purpose, unless it be the comparison of the rigid training recommended to the embryo orator. For further citations, v. Pauly-Wissowa, op. cit.76. 0p. cit., p. 203.77. Wiener Studien, Vol. XIV, p. 120.78. Scaen. Rom., p. 52. Cf. Karsten in Mnem. XXXII, (1904), pp. 209-251, 287-322, who concludes that at least four hands aided in the commentaries.79. E.g., Donat. ad And. 88, Eun. 187, 986, Phor. 315.80. A11 the passages in Donatus dealing with gesture have been collected by Leo, Rheinisches Museum XXXVIII, p. 331 ff.81. E.g., Donat. ad And. 180, 363, 380-1, Eun. 209, 559, 974, Ad. 84, 499, 661, 795, 951, Hec. 612, 689, Phor. 49, 315. Cf. Ad. 285: superbe ac magnifice. Cf. Schol. ad And. 332: Vultuose hoc dicitur, hoc est cum gestu. Cf. also Warnecke in Neue JahrbÜcher, 1910, note 75.82. Cf. XI.3.103, Auct. ad Her. III.15.27.83. Their precise age and antiquity have been disputed with some acrimony. With Sittl cf. Bethe, Praef. Cod. Ambros. p. 64; van Wageningen, op. cit., p. 50 ff.; Leo in Rhein. Mus. XXXVIII, p. 342 ff. V. reproductions in Wieseler, TheatergebÄude und DenkmÄler des BÜhnenwesens bei den Griechen und RÖmern, Tafel X; and Bethe, ed. of Codex Ambrosianus.84. Neue Jahr., Sup. Band I (1832), p. 447 ff.85. Quint. VI.3.29, Mart. Cap., Chap. 43, p. 543 ed. Kopp.86. V. reproductions in Baumeister, DenkmÄler des klassischen Altertums, s. v. "Lustspiel" and Wieseler, op. cit., note 83.87. Donat. de Com. VI. 3. There is some suspicion that the names have been interchanged.88. Ars Gram. III, p. 489, 10 K; Festus, s.v. personata, p. 217. Cf. Cic. de Nat. Deo. I. 28.79. Ribbock, Romische Tragodie p. 661, and Dziatzko in Rhein. Mus. XXI. 68, have made a violent effort to reconcile the conflicting statements by arguing that Roscius belonged to the troupe of Minucius. This is denied by Weinberger, Wien. Stud. XIV. 126. For further discussion v. van Wageningen, Scaen. Rom. p. 34 ff.; Leo in Rhein. Mus. XXXVIII. 342; Oehmichen, op. cit. p. 250; B. Arnold, Ueber Antike Theatermasken; Teuffel, Romische Litteraturgeschichte §16. Sec. 13; Pauly-Wissowa, op. cit., s.v. histrio, pp. 2120-21. A recent article by Saunders (A.J.P., XXXII, p. 58) gives an admirable summing-up of the whole controversy, with substantial proof that at any rate the performers of Plautus' day were unmasked.89. Diom. III. p. 489.10 K. Cf. Saunders, Costume in Roman Comedy; Marquardt-Mommsen, Handbuch der romischen Altertumer, VI. p. 525; Pauly-Wissowa, l.c. Cf. Cic. ad Fam. VII. 6.90. Cf. Mil. 629 ff., 923, Ps. 967, Rud. 125 f., 313 f., 1303, Trin. 861 f., Truc. 286 ff.; Ter., Phor. 51.91. V. van Wageningen, op. cit. pp. 40 f.92. De Or. III. 22.83.93. II. 10.13. Cf. XI. 3.91.94. I. II. 1-295. Donat. ad And. 505, Eun. 224, 288, 403, Ad. 187, 395.96. Ad And. 194, 301, Eun. 467, 986, Hec. 98, 439, 640, Ad. 101. Cf. Ad. 96.; cum admiratone indignantis; 97; intento digito et infestis in Micionem oculis.97. Ad Eun. 1055.98. Ad And. 633, Eun. 233, 451, Hec. 63, Ad. 259.99. Ad Phor. 145.100. Ad Ad. 200.101. Ad Eun. 187.102. VII. 2.8-10.103. Cf. Diom. 291, 23 ff., K; Ribbeck, Rom. Trag. p. 634, believes that this was the rule, but he is apparently alone in the opinion. Cf. Budensteiner in Bursian's Jahresbericht CVI, p. 162 ff., who agrees with the proof of van Eck, Quaest. Sten. Rom. (Amsterdam 1892), that it was an isolated intance.104. We are not even remotely concerned with metrical analysis. For that phase, with a discussion as to the effect of the various metrical systems, see Klotz, Grundzuge der altromischen Metrik, esp. p. 370 ff. Cf. Duff, A Lit. Hist. of Rome, p. 196. Note Donat, de Com. VIII. 9 and Diom. 491, 23K.105. For arguments as to the divisions of the three classes, v., besides Klotz, Ritschl, Parerga, p. 40; Conradt, Die metrische Komposition der Komodien des Terenz (Berlin 1876); Bucheler in Neue Jahr. fur Phil. CXLI (1871), p. 273 ff.; Dziatzko in Rhein. Mus. XXVI (1871), pp. 97-100: G. Hermann, de Canticis in Romanorum Fabulis, Opusc. I. 290; which have all been landmarks in the discussion. Cf. also Teuffel, Rom. Lit., § 16. Sec. 5, etc.106. Cf. Cic. de Or. II.46.193.107. Cf. As. 265, 587, 640, 403, Bac. 611, Cap. 637, Cas. 845 ff., Cis. 53 ff., Cur. 278, 309, 311, Ep. 623 ff., Men. 828 f., 910, Mer. 599 f., Mil. 200 ff. (quoted infra, Part II), 798-9 (Palaestrio must shout at Periplecomenus to provoke such a reply), Most. 265 ff., 594, Per. 307 f., Ps. 911, 1287, St. 271, 288 f., Trin. 1099, Truc. 276, 476 ff., 549, 593 f., 599 ff., 822. Cf. also Ter. Phor. 210-11 and Moliere's imitation in Les Fourberies de Scapin, l. 4.108. Cf. Sittl, Gebarden, p. 201 and Warnecke's citations from the Scholiast to Aristophanes in Neue Jahr. 1910, p. 592.109. Daos, p. 617.110. A.J.P. VIII. 15 ff.111. Cf. As. 554 ff., Bac. 710 ff., Cap. 159 ff. Cur. 572 ff., Ep. 437 ff., Men. 1342., Per. 753 ff., Ps. 761 ff., Trin. 718 ff., etc.112. For further examples of bombast and mock-heroics v. As. 405-6, Bac. 792 f., 842 ff., Cis. 640 ff., Cur. 96 ff. 439 ff., Ep. 181 ff. (in similar vein most of the soliloquies of the name part), Her. 469 ff., 601 ff., 830 ff., Mil. 459 ff., 486 ff., 947 ff., Per. 251 ff., Poen. 470 ff., 1294 ff., Ps. 1063 f., Truce. 482 ff., 602 ff.113. V. Amph. 370 ff., As. 431, Cas. 404 ff., Cur. 192 ff., 624 ff., Mil. 1394 ff., Mos. i ff., Per. 809 ff., Poen. 382 ff., Rud. 706 ff.114. V. Frag. IV, G. & S., ap. Non. p. 543.115. Cf. Bac. 581 ff., 1119, Cap. 830 ff., Most. 898 ff., Rud. 414, St. 308 ff., Truc. 254 ff.116. Cf. also Bac. 925 ff., Per. 251 ff., Men. 409 ff. (v. supra, Part I, § I, s.v. Festus, Brix). On Bac. 933, v. Ribbeck, Scaenicae Romanorum Poesis Fragmenta, on Enn., frag. Androm. 81; Kiessling, Analecta Plautina, I. 14 f.; Ostermayer, De historia fabulari in comoediis Plautinis, p. 9. On Men. 808 ff., v. Kiessling, II. 9.117. Cf. further As. 606 ff., Cur. 147 ff., Most. 233 ff., Poen. 275 ff. and passim, Truc. 434 ff.118. Cf. Ep. 580 ff. Cf. also "bombast," supra A. 1, and "copious abuse" infra, A. 3. c. Cf. also wall-painting labeled "Der erzurnte Hausherr," in Baumeister, Denkmaler des klassischen Altertums, s. v. Lustspiel.119. Cf. Mil. 596 ff., Most. 454 ff., Trin. 517 ff.120. Cf. Mer. 748 ff., Men. 607 ff.121. Cf. further Most. 265 ff., 456 ff. and note Donat. ad Phor. 210-11: hic locus magis actoris quam lectoris est.122. Cf. Most. 38 ff., Poen. 1309 ff. Cf. also "Lavishing of terms of endearment," supra, A. 3. c.123. Cf. also Poen. 426 ff., Rud. 938 ff.124. Cf. similarly Cap. 121 ff., 177 ff., Cas. 725 ff., Most. 909, 999 f. Cf. infra II. B.5. 125. Plaut. Stud. pp. 121 f. Cf. pp. 101, 137 f., 158 f., 217, 229 f.126. Die Kom. des Pl., pp. 70-71.127. Daos, p. 430-1.128. Prol. Haut. 32-40, Prol. Eun. 35-40. Cf. Eugraphius ad Haut. 31: quid tale hic est, cum servus currit, cum populus discedit, quod domino insano oboediat servus? Cf. also ad Haut. 37; Donatus ad Phor. 1.4.129. And. 338 ff., Phor. 179 ff., 841 ff., Ad. 299 ff. Weissman agrees with Donat. that in the last passage humor is not the object. Cf. ancilla currens in Eun. 643 ff.130. Cf. servi currentes supra. Cf. also Aul. 811 ff., Ep. 195 ff., Mer. 865 ff., Ps. 243 ff., St. 330 ff., Trin. 1068 ff., Truc. 115 ff.131. For other passages containing the comedy of "peering," v. Bac. 534, Ep. 526 ff., Rud. 331 ff., et al. Cf. Weise, op. cit., p. 72 f.132. Further comments infra II. B. 3.133. Cf. As. 403, and passim.134. Cf. As. 447, Cur. 111, Men. 125, 478 f., 909, Mer. 364, 379, Mil. 275, Most. 548, Per. 99, Poen. 840, Ps. 445, 615, 908, Rud. 97, St. 88, Trin. 45, 567, Truc. 499, etc.135. Daos, p. 431 ff. See Dieterich, Pulcinella, PI. II. Note esp. As. 851 ff.136. Cf. Per. 81 ff., 599 ff., Poen. 210 ff., et al.137. V. Amph. 952-3, As. 118 ff., 243 ff., Aul. 67 ff., 667 ff., 701 ff., Bac. 170 ff., 349 ff., 573 ff., 761 ff., Cas. 504 ff., Cis. 120 ff., Cur. 216 ff., 591 ff., Mer. 544 ff., 588 ff., Mil. 464 ff., Most. 931 ff., 1041 ff., Rud. 1191 ff., St. 674 ff., et al.138. V. Cas. 424 ff., 759 ff., Ep. 81 ff., Men. 1039 ff., Ps. 1017 ff., 1052 ff., 1102 ff., Rud. 892 ff., 1281 ff., St. 641 ff., Trin. 199 ff., 1115 ff., Truc. 322 ff., 335 ff., 645 ff., 699 ff.

Cf. the treatment of Le Grand, Daos, p. 412 ff., where he has an analysis from a different point of view. The soliloquy and aside are evidently not so frequent in New Comedy.139. Daos p. 379. Cf. p. 550.140. Aul. 587 ff., Men. 966 ff. Cf. Most. 858 ff. and As. 545 ff., a duologue in canticum.141. Bac. 640 ff. Cf. Ps. 767 ff.142. Cap. 461 ff., Cf. Per. 53 ff.143. Men. 77 ff., 446 ff., St. 155 ff.144. Cur. 371 ff., (Cf. 494 ff.), Men. 571 ff., Poen. 823 ff.145. Ep. 225 ff.146. Cas. 217 ff., Trin. 223 ff. (Cf. 660 ff.)147. Men. 753 ff.148. Aul. 475 ff. (496-536 branded as spurious by Weise, op. cit., pp. 42-44).149. Mer. 817 ff.150. Poen. 210 ff. (though not a solo), Truc. 22 ff., 210 ff., 551 ff.151. Ps. 790 ff.152. Truc. 482 ff.153. Mer. 825 ff., Rud. 593 ff.154. Mosl. 85 ff.155. Ps. 1246 ff.156. St. 683 to end.157. Ps. 133 ff. For further passages of the episodical type, cf. Bac. 925 ff. (v. supra under "bombast," I. A. 1), Poen. 449 ff., Rud. 906 ff., Trin. 820 ff. (v. supra under "burlesque," I. A. 3).158. Cf. further Amph. 463, 998, Bac. 1072, Cap. 69 ff., Cas. 879, Cis. 146, 678, Men. 880, Mer. 313, Mil. 862, Most. 280, 354, 708 ff., Poen. 921 f., Ps. 124, St. 224,446, 674 ff., Truc. 109 ff., 463 ff., 965 ff. Cf. infra II. B. 5.159. In Donat. ed. Wessner.160. V. As., Bac., Cap., Cis., Cur., Ep., Men., Mer., Most., Per., Rod., St. Cf. Cas. 1013 ff., Poen. 1370 f.161. V. Bac. 235-367, Cap. 835-99, Cis. 203 ff., 540-630, 705 ff., Cur. 251-73 and passim (this play is full of bandying of quips), Ep. 1 ff., Men. 137-81, 602-67, Mer. 474 ff., 708 ff., 866 ff., Most. 633 ff., 717 ff., 885 ff., Per. 1 ff., 201 ff., Poen. 210 ff., Ps. 653 ff. and passim, Rud. 485 ff. (the jokes here are unusually good), 780 ff., St. 579 ff., Trin. 39 ff., 843 ff., Truc. 95 ff.162. Cf. Sosia im Amph. (esp. 659 ff.), Libanus in As. 1 ff., Palinurus in Cur., Acanthio in Mer. (esp. 137 ff.), Milphio in Poen., Sceparnio in Rud. (esp. 104 ff.) and Trachalio, Pinacium in St. (esp. 331 ff.), Stasimus in Trin.163. St. 446 ff., Prol. Cas. 67 ff. For an exhaustive discussion of the 'truth to life' of the characters, v. LeGrand, Daos, Part I, Chap. V.164. V. esp. 96 ff.165. 603 ff.166. Pyrgopolinices in Mil., Therapontigonus in Cur., the miles in Ep., Anthemonides in Poen. Stratophanes in Truc, is not so violent.167. Cappadox in Cur., Dordalus in Per., Lycus in Poen., Labrax in Rud. Similarly the lenae.168. Introd. to ed. of Ps.169. 355. Cf. 360 ff., 974 ff.170. Hist. de la lit. lat. Bk. II, Ch. III., Sec. 4. p. 307.171. Plaut. Stud., p. 105.172. Daos, pp. 557 f. Cf. 218 f.173. Introd. to Ps. Cf. Daos, p. 452 ff.174. E.g., Amph. 957, Bac. 844, Cas. 308, Men. 898, Mil. 1137, 1188, Per. 301, 543, Poen. 576, Rud. 1209, St. 400-1, Trin. 482.175. Part II, Sec. I. B. 2.176. P. 157.177. Cf. Daos, p. 60.178. Cf. in general the conclusions of LeGrand, Daos, p. 550, and his admirable analysis (Part II) of "La structure des comedies." He has recognized the existence of a number of the characteristics treated above, but his discussion is in different vein and with a different object in view.179. Cap. 489, Cur. 483.180. Cur. 269, et al.181. Mil. 991.182. Ps. 416, et al.183. Ps. 1232.184. Ps. 748. For a fairly complete collection, v. LeGrand, Daos, p. 44 ff. Cf. Middleton and Mills, Students' Companion to Latin Authors, p. 20 ff.185. Cf. West in A.J.P. VIII. 15. Cf. note 1, Part II, supra.186. Cf. Amph. 861 ff., As. 174 f., Cap. 778, Cur. 464, Her. 160, Poen. 1224.187. Cf. Daos, Part I, Chap. III: Les personnages, and p. 303 ff.; Mommsen, Hist. pp. 141 ff.188. Prol, 53 ff.189. For a discussion of the relation of Plautus to his originals, v. Schuster, Quomodo Plautus Attica exemplaria transtulerit; LeGrand, Daos, passim; Ostermayer, de hist. fab. in com. Pl.; Ritschl, Par. 271, etc. The efforts to distinguish Plautus from his models have so far been fragmentary and abortive and will not advance appreciably until a complete play that he adapted has been found. At any rate, the discussion has no real bearing on our subject, since we can consider only the plays as actually transmitted; their sources cannot affect our argument. The comparisons in Daos seem to indicate that Plautus did not debase his originals so much as Mommsen, KÖrting, Schlegel and others had thought. Even in 1881, Kiessling (Anal. Plaut. II. 9) boldly expresses the opinion: "Atque omnino Plautus multo pressius Atticorum exemplarium vestigia secutus est quam hodie vulgo arbitrantur". Cf. Kellogg in PAPA. XLIV (1913).190. Euanthius, de Com. IV. 4.191. For an interesting comparison of Plautus and Terence, v. Spengel, Über die lateinische KomÖdie, (Munich 1878).192. The importance of the music is indicated by the transmission of the composer's name in all extant didascaliae, esp. those of Terence. V. Klotz, AltrÖm. Met. p. 384 ff.