“Peter Morice, a Dutchman, in 1580 explained before the Lord Mayor and Aldermen his invention for raising the Thames water high enough to supply the upper parts of the City, and threw a jet of water over the steeple of St. Magnus Church. Before this time no such thing had been known in England. Whereupon the City granted him a lease for 500 years of the Thames water, and the places where his mills stood, and of one of the arches of old London Bridge, at 10s. yearly. Two years afterwards they granted him another arch on the same terms. He received large grants from the City to help him to complete this curious system of hydraulic mechanism. In the Act for rebuilding the City after the Great Fire it was provided that Thomas Morris should have power to rebuild with timber his water-house for supplying the City (18 & 19 Charles II. c. 8). The works continued in the family till 1701, when they were sold for £36,000 to Richard Soames, and afterwards became the property of a Company. On June 23rd, 1767, the fifth arch was granted for the use of the Company. By Act of Parliament, 3 Geo. IV. cap. 109, July 26th, 1822, the Acts relating to the Company were repealed. The Company were to be paid £10,000, and their works to be removed by, or at the expense of, the New River Company.” (Remembrancia.)

This invention and the subsequent supply of the whole City with water laid on, killed the Company of Water-bearers.

“The ‘Rules, Ordinances, and Statutes made by the Rulers, Wardens, and Fellowship of the Brotherhood of Saint Cristofer of the Water-bearers of London,’ are dated October 20th, 1496 (Transactions of the London and Middlesex ArchÆological Society, vol. vi. p. 55). Their hall was situated in Bishopsgate Street, near Sun Street, now numbered 143 and 144, Bishopsgate Street Without:—‘Robert Donkin, Citizen and Merchant Taylor of London, left by his will, dated December 1st, 1570, that messuage or howse which he purchased of the Company of Water-bearers on the 9th of October, 1568.’”

In 1570 Sir Humphrey Gilbert laid before the Queen a plan for an Academy or University of London.

His plan was as follows:—

“Seeing that young gentlemen resort most freely to London there should be an Academy, viz.:—

1. A master for G. and L., £40.
2. Four Ushers at £20.
3. One Hebrew at £50.
4. One Logic and Rhetoric, £40.
   Exercise and instruction in English.
5. One Reader of Moral Phil., £100.
6. „ „ „ Natural Phil., £40.
7. Two mathematicians ea. at £100
   1. Arith., Geom., Fort.
   2. Cosmog., Astronomy, Navigation.
8. Two Ushers at £40.
9. Riding Master.
10. Drill Master, £66:13:4.
11. Physician £100, with a garden.
12. Reader of Civil Law, £100.
13. Reader of Divinity, £100.
14. „ „ Law, £100.
15. Teacher of French, £26; Spanish, £26; Italian, £26; Dutch, £26; with Ushers at £10.
16. Master of Defence, £36.
17. Dancing and Vaulting School, £26.
18. Music, £26.
19. Steward, Cooks, Butlers, etc., £600.
20. Minister and Clerks, £66:13:4.
21. Teacher of Heraldry, £26.
22. Librarian, £26.
23. Treasurer, £100.
24. Rector.
    Amounting in all to £2966:13:4 a year.

“By erecting this academie, there shall be hereafter an effect, no gentleman within the Realm but good for something; whereas now the most parts of them are good for nothing. Your Majesty and your successive Courtes shall be for ever, instead of a nurserie of idlenes, become a most noble Academy of Chevallrie, Policy, and Philosophie.”

“In most pitious and lamentable wise shewing and complaining unto your most excellent highness, your humble, true and faithful subjects, and contynualle orators, that is to sey, mercers, grocers, drapers, goldsmythes, skynners, haberdassers, Taylers, ledyrsellers, pursers, poyntmakers, glovers, powchemakers, Sadlers, Cutlers, pewterers, Cowpers, gyrdlers, founders, Cordeners; vyntners, sporyars, joyners, and all other Chapmen, retailers, occupiers of every craft, mystery, and occupation, in all and every your Cities, ports, towns, and boroughs within this noble realm of England. That where your said realm and land is so inhabited with a great multitude, needy people, strangers of divers nations, as Frenchmen, galymen, pycardis, flemings, keteryckis, Spaynyars, Scottis, Lombards, and divers other nations, that your liege people, Englishmen, cannot imagine nor tell wherto nor to what occupation that they shalle use or put their children to lerne or occupy within your said cities, boroughs, ports and towns of this your said realm, with many other Chappmen and poor commons using the said crafts, mysteries, and occupation in all and every shire of this your said realm!... now it is so, most redoubted Sovereign lord, that innumerable needy people of galymen, Frenchmen and other great multitudes of alien strangers, do circuit, wander, go to and fro, in every your Cities, ports, towns, and boroughs in all places, as well within franchises, privileges, and liberties, as without, to every man door, taking up standing, and there make their shows, markets and sales of divers wares and merchandise to their own singular profits, advantage, and advails, to the great disturbance, empoverishing, hurt, loss, and utter undoing of your natural subjects and liege people in all and every city, port, borough, town, and places of your said realm: and also of more convenience for their advancement, the said Aliens strangers use to hire them servants of their own nation, or other strangers, or go about, wander, and retail in all cities, ports, towns and boroughs, and all other places to bye, sell, retail, and occupy seats and merchandise at their pleasure, without lawful authority or license, contrary to the said acts and statutes afore provided, and contrary to the Charters, liberties, constitutions, and confirmations made, given, and granted by your said noble predecessor, afore rehearsed: by means of which unlawful retailing so customably haunted, used, and occupied, your liege people and natural subjects, their wives, children, and servants, be utterly decayed, empoverished, and undone, in this world, unless your excellent and benign grace of your tender pity be unto your said subjects gracious at this time showing in this behalf. And without a short remedy be had herein, your said subjects be not able, nor shall not be of power to pay their rents nor also to maintain their poor households and to bear lot and scot and all other priests’ benevolences, and charges in time of need and war for the defence of your grace and of this your said realm, for the repressing, subduing, and vanquishing of your ancient enemies Frenchmen, and all other their adherents and banished men outwards.” (Furnivall.)

In this order passing to St. Peter’s Church, in Westminster: was there met with the Queen’s Almoner, the Dean of Westminster with the Prebends and all the Quier in their Copes.”

On 28th July 1900 was published in the AthenÆum of that date a paper by the late Rev. Prebendary Kitto, Vicar of St. Martin’s in the Fields, on the changes effected in the rites and ceremonies of that church during the years 1537–1560 or thereabouts. This instructive document was compiled from the accounts and papers preserved in the archives of the church.

Thus the ritual remained much the same during the reign of Henry VIII. as it had been before the commencement of the Reformation. They provided, as of old, candles, palms, incense; they hallowed sacred coals for Easter Eve; they provided lights for the font, for the rood loft, and for the altars; they set up the Easter sepulchre; they used the great Paschal Candle, the tabernacle, and the pyx; they maintained the side altars, and they not only repaired the vestments but they received gifts of new vestments. They had obits and “minds,” celebrated mass and kept up the images.

In 1538 lights before images were forbidden; but a perpetual light was maintained at the high altar.

In 1539 the Parish sold the iron and latten candlesticks which had been used for the images.

In the same year a Bible was bought for the church. It cost 12s. 8d.

In 1540 Henry is described under the title of “Defender of the Faith and Supreme Head, under God, of the Church of England and Ireland.”

In 1547 they sold all the wax they had in stock, according to the injunction.

In 1548 no more lights were allowed. The Parish sold the rest of their candlesticks, and bought a Paraphrase of the Gospel and a Communion Cup; they also whitewashed the church, in order, I suppose, to obliterate the pictures.

In 1549 the altars were stripped: there were to be no more flowers or garlands, no incense and no lights.

In 1550 they set up a box for the poor; sold their vestments; bought white surplices, and put a green cloth over the “Communion Table.”

In 1553 they sold the “old broken stuff of the Rood Loft” and made “Communion Pews.”

In the same year they were made to feel the mutability of things religious, because everything had to be restored at great expense. Their candlesticks, however, were of tin. They bought a cross for processions; a mass-book, a holy water stoup with a sprinkle; a basket for the holy bread; a pyx and all the other old vessels. Also, because under Edward they had written texts on the walls, they were now ordered to wipe them all out.

In 1559 they began to go back again to the Edwardian time, but not immediately. In 1560 the Bible was restored.

It is worthy of note that the parish officers were a little uncertain, after their melancholy experience, of the stability of things. They therefore kept the vessels bought in the time of Queen Mary until 1569, when, feeling somewhat reassured, they sold them all.

“Opposite to the Cross in Cheapside, on the south side of the street, there stood a superb pile of buildings, called Goldsmiths’ Row, extending from the west to Bread Street. This Row was erected in 1491, by Thomas Wood, Goldsmith, Sheriff of London. Stow describes it in 1598 as ‘the most beautiful frame of fair houses and shops that be within the walls of London, or elsewhere in England. It containeth in number ten fair dwelling-houses and fourteen shops, all in one frame, uniformly builded four stories high, beautified toward the street with the Goldsmith arms and the likeness of Woodmen (in memory of the founder’s name) riding on monstrous beasts, all of which is cast in lead, richly painted over and gilt.’ ‘This said front was again new painted and gilt over in the year 1594, Sir Richard Martin being then Mayor, and keeping the Mayoralty in one of them’ (Stow, edition 1633). ‘At this time the City greatly abounded in riches and splendour, such as former ages were unacquainted with. Then it was beautiful to behold the glorious appearance of Goldsmiths’ shops in the South Row of Cheapside, which, in a continued course, reached from the Old Change to Bucklersbury, exclusive of four shops only of other trades in all that space’ (Maitland’s History of London, edition 1760, vol. i. p. 301). King Charles the First in 1629 issued a Proclamation ordering the Goldsmiths to plant themselves, for the use of their trade, in Cheapside or Lombard Street. The Lords of the Council, in 1637, sent a letter to the Lord Mayor and Aldermen (vide vii. 197), ordering them to close every shop in Cheapside and Lombard Street that did not carry on the trade of a Goldsmith, about twenty-four in all, Grove and one Widow Hill, Stationers; Dover, a Milliner; Brown, a Bandseller; Sanders, a Drugster; Medcalfe, a Cook; Edwards, a Girdler, etc.—Rushworth’s ‘State Papers.’” (Remembrancia, p. 106, n. 1.)

In the ArchÆologia may be found the following enumeration of plants grown in an Elizabethan garden:—

• Adderstong—Ophioglossum.
• Affodyll—Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus. Affodyll Daffadilly.
• Appyl—Apple—Pyrus Malus; and garden varieties.
• Asche tre—Ash—Fraxinus excelsior.
• Auans—Geum urbanum, Avance or Avens.
• Betony—Saachys Betonica.
• Borage—Borrago officinalis.
• Bryswort—Bruisewort, Brusewort or Brisewort—Bellis perenni.
• Bugull—Bugle—Ajuga reptans.
• Bygull—Bigold—Chrysanthemom segetum.
• Calamynte—Calamintha officinalis. “The garden mynt.”
• Camemyl—Chamomile—Anthemis nobilis. “Camamyll.”
• Carsyndylls? “Cars or Carses—cress.”
• Centory—Great Centuary.
• Clarey—Clary—Salvia sclarea.
• Comfery—Comfrey—Symphytum officinale.
• Coryawnder—Coriander.
• Cowslippe—Cowslip.
• Dytawnder—Dittander and Dittany.
• Egrimoyne—Egremoyne.
• Elysauwder—Smyrnium Olusatrum.
• Feldwort—Felwort and Fieldwort.
• Floscampi? Campion?
• Foxglove—Digitalis purpurea.
• Fynel—Fennel.
• Garleke—Garlick.
• Gladyn—Iris foetidissima or Iris Pseudacorus.
• Gromel—Gromwell.
• Growdyswyly—Growndyswyly—Groundswyll.
• Hasel tre—Hazel tree.
• Haw thorn—Hawthorn.
• Henbane—Hyoscyamus niger.
• Herbe Ion.
• Herbe Robert—Geranium Robertianum.
• Herbe Water—Herb Walter.
• Hertystonge—Hartystonge—Hart’s-tongue.
• Holyhocke—Althaea rosea, or Malva sylvestris or Althaea officinalis.
• Honysoke—Honeysuckle.
• Horehound—Marrubium vulgare.
• Horsel—Horselle—Horsehele.
• Hyndesall?—Hind-heal.
• Langbefe, generally supposed to be Helminthia echioides.
• Lavyndull—Lavandula vera.
• Leke—Leek.
• Letows—Lettuce.
• Lyly—Lily.
• Lyverwort.
• Merege. Cannot identify.
• Moderwort—Motherwort.
• Mouseer—Mouse ear.
• Myntys—Mint.
• Nepte—Nep or Neppe or Nept.
• Oculus Christi—Salvia verbanaca.
• Orage—Atriplex hortensis.
• Orpy—Orpies.
• Ownyns and Oynet.
• Parrow? Cannot identify? mistake for Yarrow.
• Pelyter—Pellitory.
• Percely—Perselye —Parsley.
• Pere—Pear.
• Peruynke—Periwinkle.
• Primrole—Primrose.
• Polypody—Polypodium vulgare.
• Pympernold—Pimpernel.
• Radysche—Radish.
• Redenay. Cannot identify.
• Rewe—Rue.
• Rose—Rosa, red and white.
• Rybwort—Ribwort.
• Saferowne—Saffron.
• Sage—Salvia officinalis.
• Sanycle—Sanicle.
• Sauerey—Savory.
• Scabyas—Scabious.
• Seueny—Seniue. Common mustard or field senive.
• Sowthrynwode—Southernwood.
• Sperewort—Spearwort.
• Spynage—Spinach.
• Strowberys—Strawberries.
• Stychewort—Stichewort.
• Tansay—Tansy.
• Totesayne—Tutsan—Hypericum AndrosÆmum.
• Tuncarse—Town cress.
• Tyme—Thyme.
• Valeryan—a general name for Valeriana.
• Verveyn—Vervain—Verbena officinalis.
• Violet—Viola. Generally V. odorata.
• Vynys and Vyne tre—Vine.
• Walwort—Walwort or Danewort of Dwarf elder.
• Warmot—Wormwood.
• Waterlyly—Water lily.
• Weybrede—Plantago major.
• Woderofe—Woodruffe.
• Wodesour—Woodsour.
• Wurtys—Wortys.
• Wyldtesyl—Teazel.
• Ysope—Hyssop. “Ysopus is ysope.”
• (ArchÆologia, vol. 1. p. 167.)

“Your mediterranean isle is then the only gallery, wherein the pictures of all your true fashionate and complemental Gulls are, and ought to be hung up. Into that gallery carry your neat body: but take heed you pick out such an hour, when the main shoal of islanders are swimming up and down. And first observe your doors of entrance, and your exit: not much unlike the players at the theatres: keeping your decorums, even in phantasticality. As for example: if you prove to be a northern gentleman, I would wish you to pass through the north door, more often especially than any of the other: and so, according to your countries take note of your entrances.

Now for your venturing into the walk. Be circumspect, and wary what pillar you come in at: and take heed in any case, as you love the reputation of your honour, that you avoid the serving-man’s log, and approach not within five fathom of that pillar: but bend your course directly in the middle line, that the whole body of the church may appear to be yours: where, in view of all, you may publish your suit in what manner you affect most, either with the slide of your cloak from the one shoulder: and then you must, as ’twere in anger, suddenly snatch at the middle of the inside, if it be taffeta at the least: and so by that means your costly lining is betrayed, or else by the pretty advantage of compliment. But one note by the way I do especially woo you to, the neglect of which makes many of our gallants cheap and ordinary, that by no means you be seen above four turns: but in the fifth make yourself away, either in some of the semsters’ shops, the new tobacco-office, or amongst the booksellers, where, if you cannot read, exercise your smoke, and inquire who has writ against this divine weed, etc. For this withdrawing yourself a little will much benefit your suit, which else, by too long walking, would be stale to the whole spectators: but howsoever if Paul’s jacks be once up with their elbows, and quarrelling to strike eleven: as soon as ever the clock has parted them, and ended the fray with his hammer, let not the Duke’s gallery contain you any longer, but pass away apace in open view: in which departure, if by chance you either encounter, or aloof off throw your inquisitive eye upon any knight or squire, being your familiar, salute him not by his name of Sir such a one, or so: but call him Ned, or Jack, etc. This will set off your estimation with great men: and if, though there be a dozen companies between you, ’tis the better, he call aloud to you, for that is most genteel, to know where he shall find you at two o’clock: tell him at such an ordinary or such: and be sure to name those that are dearest, and whither none but gallants resort. After dinner you may appear again, having translated yourself out of your English cloth cloak into a light Turkey grogram, if you have that happiness of shifting: and then be seen, for a turn or two, to correct your teeth with some quill or silver instrument, and to cleanse your gums with a wrought handkerchief: it skills not whether you dined, or no: that is best known to your stomach: or in what place you dined: though it were with cheese, of your mother’s own making, in your chamber, or study.

Now if you chance to be a gallant not much crost among citizens: that is, a gallant in the mercer’s books, exalted for satins and velvets: if you be not so much blest to be crost (as I hold it the greatest blessing in the world to be great in no man’s books): your Paul’s walk is your only refuge: the Duke’s tomb is a sanctuary: and will keep you alive from worms, and land-rats, that long to be feeding on your carcass: there you may spend your legs in winter a whole afternoon: converse, plot, and talk any thing: jest at your creditor, even to his face: and in the evening, even by lamp-light, steal out: and so cozen a whole covey of abominable catchpolls. Never be seen to mount the steps into the quire, but upon a high festival day, to prefer the fashion of your doublet: and especially if the singing-boys seem to take note of you: for they are able to buzz your praises above their anthems, if their voices have not lost their maidenheads: but be sure your silver spurs dog your heels, and then the boys will swarm about you like so many white butterflies: when you in the open quire shall draw forth a perfumed embroidered purse, the glorious sight of which will entice many countrymen from their devotion to wondering: and quoit silver into the boys’ hands, that it may be heard above the first lesson, although it be read in a voice as big as one of the great organs.

This noble and notable act being performed, you are to vanish presently out of the quire, and to appear again in the walk: but in any wise be not observed to tread there long alone: for fear you be suspected to be a gallant cashiered from the society of captains, and fighters.” (The Gull’s Horn Book.)