192 See Lightfoot on the Colossians.

193 Works, vol. i. p. 10.

194 Ibid., vol. vii. p. 7.

195 History of Medicine, p. 36.

196 “‘How doth a man revive again in the world to come?’ asked Hadrian; and Joshua Ben Hananiah made answer, ‘From luz in the backbone.’ He then went on to demonstrate this to him. He took the bone luz, and put it into water, but the water had no action on it; he put it in the fire, but the fire consumed it not; he placed it in a mill, but could not grind it; and laid it on an anvil, but the hammer crushed it not.”—Lightfoot.

197 Alexandria and her Schools, p. 74.

198 Le Clerc, Hist. de la MÉd., Pt. I. 2, 4.

199 A History of the Jews, Book xxiii.

200 Ibid.

201 G. S. Faber, The Cabiri, vol. i.

202 Art. on “Babylon,” by Rev. A. H. Sayce, in Ency. Brit.

203 Hist. Babylonia, Geo. Smith, pp. 21, 22.

204 Lenormant, ChaldÆan Magic, pp. 139, 140.

205 See on this the chapter on “The Religious Systems of the Accadian Magic Books,” Lenormant, ChaldÆan Magic, chap. xi.

206 Lenormant, ChaldÆan Magic, p. 42.

207 Ibid., p. 179.

208 Lenormant, ChaldÆan Magic, p. 181.

209 Ibid., pp. 204-209.

210 Ibid., p. 35.

211 Ibid., p. 36.

212 Ibid., p. 36.

213 Ibid., p. 41.

214 See E. B. Tylor, art. “Demonology,” Ency. Brit.; Records of the Past, vols. i., iii.; Birch’s trans. Book of the Dead; Lenormant, Maspero, and others.

215 Herodotus, Book I. 197, tr. Rawlinson.

216 Records of the Past, vol. i. p. 135.

217 Hist. Babylon, p. 22.

218 Lenormant, ChaldÆan Magic, p. 6.

219 Nineveh and its Palaces, Joseph Bonomi, p. 164.

220 Records of the Past, vol. iii. p. 140.

221 Assyrian Talismans and Exorcisms, trans. by H. F. Talbot. Records of the Past, vol. iii. p. 143.

222 Folk Medicine, p. 165.

223 From Baas’ Hist. Med., p. 28.

224 See Taylor, Origin of the Aryans, chap. i.

225 Indian Wisdom, p. xxvi.

226 Indian Wisdom, p. 84.

227 Ibid., p. 89.

228 Asiatic Quarterly Review, Oct., 1892, p. 287.

229 Hist. India, 4th ed., p. 48.

230 Hist. India, 4th ed., p. 123.

231 Hist. Philos., vol. i. p. 394.

232 School of Philos., p. 547.

233 Max MÜller: Zend-Avesta, 83.

234 Ordinances of Menu, TrÜbner’s Oriental Series. Lect. xi. 48-54.

235 The first fine is the lowest, i.e. two hundred and fifty panas. In the Atharvaveda also physicians are spoken of in disrespectful terms. “Various are the desires of men; the wagoner longs for wood, the doctor for diseases.” A Brahman by the code of Menu was forbidden to follow the profession of a physician, as it was classed amongst those which were most impure.236 At certain funeral ceremonies the same Code excluded such persons as “physicians, atheists, thieves, spirit drinkers, men with diseased nails or teeth, dancers, etc.”237

236 Elphinstone, Hist. of India, 4th edition, p. 41.

237 Ordinances of Menu, iii. 150-168.

238 Baas, Hist. Med., p. 41.

239 Hunter’s Indian Empire, p. 109.

240 Asiatic Quarterly Rev., Oct. 1892, p. 290.

241 Ibid.

242 Tract vi. p. 125.

243 Weber, Hist. Ind. Lit., p. 270.

244 Ibid.

245 Wise’s Hindu Medicine, p. 184.

246 Hindu Medicine, p. 8.

247 Hist. Ind. Lit., p. 268.

248 Wise’s Hindu Medicine, p. 213.

249 There would seem to be an artful idea under these signs. Most of them have no relation whatever to the patient’s condition, but are of great importance to the doctor’s convenience, and are evidently arranged to suit his own purposes.

250 Ainslie’s Materia Indica, vol. ii. p. 525.

251 Arrian’s Indian History, vol. ii. p. 232 (ed. 1729).

252 Strabo, Geography, Book xv. c. 1.

253 Indian History, vol. ii. p. 219.

254 Hibbert Lectures, 1878, p. 150.

255 Weber, Sanskrit Literature, p. 265.

256 Tracts on India, p. 139.

257 Hibbert Lectures, 1878, p. 134.

258 Monier Williams, Indian Wisdom, p. 56.

259 Ibid., p. 57.

260 Indian Wisdom, p. 66.

261 John ix. 2.

262 Asiatic Quarterly Review, Oct. 1892, p. 288.

263 Asiatic Quarterly Review, Oct. 1892, p. 288.

264 A Manual of Budhism, pp. 238.

265 Probably the Taxila of the Greeks. See Strabo, Book xv. c. 1, § 61.

266 A doctrine re-discovered by our bacteriologists.

267 Haeser.

268 Materia Indica, vol. ii. p. vii.

269 Ibid.

270 Ibid., p. viii.

271 Oriental Magazine, March, 1823.

272 Wise, Hist. Hind. Med., vol. i. pp. 131, 132.

273 Indian Empire, p. 106.

274 Oriental Magazine, vol. i. (1823), pp. 349-356.

275 Indian Empire, p. 108.

276 Ibid.

277 Ibid., p. 146.

278 Medical and Surgical Sciences of the Hindus.

279 Hibbert Lectures, 1878, p. 153.

280 Prof. H. H. Wilson’s Medical and Surgical Sciences of the Hindus.

281 Brit. Med. Journ., June 25, 1892, p. 1382.

282 Mocre, History of the Small-pox, p. 33, quoted in Pettigrew’s Medical Superstitions, p. 81.

283 Paris’s Pharmacologia, p. 26.

284 Tylor, Primitive Culture, vol. ii. p. 150.

285 Asiatic Quarterly Rev., Oct. 1892, p. 291.

286 Selections from the Records of the Government of India. Foreign Department. No. CVIII. Rajputana Dispensary, Vaccination, Jail, and Sanitary Report for 1872-73. By Surgeon-Major (now Surgeon-General Sir W.) Moore, C.I.E., Honorary Surgeon to the Viceroy of India.

287 See an article entitled “A New Light on the Chinese,” in Harper’s Magazine, December, 1892.

288 Prof. Teile, in art. “Religions,” Ency. Brit.

289 Cummings, Wanderings in China, vol. i. p. 188.

290 Baas, Hist. Med.

291 “Doctoring in China,” National Review, May, 1889.

292 Doolittle’s Social Life of the Chinese, vol. i. p. 145.

293 Folk Medicine, p. 4; Dennys, Folklore of China, p. 96.

294 Doolittle’s Social Life of the Chinese, vol. i. p. 153.

295 Ibid., vol. i. p. 275.

296 Doolittle’s Social Life of the Chinese, vol. i. p. 265.

297 Ibid., vol. i. p. 275.

298 Ibid., vol. i. p. 154.

299 Ibid., vol. ii. p. 116.

300 Sacred Books of the East, vol. xi. p. 272.

301 Travels in Tartary, vol. i. chap. vii.

302 National Dispensatory, p. 754.

303 Gordon Cumming’s Wanderings in China, vol. i. p. 174.

304 “Doctoring in China,” National Review, May, 1889.

305 Doolittle’s Social Life of the Chinese, vol. ii. p. 321.

306 Southey, Common Place Book, ser. iv. p. 547.

307 Ency. Brit., art. “Surgery.”

308 Chambers’ Journal, Dec. 29, 1888, p. 831.

309 Wanderings in China, vol. i. p. 173.

310 Ibid., vol. i. p. 173.

311 Folk Lore of China, p. 49.

312 Ibid.

313 Travels in Tartary.

314 Travels in Tartary.

315 Travels in Tartary, vol. i. chap. ix.

316 La Magie et l’Astrologie, p. 13.

317 Vorlesungen Über die Finnische Mythologie, p. 173.

318 La Magie et l’Astrologie, p. 283, and foll.; also Lenormant, ChaldÆan Magic, p. 212.

319 National Druggist.

320 Darmesteter, Zend-Avesta.

321 Zend-Avesta; VendÎdÂd. Sacred Books of the East, vol. iv. p. 219.

322 Ibid.

323 Rig-Veda, x. 97, 17.

324 VendÎdÂd, Fargard xx. 7.

325 Sacred Books of the East, vol. iv. p. 83.

326 Herod., i. 138.

327 Zend-Avesta. Translated by J. Darmesteter in Sacred Books of the East, vol. iv. p. 187. This throws a curious light on a custom which has been observed in operation all over the world, of taking care not to throw about hair or nail-cuttings, lest the devil should get hold of them.

328 Zend-Avesta, Introduction, v. xciii. § 13.

329 Our word Peony derives its Latin name (PÆonia) from the name of Apollo the Healer. He cured the gods of their diseases, and healed their wounds by means of this root.

330 vii. 23.

331 Wheelwright’s translation of Pindar. Third Pythian Ode, 80-95.

332 Sacred Books of the East, vol. iv. p. 219 note.

333 Il., V. 447.

334 Sophoc., Ajax.

335 Cicero, De Nat. Deor., iii. 22.

336 Prometheus. Plays of Æschylus, Morley’s Ed.

337 Book XIX.

338 Hist. de la MÉdicine, Pt. I., liv. i., ch. xiv.

339 Ibid.

340 I am indebted to an article on “The Medicine of Homer” in The British Medical Journal for much of the information in this section.

341 Le Clerc, Hist. de la MÉd., Pt. I., liv. ii., ch. ix.

342 Arctinus, Ethiopis. Translated in Puschmann’s Hist. Med. Education, p. 35.

343 Le Clerc, Hist. de la MÉd., Pt. I., bk. i., ch. xviii.

344 Lib. VIII., cap. 26.

345 Cic., Tusc. Dis., III. 1.

346 Hippocr., De Prisca Medic.

347 Le Clerc, Hist. de la MÉd., Pt. I., liv. ii., c. iv.

348 Laertius, Lib. I., c. 113.

349 Hist. Med., p. 88.

350 Puschmann, Hist. Med. Education, p. 46.

351 See on this Dr. Greenhill’s remarks in Smith’s Dict. Greek and Roman Biography, loc. cit.

352 Aristotle, Hist. Animal., iii. 2.

353 Ency. Brit., Ninth Ed., vol. iii. p. 178.

354 Baas, Hist. Med., p. 88.

355 Ibid., p. 89.

356 Laertius, c. 77, c. 59.

357 Ibid., c. 62.

358 Diodor., i. 69, 98.

359 Grote, vol. iv. p. 529.

360 Book xx. 73.

361 See “Pythagorean Philosophy,” Ency. Brit.

362 Baas, Hist. Med., p. 89. Meryon, Hist. Med., p. 14. Dr. Adams, Introd. Hippoc., vol. i. p. 134.

363 Histoire de la MÉdicine, Pt. I., liv. i., c. iv.

364 Lib. 3, cap. 4.

365 Sprengel, Hist. MÉd., p. 36.

366 Pratt, Flowering Plants, vol. i. p. 57.

367 Herod., iii. 137.

368 Hist. Nat., xxviii. c. 29.

369 De Carnibus.

370 Vol. i. p. 151.

372 The following are translations of some of the tablets suspended in the temples, as given in Hieron Mercurialis (De Art. Gymnast., Amstel., 4to, 1672, pp. 2, 3):—

“Some days back a certain Caius, who was blind, learned from an oracle that he should repair to the temple, put up his fervent prayers, cross the sanctuary from right to left, place his five fingers on the altar, then raise his hand and cover his eyes. He obeyed, and instantly his sight was restored, amidst the loud acclamations of the multitude. These signs of the omnipotence of the gods were shown in the reign of Antoninus.”

“A blind soldier, named Valerius Apes, having consulted the oracle, was informed that he should mix the blood of a white cock with honey, to make up an ointment to be applied to his eyes for three consecutive days. He received his sight, and returned public thanks to the gods.”

“Julian appeared lost beyond all hope from a spitting of blood. The gods ordered him to take from the altar some seeds of the pine, and to mix them with honey, of which mixture he was to eat for three days. He was saved, and came to thank the gods in presence of the people.”—(Smith’s Dict. Greek and Roman Ant., art. “Medicina.”)

373 The multitude of “Eau de Cologne” makers calling themselves “Farina” is a case in point.

374 Adams, Hippocrates, vol. i. p. 7.

375 Galen, De Sanitate tuenda.

376 Meryon, Hist. Med., p. 11.

377 Baas, Hist. Med., p. 91.

378 All-heal.

379 Dr. Puschmann, in his History of Medical Education, p. 42, translates this passage: “Castration will I not carry out even on those who suffer from stone, but leave this to those people who make a business of it.” The words in the Greek are ?? te?? d? ??d? ?? ??????ta?, and much controversy has been excited by them. Some commentators of great authority think the passage forbids castration, as disgraceful things are being spoken of, such as giving poisons and procuring abortion. Certainly there is no reason for supposing that the doctors of the period would object to perform lithotomy though it is the fact that there was a class of operators who were a sort of unscientific specialists in the practice.

380 Baas, Hist. Med., p. 93.

381 Plut., Symp., viii. 4, § 4.

382 Plato, De Leg., xi.

383 Ibid., iv.

384 Cos gave birth to Ptolemy Philadelphus, the second of the Greek kings of Egypt, to Ariston the philosopher, and to Apelles the painter.

385 Vol. ii. p. 569.

386 Vol. vi. p. 1152.

387 Works of Hippocrates, Syd. Soc., vol. ii. p. 565.

388 Œuvres ComplÈtes d’Hippocrate, Tom. I., Introd., ch. i. p. 3.

389 Adams, Hippocrates, vol. i. p. 18.

390 Epidem., vi.

391 Ibid., i.

392 Derivation is the drawing of humours from one part of the body to another, as from the eye by a blister on the neck; revulsion differs from this only by the force of the medicine and the distance of the disorder from the part to which it is applied. He treated fevers by preparations which increase the amount of fluid in the blood, as by water, buttermilk, whey, etc. This was called the diluent system. At the same time he used mild aperients and sometimes venesection.

393 ???s?? f?s?e? ??t???. Epid., vi. 5, l.t. iii. p. 606.

394 See for all this surgical information Ashurst’s International EncyclopÆdia of Surgery, vol. vi.

395 Genuine Works of Hippocrates, vol. i. pp. 20, 21.

396 Adams, Genuine Works of Hippocrates, vol. i. pp. 129, 130.

397 Probably masks or inanimate figures (Adams).

398 Baas, Hist. Med., Eng. Trans., pp. 111, 112.

399 Le Clerc, Hist. de la MÉd., Pt. I., bk. iv.

400 Celsus, De Medic., PrÆlat, in lib. i.

401 Hist. Nat., xxvi. 6.

402 On the question of the authenticity of this epistle see Dr. Adams’ commentary in his Paulus Ægineta, vol. i. p. 186.

403 Hist. de la MÉd., vol. i. pp. 422-3.

404 Œuvres d’Hippocr., vol. i. p. 202, etc.

405 CÆl. Aurel., De Morb. Acut., iii. 17.

406 Le Clerc, Hist. de la MÉd. Meryon, Hist. Med., p. 35.

407 Études Biographiques par Paul-Antoine, Cap. p. 26. The Treatise on Stones by Theophrastus is one of the first works we possess on the study of minerals.

408 Alexandria and her Schools, p. 6.

409 Galen, De Uteri Dissect., c. 5, vol. ii. p. 895.

410 De Anima, c. 10, p. 757.

411 De Medic., i. PrÆf., p. 6.

412 Baas, Hist. of Med., pp. 121-123.

413 Puschmann, Hist. Med. Educ., p. 76.

414 Plutarch’s Life of Demetrius.

415 He modified his opinions on the nerves by careful dissections, and greatly improved his physiology.

416 Baas, Hist. of Med., pp. 121-123.

417 Le Clerc, Hist. de la MÉd., Pt. II. c. iii.

418 Dr. W. A. Greenhill, art. “Dogmatici,” Smith’s Dict. Class. Ant. Briefly, this was as much as to say that a man could not be an educated doctor who had not practised, or at least seen, human vivisection. As these have not been performed since the fifteenth century, when, as we shall learn, they were practised by Italian anatomists, it follows, according to the argument, that the Alexandrian physicians were better educated than our own!

419 De Med., vii. 26. See also Smith’s Dict. Ant., p. 220.

420 Plin., Hist. Nat., xxvi. 6.

421 De Med., PrÆfat.

422 Celsus, Of Medicine.

423 Life of Demetrius.

424 Hist. Med., p. 129.

425 Hist. de la MÉd.; Pt. II., bk. iii., ch. xiii.

426 Celsus, Of Medicine, chap. iv. Futvoye’s Trans.

427 Dr. Francis Adams. Preface to Works of Paulus Ægineta, p. xii.

428 iii. 131.

429 Smith’s Dict. Ant., p. 611.

430 Herodotus, iv. 68.

431 Hist. de la MÉd., vol. vi. p. 28.

432 Smith’s Dict. Ant., art. “Therapeutica.”

433 Titus Livius, lib. i., cap. xxxi. Pliny, Hist. Nat., lib. xxviii., c. ii.

434 De Civ. Dei., lib. iv. cap. xxi.

435 Ibid., cap. xxiii.

436 Baas, Hist. Med., p. 131.

437 Puschmann, Hist. of Med. Educ., p. 86.

438 Ibid., p. 97. Baas, Hist. Med., p. 152.

439 Hist. Nat., xxix. 8.

440 Life of Cato the Censor.

441 Hist. Nat., xxix. cap. 8.

442 Epist. 93.

443 See Baas, Hist. of Med., and Dr. Habershon’s note on this subject, p. 133.

444 Bostock, Hist. of Med.

445 Puschmann, Hist. Med. Educ., p. 98.

446 Epigrams, x. 56.

447 Hist. Med. Educ., p. 131.

448 Cels., lib. vii. p. 337, ed. Targ. Sprengel, Hist. de la MÉd., tom. vii. p. 38.

449 Hist. of Med. Educ., p. 117.

450 Galen, x. 987. Plin., Nat. Hist., xxix. 8.

451 Nat. Hist., xxix. 5.

452 Smith’s Dict. Ant., p. 611.

453 Puschmann’s Med. Educ., 126.

454 CÆl. Aurel., De Morb. Chron., iii. 8.

455 Sprengel, Hist. de la MÉd., vol. vi. p. 138.

456 Baas, Hist. of Med., p. 137.

457 Sprengel, Hist. de la MÉd., vol. ii. p. 24.

458 Baas, Hist. of Med., p. 140.

459 CÆl. Aurel., De Morb. Chron., i. l. p. 286.

460 Sat., x. 221.

461 Galen, Introd., c. l., tom. xiv., pp. 663, 684. Ed. KÜhn.

462 De Medic., lib. i., PrÆf.

463 Le Clerc, Hist. MÉd., Part II., liv. iv., sec. i., ch. 1.

464 Baas, Hist. of Med., p. 143.

465 Prof. W. Turner, art. “Anatomy,” Ency. Brit.

466 Dr. Ch. Creighton, art. “Surgery,” Ency. Brit.

467 Grundriss der Geschichte der Medicin.

468 A. C. Celsi Med. PrÆf., ad lib. 7.

469 De re Med., lib. 1.

470 Hist. de la MÉd., vol. ii. p. 50.

471 Sprengel, Hist. MÉd., vol. ii. p. 37.

472 Baas, Grund. der Ges. der Med., p. 144.

473 Mechanical Account of Poisons.

474 Theophrastus, Hist. Plant., ix. 17.

475 National Dispensatory, p. 1515.

476 Conf. Gal. Comment. in Hippocr., lib. vi.; De Morb. Vulgar., vi., § 5, tom. xvii. p. ii. p. 337.

477 History of Inventions, art. “Apothecaries.”

478 Plin., lib. xxxiv. cap. 11.

479 C. Steph., 1133.

480 Peloponnesian War, ii. 48.

481 Annal., xiii. c. 15, 16.

482 Nero, 33.

483 The Instructor, Book II.

484 Seneca, De Benefic., vi. 15, 16, 17.

485 John Henry Newman’s Life of Apollonius TyanÆus.

486 By Lord Herbert and Mr. Blount.

487 Newman’s Life of Apollonius.

488 Galen, De Temperamentis.

489 Smith’s Dict. Greek and Roman Ant., art. “Pneumatici.” See also Sprengel and Le Clerc.

490 Smith’s Dict. Ant., art. “Eclectici.”

491 Nat. Hist., xx. 40; xxiv. 120.

492 vi. 236; xiii. 98; xiv. 252.

493 See Baas, Hist. Med., p. 167.

494 De Causis Diuturnorum Morborum, etc., lib. ii. cap. xiii.

495 Baas, Hist. Med., p. 167.

496 Sprengel, Hist. de la MÉd., Introd. vol. i. p. 15.

497 Bostock, Hist. of Med.

498 Hist. Induct. Sciences, vol. iii. p. 389.

499 De Usu, Part iii. 10.

500 Whewell, Hist. Induct. Sciences, vol. iii. p. 386. Sprengel, ii. p. 150.

501 De Motu Musc.

502 Whewell, Hist. Induct. Sciences, vol. iii. p. 388.

503 See for a full account of Galen’s doctrine of the pulse, Dr. Adams’ Commentary on Paulus Ægineta, vol. ii. p. 12.

504 De Dignosc. Puls., iii. 3, vol. viii. p. 902.

505 Dr. Greenhill in Smith’s Dict. Greek and Roman Biog.

506 Galen’s Art of Physic.

507 Ency. Brit., art. “Surgery.”

508 Smith’s Dict. Greek and Roman Biog., art. “Galen.”

509 Cardan, De Subtil.

510 Hist. of Med., vol. i. p. 115.

511 Smith’s Dict. Greek and Roman Biog., vol. i. p. 126.

512 Alexandria and her Schools, p. 113.

513 Freind, Historia MedicinÆ, p. 383.

514 Ibid., p. 380.

515 Smith’s Dict. Ant.

516 Hist. Med.

517 Freind, Hist. Med.

518 Ibid.

519 Baas, Hist. Med., p. 201.

520 Ibid.

521 North Brit. Rev., vol. 47.

522 Browning’s Parleyings, p. 44.

523 Cato, De re Rustica, c. 2.

524 Sat. vi.

525 Prescott says, Conquest of Mexico, chap, ii., that among the Aztecs, “Hospitals were established in the principal cities for the cure of the sick, and the permanent refuge of the disabled soldier; and the surgeons were placed over them, ‘who were so far better than those in Europe,’ says an old chronicler, ‘that they did not protract the cure, in order to increase the pay.’”

526 Ecclesiastical History, lib. vi. ch. xlii.

527 Butler’s Lives of the Saints. St. Basil the Great.

528 Ibid., loc. cit.

529 p. 153.

530 Eccl. Hist., lib. vii. c. xxi.

531 See Balmez, European Civilization, p. 436.

532 Can. 10. Concil. iv. (Mans. vii.).

533 Fleury’s Eccl. Hist., Book xxi. 3, note e.

534 Ibid., xxiii. 24.

535 Sprengel, Hist. de la MÉd., p. 56.

536 Ency. Brit., vol. i. p. 181.

537 Puschmann’s Hist. Med. Educ., p. 189.

538 Pharaohs, Fellahs, etc., Amelia B. Edwards, p. 243.

539 Preface to Saxon Leechdoms, vol. i. p. xxi.

540 Ibid., vol. i. p. xxiii.

541 Vulpes, Illustrazione di tutti gli Strumenti chirurgici scavati in Ercolano e in Pompei, Napoli, 1847.

542 Ibid.

543 Vulpes, ut supra.

544 Medical Superstitions, p. 56

545 Marsden, Hist. Sumatra, p. 189.

547 Custom and Myth, p. 148.

548 Custom and Myth., p. 150.

549 Rivers of Life, J. G. R. Forlong.

550 Anthropological Journal, vol. xii. p. 572.

551 Baas, Hist. Med., p. 68.

552 Hooker, Himalayan Journ., Ed. 1891, p. 141.

553 Travels in Africa, Ed. 1890, p. 488.

554 Plin., xxi. 104.

555 Plin., xxii. 24.

556 Plin., xxx. 30.

557 Official Guide, Brit. Museum Galleries, 1892, pp. 122-3.

558 From Ritual of the Dead. Lenormant, ChaldÆan Magic, p. 90.

559 Ten Years’ Digging in Egypt, p. 94.

560 Pratt’s Flowering Plants, vol. i. p. 50.

561 Nat. Hist., Book xxx. chap. 20.

562 Ibid., Book. xxx. chap. 24.

563 Dict. Greek and Roman Ant., Smith’s art. “Amulets.”

564 H. N. xxv. 9.

565 Smith’s Dict. Greek and Roman Ant., art. “Therapeutica.” See also “Amulets,” p. 45.

566 Hist. Med., p. 772.

567 Vol. ii. p. 139.

568 Heathen charm.

569 A blackberry.

570 Nightmare was considered to be the work of an evil spirit.

571 Plin., xxx. 30.

572 See the twenty-second and twenty-fourth books of Pliny’s Natural History.

573 Lib. ix. cap. 4, p. 538, Ed. 1556.

574 Galen de Facult. Simpl., lib. vi. p. 792, Ed. KÜhn.

575 “A Gnostic device. See MontfauÇon, plates 159, 161, 163.”

576 This also is Gnostic.

577 Mr. Cockayne considers this to be probably Gnostic; some of the words are pure nonsense.

578 Quoted by Mr. Cockayne in his Saxon Leechdoms, vol. i., Preface, pp. xviii., xix., xx.

579 Anatomy of Melancholy, Part 2, sec. 5.

580 Rev. C. A. John’s Flowers of the Field.

581 Brand’s Observations, vol. ii. p. 67.

582 Hist. Nat., xxxvii. 10.

583 Brand’s Observations, etc., vol. ii. p. 63.

584 Burton’s Anatomy, p. 454.

585 Saxon Leech Book, II. ch. lxvi.

586 See Curious Myths of Middle Ages, S. B. Gould, Appendix C, p. 273.

587 Morley’s Life of Corn. Agrippa, vol. i. p. 165.

588 History of Medicine, p. 107.

589 Secret Miracles of Nature, Eng. trans. fol., Lond. 1658, p. 164.

590 Vulgar Errors.

591 Saxon Leechdoms, vol. i., Pref., p. xxxii.

592 Brand’s Popular Antiquities, vol. iii. p. 139.

593 EncylopÆdia of Antiquities, vol. i. p. 336.

594 Medical Superstitions, p. 45.

595 Lubbock, Origin of Civilization, 5th Ed., p. 23.

596 Park’s Travels, vol. i. p. 357.

597 Astley’s Voyages, vol. ii. p. 35.

598 Siberia, p. 310.

599 Vambery’s Travels in Central Asia, p. 50.

600 Masson’s Travels in Belochistan, etc., vol. i. pp. 74, 90, 312, vol. ii. pp. 127, 302.

601 The Thoughts of Blaise Pascal, Bell’s Ed. 1890, p. 2.

602 L’Amulette de Pascal. MÉdecine et MÉdecins. Par E. LittrÉ. Paris, 1872.

603 Arnot’s Hist. Edin.

604 Vol. i. p. 192.

605 PrÆcepta de Medicina of Serenus Samonicus.

606 Lardner, Works, vol. ix. pp. 290-364.

607 Pettigrew, Medical Superstitions, p. 52.

608 Vol. iii. p. 29.

609 Morley’s Life of Cornelius Agrippa, vol. i. p. 80.

610 Ibid., p. 81.

611 Henry’s Hist. of Great Britain, vol. i. p. 147.

612 Meryon, Hist. Med., pp. 113, 114; Strutt’s Chronicles of England, vol. i. p. 279.

613 Chronicles of England, vol. i. p. 279.

614 Ibid., p. 281.

615 Plin., Hist. Nat., lib. xxx. c. i.

616 Diod. Sicul., lib. v. cap. 35.

617 The Chronicles of England, vol. i. pp. 278, 279.

618 The Chronicles of England, vol. i. p. 278.

619 Nat. Hist., Book xxx. chap. iv.

620 See note on Pliny’s passage, “Ut dedisse Persis videri possit,” in Bohn’s Pliny’s Nat. Hist., vol. v. p. 426.

621 Holinshed, Chronicles of England, vol. i. p. 506.

622 Hist. Med., p. 249.

623 Hist. Med. Education, p. 187.

624 Ibid., p. 186.

625 Grimm’s Teutonic Mythology, translated by Stallybrass, vol. i. p. 133.

626 Ibid., vol. i. p. 42.

627 See Tennyson’s poem, The Victim.

628 Grimm.

629 Ibid.

630 Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, vol. ii. p. 586.

631 Grimm’s Teutonic Mythology, p. 588.

632 Ibid., p. 602.

633 Ibid., p. 604.

634 Ibid., vol. ii. p. 874.

635 Eccl. Hist., lib. iii. cap. 18.

636 Strutt’s Chronicles of England, vol. i. p. 345.

637 Chronicles of England, vol. ii. p. 248.

638 Bede, Eccles. Hist., lib. v. cap. 3.

639 Chronicles of England, vol. ii. p. 248.

640 Strutt’s Horda Angel Cynnan, vol. i. p. 70.

641 Strutt, The Chronicles of England, vol. i. p. 344. Bede, Eccl. Hist., iii. 18.

642 Leech Book, ii. p. 289.

643 Ibid., p. xxv.

644 A valuable expectorant which is largely used at the present time.

645 Recherches critiques sur l’Âge et origine des traductions Latines d’Aristote. Paris, 1819.

646 Saxon Leechdoms, vol. ii., Preface, p. xxix.

647 Leechdoms, Wortcunning, and Starcraft of Early England, vol. ii. Edited by Rev. O. Cockayne. (Rolls Series.)

648 MS. Reg., 12. D. xvii.

649 Leech Book, I. xiii. p. 57.

650 Saxon Leechdoms, vol. ii. p. 117.

651 The doctor and the patient.

652 Saxon Leechdoms, vol. ii. p. 137.

653 Ibid., vol. ii. pp. 137-8.

654 Church bells were anciently used more to frighten the fiends away than for calling together the worshippers.

655 Psalms cxix., lxviii., and lxix.

656 A formula of Benediction.

657 Polypodium vulgare.

658 Saxon Leechdoms, vol. ii. pp. 138-9.

659 Leech Book, III. vol. ii. p. 343.

660 Saxon Leechdoms, vol. ii. p. 335.

661 Ibid., p. 335.

662 Saxon Leechdoms, vol. ii. p. 307.

663 Ibid., vol. i. Preface, p. xxvii.

664 Saxon Leechdoms, vol. i. Preface, pp. xxvi., xxvii.

665 Leech Book, iii. p. 307.

666 Myv. Arch., iii. p. 129.

667 Meddygon Myddfai, Preface, p. ix.

668 Llanover MS.

669 Ancient Laws and Institutions of Wales, vol. ii. p. 515.

670 Meddygon Myddfai, p. xi.

671 Ibid., p. xiii.

672 Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales, vol. i. p. 41 etc.

673 Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales, vol. i. p. 315.

674 Ibid., p. 507.

675 The Physicians of Myddvai, Llandovery, 1861.

676 Leges Wallica, l. 4. Henry’s Hist. of Eng., vol. i. p. 320.

677 Ancient Laws, etc., of Wales, v. i. p. 313.

678 See on this Balmez, European Civilization, p. 214.

679 Pococke, Hist. Dynast., p. 128; Freind, Hist. Med., Lat. Ed., p. 472.

680 Puschmann, Hist. of Med. Educ., p. 156.

681 L. Leclerc, Hist. de la MÉd. Arabe, i. p. 38.

682 Freind, Hist. Med., p. 473, Ed. 1733.

683 Decline and Fall, etc., ch. lii.

684 Weber, Hist. Ind. Lit., p. 266.

685 Royle, Antiquity of Hindu Medicine.

686 Weber, p. 266.

687 Puschmann, p. 160.

688 Leo Afric., De viris Illust. ap. Arab. Bib.

689 The Saracens, p. 191.

690 Ibid.

691 Ibid., pp. 191, 192.

692 Decline and Fall, etc., ch. lii.

693 Puschmann, Hist. Med. Educ., p. 158.

694 Freeman’s Saracens, p. 54.

695 Kingsley’s Alexandria, p. 148.

696 Sismondi, Literature of Europe, vol. i. p. 51.

697 Hist. Med., p. 123.

698 See Thompson’s Hist. Chem., vol. i. p. 112.

699 Berington’s Lit. Hist. Middle Ages, p. 415.

700 Gibbon, Decline and Fall, etc., ch. lii.

701 Imp. Dict. Biog., art. “AverrhoÈs.”

702 Puschmann, p. 162.

703 Baas, Hist. Med., p. 220.

704 Literature of Europe, vol. i. p. 66.

705 Ibid.

706 Decline and Fall, etc., chap. lii.

707 Dictionary of Islam, art. “Da’wah.”

708 Baas, History of Medicine, p. 224.

709 Sismondi, Literature of Europe, vol. i. p. 68.

710 Ibid.

711 Dr. W. A. Greenhill, in Smith’s Dict. Classical Biog.

712 Ibid., in life of Rhazes, in Imp. Dict. Biog.

713 Baas, Hist. Med., p. 231.

714 Berington, Lit. Hist. Middle Ages, p. 428.

715 Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. vi. pp. 105-119.

716 Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. vi. p. 119.

717 Baas, Hist. Med., p. 233.

718 Arabic writer, quoted by Baas, Hist. Med., p. 221.

719 Freeman’s Saracens, p. 4.

720 Ibid., p. 6.

721 Philosophy of History, p. 342.

722 Chateaubriand, Analyse de l’Histoire de France, Seconde Race.

723 Goodwin, Lives of the Necromancers, pp. 29, 30.

724 Cap, Études Biographiques, Ser. ii. p. 326.

725 See Whewell’s Hist. Induct. Sciences, vol. i. p. 305.

726 Decline and Fall.

727 Mullinger’s University of Cambridge, p. 334.

728 As Haydn gives them.

729 Ency. Brit., art. “Anatomy.”

730 Rise and Constitution of Universities, p. 157.

731 Puschmann’s Hist. Med. Educ., p. 214.

732 Puschmann’s Hist. Med. Educ., p. 216.

734 Ibid. See also Dubouchet, “Documents pour servir À l’histoire de l’universitÉ de mÉdicine de Montpellier,” in the Gaz. hebd. des sciences med. de Montpellier, 1887, No. 4.

735 Ibid., p. 218.

736 Surgical Dict., art. “Surgery.”

737 Cooper’s Surgical Dictionary, art. “Surgery.”

738 In vit. Ric. pri., p. 490.

739 Strutt’s Horda Angel-Cynnan, vol. ii. p. 26.

740 Wood, Hist. Univ. of Oxford, vol. i. p. 62.

741 Henry, Hist. Great Britain, vol. vi. p. 114.

742 Jessen.

743 L’École de Salerne.

744 Laurie, Rise, etc., of Universities, p. 112.

745 European Civilization, p. 216.

746 Storia docum. della scuola med. di Salerno, p. 157, et seq.

747 S. de Renzi, Collectio Salernitana, iii. 325.

748 Laurie’s Rise, etc., of Universities, p. 112.

749 See Puschmann’s Hist. Med., p. 199.

750 Ibid.

751 Ibid., p. 113.

752 Daremberg, L’École de Salerne.

753 Hist. Med., p. 262.

754 IV. 75.

755 Laurie, Rise, etc., of Universities, p. 113.

756 Laurie’s Rise, etc., of the Universities, pp. 113, 114.

757 Daremberg, L’École de Salerne, p. 146.

758 Collect. Salern., t. ii. pp. 737-768.

759 Anomymi Salernitani de adventu medici ad Ægrotum. Ed. A. G. E. Th. Henschel, Vratisl., 1850. De Renzi, Collect. Salern., ii. 74-81, v. 333-349. Puschmann, Hist. Med., p. 203. Daremberg, L’École de Salerne, p. 148.

760 The whole coast between Salerno and Amalfi and the surrounding parts are some of the loveliest places in Italy.

761 Puschmann, Hist. Med. Education, p. 201.

762 Daremberg, L’École de Salerne.

763 See Dr. Haeser’s Lehrbuch der Geschichte der Medicin, p. 290.

764 Puschmann, Hist. Med. Education, p. 203.

765 Meryon, History of Medicine, p. 162. See also Beckmann’s Hist. of Inventions, art. “Apothecaries.”

766 Baas, Hist. Med., p. 263.

767 Note in Baas’ Hist. Med., p. 263.

768 Daremberg, L’École de Salerne.

769 To be precise, “M. Baudry de Balzac computes from 1474 to 1846, 240 editions of The School of Salerno. It was translated into French, German, English, Breton, Italian, Spanish, Polish, ProvenÇal, Bohemian, Hebrew, and Persian. The number of manuscripts which contain this poem is more than 150.” (Daremberg, L’École de Salerne.)

770 Iodine was not known at this time; and the virtue of the sponge, if any, was doubtless due to the iodine it contained.

771 Baas, Hist. Med., p. 299.

772 Puschmann, Hist. Med. Educ., p. 206. De Renzi, Collect. Salernit., ii. 445, 513, 628, 650, etc.

773 Hist. diplom. Frid. II. imperat. Paris, 1854. T. iv., pars. 1, p. 149, tit. 44, quoted in Puschmann’s Hist. Med. Education, p. 207.

774 Hist. diplom. Frid. II., op. cit. p. 235, lib. 3, tit. 46, etc., quoted in Puschmann’s Hist. Med. Educ., p. 208.

775 A gold tarenus weighed twenty grains.

776 Puschmann’s Hist. Med. Educ., p. 210.

777 Aubrey, Hist. England, vol. i. p. 487.

778 Art. “Astrology,” Ency. Brit., vol. ii. p. 741.

779 MÉdecine et MÉdecins, p. 125.

780 Tom. iii. p. 9.

781 Principles of Sociology, vol. i. p. 53.

782 Ency. Brit., art. “Bacon, Roger.”

783 History of Inductive Sciences, vol. i. p. 341.

784 Ibid., p. 342.

785 Mullinger’s Hist. Cambridge Univ., p. 170 note.

786 Hist. Univ. Oxford.

787 Or College of SS. Cosmas and Damian. See p. 234 of this work.

788 Wood’s University of Oxford, vol. i. p. 293.

789 Aubrey, Hist. England, vol. i. p. 426.

790 Aubrey, Hist. England, vol. i. p. 682.

791 Baas, Hist. Med.

792 Ency. Brit., art. “Anatomy.”

793 Ibid.

794 Puschmann, Hist. Med. Educ., p. 246.

795 Ency. Brit., art. “Medicine.”

796 Hist. of Univ. of Oxford, vol. i. p. 444.

797 Ibid., p. 446.

798 Ibid., p. 447.

799 Epidemics of the Middle Ages, p. 13.

800 Hecker’s Epidemics, p. 96.

801 Ibid., p. 100.

802 History of Inventions, loc. cit.

803 Hist. Med. Superstit., pp. 37, 38.

804 Loseley MSS., p. 263.

805 The Loseley MSS., p. 264.

806 Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, B. v. c. 3.

807 English Chronicle, p. 1,038.

808 Stow’s Chron., p 381.

809 Horda Angel-Cynnan, vol. ii. p. 71.

810 Ibid.

811 Pastor, History of the Popes, vol. ii. p. 23.

812 History of the Papacy, etc., vol. ii.

813 Ency. Brit., art. “Leonardo.”

814 Hist. Epidemics, p. 181.

815 Chronicles, vol. iii. p. 482.

816 Hecker’s Epidemics, p. 186.

817 Ibid.

818 Hecker’s Epidemics, p. 118.

819 See Beckmann’s Hist. Inv., art. “Quarantine.”

820 Meryon, Hist. Med., vol. i. p. 339.

821 University of Oxford, vol. i. pp. 564, 565.

822 Chronicles of England, etc., vol. i. p. 273.

823 Mullinger’s Univ. Cambridge, p. 168.

824 Art. “Pathology,” Ency. Brit., xviii. p. 404.

825 Vickers’ Martyrdoms of Literature, p. 169.

826 Aglio’s Antiquities of Mexico, vol. viii. p. 234.

827 Ibid., vol. vi. p. 526.

828 Aglio’s Antiquities of Mexico, vol. vi. p. 272.

829 Morley, Life of Cornelius Agrippa, vol. i. p. 213.

830 H. C. Agripp., ep. 23, lib. i. p. 702. Prefixed also to all editions of the De Occ. Phil. (Note by Mr. Morley.)

831 Whewell, Hist. of Scientific Ideas, vol. ii. p. 177.

832 Baas, Hist. Med., p. 386.

833 De abditis rerum causis, Florent., 1507.

834 Epidemics, p. 218.

835 3 Henry VIII., c. 9.

836 Dr. Goodall’s History of the College of Physicians.

837 Aubrey, Hist. Eng., vol. ii. p. 535.

838 Ibid.

839 Hist. Eng., vol. ii. p. 296.

840 Munk, Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London, p. 1.

841 Wood, Hist. Oxford, vol. ii. p. 862.

842 I am indebted for the above facts to Dr. Furnivall’s edition of Vicary’s Anatomie, published for the Early English Text Society.

843 Captain Cox, his Ballads and Books. Dr. Furnivall’s edition, published for the Ballad Society, p. ci.

844 Pratt, Flowering Plants, vol. i. p. 91.

845 Munk’s Roll of the Royal College, etc., p. 62.

846 Times, May 20, 1876, p. 6. Hallam, Literary History, etc., vol. ii. p. 233.

847 Hist. Oxford, vol. ii. p. 62.

848 De morbis contagiosis, lib. ii. cap. ix.

849 Ency. Brit.

850 Literature of Europe, chap. ix. sect. 2, 13.

851 Portal, Tiraboschi, ix. 34.

852 Hist. Med., p. 427.

853 Lit. of Europe, chap. ix. sect. 2.

854 Puschmann’s Hist. Med. Education, p. 305.

855 LaËnnec, Diseases of the Chest, etc., p 112.

856 Meryon, Hist. Med., vol. i. p. 467.

857 Works, vol. xiii. p. 394.

858 p. 436, ed. 1827.

859 Brand’s Popular Antiquities, vol. iii. p. 160.

860 Furnivall’s ed. Boorde, Early English Text Society, 1870, p. 121.

861 Breviary of Health, fol. 80 b.

862 In Dr. Furnivall’s Captain Cox, published for the Ballad Society, 1891, p. 35.

863 Evelyn’s Diary, vol. ii. p. 151.

864 Notes to Pepys’ Diary, vol. i. p. 90.

865 William of Malmesbury’s Chronicle, Book II. chap. 13.

866 Ecclesiastical History of Great Britain, vol. i. p. 225.

867 See for a complete history of the royal gift of healing Pettigrew’s Medical Superstitions, p. 117.

868 Meryon, Hist. Med., vol. i. p. 423.

869 Hakluyt’s Voyages, vol. iii. p. 280.

870 Description of England, chap. xix.

871 See Gamgee, “Third Historical Fragment,” in Lancet, 1876.

872 Cap. Études Biographiques, sec. i. pp. 84-89.

873 Cornelius Agrippa, vol. i. p. 62.

874 Ency. Brit., vol. xv. p. 782.

875 See the article on Bacon in Ency. Brit., vol. iii. p. 217.

876 Œuvres, iii. 24.

877 Ibid., vi. 234.

878 Ibid., vi. 89.

879 Ibid., ix. 426.

880 Œuvres, x. 204.

881 Ibid., iv. 452 and 454.

882 Ency. Brit., art. “Descartes.”

883 Wood, Hist. Oxford, vol. ii. p. 883.

884 Ibid.

885 See Thomson’s Life of Cullen, vol. i. p. 212.

886 Munk, Roll of the R.C.P., etc., p. 281.

887 Philosophical Transactions, May 7th, 1666.

888 Dr. Latham’s Life of Sydenham.

889 Ibid.

890 De Spiritu, v. 1078. There is some doubt as to the genuineness of this work.

891 Whewell, Hist. Induct. Sciences, vol. iii. p. 394.

892 Ibid.

893 Christianismi Restitutio (1553).

894 Ency. Brit., art. “Harvey.”

895 De Re Anatomica (1559).

896 Whewell, loc. cit.

897 Sylvius discovered their existence; but Fabricius remarked that they were all turned towards the heart.

898 Ency. Brit., art. “Harvey.”

899 Generation of Animals.

900 Harvey, On the Circulation. Dr. Bowie’s edit.

901 Harvey, On the Circulation of the Blood. Bohn’s edit., revised by Dr. Bowie, 1889.

902 Thomson’s Life of Cullen, vol. i. p. 206. Willis, Anatomy of the Brain, chaps. xv.-xvii.

903 Pharmaceutike Rationalis, London, 1675. PrÆfatio.

904 Thomson’s Life of Cullen, vol. ii. p. 546.

905 Ibid., p. 547.

906 Life of Cullen, vol. ii. p. 536.

907 Cooper’s Surgical Dictionary, p. 773.

908 Cap. Études Biographiques, Ser. i. p. 120.

909 See British Medical Journal, June 11, 1892, p. 1263.

910 Baas’ Hist. Med., p. 159.

911 Ibid.

912 Ibid., p. 184.

913 Ibid., p. 187.

914 The Doctor, p. 39.

915 Denmark, Hygiene and Demography, p. 57.

917 Ibid., p. 545.

918 Ibid., p. 547.

919 Gomme, Ethnology in Folklore, p. 114.

920 Dyer, English Folklore, p. 150.

921 Rogers, Social Life in Scotland, iii. 226.

922 Gomme, Ethnology in Folklore, pp. 114, 115. Dyer, English Folklore, p. 147. Rogers, Social Life in Scotland, iii. 225.

923 Boyle, Porousness of Animal Bodies. Works, vol. iv. p. 767. Floyer, Touchstone of Medicines, vol. i. p. 154.

924 Medical Superstitions, p. 161.

925 Sir K. Digby, Powder of Sympathy, p. 97.

926 Ibid., p. 76.

927 Pettigrew’s Medical Superstitions, p. 155.

928 Pers. Narr., iv. 195.

929 Himalayan Journals, ed. 1891, p. 371.

930 Ibid., p. 214.

931 Medica Sacra, p. 62.

932 Pliny, Nat. Hist., bk. xxxi. c. 32.

933 Pharmaceutical Journal.

934 John Russell’s Boke of Nurture, 991-1000.

935 Pellitory of the wall, which abounds in nitrate of potass.

936 Probably Peucedanum officinale.

937 Danewort.

938 St. John’s wort.

939 Centaury.

940 Plantain.

941 Glechoma hederacea.

942 Galium Aparine, prescribed in Leechdoms, v. 2, p. 345, for a “salve against the elfin race and nocturnal [goblin] visitors, and for the woman with whom the devil hath carnal commerce.”

943 Avens.

944 Bruise wort, pimpernel, or perhaps for Hembriswort, daisy.

945 Smallage, or wild-water parsley.

946 Brooklime.

947 Scabious.

948 John Russell’s Boke of Nurture, Harl. MS. 4011, Fol. 171. The notes are from Dr. Furnivall’s edition.

949 State Trials, 951.

950 Dr. E. B. Tylor, art. “Magic,” Ency. Brit. See Ellis, Polynesian Researches; Turner, Nineteen Years in Polynesia; Polack, Manners and Customs of New Zealanders; Waitz, vols. v., vi.; all works mentioned by Dr. Tylor.

951 Saxon Leechdoms, vol. i. Pref., xxxii.

952 Nat. Hist., Book xxx. chap. i.

953 Goodwin, Lives of the Necromancers, pp. 127-132.

954 Heroid., vi. 91.

“Simulacraque cerea fingit,
Et miserum tenuis in jecur urget acus.”

955 Gordon Cumming’s Wanderings in China, vol. i. p. 336.

956 Vol. i. p. 336. See also In the Hebrides, pp. 263-265. C. F. Gordon-Cumming.

957 Ethnology in Folklore, p. 51.

958 Plato, Laws, lib. xi.

959 Nat. Hist., Book xxviii. ch. 24.

960 Ethnology in Folklore, p. 87.

961 Idyl ii.

962 Hecker’s Epidemics, p. 102.

963 Book xxi. 92.

964 Book xxiv. 42.

965 Sir James Emerson Tennent’s Ceylon, vol. ii. p. 545.

966 Custom and Myth, p. 200.

967 Ibid., p. 169.

968 Records of the Past, vol. iii. p. 141.

969 Saxon Leechdoms.

970 Eynatten, Manualis Exorcismorum, 1619, p. 220, quoted in Saxon Leechdoms, vol. i. Preface, p. xliv.

971 Short Discoverie, etc., 4to, London, 1612, p. 71.

972 Brand’s Popular Antiquities, 1842, vol. iii. p. 6.

973 London, 1886, p. 167.

974 Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie.

975 Mysteries of Magic, Waite, pp. 167, 168.

976 Daily Chronicle, June 11th, 1892.

977 Simpson, “Ancient Buddhist Remains in Afghanistan,” Fraser’s Mag., New Ser., No. cxxii., Feb. 1880, pp. 197, 198.

978 Mysteries of Magic, A. E. Waite (London, 1886), p. 135.

979 Mysteries of Magic, p. 157.

980 Dyer, English Folklore, p. 154.

981 Denny’s Folklore of China, p. 51; Irish Popular and Medical Superstitions, p. 3.

982 Folk Medicine, p. 99.

983 Notes and Queries, 5th S., vol. vi. p. 97.

984 Folk Medicine, p. 33.

985 Pliny.

986 Primitive Culture, vol. ii. p. 137.

987 Folk Medicine, p. 41.

988 Paris’s Pharmacologia, p. 51.

989 The Doctor, p. 59.

990 Vol. ii. pp. 175, et seq.

991 Whewell, Hist. of Scientific Ideas, vol. ii. p. 184.

992 Whewell, Hist. of Scientific Ideas, vol. ii. p. 185.

993 ?e?? ?????, ii. 2.

994 Life of Dr. Cullen, vol. i. p. 102.

995 Whewell’s History of Scientific Ideas, vol. ii. pp. 16, 17.

996 Cap. xiv. p. 233.

997 Thomson’s Life of Cullen, vol. i. pp. 177, 178.

998 Thomson’s Life of Cullen, vol. i. pp. 177, 178.

999 Cullen’s Works, vol. i. pp. 405, 406.

1000 Thomson’s Life of Dr. Cullen, vol. i. p. 185.

1001 Baas, Hist. Med., p. 750.

1002 Works, vol. i. p. 442.

1003 Thomson’s Life of Cullen, vol. ii. p. 134.

1004 Munk’s Roll of the R. Coll. Phys.

1005 Ibid., vol. ii. p. 262. He published in 1765, A Discourse on the Institution of Medical Schools in America.

1006 Philosophical Transactions, vol. xlix. p. 477, and Munk’s Roll of the R. Coll. Phys., vol. ii. p. 282. This was one of the cases in which experiments on the lower animals have been of service to mankind. Mr. Spry’s character for veracity seems to have been re-established by them.

1007 Baas, Hist. Med., p. 648.

1008 The Gold-headed Cane.

1009 Medica Sacra (1755), pp. 21, 22.

1010 Surgical Dictionary, art. “Surgery.”

1011 Resection is the removal of the articular extremity of a bone, or the ends of the bones in a false articulation.

1012 Puschmann, Hist. Med. Education, p. 422.

1013 Hist. Med. Education, p. 427.

1014 Baas, Hist. Med., p. 677.

1015 Munk’s Roll of the Royal Coll. Phys., vol. ii. p. 125.

1016 Ibid.

1017 Ibid., p. 130.

1018 Literature of Europe, vol. iv. p. 354.

1019 Munk’s Roll of the R. Coll. Phys., vol. ii. p. 408.

1020 Roll of the R. Coll. of Phys., vol. ii. p. 160.

1021 Baas, Hist. Med., p. 713.

1022 Published by the Pharmaceutical Society, 1880.

1023 Hist. Med., p. 868.

1024 Letter to Hufeland.

1025 Medical Profession, p. 93.

1026 Medical Profession, p. 93.

1027 De Magnete, p. 48.

1028 Whewell, Hist. Induct. Sciences, vol. iii. p. 7.

1029 History of Inventions, vol. i. p. 72.

1030 Ibid., p. 74.

1031 LaËnnec, Treatise on Diseases of the Chest, p. 5.

1032 A few only of the more prominent physicians, surgeons, and scientists are mentioned here; to do more would interfere with the plan of this work.

1033 Ency. Brit., art. “Animal Magnetism,” vol. xv. p. 279.

1034 Voyage fait À Londres en 1814. See also Cooper’s Surgical Dict., art. “Fractures.”

1035 “Discovery of Chloroform,” in Miller’s Surgery, pp. 756-758, 2nd Ed.

1036 p. 28.

1037 Ency. Brit., art. “Insanity.”

1038 Hospitals and Asylums of the World.

1039 Adams’ Hippocrates, vol. i. p. 77.

1040 Ency. Brit., art. “Insanity.”

1041 Hospitals and Asylums, vol. i. p. 62.

1042 Hist. Med., p. 347.

1043 Cruikshank, Bacteriology, p. 2.

1044 Woodhead, Bacteria and their Products, p. 52.

1045 Opera Medico-Physica, Tractatio de Contagio, le Lue Bovina, de Variolis; de Scarlatina.

1046 Bacteria and their Products, p. 59.

1047 Schwann (1810-1882) discovered the influence of the lower fungi in causing fermentation and putrefaction, so that he may be called the father of the germ theory of disease.

1048 Manual of Bacteriology, p. 16.

1049 Bacteria and their Products, p. 328.

1050 See Appendix E, Cruikshank’s Bacteriology, p. 414.

1051 Cruikshank, Bacteriology, p. 192.

1052 Ibid., p. 196.

1053 Woodhead, Bacteria, etc., p. 327.

1054 Parkes’ Hygiene, Introduction.

1055 Baas, Hist. of Med., p. 1083.

1056 Lancet, Oct. 29th, 1892, p. 1013.

1057 Professor Charcot in the New Review, Jan., 1893.

1058 See p. 320 of this work.

1059 Charcot, The Faith Cure.

1060 Baas, Hist. Med., p. 1100.

1061 Ency. Brit., art. “Physiology,” vol. xix. p. 23.