But it is not always necessary to prepare a watery solution of Sulphuretted Hydrogen, a stream of the gas, introduced into the suspected liquor by means of the above apparatus, will act with equal delicacy, and possesses, as Dr. Christison has observed, the advantage of not diluting it. Before applying this test, it is necessary to add an acid, if any alkali should exist along with the Arsenic, otherwise no precipitate will take place.

(D.) Alkaline Hydro-sulphurets. These bodies do not affect the arsenious solution, unless a few drops of acetic acid be added. To the Hydro-sulphuret, or perhaps more properly, Hydroguretted Sulphuret, of Ammonia there is an insuperable objection, since this fluid, when diluted, possesses the colour which we expect to produce by the action of Sulphuretted Hydrogen upon Arsenious Acid.

(E.) Charcoal Powder. This test was proposed by Mr. A. Thomson, (London Dispensatory, 2nd edition, p. 53.) Into the suspected solution stir a moderate quantity of charcoal powder, allow it to settle, then pour off the supernatant liquor, and when the powder which remains is dry, sprinkle some of it on a red hot poker, when, if the solution should contain Arsenic, the odour of Garlic will be rendered sensible. I have already offered some remarks upon the cause of this phenomenon (page 304.)

There are several other tests by which arsenic may be identified. The process described in the Dublin Pharmacopoeia for the preparation of Arsenias Kali, the arseniate, or rather super-arseniate of potass, which has been long known under the name of “the arsenical salt of Macquer,” has been strongly advised as a collateral proof; it consists in decomposing the nitrate of potass^[421] by the arsenious acid, but since this problem requires that the suspected poison should be in a solid and palpable form, it is impossible to examine its pretensions to our confidence, without being reminded of the story so often told to us in our infancy, of catching a bird by laying salt upon its tail.

It is necessary to observe in this place, that the arseniate, like the arsenite of potass, or that of ammonia, is obedient to the silver test, but that instead of the yellow precipitate which is produced by the latter salt, we obtain, by the former, a red or brick-coloured one.

If arsenious acid and quick-lime be heated together in a glass tube, a sudden ignition is occasioned at a certain temperature, when metallic arsenic will sublime, and an arseniate of lime be formed. In this case one portion of the arsenious acid is robbed of its oxygen to complete the acidification of the remainder.

In taking an impartial review of all the evidence which the investigation of this subject can furnish, it must appear to the most fastidious, that the silver and copper test above described are capable, under proper management, of furnishing striking and infallible indications, and that in most cases they will be equally conclusive, and in some even more satisfactory in their results, than the metallic reproduction upon which such stress has been laid, and for this obvious reason, that unless the quantity of metal be considerable,^[422] its metallic splendour and appearance is often very ambiguous and questionable. It has to my knowledge happened to a medical person, by no means deficient in chemical address, to ascribe to the presence of arsenic that which was no other than a film of very finely divided charcoal: in this state of doubt the last resource was to ascertain whether it yielded, or not, upon being heated, an alliaceous odour. Surely an unprejudiced judge would prefer the evidence of sight, as furnished by the arsenical tests, to that of smell, as afforded in the last experiment. No one will attempt to deny that it is the duty of the medical practitioner who is called upon to decide so important a question as the presence of arsenic, to prosecute by experiment every point which admits the least doubt; he should also remember that in a criminal case, he has not only to satisfy his own conscience, but that he is bound, as far as he is able, to convince the public mind of the accuracy and truth of his researches; and he fails in his duty if he omits, through any false principle of humanity, to express the strong conviction which the success of his experiments must necessarily have produced in his mind. Let it however be remembered, that the application of chemical reagents on solutions suspected to contain arsenic, so far from throwing any obstacle in the way of the metallic reduction of that body, are the very steps which should be adopted as preparatory to the “experimentum crucis,” since the precipitates which are thus produced may be collected, and easily decomposed, as before stated. Those who for judicial purposes may require farther information upon these subjects are referred to the second volume of our work on “Medical Jurisprudence.” Tit: Poisons.

The object of this process is to ensure a pure and uniform oxide; it has been already stated that a more dangerous fraud can scarcely be committed than the adulteration of arsenic; I am therefore not inclined to coincide with Mr. Thomson, and to regard “the present process as superfluous,” and the committee of the college entertained a similar opinion.

Qualities. The leaves, when recent, are nauseous, bitter, and acrimonious, and prove violently purgative and emetic, properties which are impaired by keeping. Chemical Composition, a peculiar acrid principle, not well understood. Solubility, water by infusion extracts their sensible properties, but they are lost by decoction. Uses. As an errhine, Dr. Cullen has remarked that they form the most useful species of this genus of local stimulants. Dose, gr. iij. to v. repeated every night until the full effect is produced. Officinal Prep. Pulvis Asari compositus. E.D.

[The root of this plant, which is very abundant in every part of the United States, is the part used in medicine. It has a bitter taste, and its most soluble portions are fecula and a bitter extractive matter. Its best menstruum is boiling water. Its medicinal properties are expectorant and diaphoretic. The diseases in which it has been found useful are catarrh, bronchitis, the passive stage of pneumonia, and in rheumatism. In substance it may be taken in doses from ?j to ?ss. Of the decoction, made by boiling half an ounce of the root in water, a tea cup full may be taken frequently during the day.]

Qualities. Form, small irregular masses, adhering together, of a variegated texture, and containing many little shining tears of a whitish, reddish, or violet hue. Taste, bitter and sub-acrid. Odour, foetid and alliaceous, but this latter property is very much impaired by age. Chemical Composition. Gum (or according to Brugnatelli, extractive) 60, resin 30, and essential oil 10 parts. Solubility. It yields all its virtues to alcohol and Æther; if triturated with water it forms a milky mixture, but which is not permanent, unless some intermede be employed for the suspension of the gum-resin; for this purpose egg may be added, in the proportion of one yolk to a drachm of assafoetida, or a permanent mixture may be effected by carefully triturating the gum resin with double its weight of mucilage. If ?vj of assafoetida be triturated with ?ss of camphor, a mass results of a proper consistence for a plaster; if triturated with carbonate of ammonia, it is easily reduced to powder, but undergoes no other change. Forms of Exhibition; in mixture or in pills. The Indian physicians have an idea that on account of its stimulating powers, it will, if administered to a pregnant woman, produce abortion. Dose, gr. v. to ?j. Form. 23, 29. Medicinal Uses, stimulant, antispasmodic, expectorant, and anthelmintic; in coughs, attended with pulmonary weakness, and a tendency to spasm, it is very beneficial; in cases of flatulent cholic, it has, in the form of enema, acted like a charm; in habitual costiveness it often proves an invigorating aperient, and may be advantageously combined with resinous purgatives in torpor of the bowels connected with nervous symptoms. Officinal Prep. Mist: Assafoetid: L.D. Tinct: Assafoetid: L.E.D. Spir: AmmoniÆ foetid: (B) L.E.D. Tinct: Castori, comp: (B) E. Pil: Aloes cum Assafoetid: (G) E. Pil: Galbani: comp: (B) L. Enema Foetid: D. Impurities. Its characteristic odour should be powerful, and when broken, its fracture ought to exhibit a bluish-red appearance. It ought not to be brittle.

[Gold was early used as a medicine. It fell however into total disrepute until its use was a few years since revived in France. Although it has attracted some attention lately, it can hardly be said to have reclaimed a permanent place in the materia medica. The most striking effects which it produces on the system, are an increase of urine and perspiration. It has been recommended in glandular swellings, gleets, schirrus of the uterus, scrofula, and dropsy. It is however as an antisyphilitic remedy that it has been principally celebrated. According to Dr. Chrestien of Montpelier, it would appear that gold was not merely adequate to the cure of syphilis in all its forms, but that it possesses very great advantages over mercury—It does not affect the gums, nor does it in any way disturb the general health of the patient. Notwithstanding this warm recommendation of Dr. Chrestien, it is still doubtful whether gold is adequate to the cure of syphilis. The best form in which the gold can be given is that of the muriate, prepared according to the directions of the Pharmacopoeia of the United States; of this the dose is one fifteenth to one fourth of a grain, in pills, given every six, eight, or twelve hours.]

Qualities. Form, a viscid liquid of a reddish brown colour. Odour, fragrant and aromatic. Taste, hot and bitter. Chemical Composition. Resin, volatile oil, and benzoic acid; it is therefore a true balsam: this term was formerly applied to every vegetable resin having a strong scent and the fluidity of treacle, and which was supposed to possess many medicinal virtues; it is now restricted to those resins which contain the benzoic acid in their composition, of which there are only three, viz. the Balsams of Peru, Tolu, and Benzoin. Solubility. Water when boiled upon it dissolves only a portion of benzoic acid; Æther is its most complete solvent; alcohol dissolves it completely, but the quantity of this menstruum must be considerable. Properties, stimulant and tonic, on which account in certain chronic affections of the lungs, it has been found a serviceable expectorant; Sydenham gave it in Phthisis, but wherever any inflammatory action is to be apprehended Dr. Fothergill wisely cautions us against its use. Forms of Exhibition. Diffused in water by means of mucilage, or made into pills with any vegetable powder. Dose, gr. v to ?j. Adulterations. A mixture of resin and some volatile oil with benzoin, is often sold for Peruvian Balsam, and the fraud is not easily detected, and is probably of but little importance.

Qualities. Form, a thick tenacious liquid becoming concrete by age, in which state it is usually found in the shops. Taste, warm and sweetish. Odour, extremely fragrant, resembling that of lemons. Chemical Composition. Volatile oil, resin, and benzoic acid. Solubility. It is soluble in alcohol, forming a tincture which is rendered milky by water, but no precipitate falls. When dissolved in the smallest quantity of a solution of potass, its odour is changed into one that resembles clove pink. Medicinal Uses. It has been regarded as expectorant. In turning to the classification of expectorants, p. 102, it will be found to occupy a place in the second division of our first class, for it may be considered as capable of stimulating the pulmonary exhalants; whence its use in chronic coughs. Forms of Exhibition. It may be suspended in water by means of mucilage, or yolk of egg, but it is rarely employed except on account of its agreeable flavour;^[424] its virtues are similar to those of the balsam of Peru. Officinal Prep. Tinct: Benzoin. comp: L.E.D. Tinct: Toluiferi Balsam: E.D. Syrup: Tolut: L.

Qualities. The leaves are inodorous. Taste, slightly nauseous, sweetish, and sub-acrid; their peculiar properties are not lost by drying. Chemical Composition. Vauquelin found that the leaves contained a substance analogous to albumen, salts with a base of potass, and a bitter principle on which its narcotic properties depended, and more lately the presence of an alkaline element has been detected, which has received the appellation of Atropia, the sulphate of which crystallizes very beautifully. Solubility. Water is the most powerful solvent of its active matter. Uses. It is a powerful sedative and narcotic, both as an internal medicine and as an external application; in this latter form, it alleviates local pains very effectually, but is liable to affect the nervous system. The recent leaves powdered, and made into an ointment with an equal weight of lard will be found an efficient form for many purposes; rubbed over the penis it prevents priapism and relieves chordee more effectually than any application which has been proposed. Forms of Exhibition. Every part of the plant is poisonous, and the berries from their beautiful appearance have often tempted the unwary; the leaves however furnish the most convenient and powerful form of exhibition; externally, they may be used as a poultice, internally, one grain of the dry leaves powdered, and gradually increased to 10 or 12 grains, or the leaves may be infused in boiling water in the proportion of four grains to two fluid-ounces, which may be given as a dose. A little of this infusion dropped into the eye permanently dilates the pupil, for which intention it has been successfully applied previous to an operation for the cataract. The extract of this plant, since its active principle is fixed, ought to possess activity, but as it occurs in commerce it is found to be very uncertain and variable, a circumstance which entirely depends upon the manner in which it has been prepared.^[426] See Extractum BelladonnÆ. An overdose of belladonna produces the most distressing and alarming symptoms, and so paralyzing is its influence, that vomiting can be hardly excited by the strongest doses of tartarized antimony; in such cases vinegar will be found the best antidote, or the affusion of cold water over the surface of the body, after the application of which, emetics are more likely to perform their duty, for physiological reasons explained in p. 85. Officinal Preparations. Extract: BelladonnÆ L. Succus spissatus AtropÆ BelladonnÆ. E.

Qualities. Form, brittle masses, composed of white and brownish, or yellowish fragments; Odour, fragrant; Taste, scarcely perceptible. When heated, it exhales benzoic acid in the form of crystals. Chemical Composition. Resin, and a large proportion of benzoic acid. Solubility. It is readily dissolved by alcohol and Æther, and is again separated from them by water; solutions of lime, and the fixed alkalies separate the benzoic acid from it, which can afterwards be recovered from such solutions by the addition of an acid. Uses. It is considered expectorant, and was formerly used in asthma, and other pulmonary affections; it has however fallen into disuse, and is now principally employed in perfumery, and odoriferous fumigations.^[427] Officinal Preparations. Acidum Benzoicum L.E.D. Tinct: Benzoini comp:^[428] L.E.D. Impurities. It is found in the market in various degrees of purity, the best is yellowish, studded with white spots: the worst is full of dross, and very dark or black.

Qualities. Form, a white, inodorous, tasteless powder. Chemical Composition. Oxide of Bismuth in combination with some water and a little nitric acid. Solubility. It is insoluble in water and dilute acids, but is dissolved by the concentrated acids, and is again precipitated by water. The alkalies, Potass and Soda, also dissolve it, but sparingly; it is more soluble in ammonia. Uses. It was formerly employed as a cosmetic, under the name of Magistery of Bismuth, or that of Pearl White;^[429] since, however, it becomes black from the operation of Sulphuretted Hydrogen and its compounds,^[430] much inconvenience attends its application. Its medicinal powers appear to have been first noticed by Jacobi,^[431] but the remedy attracted little or no attention until the publication of a paper upon the subject by Odier^[432] of Geneva. The diseases in which its powers as a tonic have been more particularly displayed, are Gastrodynia, Pyrosis, and Dyspepsia attended with cholic. Dr. Marcet in a paper read in 1801 before the Medico-chirurgical Society of London, says, “I have had frequent opportunities of trying the oxide of Bismuth in spasmodic affections of the stomach in Guy’s Hospital, and those trials have fully confirmed the opinion which I formerly gave of the utility of this medicine.” The practitioner will receive a further confirmation of its value by referring to Dr. Bradsley’s Medical Reports: and Dr. Yeats has published in the Royal Institution Journal^[433] a striking case illustrative of its efficacy.^[434] Dose, gr. v to xv, in the form of pills.

Qualities. This root has no odour, but is highly astringent. Chemical Composition. Its active principles are tannin and gallic acid. Med. Uses. It acts as an astringent, and is accordingly used in hemorrhages and fluxes. Dose of the root ?j-?j; of a decoction f?j-f?ij. Combined with Calamus it has been successfully administered for the cure of intermittent fevers. See p. 167.

Qualities. This root is full of joints, crooked, and flattened on the sides, internally of a white colour, and loose spongy texture. Odour, fragrant and aromatic. Taste, bitter and pungent, qualities which are improved by exsiccation. Chemical Composition. The principles in which its qualities reside appear to be essential oil, and bitter extractive; the root likewise contains fecula, which is copiously precipitated from its infusion by sub-acetate and acetate of lead. Watery infusion extracts all its virtues, but decoction impairs them. Spirit is also an appropriate solvent, and a resinous extract may be produced accordingly. Uses. It is not employed so frequently as it deserves;^[435] it would be a useful addition to many of the compound infusions of vegetable stomachics. Dose. A cupful of the infusion made by adding ?vj of the dried root to f?xij of boiling water. It is so favourite a remedy with the native practitioners of India, in the bowel complaints of children, that there is a penalty incurred by any druggist who will not, in the middle of the night, open his door and sell it, if demanded.

Qualities. Form, the dried root imported into this country is in transverse sections; the bark is thick, and easily detached; the wood is spongy and yellowish; the pieces are frequently perforated, evidently by worms. Odour, slightly aromatic. Taste, bitter and somewhat acrid. Chemical Composition. Cinchonia, bitter resin, volatile oil, and starch, in addition to which M. Planche has found a peculiar animal-like substance; it appears also to contain Malate and Sulphate of Lime. Solubility. Boiling water takes up about one-third of its weight, but proof spirit appears to be its most perfect menstruum. Incompatible Substances. No change is occasioned in the infusion by the solutions of nitrate of silver, sulphate of iron, muriate of mercury, or tartarized antimony; but precipitates are produced by the infusion of galls, and yellow Cinchona bark, by sub-acetate and acetate of lead, oxy-muriate of mercury, and lime-water. The infusion very soon spoils. Dose of the powdered root gr. xv to ?ss; of the infusion f?iss to f?ij. Uses. It is one of the most valuable tonics and stomachics which we possess. It seems to be superior to many others, from not possessing astringent, and stimulant powers, on which account it is singularly eligible in certain pulmonary and mesenteric affections; it may be given in combination with chalybeates, aromatics, saline purgatives, or with rhubarb, as circumstances may require. (Form. 34, 155.) Officinal Preparations. Infus: CalumbÆ. L. Tinct: CalumbÆ. L.E.D. It becomes worm-eaten by age, and, in that condition, should be rejected. Those pieces which have the brightest colour, and the greatest specific gravity, are the best. The root of white briony, tinged yellow with the tincture of Calumba, has been fraudulently substituted for this root.

Qualities. Form, lumps of a solid consistence, breaking with a vitreous fracture; Odour, none; Colour, deep yellow, bordering on red, and becoming, when moistened, a brilliant light yellow. Sp. Grav: 1·221. Taste, slightly acrid, but which is not experienced unless it be allowed to remain long in the mouth. Chemical Composition. One part of gum, (Cerasin,) and four parts of a brittle resin; but this knowledge throws no light on the nature of its cathartic property. Solubility. When triturated with water two-thirds of its substance are speedily dissolved, and a turbid solution results; alcohol dissolves nine-tenths, and forms a yellow transparent tincture, which is rendered turbid by the addition of water; sulphuric ether dissolves six-tenths of the substance; it is also soluble in alkaline solutions, and the resulting compound is not rendered turbid by water, but is instantly decomposed by acids, and the precipitate so produced is of an extremely brilliant yellow colour, and soluble in an excess of acid. Incompatible Substances. No bodies appear to produce in gamboge such a chemical change as to destroy the chemical properties which distinguish it, but by a mechanical admixture, its solubility and consequently its operation, may be materially modified. Dr. Cullen found that the inconvenience arising from its too rapid solubility, and sudden impression upon the stomach, might be obviated by diminishing the dose, and repeating it at short intervals as directed in Form: 89. Forms of Exhibition. No form is more judicious than that of pill. Its alkaline solution has been sometimes exhibited in dropsy, when it is said to operate both on the bowels and kidneys. Dose, gr. 2 to gr. 6. Uses. It is a powerful drastic cathartic, and hydragogue, very liable to excite vomiting, and from this peculiar action upon the stomach it has been frequently employed with success in the expulsion of teniÆ (Form: 161.) and it accordingly enters as an ingredient into many of the empirical compositions which are sold for the cure of tape worms.^[436] Officinal Preparations. Pil: CambogiÆ comp: L. There is considerable difference in the degree of purity in which this substance occurs in the market; it should be estimated by its clearness and brilliancy.

Qualities. Form, a white brittle substance, unctuous to the touch, but possessing at the same time a degree of ductility which prevents its being easily pulverised, unless a few drops of spirit be previously added. It is capable of affecting a crystalline form.^[438] Odour, peculiar, fragrant, and penetrating. Taste, bitter, pungent, and aromatic. Specific gravity, ·9887, it therefore swims on water; it is so volatile that during warm weather a considerable proportion will evaporate, especially if at the same time the atmosphere be rather moist, for the reason stated in page 175. It is readily ignited, and burns with a brilliant flame and much smoke; it melts at 288°, and boils at 400. Chemical Composition. It is a proximate vegetable principle, resembling the essential oils in many of its habitudes, and probably differs from them in composition only in containing a larger proportion of carbon. Solubility. Water may be said to dissolve about a nine hundredth part of its weight, or f?j rather more than gr. ½, but its solvent power is considerably increased by the addition of carbonic acid gas; camphor is also rendered more soluble by trituration with magnesia; it is soluble in an equal weight of alcohol, but it is again separated by the addition of water; it is also dissolved by oils, both fixed and volatile,^[439] especially if their temperature be a little raised, and by sulphuric and other Æthers, but strong acetic acid may be said to be its most powerful solvent. By repeatedly distilling it with nitric acid it is converted into Camphoric acid, an acid distinguished by peculiar properties, and composing, with alkalies and earths, a class of salts called Camphorates, but which do not possess any medicinal value. The alkalies do not produce any effect upon camphor. Incompatible Substances. It is not affected by any substance with which we can combine it. Forms of Exhibition. It is preferable in the form of mixture, since it is very liable in the solid state to excite nausea, and, from swimming on the contents of the stomach, to occasion pain at its upper orifice. If a larger dose be required than that which water can dissolve, an additional proportion may be suspended by means of sugar, almonds, yelk of egg, or mucilage, for which purpose three times its weight of gum arabic is required. If Camphor be first dissolved by trituration in a very small portion of oil, it readily mixes with mucilage of gum arabic, and may then be conveniently blended with liquids. It has also the property of uniting with gum-resins, and of converting them into permanently soft, and uniform masses; hence they may sometimes be conveniently applied for diffusing it in water. It may be formed into pill-masses by stiff mucilage, foetid gums, or by a confection. Medicinal Uses. In moderate doses it exhilarates, without raising the pulse, and gives a tendency to diaphoresis; and under certain conditions of the body, when opium fails, it will frequently promote sleep. As its effects are transient, its dose should be repeated at short intervals. Illustrative FormulÆ 1, 6, 21, 125, 134, 164. Camphor is said to correct the bad effects of opium, mezereon, cantharides, and the drastic purgatives, and diuretics. Dose, gr. ij to ?j. In excessive doses it occasions anxiety, vomiting, syncope, and delirium; these violent effects are best counteracted by opium. Officinal Preparations. Mistura CamphorÆ. L.D. Emulsio Camphorata. E. Spiritus CamphorÆ, L.E.D. Tinctura CamphorÆ comp: L.E.D. Acidum Acetosum Camphoratum. E.D. Linimentum CamphorÆ. L.E.D. Liniment: CamphorÆ comp: L. Liniment: Saponis. (G) L.E.D. Adulterations. It has been stated that pure camphor may be known by placing it upon hot bread, when it will turn moist, whereas an adulterated specimen becomes dry—but with what can it be adulterated?

Qualities. Form; it occurs in quilled and flat pieces; the former are of a whitish-yellow colour, considerably thicker than cinnamon; the latter, which are probably the bark of the larger branches, or of the stem of the tree, are yellow on the outside, and pale brown within. Odour, resembling that of cloves. Taste, warm, pungent, and slightly bitter. Chemical Composition. Its virtues depend upon an essential oil, and a bitter resin. Solubility. Water extracts only the bitterness, but proof spirits both the bitterness and aroma. Medicinal Uses. As a warm stimulant to the stomach, and as a corrigent to other medicines. In America it is considered as a powerful antiscorbutic. Dose of the powdered bark gr. x to ?ss. Officinal Preparations. Tinct. Gentian. comp. (B. G.) E. Vinum Aloes, (G) L.D. Pulv. Aloes cum canella, (G) D.

This beautiful insect of the beetle tribe is exceedingly abundant in the southern parts of Europe, and particularly in Spain. They are collected from the leaves of the different trees on which they delight to dwell, in June and July, and are afterwards destroyed, as recommended by Dioscorides, by the fumes of strong vinegar, and dried in the sun. The chemical history of Cantharides is still involved in some obscurity; the blistering principle has been obtained by Robiquet in a separate state, when it assumes the form of small crystalline plates, having a micaceous lustre, not unlike spermaceti; Dr. Thomson has given to it the name of Cantharidin;^[441] when pure, it is insoluble in water and in cold alcohol; boiling alcohol, however, dissolves it, but precipitates it again on being cooled. Æther and the oils dissolve it readily. Although not soluble in water it is rendered so by the presence of a yellow matter which exists in native combination with it. A very minute portion of this substance dissolved in sweet oil, and applied to the skin with a piece of paper, produces vesication in five or six hours. In addition to this active principle, Cantharides contain a green concrete oil; a yellow fluid oil; a peculiar black substance soluble in water and proof spirit, but not in pure alcohol; a saponaceous or yellow substance, soluble both in water and alcohol; Uric acid; Acetic acid; Phosphate of Magnesia, and a parenchymatous substance.^[442] Medicinal Uses. Cantharides, when administered internally, are powerfully stimulant and diuretic;^[443] and whether applied as a vesicatory to the skin, or taken into the stomach, they have a peculiar tendency to act upon the urinary organs, and especially to irritate and inflame the neck of the bladder, and occasion strangury. On this account they have been very successfully employed both for the cure of incontinence of urine, and suppression of this discharge, from torpor or paralysis of the bladder; they have also been used in gleet and leucorrhÆa, and in cases of seminal weakness and impotence. In consulting the works of Dioscorides, Galen, and Pliny, we shall find they entertained a notion, that the virus existed only in the body of the fly, and that the head, feet and wings, contained its antidote! Hippocrates prescribed them internally in Dropsy, Jaundice, and Amenorrhoea; and yet in the end of the sixteenth century, Dr. Groenvelt was charged and sued^[444] for giving them inwardly, in substance, for the cure of the stone. Dose, in substance, not exceeding gr. i, combined with opium or hyoscyamus. See Tinctura: Cantharid. A strong decoction of the Cantharides in Oil of Turpentine furnishes a most powerful Epispastic, and may be easily applied by means of dossils of lint. As the general belief, which exists with respect to the aphrodisiac powers of this substance, may induce persons to try its efficacy in large doses, either for goading the exertions of exhausted nature, or for incensing the passions of females whose seduction is meditated, it behoves the medical practitioner to become acquainted with the symptoms which it may produce, and of which the following may be considered as the most prominent;—violent retching; copious alvine evacuations, frequently bloody; very severe colics; active inflammation of the stomach and intestines; sometimes universal convulsions, attended with a horror of liquids, resembling that which occurs in hydrophobia; furious delirium, &c. But the affections of the urinary passages, and organs of generation, may be regarded ?ate?????, as the peculiar symptoms of poisoning by Cantharides; such as heat in the bladder, bloody micturition, horrible strangury, painful and obstinate priapism, satyriasis, &c. The method of treatment to be pursued on such occasions will consist in copious bleeding, warm bath, local fomentations, mild and mucilaginous drinks; and opium, especially in the form of clyster or suppository. Officinal Prep. Tinct: Cantharid: L. Emplast: Cantharid: L. Ceratum Cantharid: L. Unguent: Infusi Cantharid: Vesicat: E. Unguent: Cantharid: D. The flies do not lose their virtues by being kept; it is, however, curious that even those acrid insects are soon reduced to dust by others feeding upon them; but since the inert parenchymatous portion is alone selected by them, the residue is extremely active.^[445]

Qualities. Form, pods, long, pointed, and pendulous; Colour, when ripe, a bright orange red. Odour, aromatic and pungent. Taste, extremely acrimonious and fiery. Solubility. Its qualities are partially extracted by water, but more completely by Æther and spirit. Chemical Composition. Cinchonia, resin, mucilage, and an acrid principle said to be alkaline.^[446] Incompatible Substances. The infusions of capsicum are disturbed by Infusion of Galls; Nitrate of Silver; Oxy-muriate of Mercury; Acetate of Lead; the Sulphates of Iron, Copper and Zinc; Ammonia, Carbonate of Potass, and Alum, but not by sulphuric, nitric, or muriatic acid. Medicinal Uses. It is a most powerful stimulant to the stomach, and is unaccompanied with any narcotic effect; as a gargle in cynanche maligna, and in relaxed states of the throat, it furnishes a valuable remedy; combined with purgatives, it proves serviceable in dyspepsia, (Form: 78,) it has lately been given with success in the advanced stages of acute rheumatism; in various diseases attended with cold feet, it has been recommended to wear socks dusted with Cayenne Pepper. Forms of Exhibition. It may be given, made into pills with crumb of bread, or in the form of tincture, diluted with water; for the purpose of a gargle, a simple infusion in the proportion of gr. j to f?j of boiling water, or f?vi of the tincture to f?viij of the Infusum RosÆ, may be directed. Dose, of the substance, gr. vj to x, of the tincture f?j to f?ij in an aqueous vehicle. Officinal Preparations. Tinct: Capsici: L.D.^[447]

Cayenne Pepper is an indiscriminate mixture of the powder of the dried pods of several species of capsicum, but especially of the Capsicum baccatum, (Bird pepper.)

Adulterations. Cayenne pepper is generally mixed with muriate of soda, which disposes it to deliquesce. Red Lead may be detected by digesting it in acetic acid, and adding to the solution sulphuret of ammonia, which will produce, if any lead be present, a dark coloured precipitate; or the fraud may be discovered by boiling some of the suspected pepper in vinegar, and after filtering the solution adding to it sulphate of soda, when a white precipitate will be formed, which, after being dried and exposed to heat, and mixed with a little charcoal, will yield a metallic globule of lead.

Qualities. It is a black, inodorous, insipid, brittle substance; when newly prepared it possesses the property of absorbing very considerable quantities of the different gases; it is also capable of destroying the smell and taste of a variety of vegetable and animal substances, especially of mucilages, oils, and of matter in which extractive abounds; and some medicines are said to be even deprived of their characteristic odour by remaining in contact with it, as Valerian, Galbanum, Balsam of Peru, and Musk. The use of charring the interior of water casks, and of wrapping charcoal in cloths that have acquired a bad smell, depends upon this property; for the same reason it furnishes a very excellent tooth powder,^[448] for which purpose, that which is obtained from the shell of the cocoa nut is to be preferred. None of the fluid menstrua with which we are acquainted have any action whatever as solvents upon carbon.^[449] Medicinal Uses. It is antiseptic, and has been administered internally, to correct the putrid eructations which sometimes attend dyspepsia, but in order to produce this effect it should be newly prepared, or such as has been preserved from the access of air, for it operates by absorbing the putrid gas, as well as by checking the decomposition of the undigested element.^[450] Dose, grs. x to ?j. It has been lately asserted to possess powers as an antidote to arsenic; if this be true, its action can only be mechanical by absorbing like a sponge the arsenical solution, and thereby defending the coats of the stomach from its virulence.^[451] Charcoal, when mixed with boiled bread, forms a very valuable poultice for foul and gangrenous sores. In a state of impalpable powder, it is said to be effectual as a styptic; Dr. Odier informs us that the celebrated powder of Faynard, for stopping hemorrhage, was nothing more than the charcoal of beech-wood finely powdered.

Charcoal is prepared for the purposes of medicine and the arts, from a variety of substances, viz.

Burnt Sponge. Spongia Usta. L. Consists of charcoal with portions of phosphate and carbonate of lime, and sub-carbonate of soda; it has been highly commended in bronchocele and scrophulous complaints, in the form of an electuary, or in that of a lozenge, and it has been lately asserted that it owes its power to the presence of Iodine.

Vegetable Æthiops. Pulvis Quercus marinÆ. From the fucus vesiculosus, or bladder-wrack, used as the preceding.

Ivory Black. Ebur Ustum. From ivory shavings burned; used as a dentifrice and a pigment, under the name of “blue-black,” for its hue is bluish; but bone-black is usually sold for it.

Lamp Black. Fuligo Lampadum. By burning resinous bodies, as the refuse of pitch, in furnaces of a peculiar construction.

Wood Soot. Fuligo ligni, collected from chimnies under which wood is burnt. It contains sulphate of ammonia, which imparts to it its characteristic bitterness. It has been considered antispasmodic, and a tincture was formerly prepared of it.

Qualities. Odour, aromatic and agreeable; Taste, warm and pungent, but unlike the peppers, they do not immoderately heat the stomach. Solubility. Water, alcohol and Æther extract their virtues; the two latter most completely, and the result is transparent, whereas the watery infusion is turbid and mucilaginous. Chemical Composition. Fecula, mucilage, and essential oil. Medicinal Uses. They are carminative and stomachic, and prove grateful adjuncts to bitter infusions; they are principally employed to give warmth to other remedies. Dose of the powder, gr. vj to ?j. Officinal Preparations. Extract: Colocynth: comp: (E) L.D. Tinct. Cardamomi, L.E.D. Tinct. Cardamom: comp: L.D. Tinct: Cinnamomi, co. (B) L.E. Tinct. Gentian, co. (G) L. Tinct. Rhei, (E) L.E.D. Tinct. Rhei cum Aloe, (G) E. Tinct. SennÆ, (E) L.D. Spir. Ether. Aromat. (B) L. Vinum Aloes Socot. (G) E. Confect. Aromat. (B) L. Pulv. Cinnamom. co. (B) L.E.D. Pil. ScilliticÆ, (E) E. Infus. SennÆ. D. (E.)

Cardamom seeds should be kept within their husks, or their virtues will soon be considerably impaired; they are frequently mixed with grains of paradise, which are much hotter and more spicy, but less aromatic in their flavour.

Qualities of the dried fig are too well known to require description. The fig consists almost entirely of mucilage and sugar. Uses. It has been already stated that the most ancient cataplasm on record was made of figs, (2 Kings, chap. xx. 7.) they are employed medicinally in many demulcent decoctions, as Decoctum Hordei comp: L.D. They are gently aperient; it is curious to learn that they constituted the chief part of the food of the ancient AthletÆ.

Cloves are the unexpanded flowers, or flower-buds, of the clove tree, which are first obtained when the tree is six years old; they are gathered in October and November before they open, and when they are still green; and are dried in the sun, after having been exposed to smoke at a heat of 120°, till they assume a brown hue. It is a curious fact that the flowers when fully developed are quite inodorous, and that the real fruit is not in the least aromatic. Qualities. Form, that of a nail, consisting of a globular head, formed of the four petals of the corolla, and four leaves of the calyx not yet expanded; and a germen situated below nearly cylindrical, and scarcely an inch in length. Odour, strong, fragrant, and aromatic. Taste, acrid, aromatic and permanent. Benzoic acid has lately been discovered in them.

Solubility. Water extracts their odour, but little of their taste; alcohol and ether take up both completely. Medicinal Uses. They are more stimulant than any of the other aromatics; they are sometimes given alone, but more generally as a corrigent to other medicines. Officinal Preparations. Infusum Caryophyllorum. L. Spir. Lavand. co. D. (B) Frauds. The Dutch frequently mix the best cloves with those from which the oil has been drawn.

Caryophyllorum Oleum. This essential oil, in consequence of the resinous matter which it holds in solution, has a specific gravity of 1·020, and consequently sinks in water. When the oil has a hot fiery taste, and a great depth of colour, it is adulterated. It is imported from the spice islands. On account of its stimulant properties, it is added to griping extracts, or used as a local application in the tooth-ache. Vauquelin obtained from the leaves of the Agathophyllum ravensara an essential oil, in every respect similar to that of cloves; and I am informed by Dr. Davy that an oil exactly resembling in smell the oil of Cloves is procured in Ceylon from the leaf of the Cinnamon tree; but very little, if any, has ever been exported.

Qualities. Form, curled pieces, or rolled up into short quills; its fracture is smooth and close, of a dark brown colour; Odour, light and agreeable; when burning, it emits a smell resembling that of musk, which at once distinguishes it from all other barks. Taste, moderately bitter, with some aromatic warmth. Chemical Composition. Mucilage, bitter extractive, resin, volatile oil, and a large proportion of woody fibre; neither Cinchonia nor Quina has hitherto been discovered in it. Solubility. Its active constituents are partially extracted by alcohol and water, and completely by proof spirit. Medicinal Uses. Carminative and tonic; it is an excellent adjunct to cinchona, rendering it by its aromatic qualities more agreeable to the stomach, and increasing its powers. It is valuable in dyspepsia and flatulent cholic, in dysentery and diarrhoea, and in the gangrenous thrush peculiar to children. Forms of Exhibition. It is most efficacious in substance; it may however be given in the form of infusion, or tincture. Decoction dissipates its aromatic principle; the extract therefore merely acts as a simple bitter. See Infus. CascarillÆ. Dose of the powder, grs. xij to ?ss. Officinal Preparations. Infus. Cascarill. L. Tinct. Cascarill. L.D. Extract. Cascarill. D.

The fruit is a cylindrical pod scarcely an inch in diameter, but a foot or more in length; the exterior is a hard brown bark; the interior is divided into numerous transverse cells, each of which contains an oval seed imbedded in a soft black pulp. Qualities. Odour, faint and rather sickly. Taste, sweet and mucilaginous. Solubility. Nearly the whole of the pulp is dissolved by water, partially by alcohol and sulphuric ether. Chemical Composition. Sugar, gelatine, glutine, gum, and a small portion of resin, extractive, and some colouring matter. Uses. It is gently laxative, and is adapted for children and very delicate women, but it should be always given in combination with manna or some other laxative, or it is apt to induce nausea, flatulence and griping. Officinal Preparations. Confectio CassiÆ. L.E.D. Confectio SennÆ (B.O.) L.E.D.^[453] There are two kinds of this drug in the market; that from the West Indies, the pods of which are generally large, rough, thick rinded, and contain a nauseous pulp; and that from the East Indies, which is to be preferred, and which is distinguished by smaller and smoother pods, and by their containing a much blacker pulp. The pulp ought not to have a harsh flavour, which arises from the fruit having been gathered before it was ripe, nor ought it to be sour, which it is very apt to become by keeping. The heaviest pods, and those in which the seeds do not rattle, are to be preferred.

This substance is secreted by the beaver, in bags near the rectum.^[454] Qualities. Odour, strong and aromatic. Taste, bitter, sub-acrid, and nauseous. Colour, reddish brown. Chemical Composition. Volatile oil, resin, mucilage, extractive, iron, and small portions of the carbonate of potass, lime and ammonia. It contains also, according to the analysis of Laugier, a small quantity of Benzoic acid. The Canadian variety is also stated by Laugier to contain benzoic acid both free and combined. Solubility. Its active matter is dissolved by alcohol, proof spirit, and partially by water; the tincture made with alcohol is the least nauseous, and the most efficacious; the spirit of ammonia is also an excellent menstruum, and in many cases improves its virtues. Forms of Exhibition. It may be given in substance, as a bolus, or in the form of tincture, but its exhibition in the form of extract or decoction is chemically incorrect. Dose, grs. x to ?j, and, in clysters, to ?j. Medicinal Uses. It is antispasmodic, and seems to act more particularly on the uterine system. It certainly proves beneficial as an adjunct to antihysteric combinations; it was highly esteemed by Van Swieten, De Haen, and many other German practitioners. Baglivi states that it counteracts the narcotic powers of opium, but this is not the case. Officinal Preparations. Tinct. Castorei.^[455] L.E.D. Adulter: It is sometimes counterfeited by a mixture of dried blood, gum ammoniacum, and a little real castor, stuffed into the scrotum of a goat; the fraud is detected by comparing the smell and taste with those of real castor; and by the deficiency of the subaceous follicles, which are always attached to genuine specimens. There are two kinds in the market, the Russian and Canadian, the former however, which is the best, has become extremely scarce; it may be distinguished from the latter, by being larger, rounder, heavier, and less corrugated on the outside.

Qualities. There are two varieties of catechu in the market, the one of a light yellowish, the other of a chocolate colour; they differ only in the latter having a more austere and bitter taste. Chemical Composition. Tannin, a peculiar extractive matter, mucilage, and earthy impurities. Solubility. It is almost totally dissolved both by water and spirit. Incompatible Substances. Its astringency is destroyed by alkaline salts; and precipitates are produced by metallic salts, especially by those of iron; and with gelatine it forms an insoluble compound. Medicinal Uses. It is a most valuable astringent. Forms of Exhibition. In infusion, tincture, or powder. (Form. 51, 52, 58, 151.) In the form of a lozenge, from its gradual solution, it may be very advantageously applied in relaxed states of the uvula and fauces; I have found this remedy successful in cases where the sulphate of zinc was inefficient. From its great astringency it also forms an excellent dentifrice, especially when the gums are spongy; for this purpose I have employed equal parts of powdered catechu, and Peruvian bark, with one-fourth the quantity of the powder of myrrh. Dose, grs. x to ?i. Officinal Prep. Infus. Catechu, Tinct. Catechu, L.E.D. Electuarium MimosÆ Catechu, E.D.

Qualities. Odour, none; Taste, intensely bitter. Chemical Composition. Mucilage, resin, and bitter matter. Solubility. Alcohol and water dissolve all its active matter. Medicinal Uses. All its value depends upon its bitterness. It entered into the composition of the once celebrated Portland Powder for the gout, for an account of which see page 32. Dose, of an infusion, made in the proportion of ?j to oj of boiling water, f?ij; of the dry powder ?i.

Qualities. Odour, faintly honey-like; it is brittle yet soft; when chewed, it does not, if pure, adhere to the teeth; it melts at 142°, and burns entirely away. Chemical Composition. It is the honey-comb of the bee melted with boiling water, pressed through cloth bags, and ultimately cast into round cakes for the market. Whether it be an animal product, or a vegetable substance merely collected by the bee, has been a question of dispute; the former opinion is probably correct, although wax is certainly produced as a secretion by many plants. The yellow wax contains a portion of pollen which imparts its colour to it, and increases its fusibility. Solubility. It is insoluble in water, and in cold alcohol or ether, but it is soluble in boiling alcohol and ether, in fixed oils, and in alkalies. Uses. It is chiefly employed in the composition of external applications. Adulterations. Earth or peas-meal may be suspected when the cake is very brittle, and the colour inclines to grey; Resin is detected by putting it in cold alcohol, which will dissolve the resinous part without acting on the wax. Tallow is discovered by the greater softness and unctuosity of the cake, and by its suffocating smell when melted; when this latter substance is employed, turmeric is added to disguise its paleness.

2. Cera Alba. White, Bleached, or Virgin’s Wax.

Qualities. This substance differs only from the former, in being colourless, harder, heavier, and less fusible. Uses. It is said to be demulcent, and very useful in dysentery, but it is rarely used. Forms of Exhibition. It may be formed into a mixture by melting it with one-third of its weight of soap, and then gradually adding to it any mucilaginous liquid. Adulterations. White Lead may be detected by melting the wax in water, when the oxide will fall to the bottom of the vessel; tallow may be suspected when the cake wants its usual translucency.

These compositions are characterized by a degree of consistence, intermediate between that of plasters, and that of ointments. As this consistence is obtained from the wax which they contain, they very properly derive from that substance the generic appellation of Cerates.

Ceratum CalaminÆ. L. (Ceratum lapidis Calaminaris. P.L. 1787. Ceratum epuloticum. P.L. 1745). Ceratum Carbonatis Zinci Impuri. E. Unguentum Calaminare. D.—These preparations have been long known under the name of Turner’s Cerate; they form the basis of many extemporaneous cerates, in some of which nitric oxide of mercury, in the proportion of ?j of the oxide to ?j of cerate, and in others, the liquor of sub-acetate of lead, are introduced. By the former combination we obtain a very useful application to indolent and ill-conditioned ulcers, a valuable stimulant for inducing an action conducive to the regeneration of parts. By the latter combination we derive a remedy highly extolled by our most experienced surgeons, in the cure of burns and scalds.

Ceratum Cantharidis. L. The basis of this preparation is spermaceti cerate six parts, to which is added, of powdered flies one part: as it is intended to promote a purulent discharge from a blistered surface, it may be reduced in strength according to circumstances.

Ceratum Cetacei. L. (Ceratum Spermatis ceti. P.L. 1787. Ceratum Album, P.L. 1745). Ceratum Simplex. E. It furnishes a soft and cooling dressing, and constitutes a convenient basis for more active combinations, as in the following instance.

Ceratum Plumbi acetatis. L. (Unguentum CerussÆ AcetatÆ, P.L. 1787.) This is cooling for burns, excoriations, and inflamed surfaces.

Ceratum Plumbi Compositum. L. (Cerat: Lithargyri acetati compositum. P.L. 1787.) This is “Goulard’s Cerate” and is applicable to the same cases as the former cerate; the camphor which enters into its composition imparts a gently stimulating power to it; it proves extremely serviceable in chronic opthalmia of the tarsus, and for the increased secretion of tears, which so frequently affects the eyes of persons advanced in years.

Ceratum ResinÆ. L. (Ceratum resinÆ flavÆ, P.L. 1787. Ceratum citrinum. 1745. Yellow Basilicon). Unguent: Resinosum, E. Unguent: ResinÆ albÆ. D. It is stimulant, digestive, and cleansing, and affords a very excellent application for foul and indolent ulcers.

Ceratum SabinÆ. L. Savine Cerate. It is intended to keep up a purulent discharge from a blistered surface; in practice however it is often found to fail from the difficulty of obtaining it good, since the acrid principle of the plant is injured by long boiling, and by being previously dried; the ointment also loses its virtue by exposure to the air.

Ceratum Saponis. L. This preparation was much used and recommended by the late Mr. Pott; in preparing it the greatest possible caution is required; the fire should never be too rapidly applied, the stirring should be uniform and incessant, and the heat should only be sufficient to keep the two compositions liquid at the time when they are united. The original intention of the cerate was to afford, when spread upon linen, a mechanical support to fractured limbs, and to keep the points of the bone in due apposition, while in consequence of the acetate of lead which is formed in the first stage of the process for its preparation, it possesses the virtues of a saturnine dressing. As a mechanical agent it may prove at once effectual and dangerous, for if it be applied before all inflammation and swelling have entirely disappeared, the inflamed vessels may be completely strangulated by its unrelenting pressure, and high erysipelatous inflammation, and a rapid state of gangrene may be the result.

Ceratum Simplex. A useful application to excoriations and sores.

Besides the above cerates, there are many magistral^[458] preparations, of great practical value, and I must refer the surgical student for an account of them to that very useful little manual, entitled “Pharmacopoeia Chirurgica.”

Qualities. Form, flakes, which are unctuous, friable, and white. Odour and taste, scarcely perceptible. Sp. Grav. 9·433. It melts at 112°. Chemical Composition. It is a peculiar modification of fatty matter. Solubility. It is insoluble in water and cold alcohol, but soluble in hot alcohol, ether, and oil of turpentine, but it concretes again as the fluids cool; in the fixed oils it is completely soluble. The alkaline carbonates do not affect it, but it is partially dissolved in the pure alkalies, and with hot ammonia it forms an emulsion which is not decomposed on cooling. Uses. It is demulcent and emollient, but it possesses no advantages over the bland oils. Forms of Exhibition. It may be suspended in water by means of mucilage or yolk of egg. (FormulÆ 76, 78, 79.) Officinal Preparations. Ceratum Simplex. E. Ceratum Cetacei. L. Unguent. Cetacei. L.D. From exposure to hot air, it becomes rancid; but it may be again purified, by being washed in a warm solution of potass.

Notwithstanding the labours of the Spanish botanists, the history of this important genus is still involved in considerable perplexity, and owing to the mixture of the barks of several species,^[459] and their importation into Europe under one common name, it is extremely difficult to reconcile the contradictory opinions which exist upon the subject, nor indeed would such an investigation be consistent with the plan and objects of this work. Under the trivial name officinalis, LinnÆus confounded no less than four distinct species of cinchona, and under the same denomination the British Pharmacopoeias, for a long period, placed as varieties the three barks known in the shops; this error indeed is still maintained in the Dublin Pharmacopoeias, but the London and Edinburgh colleges have at length adopted the arrangement of Mutis, a celebrated botanist, who has resided in South America, and held the official situation of Director of the exportation of bark for nearly forty years.

CinchonÆ CordifoliÆ Cortex. L.E. Cortex Peruvianus. D. Heart-leaved Cinchona Bark, commonly called Yellow Bark.

CinchonÆ LancifoliÆ Cortex. L.E. Cortex Peruvianus. D. Lance-leaved Cinchona Bark, common Quilled bark—Pale bark.

CinchonÆ OblongifoliÆ Cortex. L.E. Cortex Peruvianus. D. Oblong-leaved Cinchona Bark, called Red bark.

Qualities. The odour and taste of these three species are essentially the same, although they differ in intensity. They are all bitter, sub-astringent and aromatic, but the flavour of the Yellow bark is incomparably the most bitter, although less austere and astringent, whilst the red bark has a taste much less bitter, but more austere and nauseous than either of the other species. Chemical Composition. Few vegetable substances have been more frequently, or more ably submitted to chemical analysis than the Peruvian bark, and yet but few results of any great practical utility had been obtained previous to the recent experiments of Pelletier and Caventou, communicated to the Academy of Sciences at Paris, since the publication of the fourth edition of the present work.

Dr. Maton^[460] had several years ago observed, that an infusion of nutgalls produced a precipitate with the decoctions of Bark; a fact which necessarily produced considerable speculation. Seguin was induced to regard it as arising from the presence of gelatine, (see p. 56,) an opinion which Dr. Duncan proved to be erroneous, and shewed that it depended upon a new proximate principle, to which M. Gomez of Lisbon had previously assigned the name of Cinchonine. Besides which, bark was considered as containing resin, extractive, gluten, tannin, a small portion of volatile oil, and some salts with a base of lime; one of which however had been only found in Yellow bark, and had been discovered to contain a peculiar vegetable acid, denominated by Vauquelin Kinic, a name which Dr. Duncan very judiciously superseded by that of Cinchonic acid.

In the Red bark, Fourcroy detected also a portion of citric acid, some muriate of ammonia, and muriate of lime. Upon which of these principles the tonic and febrifuge virtues of bark depends, has ever proved a fruitful source of controversy. Deschamps attributed them to Cinchonate of Lime, and asserted that two doses of thirty-six grains each, would cure any intermittent. Westering considered Tannin as the active constituent; while M. Seguin assigned all the virtues to the principle which precipitates gallic acid, and which, as it has been before stated, he mistook for gelatine. Fabroni concluded from his experiments, that the febrifuge power of the bark did not belong exclusively and essentially to the astringent, bitter, or to any other individual principle, since the quantity of these would necessarily be increased by long boiling, whereas the virtues of the bark are notoriously diminished by protracted ebullition. This argument however will not go far, when we consider the chemical changes which the liquid is known to suffer during that operation, and by which a considerable portion of its matter is rendered insoluble. Such was the state of our knowledge respecting the composition of the Cinchona, when Pelletier and Caventou, guided by analogy, were led to infer the presence of an alkaline element of activity in its composition. The merit, belonging to the researches of these eminent chemists, does not so much consist in the discovery of new elements, as in the proofs which they have furnished of the well known principle, Cinchonine, being a salifiable base,^[461] and in demonstrating the peculiar states of combination in which it exists in the different species of Cinchona.

Their analysis of the Pale Bark, furnished the following principles.

1.

Acidulous Kinate of Cinchonia.^[462]

2.

A green fatty matter.

3.

Red Colouring matter, slightly soluble.

4.

Ditto soluble. (Tannin.)

5.

Yellow colouring matter.

6.

Kinate of Lime.

7.

Gum.

8.

Starch.

9.

Lignin.

Cinchonia, when obtained in an isolated form,^[463] is distinguished by the following characters and habitudes.

It is white, transparent, and crystallizes in the form of needles; it has but little taste, circumstance depending upon its comparative insolubility, as it requires no less than 7000 parts of cold water for its solution; in boiling water it is soluble in 2500 times its weight, but a considerable part separates, on cooling. In alcohol and the acids it is much more soluble, and imparts to such menstrua the characteristic bitter of the bark; it dissolves only in small quantities in the fixed and volatile oils, or in sulphuric ether. Cinchonia restores the colour of litmus which has been reddened by an acid. With acids it combines and forms neutral salts, of which the solubility and crystalline form vary with the acid employed.

Sulphate of Cinchonia, easily crystallizable and moderately soluble, has been found to consist of Cinchonia 100, Sulphuric acid 13·02.

Nitrate of Cinchonia, uncrystallizable, and sparingly soluble.

Muriate of Cinchonia, crystallizes in very beautiful needles, and is more soluble than the preceding salts.

Oxalate of Cinchonia, nearly insoluble; hence by pouring oxalic acid, or oxalate of ammonia into solutions of any of the soluble salts of cinchonia, we obtain a very white and abundant precipitate, which might be mistaken for oxalate of lime; it is however soluble in an excess of acid, and in alcohol.

Gallate of Cinchonia, equally as insoluble as the Oxalate, whence the precipitate occasioned by pouring an infusion of galls into the decoctions of genuine cinchona.

Cinchonia, when heated, does not fuse before decomposition. Its ultimate elements are oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon; the latter being predominant.

The Kinic acid, which exists in native combination with the Cinchonia, amongst several other peculiar properties, is convertible by means of heat into a substance (acide pyrokinique,) which is crystallizable, and capable of producing with iron a most beautiful green colour.

In the Yellow Bark, these chemists discovered also a salifiable base, quite distinct however in its character and habitudes from Cinchonia; they accordingly have designated it by another name, viz. Quinine, but which we shall hereafter call Quina. In speaking of these two bases, the authors compare them, in point of dissimilarity, to the fixed alkalies, potass and soda. Quina is distinguished from Cinchonia by the following characters. It cannot, like this latter body, be crystallized by evaporation from its alcoholic solution, although it may be obtained in transparent plates. It is very soluble in Æther; in water it is as insoluble as cinchonia, but its taste is much more bitter. The salts which it forms are different from those of cinchonia, both in the proportion of their elements, and in the properties which they possess, being generally much more bitter. In comparing their composition, Quina will appear to have less capacity of saturation^[464] than cinchonia.

Sulphate of Quina. It forms crystals quite remarkable for their satin-like and pearly lustre. It is soluble in cold water, a property which is very considerably increased by an excess of acid.^[465] It appears from the observations of M. Callaude, apothecary at Annecy, that Sulphate of Quina exposed to a gentle heat, becomes highly luminous; and M. Pelletier has since found that Sulphate of Cinchonia, when exposed in a capsule to the steam of boiling water, exhibits the same phenomenon, but that neither Quina nor Cinchonia, by themselves, nor their acetates, possess this phosphorescent quality. This appears to be the most efficient of all the salts of Bark, and is the one from which I have frequently derived much advantage. In its exhibition we must be careful not to combine it with substances that form insoluble compounds with it. The Infusum RosÆ compositum is objectionable as a vehicle, on account of the astringent matter which it contains, and which therefore precipitates the Quina from its solution. I have lately seen a prescription, in which the salt is directed to be rubbed with a few grains of Cream of Tartar, and then to be dissolved in mint water. This is obviously injudicious, since Tartaric acid decomposes the sulphate, and occasions an insoluble Tartrate, which is precipitated. The form in which I have usually prescribed it is in that of solution, with a small quantity of sulphuric acid, in the proportion of a minim to every grain of the salt. A Wine of Quina may be made by adding five grains of the sulphate to a pint of Sherry; a Tincture, by dissolving the same quantity in eight fluid-ounces of Rectified Spirit. The sulphate is to be preferred to the pure Quina in these cases, because, when the tincture is made by using the alkali, not saturated by an acid, a precipitate is formed on adding it to aqueous liquors. Dose of the Sulphate, gr. i.–v.

Acetate of Quina, very remarkable for the great facility with which it crystallizes, and for the pearly aspect and agreeable stellated grouping of the crystals; whereas the acetate of cinchonia crystallizes with difficulty, and simply in plates transparent, and devoid of lustre.

Quina forms with the oxalic, gallic and tartaric acids, salts as insoluble as those which the same acids form with Cinchonia.

The Red Bark upon analysis was found to contain a double basis, and to yield both Cinchonia and Quina, and, what is still more extraordinary, the quantity of each exceeded that which is known to exist in the grey and yellow barks.

The latest experiments, however, made on very large quantities of the bark, have shewn that Quina and Cinchonia exist simultaneously in all the three species; but the Cinchonia is, relatively to the Quina, in greater quantity in the grey bark; whilst, in the yellow bark, the Quina so predominates, that the presence of the Cinchonia might well have escaped notice when small quantities were operated on.

Having thus furnished a sketch of this curious discovery, we have next to enquire whether the alkaline bases in question do actually concentrate all the virtues of the barks in which they reside? M. Majendie^[466] informs us that Pelletier had very early after the discovery transmitted to him a portion of the new substances for trial, and that he has unequivocally determined that they do not possess any deleterious qualities,^[467] and are therefore essentially different from the principles of Nux vomica, (Strychnine,) Opium, (Morphia,) &c. According to the testimony of Dr. Double, as related in the same journal, they would seem to possess the medicinal properties of the cinchona.

In the third number of Majendie’s Journal we receive a report from M. le docteur Renauldin, of an intermittent cured by the Sulphate of Cinchonia, in doses of six grains.

As the discovery of an alkaline element in Opium led the way to the detection of salifiable bases in other active vegetables,^[468] it has seemed to me preferable that I should introduce those general observations which I wish to offer upon the subject of those bodies, under the history of that narcotic. It is only necessary in this place to caution the practitioner against the hasty generalizations of the too sanguine chemist; it has already been observed that those vegetable remedies, whose value has been established by the sober experience of ages, consist of different principles of activity, or, at least, owe a modified power to the compound effect of their several ingredients. (p. 154, note.)

Solubility of the Bark.^[469] Cold water extracts its bitter taste, with some share of its odour; when assisted by a moderate heat, the infusion is stronger, but becomes turbid as it cools; the infusion cannot be kept, even for a short time, without undergoing decomposition, and being spoiled; wine also extracts the virtues of bark, and is prevented by this substance from becoming sour, a fact which probably depends upon the avidity with which some of the principles of bark combine with oxygen, and which may throw some light upon the cause of its antiseptic virtues. The colouring matter of wine is precipitated by bark, as it is by charcoal, in the course of a few days. By decoction the active matter of cinchona is in a great degree extracted, but if the process be protracted beyond eight or ten minutes, it undergoes a very important chemical change, the precise nature of which is not well understood; the balance of affinities, however, by which the different elements are united, is evidently overthrown, and a considerable precipitation ensues; oxygen would also appear to have been absorbed; whether the Cinchonia becomes insoluble has not yet been ascertained, but experience has shewn that the general loss of solubility, produced by such a process, is accompanied with a corresponding loss of medicinal activity; on which account, the extract is necessarily a very inefficient preparation; if we attempt to redissolve it, not more than one half is soluble in water. Vinegar is a less powerful solvent than water; the active matter of bark is rendered more soluble by the addition of mineral acids, and by the earths and alkalies; these latter bodies deepen its colour, and precipitate the Cinchonia, for which reason, when they are employed, the decoction ought not to be filtered; see Form. 41, 42, and note thereon. Lime water has been recommended as a solvent, and it affords an excellent form for children and dyspeptic patients; for the same reason we obtain a stronger and perhaps a more efficient preparation, by triturating it with magnesia, previous to the process of infusion. Alcohol is a very powerful solvent, but the great activity of this menstruum so limits its dose that we are prevented from exhibiting a sufficient quantity of the bark in the form of tincture; it furnishes however an excellent adjunct to other preparations.

Incompatible Substances. Precipitates are produced by the salts of iron, sulphate of zinc, nitrate of silver, oxy-muriate of mercury, tartarized antimony, solutions of arsenic, &c. Any considerable portion of a tincture produces also a precipitation, which sometimes does not immediately take place, and the medicinal value of the bark is probably not impaired by it. As the infusions of nut galls and some other vegetable astringents precipitate the cinchonia from bark, it becomes a question how far such liquids are medicinally compatible; saline additions, as alum, muriate of ammonia, &c. have been frequently proposed, but in many such mixtures decompositions arise which must deceive us with regard to the expected effects. Forms of Exhibition. No form is so efficient as that of powder, a fact which would seem to argue against the exclusive value of the Cinchonia; even the ligneous fibre which the chemist pronounces to be inert and useless, may produce its share of benefit by modifying the solubility of the other ingredients, or by performing some mechanical duty which we are at present unable to understand or appreciate; but where the stomach rejects it, it must be administered in infusion or decoction, with the addition of its tincture. In cases where it is necessary to join cordials, an infusion of bark in Port wine^[470] is a popular and very useful form for its administration. Dose of the powder, gr. v to ?ij or more, of the infusion or decoction ?ij. Medicinal Uses. It is powerfully tonic and antiseptic; it was introduced into practice for curing intermittent fevers, but since that period it has been generally used in diseases of debility, in fevers of the typhoid type, and in gangrene. It was first conjectured to be useful in gout by Sydenham, and Dr. Haygarth has strongly recommended its exhibition in acute rheumatism; when however it is used in these diseases, the greatest attention ought to be paid to the state of the bowels, and purgatives should be occasionally interposed. In Dyspepsia, the use of the purer bitters is to be greatly preferred to that of the bark. Officinal Preparations. Infus. CinchonÆ, L.E.D. Decoct. Cinchon. L.E.D. Extractum Cinchon. L.E. Extract. CinchonÆ resinosum. L.D. Tinct. CinchonÆ, L.E.D. Tinct. CinchonÆ comp. L.E.D. Tinct. Cinchon. Ammoniat. L. Magistral FormulÆ, 31, 37, 40, 44, 127. Adulterations. The frauds committed under this head are most extensive; it is not only mixed with inferior barks, but frequently with genuine bark, the active constituents of which have been entirely extracted by decoction with water. In selecting cinchona bark, the following precautions may be useful; it should be dense, heavy and dry, not musty, nor spoiled by moisture; a decoction made of it should have a reddish colour when warm; but when cold, it should become paler, and deposit a brownish red sediment. When the bark is of a dark colour between red and yellow, it is either of a bad species, or it has not been well preserved. Its taste should be bitter, with a slight acidity, but not nauseous, nor very astringent; when chewed, it should not appear in threads, nor of much length; the odour is not very strong, but when bark has been well cured, it is always perceptible, and the stronger it is, provided it be pleasant, the better may the bark be considered. In order to give bark the form of quill, the bark gatherers not unfrequently call in the aid of artificial heat, by which its virtues are deteriorated; the fraud is detected by the colour being much darker, and upon splitting the bark, by the inside exhibiting stripes of a whitish sickly hue. In the form of powder, cinchona is always found more or less adulterated. During a late official inspection of the shops of apothecaries and druggists, the Censors repeatedly met with powdered cinchona having a harsh metallic taste, quite foreign to that which characterizes good bark.^[471] The best test of the goodness of bark is afforded by the quantity of Cinchonia, or Quina that may be extracted from it; and the manufacturer should always institute such a trial before he purchases any quantity, taking a certain number of pieces indiscriminately from the bulk. Much has been said of late concerning the probability of the genuine species of the cinchona tree becoming extinct; in consequence of which some succedaneum has been anxiously sought for; the bark of the broad-leaved willow, Salix Caprea, has been proposed for this purpose. Vogel recommends the root of Geum urbanum avens; others propose that of the Dastisca canabina.

The Cinchona CaribÆa of the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia is said, by Dr. Wright, to whom we are indebted for our knowledge of it, to have satisfactorily answered in all cases where the Peruvian bark was indicated. The GeoffrÆa Intermis is often sold for it.

M. RÉ, Professor of the Materia Medica at the Veterinary School at Turin, has announced that the Lycopus EuropÆus of LinnÆus, called by the peasants of Piedmont the Herb China, is a complete succedaneum for Peruvian Bark.^[472] The success with which bark has been imitated by medicinal combination, has already been noticed in the first part of this work.

The qualities of Cinnamon depend upon the presence of an essential oil. Benzoic acid has been found in it. It is principally employed to cover the taste of nauseous medicines, and to correct the griping quality of different purgatives. It is, however, in itself, astringent and tonic, whence it has been found efficacious in the relief of alvine fluxes. Adulterations. It is sometimes intermixed with cinnamon from which the oil has been drawn; the fraud is detected by the weakness of the odour and taste of the specimen; sometimes it is mixed with cassia, but this is soon discovered, for cassia is thick and clumsy, breaks short, and smooth, and has a remarkable slimy taste, whereas the fracture of cinnamon is shivery, and its flavour warm and clean. Cinnamon ought not to leave a mawkish taste in the mouth; this circumstance denotes an inferior quality. There is an inferior kind imported into Europe from China, through the hands of private merchants; this is distinguished by being darker coloured, rougher, denser, and by breaking shorter; the taste is also harsher, more pungent, and ligneous, without the sweetness of Ceylon cinnamon. Dose of the cinnamon in powder is from grs. x. to ?j. Officinal Prep. Aqua Cinnamomi, L.E.D, Spir Cinnamomi, L.E.D. Tinct. Cinnamomi, L.E.D. Tinct. Cinnamom. co. L. Pulv. Cinnamom. comp. L.E.

Cinnamomi Oleum. It is principally imported from Ceylon: it has a whitish yellow colour, a pungent burning taste, and the peculiar fine flavour of cinnamon in a very great degree.^[473] It should sink in water, and be entirely soluble in alcohol. It is one of the most powerful stimulants which we possess. Dose, ??i to iij, on a lump of sugar.

It is an insect imported from Mexico and New Spain, and has the appearance of a wrinkled berry or seed of a deep mulberry colour, with a white powder between the wrinkles. Uses. Its medicinal virtues are now entirely discredited, and it is only employed for the sake of its colouring matter, for the purpose of a dye; it was known to the Phoenicians, and was the tolu of the Jews. Its watery solution is of a violet crimson, its alcoholic of a deep crimson, and its alkaline of a purple hue; the colour of the watery infusion is brightened by acids, cream of tartar, and alum, and at the same time partly precipitated. Dr. John has given the name of Cochenelin to this colouring principle, which M. M. Pelletier and Caventou have lately obtained in a perfectly pure state, as a very brilliant purple red powder with a granular crystalline appearance; these chemists propose to call it Carmine, but as Mr. Children very justly observes, if we adopt the term, its termination should be altered, to avoid confounding the pure colouring matter with the pigment in common use. It may be called Carmina, a more harmonious name than Cochenelin, (Ann: de Chimie, vol. viii). Incompatible Substances. The colouring matter is decomposed by sulphate of iron, sulphate of zinc, and acetate of lead. Officinal Preparations. Tinct: Cardamom: comp: L.D. Tinct: Cinchon: comp: L.D. Tinct: Gentian, comp: E. Tinct: Cantharid: D. Adulterations. It is invariably adulterated with pieces of dough, formed in moulds, and coloured with cochineal. I understand that this fraud gives employment to a very considerable number of women and children in this metropolis. A cargo of the counterfeit article was some time since exported, in order to obtain the drawback; by throwing a suspected sample into water, we shall dissolve the spurious ones, and ascertain the extent of the adulteration.

Qualities. When recent it has scarcely any odour, but its taste is bitter, hot and acrid. Chemical Composition. Its properties reside in a milky juice, and depend upon an alkaline principle; it contains also gum, starch, inulin, and extractive matter, which, when in solution, undergoes a chemical change, analogous, I apprehend, to that which takes place in the infusion of Senna, and it would appear with similar inconvenience. Sir Everard Home ascertained that this deposit, in the vinous infusion, excites nausea and griping, but that it may be removed without destroying the efficacy of the medicine. The alkaline element, similar to that of the Hellebore (Veratria), lately found in it, appears to exist in combination with gallic acid. (Annales de Chimie, tom. xiv. Mai, 1820.) This alkaline body would seem to display its greatest energies by its action upon mucous surfaces; in small portions it excites violent sneezing, and when applied to the membrane of the stomach, immediate vomiting and purging are the result.^[474] See Veratri radix. The virtues of the bulb of Colchicum are very variable, according to the place of growth and season of the year. Since the third edition of this work, I have been favoured with some valuable observations upon this subject by Mr. Alexander Gordon; he says that it is in its greatest perfection from the beginning of June until the middle of August.^[475] It is also necessary to extract the virtues of the bulb as soon as it is gathered, for although removed from the earth, the developing process of vegetation continues, and the substance undergoes a corresponding series of chemical changes, and finally becomes as inert as if it had remained in the ground. It is a problem of some importance to discover a method of destroying the vegetable life of the bulb, without at the same time injuring its virtues, for I apprehend that a want of attention to the above precaution frequently renders the vinous infusion inactive. The practitioner engaged in preparing this vegetable remedy will find some valuable directions in the third edition of Thomson’s Dispensatory. The flower of the meadow saffron is very poisonous to cattle. Solubility. Vinegar and wine^[476] are the best menstrua for extracting its active qualities; by decoction its essential oil is dissipated. Medicinal Uses. It has been much extolled on the continent as a remedy in dropsy, especially in hydro-thorax, and in humoral asthma; its operation however as a diuretic, is less certain than squill, although its modus operandi is analogous to it, as will be seen by referring to our new arrangement of Diuretic remedies. As a specific in gout its efficacy has been fully ascertained; it allays pain, and cuts short the paroxysm. It has also a decided action upon the arterial system, which it would appear to control through the medium of the nerves. Incompatible Substances. In my opinion, acids, and all oxygenated substances render the vinous infusion drastic; on the contrary, alkalies render its principles more soluble, and its operation more mild, but not less efficacious. Magnesia may judiciously accompany its exhibition. Dose of the saturated vinous infusion, the only form in which its successful operation can be insured, f?ss to f?j, whenever the patient is in pain. See Vinum Colchici. Officinal Preparations. Acetum Colchici, L. Oxymel Colchici, D. Vinum Colchici, L. Spiritus Colchici Ammoniatus, L. Syrupus Colchici Autumnalis, E.

Colchici Semina. Dr. Williams of Ipswich has lately published an account of the efficacy of the Seeds of Colchicum, which he says possess all the virtues of the root, without its pernicious^[477] qualities; the form in which he administers them, is in that of vinous infusion.^[478] He also informs me that he has experienced considerable tonic effects from these seeds; and that unlike other narcotic remedies they do not appear to produce, or favour congestion in the head. The seeds ought not to be bruised, as their virtues reside chiefly in the husk, or cortical part.

Qualities. The medullary part of this fruit, which is alone made use of, is a light, white, spongy body. Taste, intensely bitter and nauseous. Odour, when dry, none. Chemical Composition. Mucilage, resin, a bitter principle, and some gallic acid. Solubility. Alcohol and water alike extract its virtues, but the active principle resides both in the portion soluble in water, and in that which is insoluble. Medicinal Uses. It is a very powerful drastic cathartic, and was employed by the ancients in dropsical and lethargic diseases. Many attempts have been made to mitigate its violence, which is best effected by triturating it with gummy farinaceous substances, or the oily seeds; the watery decoction or infusion is much less severe, and has been recommended in worm cases, but it is rarely employed, except in combination with other purgatives. Thunberg informs us, (see his Travels, vol. ii, p. 171) that this article is rendered so perfectly mild at the Cape of Good Hope by being pickled, that it is absolutely used as food both by the natives and colonists. Mixed with paste or other cements, it is used to keep away insects, which it does by its extreme bitterness. Dose, grs. iv. to x. Incompatible Substances. The infusion is disturbed by sub-acetate, and acetate of lead; nitrate of silver; sulphate of iron, and by the fixed alkalies. Officinal Preparations. Extract. Colocynth. L. Extract. Colocynth. comp. L.D. Pil. Aloes cum Colocynth. D.E. (B) When the fruit is larger than a St. Michael’s orange, and has black acute pointed seeds, it is not good.

Under this title the London College comprehends the conserves and electuaries of its former Pharmacopoeias; but in strict propriety, and for practical convenience, the distinction between conserves and electuaries ought to have been maintained. Saccharine matter enters into each of these compositions, but in different proportions, and for different objects. In conserves it is intended to preserve the virtues of recent vegetables; in electuaries, to impart convenience of form. See Electuaria.

Confectio Amygdalarum. L. This preparation affords an expeditious mode of preparing the almond emulsion; it should be used in the proportion of a drachm to each fluid-ounce of distilled water.

Confectio Aromatica. L. Electuarium Aromaticum. E.D. This is a very useful combination of various aromatics, to which the London and Dublin colleges have added a carbonate of lime; this circumstance makes the preparation a judicious constituent for the exhibition of active salts, liable to be invalidated by the presence of acid in the stomach, but, at the same time, rendering it incompatible with acids, antimonial wine, &c. These observations do not of course extend to the aromatic electuary of the Edinburgh pharmacopoeia. See Form: 15, 42, 49, 125, 126. Dose, ?j to ?j.

Confectio CassiÆ. L. The ingredients of this confection are manna, tamarind pulp, and syrup of roses. It is gently laxative, and from its agreeable flavour is well calculated for children. The pharmaceutist, in preparing it, must take care that he does not substitute the syrup of the red, for that of the damask rose; a substitution, as stated under the head of Syrupi, not very unusual. The confection does not ferment or become acescent. Dose, ?j to ?j.

Confectio Opii. L. Electuarium Opiatum. E. This is a combination of aromatics with opium, intended as a substitute for the Mithridate and Theriaca of the old pharmacopoeias. It is highly useful in flatulent cholic and diarrhoea, and in all cases where a stimulant narcotic is indicated. One grain of opium is contained in grs. 36 of the London, and in grs. 43 of the Edinburgh preparation. Dose, grs. x to xxx.

Confectio Piperis Nigri. L. This preparation has been introduced into the Pharmacopoeia, on the suggestion of several eminent practitioners, who have experienced its utility in certain cases of Piles. It is intended to resemble Ward’s^[479] Paste, whose composition has been given in all the former editions of this work, and according to which Formula the committee have directed the present preparation. It is principally useful in those cases attended with considerable debility, in leucophlegmatic habits, and when piles arise from a deficient secretion in the rectum. On the other hand, the composition will as certainly prove injurious in those cases which are accompanied with erysipelatous inflammation, and which require cooling laxatives, and a total abstinence from all stimulants, for their cure.

Confectio RosÆ CaninÆ, olim Conserva Cynosbati. Its acidity depends upon uncombined citric acid, a circumstance which it is essential to remember when we direct its use in combination. The hip, or fruit of this plant, beat up with sugar, and mixed with wine, is a very acceptable treat in the north of Europe.

Confectio RosÆ GallicÆ. Confection of the Red Rose. Principally used as a vehicle for more active medicines. It is sometimes brightened by the addition of a small proportion of sulphuric acid; this is a circumstance of great importance, where the confection is used for making the mercurial pill. See PilulÆ Hydrarg. It is a very common excipient for pills, see Form: 21, 59, 66, 73, 122, 160, 170.

Confectio RutÆ, Confection of Rue. The principal use of this preparation is as an ingredient in antispasmodic enemas.

Confectio ScammoneÆ. L.D. Scammony, two parts, powdered cloves and ginger, of each, one part, to which are added a small portion of oil of carraway, and of syrup of roses, q. s. It is a stimulating cathartic, and may be given in the dose of ?ss to ?j.

Confectio SennÆ. L.E.D olim Electuarium Lenitivum. The ingredients of this preparation are senna leaves, figs, tamarind pulp, cassia pulp, the pulp of prunes, coriander seeds, liquorice root, and refined sugar. It is gently laxative, and is an excellent vehicle for the exhibition of more powerful cathartics. (Form. 74, 93.) When properly made, it is an elegant preparation, not apt to ferment, nor to become acescent; the directions of the pharmacopoeia are however rarely followed. Jalap blackened with walnut liquor, is frequently substituted for the more expensive article cassia; and the great bulk of it, sold in London, is little else than prunes, figs, and jalap. I understand that a considerable quantity is also manufactured in Staffordshire, into which unsound and spoilt apples enter as a principal ingredient. The preparation sold at Apothecaries’ Hall is certainly unique in excellence. Dose, ?ij or more.

The above are the principal confections which are employed in modern practice, for happily the shops are at length disencumbered of those nauseous insignificant conserves, unknown to the ancients, but which were ushered into use by the Arabian physicians, and which continued for so many years to disgrace our dispensatories and to embarrass our practice. The French, in their new Codex Medicamentarius, have limited their electuaries to a number not exceeding nine; they have however made up in complexity for deficiency in number; the Electuarium de croco, which is intended to answer the same ends as our confectio aromatica, has no less than twelve ingredients, although the force of the combination depends entirely upon carbonate of lime, cinnamon, and saffron; and so it is with the rest.

Qualities. The leaves, when properly dried, have a strong and narcotic odour, and a slightly bitter and nauseous taste: the fresh leaves contain not only the narcotic, but also the acrid principle: by exsiccation, the latter is nearly lost, but the former undergoes no change; the medicinal properties of the leaves are therefore improved by the operation of drying. Chemical Composition. The medicinal activity of the plant resides in a resinous element, which may be obtained in an insulated form, by evaporating an ethereal tincture made with the leaves, on the surface of water; it has a rich dark green colour, and contains the peculiar odour and taste of hemlock in perfection; a dose of half a grain will produce vertigo and head-ache. It may be distinguished by the name of Conein. The watery extract of this plant can therefore possess but little power, a fact which Orfila has fully established by experiment. No part of the plant is entirely destitute of efficacy, though the leaves possess the most activity. Solubility. Alcohol and Æther extract its virtues. Incompatible Substances. Its energies are greatly diminished by vegetable acids; hence vinegar is its best antidote. Medicinal Uses. It is a powerful sedative, and has been deservedly commended for its powers in allaying morbid irritability: according to my own experience, it is, in well directed doses, by far the most efficacious of all palliatives, for quieting pulmonary irritation. It has been extolled also in the cure of schirrus and cancer, and it will without doubt prove in such cases a valuable resource, from its sedative influence. Externally, it will afford considerable relief in irritable ulcers, when applied in the form of fomentation or cataplasm, see Form. 17, 18. Forms of Exhibition. The dried leaves, powdered, and made into pills, (Form. 2, 17, 18.) The powder ought to have a fine lively green colour. Dose, gr. iij, gradually increased, until some effect is produced. Several different plants have been mistaken for, and employed in the place of hemlock, such as Cicuta Virosa, (the water hemlock,) Æthusa Cynapium, Caucalis anthriscus, and several species of ChÆrophyllum. Officinal Preparations. Extract. Conii. L.E.D.

The qualities of this plant are alike extracted by spirit and water; the watery decoction, however, is very mucilaginous; as it contains no astringent matter, the salts of iron do not affect it. Dose of the powdered root, gr. v. to ?ss, but it is rarely used. It is considered cordial, and diaphoretic. Has it any virtues? The Spanish Indians have long used it as an antidote to poisons; the Spanish word contrahiÉrba signifies antidote. Officinal Prep. Pulv. Contrajerv. co. L.

Qualities. Consistence, that of oil, or a little thicker. Colour, pale golden yellow. Odour, fragrant and peculiar. Taste, aromatic, bitter, and sharp. Sp. Grav. 0·950. Chemical Composition. It is improperly denominated a balsam, for it contains no benzoic acid, but consists of resin and essential oil. Solubility. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in ten parts of alcohol, and in expressed and essential oils; with the pure alkalies it forms white saponaceous compounds which are soluble in water, forming opaque emulsions. Medicinal Uses. Stimulant, diuretic, and laxative; it seems to act more powerfully on the urinary passages than any of the other resinous fluids; hence its use in gleets and in fluor albus. Its use gives the urine an intensely bitter taste, but not a violet smell, as the turpentines do. By referring to the Synoptical arrangement of Diuretic remedies, it will appear that Copaiba is referred to Class I, 1. b. for there is reason to believe that its active principle undergoes absorption, and by coming in contact with the urinary organs, produces the medicinal effects for which it is so highly valued. Forms of Exhibition. Diffused in soft or distilled water by yolk of egg, or by twice its weight of mucilage, f?ss to every f?j of water, forms an elegant mixture, or it may be given dropped on sugar, and in this latter form it is certainly more disposed to act on the urinary organs, than when exhibited in that of an emulsion. (Form. 156.) Dr. Chapman has proposed a new mode of exhibiting this medicine; he advises us to pour the Copaiba on half a wine-glassful of water, and afterwards to add slowly a few drops of a common bitter tincture, by which means the Copaiba will be collected in a small globule that may be easily swallowed, while its taste, so nauseous to most patients, will be entirely masked by the bitterness of the vehicle. In whatever form, however, this medicine is administered, it is extremely apt to derange the digestive organs, if long continued, and the unpleasant effects thus occasioned remain, in some cases, for a very long period.^[480] Adulterations. A considerable quantity sold in London is entirely factitious. A curious trial took place some time since, between the owner of certain premises that were burnt down, and the Governors of the Sun Fire Office, in consequence of the latter refusing to indemnify the proprietor for his loss, because the fire had been occasioned by his making Balsam of Copaiba. This article is also adulterated with mastiche and oil; M. Bucholz asserts that if it does not dissolve in a mixture of four parts of pure alcohol, and one of rectified Æther, we may infer its adulteration; rape oil is also frequently mixed with it, in which case if dropped into water, the drops will not retain their spherical form, as they invariably will, if pure.

The horns of the stag differ only from bone, in containing less of the phosphate of lime, and a larger proportion of gelatine; by boiling, they yield a clear, transparent, and flavourless jelly, in quantity about one-fourth of the weight of the shavings employed; to obtain which we should boil ?iv in f?vij of water, until reduced to f?vi. Adulterations. This article is often sophisticated with the shavings of mutton bone; the fraud is detected by their greater degree of brittleness. They were formerly so much used for the preparation of ammonia, that the alkali was commonly called Salt, or Spirit, of Hartshorn.

[The dogwood is a common forest tree, abundant in almost every part of the United States. It flowers in the months of May and June. The bark, which is the part used in medicine, yields by analysis tannin, gallic acid, resin, gum resin, bitter extractive, and mucilage. The dogwood is a powerful tonic, and by many practitioners has been used as a substitute for the Peruvian bark. The diseases in which it has been found serviceable are intermitting and remitting fevers, dyspepsia, general debility, &c. It may be given in substance, in doses of ?j to ?ij—in extract, from 5 to 15 grs. or in infusion or decoction.]

This is common chalk, the coarser particles of which have been removed by the mechanical operation of washing. It consists of carbonate of lime, with various earthy impurities. The Dublin Pharmacopoeia directs a chemical process for obtaining a perfectly pure carbonate (Creta PrÆcipitata), but it appears to be an unnecessary refinement. Med. Uses. It is antacid and absorbent, on which account it is useful in acidities of the primÆ viÆ, and in diarrhoeas, after removing all irritating matters by previous evacuation. (Form. 52.) From its absorbent properties, it is a good external application to ulcers discharging a thin ichorous matter. Dose, grs. x to ?ij, or more. It is almost unnecessary to state that it must not be combined with acidulous salts; I have however seen a formula for a powder, intended as an astringent, in which chalk and alum entered as ingredients. Officinal Prep. Hydrargyrum cum creta. L. Pulvis cretÆ comp. L.E. Pulv. Opiatus. E. (F) Mist. CretÆ. L.E. Trochisci Carbonatis Calcis. E. Confectio Aromatica. L.E. (G)

Qualities. Form, cakes, consisting of the stigmata of the flower, closely pressed together. Odour, sweet, penetrating and diffusive. Taste, warm and bitterish. Colour, a rich and deep orange red. Chemical Composition. One hundred parts consist of sixty-two of extractive, the remaining parts are chiefly ligneous fibre, with small portions of resin and essential oil. Bouillon Lagrange and Vogel have examined this extractive matter very accurately, and from the circumstance of its watery infusion assuming different colours when treated with different agents, they have named it polychroite. Thus chlorine and light destroy its colour, sulphuric acid changes it to indigo, which gradually becomes lilac, and nitric acid gives it a green hue. Solubility. It yields its colour and active ingredients to water, alcohol, proof spirit, wine, vinegar, and in a less degree to Æther; the watery infusion, and the vinous tincture soon grow sour, and lose their properties, and the solution in vinegar becomes quickly colourless. Med. Uses. It is now never employed but for the sake of its colour or aromatic flavour, as an adjunct to other substances. It is much used in foreign cookery to colour rice, &c. Officinal Prep. Syrup. Croci. L. Tinct. Croci sativi. E. Confect. Aromat. L.D. (O). Pil. Aloes cum Myrrha. L. (G). Tinct. Aloes comp. L.E.D. (O) Tinct. CinchonÆ comp. L.D. Tinct. Rhei. L. (O). Tinct. Rhei comp. L. (O). Adulterations. It is not unfrequently sophisticated with the fibres of smoked beef, or the petals of flowers, especially of the marigold, (Calendula Officinalis,) and of the safflower, (Carthamus Tinctorius.) The former of these fraudulent ingredients is indicated by the unpleasant odour which arises when the saffron is thrown upon live coals; the latter, by infusing the specimen in hot water, when the expanded stigmata may be easily distinguished from the other petals of substituted flowers; a deficiency of colour and odour in the infusion indicates that a tincture or infusion has already been drawn from the saffron, and that it has been subsequently pressed again into a cake. In the market is to be found saffron from Sicily, France, and Spain, besides the English; that which is imported from Spain, is generally spoiled with oil, in which it is dipt with the intention of preserving it. The cake saffron sold in some of the less respectable shops, consists of one part of saffron and nine of marigold, made into a cake with oil, and then pressed; it is sold in considerable quantities for the use of birds, when in moult.

This Indian spice, a native of Java, formerly held a place in our materia medica, and entered into the composition of mithridate and theriaca, but being inferior in pungency and aromatic warmth to pepper, it fell into disuse. Lately, however, it has been ushered into surgical practice for the cure of gonorrhoea, with all the extravagance of praise which usually attends the revival of an old, or the introduction of a new medicine.^[482] It has been pronounced to be a specific in this complaint, if taken in the early stages, in the dose of a dessert-spoonful three times a day, in a sufficient quantity of water.^[483] The Indians have been long acquainted with the influence which cubebs exerts upon these organs; thus Garcias, “Apud Indos cubebarum in vino maceratarum est usus ad exitandam venerem.” Chemical Composition. M. Vauquelin has lately made a very accurate analysis of this pepper, from which its composition may be stated as follows: 1. A volatile oil, which is nearly solid.—2. A resin, resembling Balsam of Copaiba.—3. Another and coloured resin.—4. A coloured gummy matter.—5. An extractive principle, similar to that which is found in leguminous plants.—6. Some saline substances. He considers the resin resembling the Copaiba, to be the peculiar matter in which that property resides, which imparts to it the power of curing gonorrhoea. As the qualities of this spice do not reside in volatile elements, an extract made with rectified spirit will be found to possess the whole of its virtues. The French, in their new Codex Medicamentarius, have introduced the cubebs into their list of materia medica. There is a precaution, with respect to the exhibition of Cubebs, which it is important for the practitioner to remember—to keep the bowels thoroughly open; for where hardened fÆces are allowed to accumulate, the spice insinuates itself into the mass, and produces excoriations in the rectum. Adulterations. The “Turkey Yellow Berries,” i. e. the dried fruit of the Rhamnus Catharticus, are often substituted for the Cubebs, and the similarity between them is so great, that the casual observer may be easily deceived.

Qualities. Odour, strong, heavy, and peculiar; Taste, bitterish and warm. Chemical Composition. Gum, resin, and a yellow pungent oil, upon which the peculiar properties of the seeds depend. Solubility. Water does not extract more than their odour, but alcohol dissolves all the principles in which their virtues reside, and leaves upon evaporation a powerful extract. Medicinal Uses. Carminative and stomachic; they are however but rarely used, except as an ingredient in plasters.

Qualities. Form, crystals, which are rhomboidal prisms. Colour, a deep rich blue. Taste, harsh, acrid, and styptic; they slightly effloresce; when treated with sulphuric acid, no effervescence occurs, a circumstance which at once distinguishes this salt from Œrugo. Chemical Composition. According to the latest experiments, it is an oxy-sulphate, consisting of one proportional of peroxide with two proportionals of sulphuric acid, and when crystallized, it contains ten proportionals of water; its beautiful colour depends on this last ingredient. Solubility. It is soluble in four parts of water at 60, and in less than two at 212°; the solution shews an excess of acid by reddening litmus. In alcohol it is insoluble. Incompatible Substances. Alkalies and their carbonates; sub-borate of soda; acetate of ammonia; tartrate of potass; muriate of lime; nitrate of silver; sub-acetate, and acetate of lead; oxy-muriate of mercury; all astringent vegetable infusions and tinctures. Iron immersed in the solution, precipitates copper in a metallic form; hence the exhibition of the filings of iron has been proposed as an antidote.^[485] Medicinal Uses. It is emetic from grs. ij to xv. tonic gr. 1/4; it is, however, but rarely used internally except as an emetic; externally it is employed as an escharotic; and, in solution, as a stimulant to foul obstinate ulcers.^[487] In the proportion of half a drachm to eight ounces of rose water, it forms a lotion which has been found very efficacious in phagedenic ulcers of the face, and in allaying itching when attended with erysipelatous inflammation about the anus and labia pudendi. It is also a styptic when applied in solution. Officinal Preparation. Solut. Cupri Sulphat. com. E. Cuprum Ammoniatum L.E.D. (I) (Form. 68.)

Qualities. Form, a violet coloured mass, which on exposure to air becomes green, and is probably converted into a carbonate. Taste, styptic and metalline. Odour, ammoniacal. Chemical Composition. It is a triple salt, a sub-sulphate of oxide of copper, and ammonia. The Edinburgh College is certainly incorrect in calling it an ammoniuret. Solubility, f?j; of water dissolves ?j of this salt. Incompatible Substances; Acids; the fixed Alkalies; Lime water. Medicinal Uses. It is tonic and antispasmodic. Dr. Cullen first proposed its exhibition in epilepsy, and it has frequently been employed with evident advantage in that disease. It has been also given in chorea, after a course of purgatives. Brera considers it quite equal to Arsenic, in the cure of obstinate Intermittents; other physicians have commended it in cases of Hysteria. Forms of Exhibition. It may be formed into pills with bread; to which an addition of sugar has been recommended, to prevent them from becoming hard; but we must remember that recent experiments have shewn that sugar has the power of counteracting the operation of copper. Dose, gr. 1/4 cautiously encreased to grs. v. twice a day. Officinal Preparations. Liquor Cupri Ammoniati. L.

Qualities. Form, pieces covered with a whitish wrinkled thin epidermis; the inner surface is smooth, of a brownish yellow colour. Odour, not strong, but peculiar. Taste, bitter, slightly aromatic, and permanent. Chemical Composition. Cinchonia, resin, extractive, carbonate of ammonia, and essential oil. Solubility. Its active matter is taken up by cold and hot water, and is not injured by long decoction, but the addition of alcohol precipitates part of the extractive. Alcohol dissolves its bitter and aromatic parts, but proof spirit appears to be its most complete menstruum. Incompatible Substances. Sulphate of Iron; Sulphate of Copper; Oxy-muriate of Mercury; Nitrate of Silver; Tartarized Antimony; Sub-acetate, and Acetate of Lead; Potass; and perhaps the Mineral Acids, for they produce precipitates, as do also the infusions of Galls, and Yellow Cinchona. Medicinal Uses. Stimulant and tonic; it does not, like cinchona, oppress the stomach, but imparts a degree of warmth, expels flatus, and increases the appetite for food: with respect to its powers in the cure of intermittents, many doubts are entertained. Forms of Exhibition. In substance, infusion, decoction, tincture, or extract; its nauseous taste is best disguised by cinnamon. Dose of the powder, grs. v. to ?j; of the infusion or decoction, f?j; in large doses all the forms are liable to produce nausea. Form. 58. Officinal Prep. Infusum CuspariÆ. L. Tinct. BonplandiÆ TrifoliatÆ. E. Tinct. AngusturÆ. D. Adulterations. There is found in the market a particular bark, which has been called Fine Angustura, but which is of a different species, and is a very energetic poison. This bark is characterized by having its epidermis covered with a matter which has the appearance of rust of iron, and which, moreover, possesses certain chemical properties of this metal; for if water acidulated with muriatic acid be agitated in contact with its powder, it assumes a beautiful green colour, and affords with an alkaline prussiate, (Hydro-cyanate of Potass) a Prussian blue precipitate. Late researches have detected the presence of an alkaline element in this bark, on which the name of Brucia has been bestowed. When this alkali is dissolved in boiling alcohol, and crystallized by spontaneous evaporation, it yields colourless and transparent crystals in the form of oblique quadrangular prisms.

Qualities. Odour, foetid and narcotic, occasioning head-ache and stupor; Taste, bitter and somewhat nauseous. Chemical Composition. Gum, resin, and carbonate of ammonia; the recent experiments of M. Brandes have also developed an alkaline element of activity, to which the name of Daturia has been assigned; it appears to exist in native combination with malic acid; when in an uncombined state it is nearly insoluble in water, and in cold alcohol, but boiling alcohol dissolves it. It has been obtained with difficulty in the form of quadrangular prisms. Solubility. The medicinal powers of the herb are alike extracted by aqueous and spirituous menstrua. Incompatible Substances. The infusion is precipitated by the salts of lead, silver, mercury, and iron; the mineral acids would also appear to produce some essential changes which may diminish its efficacy. Acetic acid increases its powers, although it relieves the effects of an overdose, if administered after the stomach has been emptied. This apparent anomaly is easily explained when we consider, that in the first case its operation is purely chemical, increasing the solubility of the active principle of the plant, while in the latter case it operates as a vital agent, restoring to the nervous system that energy which has been suspended by the narcotic influence of the vegetable. Medicinal Uses. It is narcotic, and has been regarded by many authors as eminently antispasmodic; Dr. Barton, an American physician, made very extensive trials of its efficacy in Mania, the result of which is highly favourable to its use. Dr. Marcet first noticed its salutary effects in chronic diseases attended with violent pain; he found it to lessen powerfully, and quickly, sensibility and pain, and to produce a sort of nervous shock, attended with a momentary affection of the head and eyes, with a degree of nausea, and with phenomena resembling those which are produced by intoxication. It seems to be more particularly beneficial in chronic rheumatism, sciatica, &c. Its root, smoked in the manner of tobacco, has been much extolled as a remedy in the paroxysms of spasmodic asthma; this practice however, is not unattended with danger;^[488] the same transient feelings of relief may be procured by smoking a mixture of opium and any aromatic herb. Forms of Exhibition. Some discrepancy of opinion has existed upon this point; the native practitioners in the Carnatic gave the powdered root; Hufeland recommends a tincture of the whole plant; in this country an extract of the leaves, or, more lately, of the seeds, has been preferred, and I have been recently informed by Sir Henry Halford, that he has found a tincture made with the seeds,^[489] a very efficient and unobjectionable preparation. Dr. Davy, at my request, has made a series of experiments upon the extracts prepared by Mr. Barry in vacuo, and his report upon the effects of that of Stramonium, will be found under the article Extract. Stramonii, which see. Dose. In the commencement, of the leaves powdered gr. i. of the seeds gr. ss. It is said that the Turks sometimes use the Stramonium instead of Opium, and the Chinese infuse the seeds in beer. Cataplasms of the fresh bruised leaves have been very successfully used in sores of a highly irritable and painful nature. Officinal Preparation. Extract. Stramonii.

These are solutions of the active principles of vegetables obtained by boiling them in water. To decide upon the expediency of this form of preparation, in each particular case, requires a knowledge of the chemical composition of the substance in question. In conducting the operation, the following rules must be observed.

1. Those substances only should be decocted, whose medicinal powers reside in principles which are soluble in water.

2. If the active principle be volatile, decoction must be an injurious process; and, if it consist of extractive matter, long boiling, by favouring its oxidizement, will render it insipid, insoluble, and inert.

3. The substances to be decocted should be previously bruised, or sliced, so as to expose an extended surface to the action of the water.

4. The substances should be completely covered with water, and the vessel slightly closed, in order to prevent, as much as possible, the access of air: the boiling should be continued without interruption, and gently.

5. In compound decoctions, it is sometimes convenient not to put in all the ingredients from the beginning, but in succession, according to their hardness, and the difficulty with which their virtues are extracted; and if any aromatic, or other substances containing volatile principles, or oxidizable matter, enter into the composition, the boiling decoction should be simply poured upon them, and covered up until cold.

6. The relative proportions of different vegetable substances to the water, must be regulated by their nature; the following general rule may be admitted; of roots, barks, or dried woods, from ?ij to ?vj to every pint of water; of herbs, leaves, or flowers, half that quantity will suffice.

7. The decoction ought to be filtered through linen, while hot, as important portions of the dissolved matter are frequently deposited on cooling; care must be also taken that the filtre is not too fine, for it frequently happens, that the virtues of a decoction depend upon the presence of particles which are suspended in a minutely divided state.

8. A decoction should be prepared in small quantities only, and never employed, especially in summer, forty-eight hours after it has been made. It should be considered as an extemporaneous preparation, but introduced into the pharmacopoeia for the purpose of convenience, and for the sake of abridging the labour of the physician.

It is very important that the water employed for making decoctions, should be free from that quality which is denominated hardness.

The officinal decoctions may be classed into simple and compound preparations.

Decoctum CinchonÆ. See Cinchona, and Form: 41, 42, 127. The codex of Paris directs a decoction of bark, “Decoctum Kinoe Kinoe,” which is only half the strength of ours, but contains an addition of a small quantity of carbonate of potass.

Decoctum CydoniÆ. The inner coats of the seeds of the Quince (Pyrus Cydonia) yield a very large proportion of mucilage, but as hot water extracts from them also fecula and other principles, the decoction very soon decomposes. It has been strongly recommended as an application to erysipelatous surfaces; and it would seem to be peculiarly adapted for such a purpose, since it is not so easily washed away from the part to which it is applied, as ordinary mucilage; for the same reason it has been preferred as an ingredient in injections, gargles, &c. It is stated by some practitioners to be a very useful application, when united with the acetate of lead, in cases of acute ophthalmia; such a combination, however, is extremely unchemical, and must invalidate the powers of the other ingredients. The native practitioners of India employ it as a cooling mucilaginous drink in gonorrhoea. An ounce of bruised Quince seed will make three pints of water as thick and ropy as the white of an egg; hence two drachms, the quantity directed by the College, is amply sufficient for a pint of the decoction. It is coagulated by alcohol, acids, and metallic salts.

Decoctum Digitalis. D. This is a very improper form for the exhibition of digitalis, being variable in strength.

Decoctum DulcamarÆ. L. In making this decoction we must take care that the operation of boiling is not continued too long. See DulcamarÆ Caules. Dose from f?ss to f?j.

Decoctum Lichenis. L.E.D. In this preparation we have the bitter principle of the plant united with its fecula. A portion of the former may be removed by macerating the lichen, and rejecting the first water. If ?j of the mass be boiled for a quarter of an hour in f?vj of water, we shall obtain mucilage of a consistence similar to that composed of one part of gum arabic and three of water. Its exhibition requires the same precaution as that of Mucilago AcaciÆ. From the large proportion of fecula which this moss contains, it is perhaps as nutritive as any vegetable substance, the Cerealia of course excepted. See Lichen Island. Dose, a wine glass full occasionally.

Decoctum Papaveris. L. In making this decoction the whole of the capsule should be bruised, in order to obtain its mucilage and anodyne principle; the seeds should be also retained, as they yield a portion of bland oil which increases the emollient quality of the decoction. A large quantity of fixed oil is constantly in the market, which is derived from the seeds of the poppy. This decoction is a useful fomentation in painful swellings, &c.

Decoctum Quercus. L.E. Decoction is the usual form in which Oak Bark is exhibited, since all its active principles are soluble in water. Its astringent virtues depend upon gallic acid, tannin, and extractive. The decoction is disturbed by the following substances; the infusion of yellow cinchona; sub-acetate and acetate of lead; solutions of isinglass; the preparations of iron; oxy-muriate of mercury; and sulphate of zinc; all alkaline substances destroy its astringency, and are consequently incompatible with it. It is principally useful as a local astringent, in the forms of gargle, injection, or lotion. Its internal exhibition in obstinate diarrhoeas, and alvine hemorrhages, has also proved highly beneficial. See Form: 51, 61. Dose, f?ss to f?j. Dr. Eberle states that in the Intermittents of very young children, he has in some cases used this decoction as a bath with efficacy.

Decoctum SarsaparillÆ. L.E.D. See Sarsaparilla. In making this decoction, it is rarely properly digested or boiled for a sufficient length of time to extract its virtues. The only salts which occasion precipitates in this decoction are, nitrate of mercury and acetate of lead; lime water has the same effect. Dose, f?iv to f?vj.

Decoctum Veratri. Stimulant and acrid; internally, it is cathartic, but too violent to be safely exhibited; it is useful as a lotion in scabies, and other cutaneous eruptions.

Decoctum Aloes Compositum. It resembles the well known Beaume de vie, although less purgative, and is a scientific preparation, constructed upon the true principles of medicinal combination. Aloes is the base, to which are added, 1st, sub-carbonate of potass, 2ndly, powdered myrrh, 3dly, extract of liquorice, 4thly, saffron, and after the decoction is made, 5thly, compound tincture of cardamoms. By the 1st ingredient the aloes is rendered more soluble; the 2d and 3d suspend the portion not dissolved, and at the same time disguise its bitterness; the 4th imparts an aromatic flavour, and the 5th not only renders it more grateful to the stomach, but prevents any spontaneous decomposition from taking place. Its taste is improved by keeping. It is a warm, gentle cathartic. Form: 80. Dose, f?ss to f?j. Its operation is different from that of simple aloes. See Aloes. The following substances are incompatible with it; strong acids, oxy-muriate of mercury; tartarized antimony; sulphate of zinc; and acetate of lead; and those salts which are decomposed by sub-carbonate of potass.

Decoctum Guaiaci Compositum. E. Commonly called Decoction of woods. This decoction has fallen into disuse, and deservedly, for it can possess but little power, except, as a diluent, or demulcent; the water takes up from the guaiacum only a small portion of extractive matter, and the virtues of sassafras, if any, must be dissipated. Dose, f?ss to f?j.

Decoctum Hordei Compositum.^[490] An elegant and useful demulcent, with an aperient tendency.

Decoctum SarsaparillÆ Compositum. L.D. This decoction, which is an imitation of the once celebrated Lisbon Diet Drink,^[491] differs materially from the Decoct: Guaiaci comp: from the addition of the mezereon root, which renders it diaphoretic and alterative, and useful in the treatment of secondary syphilis, and chronic rheumatism. Dose, from f?iv to f?vj three or four times a day.

Qualities. The leaves, when properly dried, have a slight narcotic odour, and a bitter nauseous taste, and when reduced to powder, a beautiful green colour. Chemical Composition. Extractive matter, and a green resin, in both of which the narcotic properties reside; they appear also to contain ammonia, and some other salts.^[492] Solubility. Both water and alcohol extract their virtues, but decoction injures them. Incompatible Substances. See Infusum Digitalis. Medicinal Uses. It is directly sedative, although some maintain the contrary opinion, diminishing the frequency of the pulse, and the general irritability of the system, and increasing the action of the absorbents, and the discharge by urine. The effects appear to be in a great degree connected with its sensible influence upon the body, which is indicated by feelings of slight nausea and languor; accordingly, every attempt to prevent these unpleasant effects, or to correct the operation of digitalis, by combining it with aromatic, or stimulant medicines, seems to be fatal to the diuretic powers of the remedy. Dr. Blackall, in his “Observations upon the cure of Dropsies,” has offered some remarks which bear upon this point, and to which I have before referred. See page 96 & 150.

Several of the formulÆ introduced under the class of diuretics are combinations supported by high authority, but it is doubtful whether their adoption can be sanctioned upon principle; they are however well calculated to illustrate the nature of diuretic compounds, and this is the only purpose for which they were selected. See Form: 103. The French have introduced in their new Codex, an ethereal tincture, Tinctura Ætherea Digitalis purpureÆ, in which the sedative influence of the plant must be entirely overwhelmed by the stimulant properties of the menstruum. Under the head of Diuretics, I have so fully considered the value of diuretic combinations, and the modus operandi of Digitalis, that it is unnecessary to dwell upon the subject in this place. Digitalis has considerable influence over the action of the heart; and in certain diseases, attended with inordinate motions of that organ, it proves eminently serviceable; I have employed it with great satisfaction in cases of palpitation connected with a state of general irritability, so frequently occurring in female disorders; and according to my observations where it succeeds, opium generally does harm. Form: 32. Forms of Exhibition. In substance, tincture, or infusion; the latter form is most efficient as a diuretic. Dose of the powdered leaves gr. j, in a pill, twice a day; the augmentation of the dose should proceed at the rate of one-fourth of the original quantity, every second day, until its operation becomes apparent, either on the kidneys, or on the constitution generally. If it produce such a disturbance in the primÆ viÆ as to occasion vomiting or purging, its diuretic powers will be lost; in such a case the addition of a small portion of opium, or opiate confection, may be expedient. The distressing effects of an overdose are best counteracted by tincture of opium in brandy and water, and by the application of a blister to the pit of the stomach. A London Surgeon has lately stated that he has prescribed the tincture of Digitalis, in the dose of twenty-five drops, three times a day, in barley-water, with great success in GonorrhÆa. Officinal Preparations. Infus: Digitalis. L.E. Tinct: Digital: L.E.D. Decoct: Digitalis: D. It is very important that the leaves of this plant be properly collected, and accurately preserved; they should be gathered when the plant is beginning to flower, and, as it is biennial, in the second year of its growth; the largest and deepest coloured flowers should be also selected, for they are the most powerful; they should be also carefully dried until they become crisp, or they will lose much of their virtue; the too common method of tying them in bundles, and hanging them up to dry, should be avoided, for a fermentation is produced by such means, and the parts least exposed soon become rotten. The powdered leaves ought to be preserved in opaque bottles, and kept from the action of light as well as of air and moisture; a damp atmosphere has, upon a principle already explained, a very injurious operation, by carrying off those faint poisonous effluvia with which its efficacy seems to be ultimately connected.

The virtues of this plant are extracted by boiling water, but long coction destroys them; the usual and best form in which it can be administered is that of decoction or infusion. This plant is much more appreciated on the continent than in this country; we rarely use it except in cutaneous affections; Professor Richter of Gottingen states that he has employed it in Phthisis Pituitosa with very extraordinary success; and Sir A. Crichton says that in the few cases of chronic tubercular Phthisis in which he has given it, it appeared to increase the powers of the Sarsaparilla with which it was usually combined. Officinal Prep: Decoct: Dulcam: L.

This plant appears from the testimony of Dioscorides and other writers, to have been employed by the ancient physicians with much confidence and success. All the parts of the plants were considered as purgative, although not in an equal degree; thus Geoffroy, “radicum vis cathartica major est quam foliorum, minor vero quam fructuum.” This question has very lately been set at rest by the judicious experiments of Dr. Clutterbuck,^[493] which prove that the active principle of this plant resides more particularly in the juice which is lodged in the centre of the fruit, and which spontaneously subsides from it; when this substance is freed from extraneous matter, it possesses very energetic powers, and appears to me to be entitled to consideration as a distinct proximate principle, which I shall venture to call Elatin. See Extractum Elaterii.

This substance is what is generally termed a gum-resin; that is, a compound consisting of gum, resin, and volatile oil: late researches however seem to shew that these bodies are compounds of a peculiar character, consisting of a volatile substance, something between essential oil and a constituent which possesses the properties of extractive rather than those of gum.

True Elemi has a fragrant aromatic odour, not unlike that of fennel-seeds, but more potent. Sp. gr. 1·0182. When powdered it mixes with any unguent; it also combines with balsams and oils, and by the aid of heat, with turpentine. Uses. It is only employed for forming the mild digestive ointment which bears its name, viz. Unguent: Elemi comp: L.D.

The principles upon which this form of preparation is to be constructed are fully detailed at p. 207.

Emplastrum Ammoniaci. L. Ammoniacum reduced to a suitable consistence by distilled vinegar. It adheres to the skin without irritating it, and without being attended with any unpleasant smell.^[494] There is a peculiar disease of the knee, to which servant maids, who scour floors upon their knees, are liable, and for which this plaster is a specific. I have also found it particularly eligible in cases of delicate women with irritable skins.

Emplastrum Ammoniaci cum Hydrargyro. L.D. The mercury in this plaster is in the state of oxidation ad minimum. It is discutient and resolvent, and is applicable to indurated glands, and venereal nodes, and for removing indurations of the periosteum, remaining after a course of mercury; the addition of the ammoniacum increases the stimulating and discutient powers of the mercury, which gives this plaster a superiority over the Emplastrum Hydrargyri. It is also powerfully adhesive.

Emplastrum AssafoetidÆ. E. Emplast. Plumbi and Assafoetida, of each two parts, galbanum and yellow wax, of each one part. I have seen it useful in flatulent cholic, when applied over the umbilical region.

Emplastrum Cantharidis. L. Emplast: Cantharidis vesicatoriÆ. E.D. A variety of substances has in different times been employed for producing vesication, but no one has been found to answer with so much certainty and mildness as the LyttÆ. All the others are apt to leave ill conditioned ulcers: true it is, that the emplastrum lyttÆ will occasionally fail, but this is generally attributable to some inattention, or want of caution on the part of the person who prepares it; in spreading it, the spatula should never be heated beyond the degree of boiling water; the plaster also should be sufficiently secured on the part by slips of adhesive plaster, but it ought not to be bound on too tight; where the cuticle is thick, the application of a poultice for an hour, previous to that of the blister, will be useful, or the part may be washed with vinegar. In consequence of the absorption of the active principle of the LyttÆ, blisters are apt to occasion strangury and bloody urine; it has been a problem therefore of some importance to discover a plan by which such an absorption may be obviated, for this purpose, camphor has been recommended to be mixed with the blistering composition, and a piece of thin gauze has been interposed between the plaster and the skin; but it has been lately found, that ebullition in water deprives the Cantharides of all power of thus acting on the kidneys, without in the least diminishing their vesicatory properties: the ordinary time required for the full action of a blister is ten or twelve hours, but if it be applied to the head, double that period will be necessary. Children, owing to delicacy of skin, are more speedily blistered, the epispastic may therefore be removed earlier. In some cases the blistered parts, instead of healing kindly, become a spreading sore; whenever this occurs, poultices are the best applications; it may arise from a peculiar irritability of the constitution, although I apprehend that it not unfrequently depends upon the sophistication of the plaster with euphorbium. In cases where it is desirable to keep up the local irritation, it is still a question with some practitioners whether it be more advisable to encourage a discharge from the vesicated part by some appropriate stimulant, or to renew the vesication at short intervals by repeated blisters; the latter mode is perhaps to be preferred, as being more effectual, and certainly less troublesome to the patient: it has moreover been stated,^[495] that by a repeated application of this nature, the influence excited appears to extend much deeper, so as to derive a greater quantity of blood from the immediate neighbourhood of the vessels, or from the vessels themselves which are in a state of disease, than the influence excited by an application less stimulating upon the surface of a part already abraded. The character of the discharge would likewise appear essentially different; it being in the latter cast a purulent secretion from the superficial exhalants of the surface only; in the former, a copious effusion of serum, mixed with a large portion of lymph, produced from a deeper order of vessels.

Emplastrum CerÆ. L. Emplast: Simplex. E. This is the Emplast: CerÆ of P.L. 1787, the Emplast: Attrahens of 1745, so called because it was formerly employed to keep up a discharge from a blistered surface, and the Emplastrum de melilolo simplex of 1720.

Emplastrum Cumini. L. A valuable combination of warm and stimulant ingredients.

Emplastrum Galbani Compositum. L.D. Emplast: Gummos. E. More powerful than the preceding plaster. In indolent glandular enlargements of a strumous character, in fixed and long continued pains in the neighbourhood of the joints, or in anomalous or arthritic pains of the ligaments, this plaster is said to be frequently beneficial.

Emplastrum Hydrargyri. L.E. The mercury in this plaster is in the state of oxidation ad minimum; each drachm containing about fifteen grains of mercury, (sixteen grains, Edinb.) It is alterative, discutient, and sometimes sialogogue; but it is inferior to the Emplast: Ammoniac: cum Hydrargyro.

Emplastrum Opii. L.E. This plaster is supposed to be anodyne, but it is very doubtful whether the opium can, in such a state, produce any specific effect. See Form: 5.

Emplastrum Picis Compositum. L. Emplast: Picis burgundicÆ, P.L. 1787. It is stimulant and rubefacient, and is often employed as an application to the chest, in pulmonary complaints; the serous exudation however which it produces, frequently occasions so much irritation that we are compelled to remove it.

Emplastrum Plumbi. L. Emplast: Oxydi Plumbi semi-vitrei. E. Emplast: Lythargyri. P.L. 1787. Emplast: commune, 1745. Diachylon^[496] Simplex, P.L. 1720. This is a very important plaster, since it forms the basis of a great many others; under the name of Diachylon it has long been known, and employed as a common application to excoriations, and for retaining the edges of fresh cut wounds in a state of apposition, and at the same time for defending them from the action of the air; when long kept it changes its colour, and loses its adhesive properties, and by high temperature the oxyd of lead is revived.^[497]

Emplastrum ResinÆ. L. Olim, Emplast: commune adhÆsivum, P.L. 1745. Emplast: Resinosum. E. Emplast: Lithargyri cum Resina. D. It is defensive, adhesive, and stimulant.^[498]

Emplastrum Saponis. L.D. Emplastrum Saponaceum. E. The Soap Plaster is said to be a mild discutient application.

[The boneset is a plant indigenous to the United States, and is to be found in the neighbourhood of marshes and low situations. It is intensely bitter and somewhat astringent. According to the analysis of Dr. Andrew Anderson of New-York, it yields, 1. A free acid; 2. Tannin; 3. Extractive matter; 4. A gummy matter; 5. A resin; 6. Azote; 7. Lime, probably the acetate of lime; 8. Gallic acid, probably modified; 9. A resiniform matter, soluble in water and in alcohol, and which seems to contain a bitter principle. It also appears from this analysis that the free acid may be obtained from all parts of the plant—that tannin is obtained in much the largest quantity from the leaves, and least from the roots—that the extractive and gummy matter reside chiefly in the roots—that the leaves and flowers also contain a larger proportion of resin than the roots—and that azote exists in the flowers, leaves, and roots. The principal properties of the boneset are those of a tonic and diaphoretic. The diseases in which it has been prescribed with success are intermitting and remitting fevers, typhoid peripneumony and catarrh. It may be given in powder, infusion, or tincture. When given as a tonic, the tincture is the preferable form. The dose of the powder is from 20 to 30 grains. When used as a sudorific, it is to be taken in infusion, and in large quantities.]

[This plant is peculiar to the United States. The root is perennial, and of a sweetish taste. By analysis it yields caoutchouc, resin, mucus, and fecula. In its medicinal properties it resembles, and perhaps equals, the common ipecacuanha. As an emetic the dose is from 15 to 25 grains.]

Qualities. This substance is imported from Barbary, in drops or irregular tears; its fracture is vitreous; it is inodorous, but yields a very acrid burning impression to the tongue. Chemical Composition. It is what is termed a gum resin, but its acrid constituent is exclusively in that portion which is soluble in alcohol, and which might be named Euphorbin; it appears to form as much as 37 per cent. to which are added of wax 19, malate of lime 20·5, malate of potass 2, and water 5. Solubility. Water by trituration is rendered milky, but dissolves only one-seventh part; and alcohol one-fourth of it. Uses. Internally administered, it proves very violently drastic, but it is never employed except as an errhine, cautiously diluted with starch, or some inert powder. The Indian practitioners administer it as a purge in obstinate visceral obstructions; and in those cases of costiveness which so often attend an enlargement and induration of the spleen and liver. Farriers use it for blistering horses, and there is good reason to believe that it is sometimes fraudulently introduced to quicken the powers of our Emplastrum Cantharidis. It enters as an ingredient into a plaster, which has been much celebrated by Cheselden and others, as a stimulating application, to relieve diseases of the hip-joint, and to keep up inflammation of the skin in chronic states of visceral inflammation; the following is its composition. ?. Emplast: Picis comp: ?iv.—EuphorbiÆ gum-resinoe ?ss.—Terebinth: Vulgar, q. s. Caution, in pulverizing this substance, the dispenser should previously moisten it with vinegar to prevent its rising and excoriating his face.

These preparations are obtained by evaporating the watery or spirituous solutions of vegetables, and the native juices obtained from fresh plants by expression, to masses of a tenacious consistence. The London college does not arrange the extracts under the titles of watery and resinous, which is the arrangement of the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia, nor under those of simple and resinous, which is the division observed in that of Dublin, but rejecting all specific distinctions, includes, under the generic appellation of extract, both the species, as well as all the inspissated juices. Since however the former of these arrangements will afford greater facilities for introducing the observations which it is my intention to offer, it is retained in this work.

The chemical nature of extracts must obviously be very complicated and variable, depending in a great degree upon the powers of the menstruum employed for their preparation; although Fourcroy and Vauquelin considered that one peculiar principle was the basis of them all, which they called Extract, Extractive, or the Extractive Principle. It is distinguished by the following characters, viz.

It has a strong taste, varying in different plants; it is soluble in water, and in alcohol when it contains water, but is quite insoluble in absolute alcohol and Æther; its aqueous solution soon runs into a state of putrefaction; by repeated solutions and evaporations, or by long ebullition, it acquires a deeper colour, and in consequence of its combination with oxygen it becomes insoluble and inert, a fact which is of extreme importance as it regards its pharmaceutical relations; it unites with alumine, and if boiled with its salts, precipitates it, hence wool, cotton, or thread, impregnated with alum, may be dyed of a fawn-colour by extractive; its habitudes with alkalies are very striking, combining most readily and forming with them compounds of a brownish yellow colour, which are very soluble in water; if to a colourless and extremely dilute solution of extractive, an alkali be added, a brown or yellowish tint is immediately produced, so that under certain circumstances I have found an alkali to be a serviceable test in detecting the presence of extractive matter. The usual brown hue of the liquor ammoniÆ acetatis, is owing to the action of the ammonia upon traces of vegetable extractive contained in the distilled vinegar.

Much confusion has arisen from the word extract having been employed in this double meaning,—chemically to express a peculiar vegetable proximate principle, and pharmaceutically to denote any substance however complicated in its nature, which has been obtained by the evaporation of a vegetable solution or a native vegetable juice. It is in the latter sense that it is to be understood in the present article.

The different proximate principles of vegetable matter undergo various and indefinite changes with such rapidity, when acted upon by heat, that the process of extraction must necessarily more or less impair the medicinal efficacy of a plant, and not unfrequently destroy it altogether, and hence, says Dr. Murray, “with the exception of some of the pure bitters, as gentian, or some of the saccharine vegetables, as liquorice, there is no medicine perhaps but what may be given with more advantage under some other form;” this however is not exactly true, for when care is taken in the preparation, we are thus enabled to concentrate many very powerful qualities in a small space, and the process lately adopted of evaporating the solutions by the aid of steam, contributes very materially to obviate the failures which so frequently occurred from a too exalted temperature. There is, for instance, great reason to suppose that the black colour which so often characterises the extracts of commerce, is frequently owing to the decomposition and carbonization of the vegetable matter; the colour therefore of an extract becomes in some degree a test of its goodness. I have lately examined the extracts of commerce with some attention, and I find the presence of iron by no means an uncommon circumstance; when thus contaminated they afford a very dirty coloured solution, which rapidly becomes darker on exposure to air. The extracts mentioned in the preface as made by Mr. Barry, by evaporating in vacuo, deserve the attention of the profession; the principle is without doubt well calculated to secure the active matter of the plant from those changes to which it is constantly liable during the ordinary operation of inspissation. The extracts, thus prepared, are certainly more powerful in their effects, and some few of them appear also to possess properties which are not to be distinguished in the Extracts of Commerce; those of narcotic plants, as Hemlock, Hyoscyamus, &c. are decidedly more efficacious; where the practitioner directs their use, he should, to prevent any mistake, add the words in vacuo prÆp. as in Formula 4; for on account of the difference in the strength of these preparations, and of those prepared by the ordinary method, they cannot be indiscriminately employed. Dr. John Davy, at my request, has made trial of these extracts in the Military Hospital at Fort Pitt, and as his results coincide with those obtained in my own practice, I shall relate, under the history of each Extract, the comparative conclusions which have been obtained.

These extracts must, of course, contain all the principles of a plant which are soluble in water, such as gum, extractive matter, tannin, cinchonin, sugar, fecula, &c. together with any soluble salts which the vegetable may contain. I have also found by experiment that an aqueous extract may even contain, in small proportions, certain elements which, although quite insoluble in water, are nevertheless partially soluble in vegetable infusion. This law of vegetable chemistry has never been expressed, although we have repeated instances of its truth, and a knowledge of it may explain some hitherto unintelligible anomalies. It has been stated that extractive matter is perfectly insoluble in Æther, but Mr. A. Thomson found repeatedly, that if a small portion of resin was present, Æther would in that case take up extractive in combination with the resin which it so readily dissolves. As decoction or infusion is a process preliminary to that of extraction, the practitioner must refer to those articles for an enumeration of the different sources of error which are attached to them.

Extractum Aloes Purificatum. L. The resinous element of the aloes is got rid of in this preparation; on which account it is supposed, in an equal dose, to be more purgative and less irritating. Dose, gr. x to xv. Form: 12, 13, 36.

Extractum Anthemidis. L.E. Extract. Florum Chamoemeli. D. This extract furnishes an example of the change effected on some plants by the process of extraction; in this case the volatile oil is dissipated, and a simple bitter remains, possessing scarcely any of the characteristic properties of chamomile. This remark, however, does not apply to this extract, when prepared in vacuo. I have lately received from Mr. Pope of Oxford Street, a specimen which retains, in the most eminent degree, all the odour and taste of the recent flower. Dose, gr. x–?j.

Extractum CinchonÆ. L.D. The properties of the bark in this preparation are much invalidated, owing to the oxidizement of its extractive matter, which takes place to such an extent, that not more than one half of the preparation is soluble in water; it is not however altogether devoid of utility, and will often sit lightly on the stomach, when the powder is rejected. Its taste is very bitter, but less austere than the powder. The most beautiful extract of bark, which I have ever seen, was prepared by Mr. Barry of Plough Court; its colour was that of a deep brilliant ruby, and its flavour preserved all the characteristic peculiarity of the recent substance.^[499] Dose, grs. x to ?ss. Fourteen ounces of the bark will yield about three ounces and a half of extract. It should be kept soft, so as to be fit for forming pills, and hard, so that it may be reduced to powder.

Extractum Colocynthidis. L. This extract is much milder, although less powerful, than the pulp; Dose, grs. v to ?ss. It soon becomes hard and mouldy.^[500]

Extractum GentianÆ. L.E.D. The bitter principle suffers no deterioration in the process: it is used principally as a vehicle for metallic preparations. Form. 36, 53, 103. Dose, gr. x to ?j.

Extractum GlycyrrhizÆ. L.D. It is usually imported from Spain; in the coarser kinds, the pulps of various plums and of prunes are added; it should dissolve in water without leaving any feculence.^[501]

Extractum HÆmatoxyli. L.E.D. The astringent properties of the logwood are preserved in the extract, but it becomes so extremely hard, that pills made of it very commonly pass through the body without undergoing the least change. Dose, grs. x to ?ss dissolved in cinnamon water: it sometimes imparts a bloody hue to the urine of those who have taken it.

Extractum Humuli. L. The bitter taste of the hop characterises this preparation; whether it possesses, or not, any anodyne properties, seems very doubtful. Dose, grs. v to ?j.

Extractum Opii. L.D. As it contains less resinous matter than crude opium, it is supposed to produce its effects with less subsequent derangement. See Opium. Dose, gr. j to v, for an adult.

Extractum Papaveris. L.D. It is a weak opium. Dose, grs. ij to ?j.

Extractum SarsaparillÆ. Notwithstanding the reputation which this preparation has acquired, it is very doubtful whether it possesses any medicinal powers. Dose, gr. x to ?j in pills, or dissolved in the decoction.

Extractum Stramonii. This extract was first recommended by StÖerck, as a powerful remedy in maniacal affections; its probable value in such diseases appears to have been suggested by a very curious process of reasoning, viz. that as it deranged the intellect of the sane, it might possibly correct that of the insane. Experience has certainly not confirmed the very sanguine report of StÖerck with regard to its powers, but it has satisfactorily shewn its occasional value in violent paroxysms, in quieting the mind, and procuring rest. I am informed by my friend Dr. Davy, that, for such an object, it has been very frequently and successfully given, in the Lunatic Military Hospital at Fort Clarence. He farther states that he has himself made many trials with the extract of Stramonium, prepared by Mr. Barry (in vacuo) as well as with the common extract; and that he finds the former to be uniformly more powerful. “In most diseases,” says he, “this medicine would seem uncertain in its operation, sometimes occasioning an anodyne effect, and, at other times, producing irritation, and preventing sleep; I have, however, seen very beneficial effects from it in asthma, and in coughs that have a nightly exacerbation, in doses of from gr. 1/4 to gr. 2, daily.”

Extractum Taraxaci. L.D. The medicinal powers of Dandelion are asserted to exist unimpaired in this preparation, but it becomes inert by keeping. See Taraxacum. Dose. grs. x to ?j, in combination with sulphate of potass.

These may contain, with the exception of gum, all the ingredients contained in watery extracts, besides resin; their composition however will greatly depend upon the strength of the spirit employed as the solvent; but of this I shall speak more fully under the article Tincture.

Extractum CinchonÆ Resinosum. L.E.D. The operation of spirit in this preparation is two-fold; it extracts from the bark the element which is insoluble in water, and it diminishes the tendency in the extractive matter to absorb oxygen during the process. Dose, grs. x to xxx. It is said that a spurious extract of bark is to be met with in the market, consisting of the extract of the horse-chesnut tree bark, and yellow resin.

Extractum Colocynthidis compositum. L.D. Extract. Catharticum. P.L. 1775. PilulÆ Rudii. P.L. 1720. This preparation has been established through successive pharmacopoeias, and has undergone some modification in each; in the present edition the soap has been restored, and its solubility is thereby increased, as well as its mildness as a cathartic. The omission of this ingredient was formerly suggested by the consideration of its being incompatible with Calomel; this however is not the case. It presents a combination of purgative substances which is highly judicious, and will be found to be more powerful than an equivalent dose of any one of the ingredients. Dose, gr. v to ?ss, Form. 71, 81, 88.

Extractum JalapÆ. L.E.D. It is purgative, but is liable to gripe, unless it be triturated with sugar and almonds, or mucilage, so as to form an emulsion. Dose, grs. x to ?j.

Extractum Rhei. L. The powers of the Rhubarb are considerably impaired in this extract. Dose, grs. x to ?ss. Form. 78.

These preparations are obtained by expressing the juices from fresh plants, and evaporating them in a water-bath; they are generally of a lighter colour than common extracts, and they are certainly much more active, although there is a great difference in the activity of different samples; and perhaps the medicinal powers of the juices themselves are very much under the controul of soil and season. That they vary in quantity from such causes we have ample proof; thus in moist seasons, BeaumÉ obtained five pounds of inspissated juice from thirty pounds of elder berries, whereas, in dry seasons, he could rarely get more than two. From hemlock he procured in October, 1796, 7·5 per cent. of inspissated juice, and in May of the same year only 3·7; on the contrary, in August, 1768, 4 per cent., and in May, 1776, as much as 6·5; but in general, the product in the autumnal months was the most considerable.

The modes of preparing the inspissated juices of the same plant vary in the different pharmacopoeias, and in several points that are very essential; some direct the expressed juices to be immediately inspissated, others allow them to undergo a slight degree of fermentation, and some defecate them, before they proceed to their inspissation.

Extractum (Succus Spissatus. E.) Aconiti. L.E. The medicinal properties of this preparation are analogous to those of the recent Wolfsbane, viz. narcotic, and in some cases diuretic, (see Form. 128.) It is however rarely used. Dose, at first, should not exceed gr. ½, but it may be gradually increased. I have not yet, says Dr. Davy, in a letter recently received from him, had much experience of the Extractum Aconiti, but that little is favourable to its use; “in some cases of chronic rheumatism, and in some of intermittent fever, complicated with visceral disease, it has had a beneficial effect not to be mistaken; the dose has been from one to two grains.” Dr. StÖerck, who first tried this medicine, observed from it a powerful diaphoretic effect; this, says Dr. Davy, “I have not noticed, and yet the extract which I have used was prepared by Mr. Barry, in vacuo, which is certainly far more powerful than that employed by StÖerck; the latter, when applied to the tongue, “levissimam tantum titillationem excitabat,” whereas that of Mr. Barry produces a most disagreeable sensation of burning, which extends to the throat; and in one instance, when applied to the tip of my tongue, it occasioned ulceration.”

Extractum BelladonnÆ. L.E. See BelladonnÆ Folia. Dose, gr. j, gradually increased to gr. v, in the form of pill. Dr. Davy has made a few trials of Barry’s Extract; the results of which he informs me are not at all favourable to the use of this medicine; it is much more powerful than the common extract, and can only be given with safety in small doses; “in several instances,” says he, “I have not been able to repeat a grain dose daily, more than thrice, on account of the alarming symptoms produced, as head-ache, vertigo, indistinct vision with dilated pupil, and, in one case, irritation of the bladder, occasioning very frequent micturition; in chronic rheumatism and catarrh, with severe cough, the only diseases in which I have yet given it, it has not appeared to be in the least serviceable; it may probably prove valuable to the oculist; from trials that have been made of it here by Mr. Miller, Assistant Surgeon to the Forces, it has been found to dilate the pupil beyond the common extract. StÖerck even introduced his extract into the eye with impunity. Acrid as the preparation is which I have used, the patients have never complained of it, nor have I known any disagreeable effects from it, when applied in solution, sufficiently dilute.”

Extractum (Succus Spissatus. E.D.) Conii. L. Much of this extract, as it is found in commerce, has not been prepared with equal fidelity, nor with due attention to the season when the plant is in its greatest perfection; Dr. Fothergill says, “I know from repeated experiments, that the extract which has been prepared from hemlock, before the plant arrives at maturity, is much inferior to that which is made when the plant has acquired its full vigour, and is rather on the verge of decline: just when the flowers fade, the rudiments of the seeds become observable, and the habit of the plant inclines to yellow, is the proper time to collect it;” the plants which grow in places exposed to the sun should be selected, as being more virose than those that grow in the shade: still however with every precaution, it will always be uncertain in strength. Orfila found that an extract prepared by boiling the dried powder in water, and evaporating the decoction, was inert; in fact, the whole of the activity of the plant resides in a resinous element insoluble in water, and for which I have proposed the name of Conein. Extract of hemlock, when judiciously prepared, is a very valuable sedative; I state this from ample experience, and when combined with Hyoscyamus, and adapted by means of mucilage and syrup, to the form of a mixture, it affords a more effectual palliative than any remedy with which I am acquainted, for coughs and pulmonary irritation. Form. 19. is that from which I have derived the greatest benefit in such cases. See also Form. 2, 3, 4, 19, 57. Since the fourth edition of the present work, I requested my friend Dr. John Davy to make trial of its efficacy in the Military Hospital at Chatham, and I here introduce his report upon the subject;—“My experience of the effects of the Extractum Conii perfectly agrees with that of Dr. Paris, as stated in the fourth edition of the Pharmacologia, and I am of his opinion that when properly prepared, and administered, it is a very valuable sedative; I have given it to the extent daily of from a scruple to a drachm, in chronic catarrh, and in phthisis pulmonalis, either alone or in conjunction with the Extract of Hyoscyamus, and it has afforded more relief than any other medicine that I have tried. From two or three trials of it in pneumonia, I am disposed to think it may be very serviceable in certain forms of this disease, in which venesection is contra-indicated by extreme debility; and also in measles. In the trials alluded to, I commenced giving it in the large dose of a drachm, daily, suspended in water containing in solution a grain of Antimonium Tartarizatum. In a very few instances, where I have from the commencement given it in a large dose, as from ?j to ?iss, it has occasioned hallucination of ideas, which in two cases was attended with excitement of the sensorium and increased action of the heart, and in one case, with diminished activity of both. The Extract of Conium, prepared by Mr. Barry, is the most powerful one I have ever used, indeed, until I tried it, I had no just idea of the virtues of Conium as a medicine; but I am now disposed to give credit to StÖerk’s account of its efficacy in various chronic diseases; and I have no doubt but that this valuable medicine has fallen into comparative disrepute and disuse from the bad quality of the extract commonly employed.” Dr. Maton has found that the value of this extract is greatly increased by including the seeds in its preparation. Dose, grs. v to ?j; or more, twice or thrice a day; in a full dose it produces giddiness, a slight nausea, and a tremor of the body; a peculiar heavy sensation is also experienced about the eyes; and the bowels become gently relaxed: unless some of these sensations are produced, we are never sure that the remedy has had a fair trial of its effects. Patients will generally bear a larger dose at night than at noon, and at noon than in the morning.

Extractum Elaterii. L. This substance spontaneously subsides from the juice of the wild cucumber, in consequence I presume of one of those series of changes which vegetable matter is perpetually undergoing, although we are hitherto unable to express them by any known chemical law. It is therefore not an extract, either in the chemical or pharmaceutical acceptation of the term, nor an inspissated juice, nor is it a fecula,^[502] as it has been termed; the Dublin College has perhaps been more correct in simply calling it Elaterium, the name given to it by Dioscorides.

It occurs in commerce in little thin cakes, or broken pieces, bearing the impression of the muslin upon which it has been dried; its colour is greenish, its taste bitter, and somewhat acrid; and when tolerably pure, it is light, pulverulent, and inflammable.

The early history of this medicinal substance is involved in great perplexity, each author speaking of a different preparation by the same name; for instance, the Elaterium of Dioscorides must have been a very different substance from that of Theophrastus; and, wherever Hippocrates mentions the term, he evidently alludes to any violent purgative. “Hippocrati Elaterium medicamentum est quod per alvum expurgat.” (Bod: in Theophrast.) This will, in some degree, reconcile the discordant testimonies of different authors with regard to the powers of Elaterium; for example, Dioscorides states its dose to be from grs. ii to ?j—in Ætius, Paulus, and Actuarius, it is recommended to the extent of ?ss—in Mesue from ?ss to ?j—in Bontius (Med: Ind:) from ?j to ?ss—Massarias exhibits it in doses of gr. vj—Fernelius and Sennertus to ?j—Herman from grs. v vj—Quincy to grs. v—and Boerhaave does not venture to give more than gr. iv—while the practitioners of the present day limit their dose from gr. ½ to grs. ij. Dr. Clutterbuck, with a laudable intention to discover some method of procuring this article at a cheaper rate, and at the same time of establishing some process which might ensure a preparation of more uniform strength, has lately performed a series of interesting and instructive experiments,^[503] the results of which prove in a satisfactory manner “that the active principle of this plant is neither lodged in the roots, leaves, flowers, nor stalks, in any considerable quantity: nor is it to be found in the body of the fruit itself, or in the seeds, but in the juice around the seeds; the substance which spontaneously subsides from this liquor, obtained without pressure, is genuine Elaterium, the quantity of which, contained in the fruit, is extremely small, for Dr. Clutterbuck obtained only six grains from forty cucumbers.” This gentleman communicated the detail of these experiments to the President of the College of Physicians, who requested me, as professor of Materia Medica, to report upon them. I accordingly deemed it to be my duty to enter upon a series of new experiments, which I have lately completed, with the able assistance of Mr. Faraday, in the laboratory of the Royal Institution. The results of which will shew, that although Dr. Clutterbuck found that an eighth part of a grain of elaterium seldom failed to purge violently, yet, strange as it may appear, that not more than one grain in ten of elaterium, as it occurs in commerce, possesses any active properties, and that this decimal part is a vegetable proximate principle, not hitherto noticed, to which I shall give the name of Elatin. I shall subjoin the detail of my experiments, and I think it will appear that their results will authorise me to express the chemical composition of Elaterium in the following manner.

	F.	Water	·4
I. {	B.	Extractive	2·6
	B.DJ	Fecula	2·8
	C.	Gluten	·5
	K.	Woody matter	2·5
	H.	Elatin	{ 1·2
	G.	Bitter Principle
			10	grains.

Ten grains of Elaterium, obtained from a respectable chemist, and having all the sensible properties which indicated it to be genuine, were digested for twenty-four hours with distilled water, at a temperature far below that of boiling; four grains only were dissolved.

The solution was intensely bitter, of a brownish yellow colour, and was not in the least disturbed by alcohol, although a solution of Iodine produced a blue colour; the solution therefore contained no gum, and only slight traces of starch.

The solution, after standing twenty-four hours, yielded a pellicle of insoluble matter, which when burnt appeared to resemble Gluten.

The six grains which were insoluble in water, were treated for forty-eight hours with alcohol of the specific gravity ·817, at 66° of Fahrenheit; a green solution was obtained, but by slow evaporation only half a grain of solid green matter was procured. The insoluble residue obstinately adhered to, and coated the filtre like a varnish, and completely defended the mass from the action of the alcohol; it is probable that it consisted principally of Starch.

Ten grains of Elaterium, from the same sample, were treated with alcohol of the specific gravity ·817, at 66° Fahrenheit, for twenty-four hours; upon being filtered, and the residuum washed with successive portions of alcohol, the Elaterium was found to have lost 1·6 of a grain. The high specific gravity of the alcohol in this experiment was important; had it been lower, different results would have been produced.

The alcoholic solution obtained in the last experiment, was of a most brilliant and beautiful green colour, resembling that of the oil of cajeput, but brighter; upon slowly evaporating it, 1·2 grains of solid green matter were obtained.

The solid green matter of the last experiment was treated with boiling distilled water, when a minute portion was thus dissolved, and a solution of a most intensely bitter taste, and of a brownish yellow colour, resulted.

The residue, insoluble in water, was inflammable, burning with smoke and an aromatic odour, not in the least bitter; it was soluble in alkalies, and was again precipitated from them unchanged in colour; it formed, with pure alcohol, a beautiful tincture, which yielded an odour of a very nauseous kind, but of very little flavour, and which gave a precipitate with water; it was soft, and of considerable specific gravity, sinking rapidly in water; circumstances which distinguish it from common resin; in very minute quantities it purges. It appears to be the element in which the purgative powers of the Elaterium are concentrated, and which I have denominated Elatin.

The residuum, insoluble in alcohol, weighing 8·4 grs. (Expt. E) was boiled in double distilled water, when 5·9 grs. were dissolved.

The above solution was copiously precipitated blue by a solution of Iodine, and was scarcely disturbed by the Per-sulphate of Iron.

The part insoluble, both in alcohol and water, which was left after Experiment I, amounting to 2·5 grains; it burnt like wood, and was insoluble in alkalies.

It appears that the whole of the Elatin does not separate itself from its native juice by spontaneous subsidence, and that, on this account, the supernatant liquor possesses some powers as a cathartic. We cannot be surprised therefore that the Elaterium of commerce should be a very variable and uncertain medicine; for independent of the great temptation which its high price holds out for adulterating it, which is frequently done with starch, it necessarily follows that where the active principle of a compound bears so small a proportion to its bulk, it is liable to be affected by the slightest variation in the process for its preparation, and even by the temperature of the season; where pressure is used for obtaining the juices, a greater or less quantity of the inactive parts of the cucumber will be mixed with the Elatin, in proportion to the extent of such pressure, and the Elaterium will of course be proportionally weak.^[504] There is one curious result obtained in my experiments which deserves notice, viz. that there is a bitter principle in the Elaterium, very distinct from its extractive matter, and totally unconnected with its activity, for I diluted the solution obtained in experiment G. and swallowed it, but it produced upon me no effect, except that which I generally experience upon taking a powerful bitter,—an increased appetite; and yet notwithstanding this fact, when in combination with Elatin, it is far from being inert, since this latter body is considerably quickened by its presence. See page 152. The solution B was given to a person, but no effect whatever ensued. Dose of good Elaterium, as it occurs in commerce, is about one grain, or it is better to give it only to the extent of half a grain at a time, and to repeat that dose every hour until it begins to operate. It is probably, when thus managed, the best hydragogue cathartic which we possess; it differs however from the class of remedies to which it belongs, for it excites the pulse and whole animal system, so as to produce a considerable degree of febrile action. It was strongly recommended by Sydenham, Lister, and Hoffman, and all their cotemporaries and immediate successors, as a valuable remedy in dropsy; but in consequence of some fatal results from its improper application, it was driven from practice with a violence that marks prejudice rather than conviction; one author, in descanting upon its virulence, exclaims, “Elaterium esse in catalogo diaboli quo necat homines.” For its restoration to medicine, we are indebted to Dr. Ferriar of Manchester, who used it with great success in the cure of Hydrothorax.

Extractum (Succus Spissatus. E.D.) Hyoscyami. L. This preparation is certainly powerfully narcotic, and tends to relax rather than astringe the bowels; where the constitution is rebellious to opium, it furnishes a more valuable resource to the practitioner than any other narcotic extract. Dose, gr. v to ?j, in pills. See Form. 1, 3, 4, 19, 139.

Extractum LactucÆ. L. Succus Spissatus LactucÆ SativÆ. E. This preparation has found its way into the London Pharmacopoeia, in consequence of the testimony of many highly respectable practitioners in favour of its sedative properties. In the memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural Society, various suggestions are offered as to the best mode of obtaining an extract from the milky juice of the garden Lettuce, to which Dr. Duncan has bestowed the name of “Lactucarium;” it was first recommended to take the milk with cotton, afterwards with a sponge, and more recently with a painter’s brush; all these methods however are attended with considerable difficulty, and the juice cannot be collected in any quantity. Mr. Probart, a chemist in Great Portland Street, has lately cultivated large plantations of the lettuce, for the purpose of instituting experiments upon the subject, and I am happy in being enabled through his liberality, to introduce in this place, an account of the process which he pursues, and which he considers the only one by which the article can be brought into the market at any reasonable price.^[505]

In concluding the history of Inspissated juices, it deserves notice that the London College uniformly directs that the feculence should be preserved in the compound: there can be no doubt of the propriety of such advice, but the Colleges of Edinburgh and Dublin reject it. The French Codex gives directions for two extracts from each of these substances, one containing what they please to denominate the fecula, the other not; thus there is “Extractum CicutÆ absque Fecula” and “Extract: Cicut: cum Fecula.” There is one curious fact respecting these narcotic preparations, that most, if not all of them, contain nitre, common salt, and muriate of potass.

Manufacturing chemists, in order to give a smooth and glossy appearance to their Extracts, generally add to every ?j, about ?ss of gum, f?j of olive oil, and ??xx of rectified spirit; there is no harm in the practice.

In a former Pharmacopoeia of London, a sub-carbonate of iron was prepared, under the name of ferri-rubigo (rust of iron,) by exposing iron-filings to the action of air and water; and although the Colleges of Edinburgh and Dublin still retain this mode of preparation, yet they admit at the same time of another which, like the sub-carbonate of the present London Pharmacopoeia, is produced by precipitation. Qualities. Form, a chocolate brown powder. Odour, none. Taste, slightly styptic. Chemical Composition. Mr. Phillips has shewn that this precipitate is liable to vary according to the temperature at which it is prepared, as well as from other differences of manipulation; it generally consists of mixtures of peroxide, and proto-carbonate of iron, in the proportion of four parts of the latter, and six of the former. By referring to the Medicinal Dynameter the practitioner may find the quantity of those ingredients in any given weight of the preparation, and compare its strength with the other chalybeate medicines. Solubility. It is insoluble in water, but acids dissolve it with effervescence. Forms of Exhibition. In powder or pills, combined with aromatics. Dose, gr. v to xxx. (Form. 38.) It has lately been brought into particular notice by the publication of Mr. Hutchinson of Southwell, who states that in doses of half a drachm to a drachm, two or three times a day, it has proved in his hands a most efficacious remedy in the cure of Tic doloureux. Mr. Hutchinson is well known to the profession as a judicious and inquiring practitioner, and we are well satisfied that he would not recommend any remedy to the attention of his brethren, without a well grounded assurance of its efficacy; at the same time it must be remembered that this disease is very frequently the consequence of an irritation in some nerve, by the mechanical operation of osseous spiculÆ; in such cases we cannot expect the sub-carbonate of Iron to afford relief. A noble Marquis who lost his leg at Waterloo, suffered excruciating pains in his face, in consequence of exfoliation in the stump, which were relieved as soon as the local irritation subsided; and a late lamented physician appears to have owed his severe sufferings to the irritation produced on the brain by a bony excrescence. I have little doubt if cases of Tic doloureux were more carefully examined, they would be frequently found to derive their origin from a similar source. If it were necessary I could add several of such instances to those already enumerated.^[506]

Iron seems to be a metal that proves active in its metallic state; its filings may be given in the form of powder, conjoined to some aromatic, or what is perhaps more eligible, in the form of an electuary. The Mahometan practitioners are in the habit of prescribing them, in conjunction with ginger, and cummin seeds, in cases requiring tonics. Dose, grs. v to ?ss. Impurities. Iron filings should be carefully purified by the application of the magnet, since those obtained from the work-shops are generally mixed with copper and other metals. For pharmaceutical purposes, iron wire should be preferred, as being the most pure, since the softest iron only can be drawn, and Mr. Phillips has shewn us, in his experiments upon the “Ferrum Tartarizatum” that soft iron is more easily acted upon by Tartar.

Qualities. Form, crystals, which are rhomboidal prisms, transparent, and of a fine green colour; when exposed to the air they effloresce, and at the same time become covered with a yellow powder, owing to the attraction of oxygen; when exposed to heat, they undergo watery fusion, and at a higher temperature, the acid is driven off and the peroxide of iron alone remains, which in commerce is known by the name of Colcothar. Chemical Composition. According to Dr. Thomson, it consists of 27·7 of sulphuric acid, 28·3 of protoxide of iron, and 45 of water; 8 parts, however, of this water, exist in combination with the oxide of iron. The Medicinal Dynameter will shew the proportion of protoxide in any given weight of this salt. Solubility. It is soluble in two parts of water at 60°, and three-fourths at 212°. The solution reddens vegetable blues. It is insoluble in alcohol; when however the iron is farther oxidized, it becomes soluble in that menstruum.^[507] Incompatible Substances. Every salt whose base forms an insoluble compound with sulphuric acid; the earths, the alkalies and their carbonates; borate of soda; nitrate of potass; muriate of ammonia; tartrate of potass and soda; acetate of ammonia; nitrate of silver; sub-acetate and acetate of lead; and Soaps. Whether the medicinal virtues of a salt of iron are injured by combination with astringent vegetable matter, seems to admit of doubt. Such substances have been usually ranked amongst the incompatibles, but I am disposed to think without sufficient grounds, for I have frequently witnessed the salutary effects of iron when exhibited in this questionable state of combination—may not the absorbents be more disposed to take up iron, when combined with vegetable matter, than when it is presented in a more purely mineral form?^[508] Medicinal Uses. Tonic, astringent, emmenagogue, and anthelmintic; in large doses, it occasions griping in the bowels. Dose, gr. j to v, combined with rhubarb, or some bitter extract. (form: 72, 87.) If given in solution, the water should be previously boiled, or the oxygen contained in the atmospherical air, which is diffused through it, will partially convert the salt into an oxy-sulphat, and render it insoluble. As an external astringent it is useful in the aphthÆ of children.^[509] Officinal Prep. Mist: Ferri comp: L. (K) Pil: Ferri comp: L. (J).

Qualities. Form, crystalline grains, which deliquesce; Colour, orange yellow; Odour, resembling that of saffron; Taste, styptic. Chemical Composition. This is very variable; depending upon the degree of heat and length of time employed for its preparation. It seems to be a mixed mass, consisting of sub-muriate of ammonia and sub-muriate of iron, the metal being in the state of red oxide; and, Mr. Phillips states that in the London preparation a portion of sub-carbonate of ammonia is necessarily present. The same chemist has also shewn that the proportion of Peroxide of iron in 200 grains is not more than three grains. Its equivalents will be seen in the Medicinal Dynameter. Solubility, f?j of water dissolves ?iv of it; it is also very soluble in alcohol. Incompatible Substances. The Alkalies, and their Carbonates; Lime water, and Astringent vegetables. Medicinal Uses. It is tonic, emmenagogue, and aperient, but it is so uncertain in its composition and effects that it is rarely used. Officinal Prep: Tinct: Ferri Ammon: L. Form: 36, 43, 95. Impurities. These are indicated by the dull and pale yellow colour of the salt; it may be purified by resubliming it.

Qualities. Form, a powder of a brownish green colour; Odour, none; Taste, slightly styptic; it attracts humidity from the atmosphere, but does not deliquesce. Chemical Composition. Mr. Phillips has devoted much attention to this subject, and he states that as it is frequently prepared, it is a mere mixture of metallic iron with super-tartrate of potass, coloured by oxide of iron; when however it is made with more care, it appears to be a double salt, consisting of tartrate of potass and tartrate of iron; or may it not be one of those combinations which cream of tartar forms with metals, and of which I have spoken under the article Antimonium Tartarizatum? The quantity of peroxide of iron contained in any weight of this preparation may be seen by referring to the Medicinal Dynameter; five grains, for instance, will be found to contain gr. j of peroxide, which, it will be observed, are equivalent to ??xiv of the Tinctura Ferri Muriatis, and to ??xxv of the Liquor Ferri Alkalini, or to f?j of the Vinum Ferri. Solubility. It is very soluble in water, and the solution remains for a great length of time without undergoing any change, except that of depositing tartrate of lime, which is an incidental impurity in the super-tartrate of potass. Incompatible Substances. All strong acids; lime water; hydro-sulphuret of potass; astringent vegetables? The fixed alkalies and their carbonates decompose the solution very slowly, unless heated; but ammonia and its sub-carbonate produce upon it no effect, whether it be hot or cold; this fact, observes Mr. Phillips, will enable us to exhibit iron in solution with an alkali, without the occurrence of an precipitate. Forms of Exhibition. The perfect preparation, from its tendency to deliquesce, cannot be well ordered in the form of powder; that of solution is probably the most judicious. Med. Uses. It is supposed to add to its chalybeate virtues those of a diuretic nature. Dose, grs. x to ?ss. See Form: 34, 53, 92. Dr. Bateman has recommended a watery solution of it, as a chalybeate peculiarly suited to children, from its tasteless quality.^[510]

Qualities. This root is nearly inodorous; its taste slightly bitter, sweetish, sub-astringent, and mucilaginous; as it contains no volatile ingredient, it may be given in decoction, but on account of its astringency, it must not be conjoined with a chalybeate. Chemical Composition. According to M. Morin, the Male Fern root owes its anthelmintic property to a fatty substance, capable of being saponified; of a nauseous odour quite like that of the root; of a very disagreeable taste, heavier than water, and distilling with water, and when burnt, giving a dense aromatic smoke. The root, moreover, contains gallic and acetic acids; uncrystallizable sugar; tannin; starch; a gelatinous matter insoluble in water and alcohol; lignine; and various salts. M. Morin considers the fatty matter as formed of a fixed and a volatile oil, but farther experiments are required to make the characteristic principle of this root better understood. (Ann. de Chim. xxvi. 219.) Dose, as an anthelmintic,^[511] ?j to ?iij, followed by a cathartic; its use however is superseded by more powerful and certain vermifuges. The root is sometimes boiled in ale to flavour it.

Qualities. Form, variegated masses, of a yellowish brown colour; Odour, fetid; Taste, bitter and acrid. Chemical Composition. It is one of those vegetable products to which the name of gum-resin has been given, see Elemi. The latest analysis of galbanum by M. Meisner, affords the following results, Resin 65·8; Gum 22·6; Cerasin 1·8; Malic acid 0·2; Volatile oil 3·4; Vegetable Debris 2·8; loss 3·4. Solubility. Water, wine, and vinegar, by trituration, take up one-fourth of its weight, and form a milky mixture, which deposits its charge by rest; a permanent suspension, however, may be effected by the intermedium of egg or of gum arabic, for which purpose the galbanum will require half its weight of gum. Alcohol takes up one-fifth of its weight, and a golden yellow tincture results, which has the sensible qualities of the galbanum, and becomes milky on the addition of water, but no precipitate falls. A mixture of two parts of rectified spirit and one of water, will dissolve all but the impurities. By distillation, galbanum yields half its weight of volatile oil, which at first has a blue colour. Med. Uses. It is antispasmodic, expectorant, and deobstruent, and in a medical classification, might be placed between ammonia and assafoetida. Forms of Exhibition. No form is preferable to that of pill. Officinal. Prep. Pil. Galbani comp. L. Pil. Assafoetid. comp. E. (B) Pil. Myrrh. co. D. Tinct. Galb. D. Empl. Galb. D. Emplast. Galb. co. L. Emplast. Assafoetid. E. (B) Emplast. Gummos. E.

Qualities. Form, excrescences, nearly round and of different magnitudes, smooth on the surface, but studded with tuberosities; they are heavy, brittle, and break with a flinty fracture. Odour, none; Taste, bitter and very astringent. Solubility. The whole of their soluble matter is taken up by forty times their weight of boiling water. Alcohol, by digestion, dissolves .7, and Æther .5 of their substance. The watery infusion possesses all the properties of the gall-nut, and reddens vegetable blues. Chemical Composition. Is at present involved in some obscurity; it contains tannin, gallic acid, a concrete volatile oil, and perhaps extractive and gum. M. Braconnot has also lately discovered in the gall-nut a new acid, which he calls Ellagic acid, from the word galle reversed, a nomenclature which it must be confessed is at least free from the objections urged against that which is founded upon chemical composition. (See Annales de Chimie, vol. ix. p. 187, new series; also Children’s Essay on Chemical Analysis, p. 276.) Incompatible Substances. The infusion and tincture of galls possess habitudes with which it is very important for the medical practitioner to be acquainted, not only for the purpose of directing their exhibition with success, but because the elements which impart to them their characteristic traits, viz. Gallic Acid and Tannin,^[512] are very widely diffused through the products of the vegetable kingdom, and will be found to be constantly active in their chemical, medicinal, and pharmaceutical relations. Metallic salts, especially those of iron, produce precipitates with infusion of galls, composed of tannin, gallic acid, and the metallic oxide; of these compounds the tanno-gallate of iron is the most striking, being of a black colour; those of sub-acetate and acetate of lead are greyish; tartarized antimony produces a yellowish; sulphate of copper a brown; sulphate of zinc reddish black; nitrate of silver, a deep olive; and nitrate of mercury, a bright yellow precipitate; the oxy-muriate of mercury produces only an opacity. Sulphuric acid throws down a yellowish curdy precipitate, muriatic, a flaky and white one, and nitric acid merely modifies the colour of the infusion, although it destroys its astringency; the solution of ammonia occasions no precipitate but renders the colour deeper, the carbonate however throws down a precipitate; the carbonates of the fixed alkalies produce a yellowish flaky, and lime water a copious green precipitate. The tannin in the infusion of galls is precipitated by a solution of isinglass or of any other animal jelly, by that of starch, and by many metallic oxides. Medicinal Uses. Galls are most powerfully astringent. The native practitioners of India not only administer them as astringents in dysentery, but as tonics in cases of intermittent fever. Forms of Exhibition. In that of powder; and in combination with other astringents (Form. 51,) or with aromatics and bitters. As a local remedy the gall-nut enters into gargles and injections; for blind piles, an ointment composed of 2½ parts of finely powdered galls, and a small portion of opium, with three parts of simple ointment as an excipient, offers a very valuable resource. (Form. 55.) In some cases of hemorrhoids, prolapsus ani, and fluor albus, the application may be made in the form of a fomentation, for which purpose two drachms of bruised galls should be macerated for an hour in a pint of boiling water, which, when cold, may be used in the usual manner. Dose, for internal exhibition, grs. x–?ij, or more. Officinal Prep. Tinct. Gallarum. E.D. Observation. Those which are small, protuberant, bluish, and heavy, are the best, being such as have been collected before the larvÆ within them had changed to the state of fly, and eaten their way out; a white, or a red hue indicates an inferior quality, and are those from which the insect has escaped. Aleppo galls are the most valuable, as being the most astringent.

Qualities. Form, wrinkled pieces of various length and thickness; Odour, not particular; Taste, intensely bitter, but not nauseous. Chemical Composition, resin, a small portion of oil, bitter extractive, and a proportion of tannin; it contains also mucilage, in consequence of which the infusion frequently becomes ropy. Since the last edition of this work, the continental chemists have announced the existence of an alkaline principle, which they call Gentia or Gentiania, and which is said to concentrate within itself all the virtues of the Gentian root; it does not appear to be in the least poisonous; M. Majendie has injected it into the veins without any obvious effects, and has himself swallowed two grains without experiencing any sensation but that of extreme bitterness, followed by gentle warmth in the region of the stomach.^[513] The root, moreover, contains saccharine matter, for when fermented with water, it yields a spirit which is extensively used by the Swiss. Solubility. The virtues of this root are extracted by water and alcohol; proof spirit is perhaps its most perfect menstruum. See Infus. Gentian. comp. Med. Uses. It is tonic and stomachic, and its use for such purposes is of ancient date;^[514] in dyspepsia, hysteria, and in all cases where a vegetable bitter is indicated, it will be found a serviceable remedy. Dose, in substance, from grs. x to ?j. Officinal Preparations. Extract: Gentian. L.E.D. Infusum GentianÆ comp. L.E.D. Tinct. Gentian. comp. L.E.D.^[515] Vinum GentianÆ compositum. E.

[This plant is very common in the United States, and is usually found in the vicinity of moist, woody situations. From the analysis of Bigelow, it appears to contain a very large proportion of tannin. It is accordingly powerfully astringent, and has been used with advantage in diarrhoea, chronic, dysentery and cholera infantum. In powder the dose of the Geranium is from 20 to 30 grs.—in extract, 10 grs.—in tincture from ?j to ?ij—and in decoction from ?j to ?ij.]

Qualities. Taste, sweet and mucilaginous. Chemical Composition. Gum, with a peculiar modication of saccharine matter (Glycion), or sugar in its purest form, for it is not fermentable; on which account it is added to beer for the purpose of imparting a sweet taste, and at the same time enabling it to keep better. Solubility. Water extracts both its principles, but by long coction it becomes bitter; alcohol extracts only its saccharine matter. Med. Uses. It is principally employed as a demulcent in combination with other mucilaginous vegetables; the root will yield nearly half its weight of extract. Liquorice covers the taste of some unpalatable medicines more effectually than any other substance, and it has long enjoyed the reputation of assuaging thirst, whence the Greeks distinguished this root by the term Adipson; and, perhaps, the English word Liquorice may be derived from the same belief. Officinal Prep. Decoct: Sarsaparill: comp. L.D. (O) Infus: Lini, L. (B) Extract: GlycyrrhizÆ. L.E.D. Confectio SennÆ^[516] L.E. (O) Adulterations. The powdered root is generally sophisticated with flour, and sometimes with powdered guaiacum; the fraud may be detected by its colour being a fine pale, instead of a brownish yellow, and by its reduced or foreign flavour.

What has been said respecting the Gall-nut, applies with equal truth to this substance. The efficacy of the bark of the root of the pomegranate, says Dr. Ainslie (Mat. Med. of Hindostan), as a remedy for the tape worm is now well established in India; it is given in decoction, prepared with two ounces of the fresh bark, boiled in a pint and a half of water until only three quarters of a pint remain.

Qualities. This wood is heavier than water, and emits when heated an aromatic odour; Taste, bitterish and sub-acrid; to extract its virtues long decoction is required. It has enjoyed great reputation as a specific in the venereal disease; it was imported into Europe in 1517, and gained immediate celebrity from curing the celebrated Van Hutten: long before this period, however, it was used by the natives of St. Domingo. Boerhaave, so late as the eighteenth century, maintained its specific powers. It seems probable that the discipline which always accompanied its exhibition, such as sweating, abstinence, and purgation, might be the means, in the warmer climates, of effecting cures which were attributed to the guaiacum. Officinal Preparations. Decoct: Guaiaci comp: E. Decoct: Sarsaparill: comp: L.D.

Qualities. Form; it has the aspect of a gum resin; Colour, greenish brown; it is easily pulverized, and the powder, which is at first grey, becomes green on exposure to air and light, which appears to depend upon the absorption of oxygen: when heated, it loses its colour; it melts by heat; and has a sp. grav: of 1·2289. Solubility. Water dissolves out of it about 9 per cent. of extractive matter; alcohol 95, and Æther 40 parts in a hundred. The alkaline solutions and their carbonates dissolve it readily; Sulphuric acid dissolves it with scarcely any effervescence, and affords a solution of a rich claret colour; Nitric acid dissolves it with a copious extrication of nitrous fumes; Muriatic acid dissolves a small portion only; but in all these cases the guaiacum is decomposed; the acids are therefore incompatible with it. Chemical Composition. The experiments of Mr. Hatchett demonstrate that it is a substance sui generis, and not a resin, or gum-resin. Med. Uses. Stimulant, diaphoretic,^[517] and in large doses, purgative. Forms of Exhibition. In that of bolus; or diffused in water, by means of one half of its own weight of gum arabic. Dose, gr. x. to ?ss. Officinal Prep: Mist: Guaiac: L. Tinct. Guaiac. L.E.D. Tinct. Guaiac. Ammoniat. L.E.D. Pulv. Aloes com. L.D. (O.M.) Adulterations. Common resin may be detected by the turpentine emitted when the guaiac is thrown upon hot coals; Manchinal gum, by adding to the tincture a few drops of sweet spirit of nitre, and diluting with water; the guaiac is thus precipitated, but the adulteration floats in white striÆ.

Qualities. The wood is hard, compact, and heavy. Odour, none; Taste, sweet, and astringent; Colour, deep red. Chemical Composition. The colouring matter of this wood has been very recently submitted to a rigid examination; and the name of Hematin has been given to it; it affords small brilliant crystals of a reddish white colour, and slightly astringent, bitter, and acrid flavour; sulphuretted hydrogen passed through its solution in water, gives it a yellow colour, which disappears in a few days. Gelatine throws it down in reddish flakes. The habitudes of Logwood are curious with respect to mutability of colour. The recent infusion, made with distilled water, is yellow, but that with common water has a reddish purple colour, which is deepened by the alkalies, and changed to yellow by the acids; various salts precipitate it; acetate of lead; alum; the sulphates of copper and iron; tartarized antimony; and sulphuric, muriatic, nitric, and acetic acids, are on this account incompatible with it. Med. Uses. It is supposed to be astringent, and is therefore given in protracted diarrhoeas, and in the latter stage of dysentery. Officinal Prep. Extract. HÆmatoxyli. L.

As this plant is merely retained in the list of materia medica on account of its anthelmintic properties, it might be well dispensed with, since we possess many others which are much more safe, as well as more efficacious.

Qualities. The fibres of the root are the parts employed; they are about the thickness of a straw, corrugated, externally of a deep dark colour, hence the epithet black; internally white, or of a yellowish hue. Odour, unpleasant; Taste, bitter and acrid. Chemical Composition. An analysis of this root has lately been effected by M. M. Feneulle and Capron, from which it appears that its active principle, unlike that of the White Hellebore (Veratrum) is not an alkali; the following substances enter into its composition, viz. 1. A Volatile Oil.—2. A Fatty matter.—3. A Resin.—4. Wax.—5. A Volatile Acid.—6. A bitter principle.—7. Mucus.—8. Alumina.—9. Gallate of Potass.—10. Acidulous Gallate of Lime.—11. A Salt, with an Ammoniacal base. Solubility. Both water and alcohol extract its virtues, but the spirituous solution is the most active; long coction diminishes its powers, hence the watery extract acts more mildly than the root. Medicinal Uses. This is one of the most ancient articles of the materia medica. Ctesias, who lived in the time of Plato, and anterior to Hippocrates, speaks of it as a medicine of important virtues. By the Greek and Roman physicians it was highly esteemed as a remedy in Mania (see p. 8.) The extraordinary cures performed at the island of Anticyrus, famous for its Hellebore, are celebrated by the poets and historians of antiquity. It is a drastic cathartic, and may prove therefore emmenagogue, and hydragogue, but in this country, its reputation has been destroyed by the decided manner in which Dr. Cullen reprobated its use. Forms of Exhibition. It is seldom given in substance, but in the form of tincture or extract; or in that of decoction, made with two drachms of the root to a pint of water. Dose of the powdered root, grs. x to ?j; of the decoction, f?j. Officinal Preparations. Tinct. Hellebori Nigri. L.E.D. Extractum Hellebori Nigri. E.D. Adulterations. The roots of the poisonous aconites are often fraudulently substituted; this is easily discovered, for the aconite is lighter coloured than the palest specimens of black hellebore; it is safe therefore to choose the darkest.

Barley is formed into Pearl Barley, by the removal of its husk or cuticle,^[519] and afterwards by being rounded and polished in a mill. These well known granules consist chiefly of fecula, with portions of mucilage, gluten, and sugar, which water extracts by decoction, but the solution soon passes into the acetous fermentation; the bran of barley contains an acrid resin, and it is to get rid of such an ingredient that it is deprived of its cuticle. Officinal Preparations. Decoct. Hordei. L.E.D. Decoct. Hordei. comp. L.D.

Qualities. Odour, fragrant, and sub-narcotic. Taste, bitter, astringent, and aromatic. Chemical Composition. Tannin, 5 grs.; Extractive, 10 grs.; Bitter principle, 11 grs.; Wax, 12 grs.; Resin, 36 grs.; Lignin, 46 grs. The fact, with respect to the residence of the properties of the hop in the yellow grains scattered over its scales, has been since confirmed by the observations of M. Payen and A. Chevalier, who have moreover detected a volatile oil in the Lupulin, amounting to 2 per cent.; its proportion, however, appears to vary in the Hop of different countries; the French hop, for instance, has been found to contain more than the Belgic, but less than the English; Hops, moreover, soon after having been picked, yield, cÆteris paribus, more oil and less resin than the old; a circumstance which induced M. M. Payen and Chevalier to suspect that the oil is capable of being resinified. (Journal de Pharmacie, Juin 1822.) This oil is similar in odour to the hop, but much more penetrating, narcotic, and very acrid in the throat.

Solubility. Boiling water, alcohol, and Æther, extract their virtues; but their aromatic flavour is destroyed by decoction; like most vegetable bitters, the cold is more grateful than the warm infusion; its colour is deepened by alkalies, and rendered turbid by the mineral acids; metallic salts also produce decomposition. Medicinal Uses. Hops have been said to be tonic, narcotic, and diuretic; they have been recommended in the cure of rheumatism; and, like many articles in the materia medica which have received the sanction of respectable practitioners, they have been extolled far beyond their merit. They undoubtedly possess the advantages of a pleasant bitter combined with a feeble narcotic; the late Mr. Freake was very sanguine as to their powers, and at his request I made a series of experiments at the Westminster Hospital, but I confess that their results have not established my confidence in their efficacy. Officinal Preparations. Extract. Humili. L. Tinct. Humili. L. Their use as a preservative of beer is well known, and the philosophy of their agency is fully described in the first part of this work, (page 168); it is equally notorious, that various vegetable substances are daily substituted for them, such as Quassia^[520] and Wormwood, both of which are inferior to the Menyanthes Trifoliata, or Marsh Trefoil. The people of Jersey are said to use the wood-sage, Teucrium Scorodonia; it imparts however a very high colour to the beer. During the first four years that the Cape of Good Hope was in the possession of the British, more than 300,000 pounds of Aloes were imported into England; how could such a quantity be consumed? except, as Mr. Barrow states, by the London Porter brewers; it must however be allowed that a considerable quantity of this article is used by the Varnish makers.

Mercury, in its metallic state, is never applied to any medical use,^[522] except in visceral obstruction, in hopes of forcing a passage by its gravity; but under various forms of preparation, it affords a series of very active remedies. Adulterations. With the exception of Peruvian Bark, there is perhaps no active article in the materia medica more shamefully adulterated; its impurity is at once indicated by its dull aspect; by its tarnishing, and becoming covered with a grey film; by its diminished mobility, in consequence of which its globules are unable to retain the spherical form, and therefore tail, as it is technically expressed. Lead is discovered by dissolving it in nitric acid, and adding to the solution water impregnated with sulphuretted hydrogen, when, if lead be present, a dark brown precipitate will ensue. Bismuth, by pouring the nitric solution into distilled water, when it will appear as a white precipitate. Zinc, by exposing the mercury to heat. Tin is detected by a dilute solution of nitro-muriate of gold, which throws down a purple precipitate. The presence of lead in mercury is a most dangerous circumstance; I have once witnessed a case of cholica pictonum in consequence of it. The usual mode of purifying quicksilver, by pressing it through chamois leather, will not separate the lead, if it be, as is generally the case, in combination with bismuth; for the manner in which the adulteration is effected, is by melting with a gentle heat these two metals, and adding the alloy to the mercury; and although this alloy should exceed one-fourth of the whole bulk, it will pass, together with the mercury, through chamois leather. On standing, the bismuth will be thrown upon the surface, in the form of a dark powder, but the lead will remain in solution. The greatest part of the mercury of commerce comes from Istria and Friuli, and from the Palatinate, and as it passes through the hands of the Dutch, we must expect to receive it in a state of alloy. On a superficial examination, it ought not, when shaken with water, to impart to it any colour; when agitated or digested with vinegar, it should not communicate a sweetish taste; and when exposed in an iron spoon to heat, it ought to evaporate entirely. The French are so well aware of the mischievous extent to which this metal is falsified, that in their late Codex they direct the reduction of the red oxyd in order to obtain it; the process however is too expensive for general adoption. The Italian Jews purify quicksilver for their barometers, by digesting it in dilute sulphuric acid, which is by no means an improper process. The mode directed for the purification of mercury by the London College, (Hydrargyrum Purificatum) is unable to separate it completely from its more deleterious contaminations. It is a general opinion in Germany, that mercury, boiled in water, will impart to it an anthelmintic virtue;^[523] this, if it happens, can only depend upon the impurities of the mercury; but large draughts of cold water are in themselves anthelmintic. Although metallic mercury in its fluid form exerts no effect upon the animal system, it, nevertheless, in a state of vapour, manifests considerable powers; and it is necessary for the practitioner to be informed that it assumes this condition at the ordinary temperature of the atmosphere. I have stated several experiments in proof of this fact in my work on Medical Jurisprudence, Art. “Aerial Poisons,” to which the reader may refer.

Qualities. Form, an impalpable powder of a snowy whiteness; Odour and Taste, none. Chemical Composition. It is a triple compound of oxide of mercury 81, muriatic acid 16, ammonia 3 parts. Solubility. It is insoluble in water, and in alcohol; when triturated with lime water it does not become black. It is now only used in combination with lard as an ointment; formerly it was administered internally, and Boerhaave strongly recommends it as a safe and mild mercurial, and as seldom, if ever, exciting copious salivation. Officinal Prep. Unguent. Hydrarg. prÆcipitati albi. L.D.

This is mercury slightly oxydized by trituration, and mixed with chalk. Grs. iij contain about one grain of mercury. Dose, grs. v to ?ss. It is a mild and excellent mercurial, and has been known to cure syphilitic affections, when the constitution had proved rebellious to every other form of preparation. Dr. George Fordyce committed a great error, when he denied to this compound any mercurial efficacy. The peculiar mildness of this preparation has been very justly attributed to the effects of the carbonate of lime, in neutralizing acid matter in the primÆ viÆ. In Mesenteric affections I have employed it with much advantage; in certain forms of Dysentery it is also a very valuable medicine.

Qualities. Form, small scales of a bright red colour; Taste, acrid and corrosive. Chemical Composition. It is strictly speaking a sub-nitrate of mercury, for if it be boiled for a short time with six times its weight of water, the liquor when filtered yields a precipitate with ammonia. Solubility. It is slightly soluble in water, but extensively in nitric acid, without any effervescence. Uses. It is used only externally, as an escharotic. Officinal Prep. Unguent. Hydrargyri Nitrico-oxyd. L.E.D. Adulterations. Red Lead may be detected by digesting it in acetic acid, and adding sulphuret of ammonia, which will produce a dark-coloured precipitate: it should be totally volatilized by heat.

Qualities. Form, an impalpable grey coloured powder, which becomes paler on exposure to air and light. Odour and taste, none. Chem. Composition. When properly prepared it is protoxide of mercury; but, as frequently found in the shops, it contains a mixture of the triple salt consisting of oxide of mercury, ammonia, and nitric acid. It is rarely used; although Dr. Saunders suggested it as a succedaneum for Plenck’s remedy, and Mr. Abernethy considers it preferable to the red Sulphuret for mercurial fumigation, on account of its not yielding any suffocating vapour. Officinal Prep. Unguent. Oxyd. Hydrarg. ciner. E.

Qualities. Form, minute crystalline scales, of a deep red colour, inodorous, but acrid and caustic; it is soluble in several of the acids without decomposition; it is also slightly soluble in water; from which solution it is precipitated by ammonia. Uses. It is very active as a mercurial, and has been a favourite remedy with John Hunter (Form. 141) and other celebrated practitioners; it is however apt to affect the bowels, and is therefore now rarely employed except as an external application. Dose, gr. j. combined with opium gss. Adulterations. It is seldom adulterated, as it would be difficult to find a substance suited to that purpose. If well prepared it may be totally volatilized by heat.

Qualities. Form, a crystalline mass, composed of very small prismatic crystals, which is easily pulverized, and undergoes a slight alteration by exposure to air, becoming on its surface opaque and pulverulent. Light, however, has no effect upon it, although a different opinion has existed, and it has accordingly been recommended to be kept in black bottles. Odour, none. Taste, very acrid, with a metallic astringency, occasioning a sensation of obstruction in the throat which continues for some time. Sp. gr. 5·1398. When pulverised and thrown upon burning coals, it is immediately volatilized, giving out a thick white smoke of a very pungent smell, which irritates the mucous membranes extremely, and is highly dangerous to those who inhale it. Chemical Composition. According to the latest views, it is a Bi-chloride of mercury, consisting of one proportional of mercury, to two proportionals of chlorine. In the French codex, it is termed “Deuto-Chloruretum Hydrargyri.” Solubility. It is soluble in eleven parts of cold, and in three of boiling water, and in half its weight of alcohol; it is also very soluble in Æther; indeed this latter liquid has the curious property of abstracting it from its solution in water, when agitated with it. Its solubility in water is greatly increased by the addition of a few drops of rectified spirit, or of muriatic acid. In a solution of muriate of ammonia it is seventeen times more soluble than in water, no decomposition however arises; it is therefore probable that a triple salt is formed; it is also soluble in the sulphuric, nitric, and muriatic acids, and may be obtained again unaltered, by simply evaporating the solutions. Dr. Davy, in his late researches upon corrosive sublimate states that with muriatic acid, common salt, and some other muriates, it forms definite compounds remarkable for their solubility. Its watery solution is said to change vegetable blues to green, but this is an optical fallacy, (see page 306.) On exposure to light this solution slowly undergoes decomposition; but Dr. Davy has shewn that corrosive sublimate remains unaltered when exposed in solution in media having a strong affinity for it, as in alcohol, Æther, muriatic acid, &c. and that decomposition only takes place under circumstances of complicated affinities, as in the instance of Liquor Hydrargyri Oxymuriatis, and in that of the aqueous solution; in which cases Calomel and Muriatic acid appear to be formed, and oxygen to be evolved. Incompatible Substances. The carbonates of the fixed alkalies precipitate it of a yellow hue, but the precipitates are not pure oxides; ammonia forms with it a white triple compound. Lime water decomposes it more perfectly than any alkaline body, occasioning a precipitate of a deep yellow colour,^[524] which is a per-oxyd of mercury containing a little muriatic acid; this result forms a useful lotion to ill conditioned ulcers, and has been long known under the title of Aqua Phagadenica; f?j of lime water should be employed for the decomposition of two grains of the salt. Tartarized antimony, nitrate of silver, acetate of lead, sulphur, sulphuret of potass, and soaps, decompose it. Iron, lead, copper, bismuth, and zinc, in their metallic state, also decompose it, producing precipitates which consist of an amalgam of the metal employed, except in those cases where the metal in question refuses to amalgamate with mercury, when this latter metal appears as a metallic dew, composed of very minute globules, with calomel; hence mortars of glass or earthenware should be used for dispensing this article; when triturated with olive oil, the oil becomes white, and when boiled with it, calomel is precipitated; the same happens if sugar be substituted for oil. The volatile oils reduce it. When Oil of Turpentine was used, some traces of artificial camphor was discovered by Dr. Davy, and when the oils of Cloves and Peppermint, a purple compound distilled over, consisting of the oil employed and muriatic acid. The following vegetable infusions produce precipitates, viz. the infusions and decoctions of chamomile, horse-radish root, calumba root, catechu, cinchona, rhubarb, senna, simarouba, oak bark, tea and almond emulsion. Swediaur observes, that “many authors have recommended sublimate combined with bark, but that a reciprocal decomposition is thus produced, by which the energies of both remedies are alike annulled;” to this ignorance, however, he thinks that many patients have been indebted for their lives; for, says he, “I see every day examples of weak and very delicate persons of both sexes, to whom ignorant practitioners prescribe, and sometimes in very large doses, the corrosive sublimate, with a decoction of bark; certainly without curing the syphilis, but at the same time without occasioning those grave and dangerous symptoms, which that acrid medicine would certainly produce, if given alone, or without that decoction.” We have here presented the reader with the opinion of Swediaur; but it is just to state, that the experience of this country has rather tended to subvert, than to confirm, such a belief. That the corrosive sublimate of mercury is actually decomposed by the vegetable principles of the bark is sufficiently evident, but it would seem that the oxide thus developed, and recombined with vegetable extractive, is a very active mercurial, especially with respect to its alterative powers. The same observation will, to a certain extent, apply to the results of its decomposition by other agents; the fixed alkalies have been found by actual experiment to be incapable of disarming this salt of its virulence, because, as Orfila has stated, the oxide liberated is, in itself, an active poison. Mr. Rose has lately transmitted to me a formula for the preparation of “Alterative Drops,” which he states, from ample experience, to possess very considerable powers as a mercurial, and to excite ptyalism, with a quickness and certainty which characterize but few preparations of the same class. The principal ingredients are an alcoholic solution of corrosive sublimate and a vinous solution of tartarized antimony. It is scarcely necessary to observe that upon admixture a mutual decomposition takes place; the peroxide of mercury is precipitated by the alkaline element of the antimonial compound, whilst this latter salt, having its affinities thus overthrown, parts with the protoxide of antimony; so that the preparation holds a considerable quantity of insoluble matter in suspension, and which is to be carefully incorporated with the liquid by shaking the phial, whenever the drops are administered. Now there can be but little doubt but that the activity of this preparation is owing to the peroxide of mercury, thus diffused in a state of minute division, while at the same time the antimonial protoxide very probably disposes the stomach and system to be more readily influenced by it, for reasons which have been fully discussed in the first part of this work, p. 152. Med. Uses. It is one of the most acrid and active of all metallic preparations; in well directed doses, however, it is frequently of service in secondary syphilis, and in cases of anomalous disease, when it would be improper to administer the other forms of mercury.^[525] In obstinate cutaneous diseases its administration in small doses is often very serviceable; I have, however, seen extreme emaciation and hectic fever produced by its too long continued exhibition, although ptyalism was never occasioned. Its application also as a lotion to leprous affections, in the proportion of about one grain to a fluid-ounce and a half of some liquid vehicle, I have frequently seen highly beneficial; in directing the use of so acrid a lotion, we should caution the patient not to touch his eyes until his hands have been washed; in consequence of a neglect of this kind I have seen a very severe ophthalmia produced. The practitioner should also remember that the system may become affected by such external applications; a case stands recorded in which a girl of five years old became salivated, and died, in consequence of an application made to the head for the cure of Tinea, which consisted of Pomatum rubbed up with a few grains of this salt. Its internal exhibition should be accompanied with mucilaginous drinks; when an overdose has been taken, the white of egg, diluted with water, is the best antidote, for Orfila has found that albumen decomposes it, reducing it to the state of mild muriate, whilst the compound which it forms with it is inert. Many examples are recorded of the success of this practice. In the Transactions of the King and Queen’s College of Physicians in Ireland, an interesting case of this kind is related by Dr. Lendrick; it is, however, at the same time but justice to state, that there are instances also of the failure of this antidote. In the 41st volume of the London Medical and Physical Journal, p. 204, the reader will find the case of a girl, who was poisoned by a drachm of Sublimate, and who, notwithstanding the copious ingestion of albumen, died in ninety hours. More recently vegetable gluten, as existing in wheat-flower, is said to answer as well as albumen; for the administration of which all that is required is to give wheat-flower and water. Dose, gr. 1/8 to ½, see Liquor Hydrargyri Oxymuriatis, and Form. 142. Adulterations. It ought to be volatilized by heat; it is frequently met with in commerce contaminated with muriate of iron, sometimes with arsenic; the presence of calomel is at once discovered from its insolubility. Tests of its Presence. If any powder be suspected to contain this salt, expose it to heat in a coated tube, as directed in the treatment of arsenic, but without any carbonaceous admixture, when corrosive sublimate, if present, will rise and line the interior surface with a shining white crust. This crust is then to be dissolved in distilled water, and assayed by the following tests; 1st, lime water will produce, if the suspected solution contains this salt, a precipitate of an orange yellow colour. 2d, a single drop of a dilute solution of sub-carbonate of potass will at first produce a white precipitate, but on a still farther addition of the test, an orange-coloured sediment will be formed. 3rd, sulphuretted water will throw down a dark coloured precipitate, which when dried and strongly heated may be volatilized without any alliaceous odour. 4th, ammonia produces a white precipitate, which is an insoluble triple salt, composed of muriatic acid, ammonia, and oxide of mercury, which, on being heated, grows yellow; it passes afterwards to a red, and gives out ammoniacal gas, nitrogen, calomel, and metallic mercury. In this operation the oxide is supposed to be decomposed by the hydrogen which results from a portion of the ammonia. 5th, Nitrate of tin, according to Dr. Bostock, is capable of detecting the three-millionth part of a grain; a single drop will occasion an immediate and copious dark-brown precipitate. All the above precipitates, if rubbed on a bright plate of copper, will render its surface very white. Where the salt is mixed with various coloured liquids, we must proceed as directed under the head of Arsenic. A very ingenious application of galvanic electricity has been also proposed by Mr. Silvester, for the detection of corrosive sublimate, which will exhibit the mercury in a metallic state. A piece of zinc or iron wire about three inches in length, is to be twice bent at right angles, so as to resemble the Greek letter ?, the two legs of this figure should be distant about the diameter of a common gold wedding ring from each other, and the two ends of the bent wire must afterwards be tied to a ring of this description. Let a plate of glass, not less than three inches square, be laid as nearly horizontal as possible, and on one side drop some sulphuric acid, diluted with about six times its weight of water, till it spreads to the size of a halfpenny. At a little distance from this, towards the other side, next drop some of the solution supposed to contain corrosive sublimate, till the edges of the two liquids become joined; and let the wire and ring, prepared as above, be laid in such a way that the wire may touch the acid, while the gold ring is in contact with the suspected liquid. If the minutest quantity of corrosive sublimate be present, the ring in a few minutes will be covered with mercury on the part which touched the fluid. This experiment may be beautifully simplified in the following manner; drop a small quantity of solution containing corrosive sublimate on a piece of gold, and bring into contact a key, or some piece of iron, so as to form a galvanic circuit, when the gold will be immediately whitened. A solution of nitrate of silver will, under similar circumstances, occasion on the gold a white precipitate, but as no amalgamation takes place, it is readily wiped off, and cannot possibly occasion any fallacy.^[526]

Certain metals likewise decompose solutions of this salt, by virtue of superior affinity; in those cases where the precipitating metal is capable of forming a direct union with Mercury, we shall find the precipitates to consist of an amalgam of the metal employed; where no such combination takes place, the mercury will be frequently seen standing on the surface as a metallic dew. This is particularly striking where iron or steel has been employed; these metals are also at the same time blackened by it.

Brugnatelli^[527] has proposed the following method of distinguishing corrosive sublimate from arsenic—Take a quantity of fresh wheat starch, mix with water, and add a sufficient quantity of iodine to give the liquid a blue colour; if corrosive sublimate or arsenic be added to this liquor, the colour is alike destroyed and it becomes reddish, but if the change has been effected by the latter substance, a few drops of sulphuric acid will restore the blue colour, but if by the former it is not recoverable by such means.^[528]

This preparation has been known in pharmacy for upwards of two centuries under a variety of fanciful names, such as Draco mitigatus; Aquila alba; Aquila mitigata; Manna metallorum; Panchymagogum minerale; Panchymagogus quercetanus; Sublimatum dulce; Mercurius dulcis sublimatus; Calomelas; and yet there is not a name in this list that is so objectionable as the one at present adopted by our colleges: for whether we adhere to the theory of muriatic acid being the simple body, or accede to the new views of chlorine, the name is equally inappropriate; if we regard it as a compound of muriatic acid and oxyd of mercury, it is not a sub-muriate, but as much a muriate as the corrosive sublimate; the only difference depending upon the degree of oxidizement of the mercury, which is at a minimum in calomel, and at a maximum in sublimate. According to the new views respecting chlorine, calomel must consist of one proportional of chlorine with one proportional of metal, and is therefore a chloride of mercury. (“Proto-chloruretum Hydrargyri.” Codex Med. Paris.)

Qualities. Form. A semi-transparent mass, consisting of short prismatic crystals;^[530] inodorous, insipid, and of an ivory colour, which deepens by exposure to light. Solubility. It is considered as being insoluble, since according to Rouelle, one part requires 1152 of water, at 212° for its solution. Incompatible Substances. Alkalies and lime water decompose it and turn it black, in consequence of precipitating the black oxyd of the metal; it is also decomposed by soaps, sulphurets of potass and antimony; and by iron, lead, and copper; hence it is improper to employ any metallic mortar for dispensing medicines which contain it. There seems to be reason for supposing that this preparation may undergo decomposition in transitu, and that therefore some substances may be chemically, and yet not be medicinally incompatible with it. If calomel be boiled for a few minutes in distilled water to which alcoholized potass has been added, it is completely decomposed, a muriate of potass and black oxyd of mercury being the new products. Calomel is not affected by sulphuric acid in the cold, but, at a boiling temperature, corrosive sublimate, and deuto-sulphate of mercury are formed. Medicinal Uses.^[531] This mercurial preparation is more extensively and more usefully employed than almost any other article of the materia medica. It is capable of curing syphilis in every form, provided it does not run off by the bowels; and in obstructions and hepatic affections, it is in well-regulated doses a most valuable remedy; in combination, it probably merits the appellation of Dirigens, more decidedly than any other remedy with which we are acquainted, for when combined with certain diuretics, it is diuretic, (Form. 103, 104) and in diaphoretic arrangements, it is diaphoretic: it moreover imparts force to many of the mild, and moderates the severity of drastic medicines: whenever we wish a strong and permanent impression to be made on the alimentary canal, and through it on the neighbouring viscera or the system generally, Calomel by universal consent is adopted for such a purpose. (Form. 81, 88, 119, 161.) In larger doses it is one of the most efficient purgatives which we possess, especially when in combination with other cathartics: it appears to be particularly eligible in the diseases of children; and it is singular that infants can generally bear larger doses of it than adults. Dose, as an alterative, from gr. ss to j, night and morning; as a purgative, from gr. ij to gr. x, or in some cases even to gr. xv, or ?j. Forms of Exhibition. That of pill; its insolubility and specific gravity render any other form ineligible. Officinal Preparations. Pil. Hydrargyri submuriat. comp: L. Impurities. Corrosive sublimate may be detected by precipitation being produced, by the carbonate of potass, in a solution made by boiling the suspected sample with a small portion of muriate of ammonia, in distilled water; calomel ought also, when rubbed with a fixed alkali, to become intensely black, and not to exhibit any trace of an orange hue.

Howard’s or Jewel’s Hydro-sublimate. Instead of subliming so as to obtain the calomel in a concrete state, as directed by the Pharmacopoeia, the salt in the act of sublimation is exposed to aqueous vapour, and received in water. Being in a state of very minute division, it is lighter than common calomel in the proportion of three to five, and it cannot contain any corrosive sublimate. The French in their late codex have introduced a similar formula, under the title of “Murias Mercurii dulcis mediante aqua subtilissime divisus, juxta Methodum JosiÆ Jewel.”

This Patent Calomel of Howard is undoubtedly to be preferred, and appears, in consequence probably of its minute division, to affect the system more readily than that made according to the Pharmacopoeias.

Sub-murias Hydrargyri PrÆcipitatus. E.D. This is produced by precipitating a nitrate of mercury by muriate of soda; the preparation will generally contain a small portion of sub-nitrate, and it is on that account more liable to run off by the bowels in small doses: in other respects it is essentially the same as that procured by sublimation.

Qualities. Form, a red crystalline cake, inodorous, insipid, and insoluble in water, alcohol, acids, and alkalies, although these bodies decompose it when melted with it; it is also decomposed by nitro-muriatic acid, which unites with the metal, and disengages the sulphur. Chemical Composition. It is a bi-sulphuret of Mercury, i. e. it consists of two proportionals of sulphur and one of mercury. Uses.^[533] It is now only used for the purpose of mercurial fumigation, which is done by inhaling the fumes, produced by throwing ?ss of it on red hot iron; the effect which is generally produced is violent salivation; this however does not depend upon the action of the substance as a sulphuret, but upon its decomposition, and the volatilization of the metallic mercury with a portion of sulphate and sulphureous vapour. Mr. Pearson observes that it is useful in those cases of venereal ulcers in the mouth, throat, and nose, where it is an object to put a sudden stop to the progress of the disease, but that mercury must at the same time be introduced into the constitution, by inunction, just as much as if no fumigations had been made use of. Ulcers and excrescencies about the pudendum and anus in women are particularly benefitted by it; and in these cases it is conveniently applied by placing a red hot heater at the bottom of a night-stool pan, and after sprinkling on it a few grains of the sulphuret, placing the patient upon the stool. Adulterations. Red Lead^[534] may be discovered by digesting it in acetic acid, and by adding sulphuret of ammonia, which will produce a black precipitate; or by burning a small portion of the suspected sample on a piece of bread in the candle, when metallic globules will announce its presence; for the oxide of mercury, although revived by this process, will at the same time be volatilized. The bread, by combustion, affords the carbon by which the metallic reduction is effected. Dragon’s Blood, by its giving a colour to alcohol when digested with it; Chalk, by its effervescence, on the addition of an acid. It is known in the arts under the name of Vermillion; and by the following simple expedient its presence may, in very minute quantities, be easily recognised; boil a portion with sulphuric acid in a platina spoon, and lay the sulphate thus produced, in a drop of muriatic acid, on a piece of gold, and bring a piece of metallic tin in contact with both, when the white mercurial stain will be produced.

Qualities. Form, a very black, impalpable, insipid, and inodorous powder. Chemical Composition. It is a Sulphuret of Mercury, i. e. it consists of one proportional of sulphur, and one proportional of mercury; when heated in contact with the air it is converted into a bi-sulphuret. Solubility. It is entirely soluble in a solution of pure potass, from which the acids precipitate it unchanged; it is insoluble in nitric acid. Med. Uses. It is supposed to be alterative, and has been given for such a purpose, in doses from gr. v. to ?ss, but its medicinal virtues are very questionable. Adulterations. It is frequently imperfect, globules of mercury being still discoverable in it by a magnifying glass, or by its communicating a whiteness to a portion of gold upon which it is rubbed; ivory black may be discovered by the residue, after throwing a suspected sample on a red hot iron; it is also sometimes mixed with equal parts of crude antimony.

Qualities. This plant, when recent, has a strong fetid, and narcotic odour; properties which are nearly lost by exsiccation. Chemical Composition. Resin, mucilage, extractive matter, gallic acid, and some salts; an alkaline element (Hyoscyama) is said to constitute its active principle. This principle differs from other vegetable alkalies, in being able to resist a low red heat, without undergoing decomposition. Solubility. Water freely extracts the narcotic powers of this plant, and decoction destroys them; diluted alcohol is the best menstruum. Incompatibles. Precipitates are produced by acetate of lead, nitrate of silver, and sulphate of iron; vegetable acids weaken its narcotic powers. The extract or inspissated juice is the best form in which it can be exhibited; see also the Tincture; its leaves form an anodyne cataplasm, and the smoke from its seeds, when applied by a funnel to a carious tooth, is recommended in severe fits of odontalgia. The root of this plant is poisonous.^[535] In Dr. Molyneux’s appendix to Threlkeld’s “Synopsis Stirpium Hibernicarum” are related several cases of its effects on persons who had eaten them instead of Skirrets. Officinal Prep. Extract: Hyoscyam: Tinct: Hyoscyam: L.E.D.

The following kinds, imported from St. Petersburg, are found in the market. Short Staple; Long Staple; Book; and Leaf. Picking the Staple, as it is called, is a peculiar art practised by persons in this town, who gain a very good livelihood by it; they engage to return the same weight of isinglass in shreds, as they receive in Staple; this in itself secures very fair profit, for by damping the isinglass in order to pick it, it gains considerable weight; these persons moreover are in the habit of adulterating it with pieces of bladder, and the dried skin of soles; such frauds however are easily detected by their insolubility, for pure isinglass will dissolve entirely, and yield a clear and transparent jelly; a single grain will produce, with an ounce of water, a solution of considerable thickness; it is also soluble in acids and alkalies; and although insoluble in alcohol, yet it is not precipitated by it from its watery solutions, unless when added in a very considerable quantity; it is coagulated by the infusions and decoctions of vegetable astringents; carbonate of potass likewise throws down a precipitate. 100 parts of good isinglass consist of 98 of gelatine, and 2 of the phosphates of soda and lime. Its solutions soon putrefy. Uses. It is now rarely used except as a nutrient; its mechanical application in fining wines and turbid liquors is well known, and its mode of operation is equally obvious, for by forming a skin, or fine network, which gradually precipitates, it acts just like a filtre, with this difference, that in this case the filtre passes through the liquor, instead of the liquor through the filtre.

These are watery solutions of vegetable matter, obtained by maceration, either in cold or hot^[536] water without the assistance of ebullition. In selecting and conducting the operation, the following general rules should be observed.

I. Infusion should always be preferred to decoction, where the medicinal virtues of the vegetable substance reside in volatile oil, or in principles which are easily soluble; whereas, if they depend upon resino-mucilaginous particles, decoction is an indispensable operation.

II. The temperature employed must be varied according to the circumstances of each case;^[537] an infusion made in the cold, is in general more grateful, but less active, than one made with heat.

III. The duration of the process must likewise be regulated by the nature of the substances, or the intention of the prescriber; for the infusion will differ according to the time in which the water has been digested on the materials; thus, the aroma of the plant is first taken up, then, in succession, the colouring, astringent, and gummy parts.

Infusions are liable to undergo decompositions by being kept, and therefore, like decoctions, they must be regarded as extemporaneous preparations. Unless the dose of them be otherwise stated, it is generally from f?j to f?ij.

Infusum Anthemidis. L.E. It is a good stomachic; and when exhibited warm, is well calculated to assist the operation of emetics: (Form. 66): the cold infusion, i. e. made with cold water, is more grateful. Incompatibles. All soluble preparations of iron; nitrate of silver; oxy-muriate of mercury; acetate, and sub-acetate of lead; solutions of isinglass; infusion of yellow cinchona bark. Dose, f?j-f?ij.

Infusum CalumbÆ. L.E. See CalumbÆ Radix. This infusion is more perishable than that of other bitters; in twenty-four hours a copious precipitation takes place in it, and in two days it becomes ropy, and even musty. Form. 155. Dose, f?i-f?ij.

Infusum Caryophyllorum. L. f?j. of this infusion holds in solution the active matter of grs. vj of cloves. Incompatibles. Precipitates are produced by sulphate of iron; sulphate of zinc; acetate of lead; nitrate of silver; tartarized antimony; lime water, and yellow cinchona. Dose, f?j-f?ij.

Infusum CascarillÆ. L. It is incompatible with the substances mentioned under Infus. Caryophyll: Form. 33. Dose, f?j-f?ij.

Infusum CinchonÆ. L.E.D. We obtain in this preparation a feeble solution of the active constituents of bark, which will agree with many stomachs that are rebellious to the stronger preparations. Dose, f?i-f?iij.

Infusum CuspariÆ. L. This is a judicious form of the bark, possessing its stimulant and tonic properties. Dose, f?j-f?ij.

Infusum Digitalis. L.E. This is the best form in which we can administer the foxglove, where our wish is to obtain its diuretic effects as speedily as possible. (Form. 110.) Dose, f?ij to f?ss, twice a day, see Digitalis. Incompatibles. We shall counteract its effects by endeavouring to obviate its nauseating tendency by brandy and water, &c. Precipitates are produced by sulphate of iron, and the infusion of yellow cinchona, &c.

Infusum Lini Compositum. L.E. A cheap and useful demulcent; alcohol and preparations of lead, are of course incompatible with it; the tinctura ferri muriatis produces a flocculent precipitate.

Infusum QuassiÆ. L.E. The proportion of Quassia directed for half a pint of water, is that of ?j by the London, and ?ss by the Edinburgh College; the former is much too small, for, in order to obtain a saturated infusion, ?ij are required for that quantity of water. Incompatibles. The salts of iron produce no change in it; nor is it affected by any of those substances with which it is likely to come in contact in a medical prescription. It is highly useful in debilities of the stomach and intestinal canal, and in irregular and atonic gout, and it has been observed, that in hysterical atony, to which the female sex is so prone, the Quassia affords more vigour and relief to the system, than the Peruvian Bark, especially when combined with a small portion of sulphate of zinc. To this, as well as the other stomachic infusions, it is usual to add at the time of prescribing them a small quantity of aromatic tincture or spirit. Form. 35; 144. Dose, f?ss-f?iss.

Infusum Rhei. L.E. The Edinburgh infusion is stronger than that of London, and is rendered more grateful by the addition of spirit of cinnamon; these infusions, however, when given without any adjuvants, produce but a feeble effect. This is obvious, since ?j of rhubarb in substance, is at least equivalent in its effects to ?iss when in infusion. Incompatibles. The stronger acids; the sulphates of iron and zinc; nitrate of silver; tartarized antimony; acetate of lead; oxy-muriate of mercury, and the infusions of cusparia, cinchona, catechu, galls, and some other astringent vegetables; the alkalies deepen the colour, but produce no decomposition. Dose, f?j-f?ij.

Infusum SimaroubÆ. L. This infusion is inodorous, of a clear straw colour, with a slightly bitter taste. It presents the best mode of exhibiting Simarouba bark. Dose, f?ij, beyond this it will prove emetic. Incompatibles. Alkaline carbonates and lime water render it milky; and it is precipitated by the following substances; infusions of catechu; galls, and yellow cinchona; oxy-muriate of mercury; nitrate of silver, and acetate of lead. See SimaroubÆ Cortex.

Infusum Tabaci. L. It is never used but as an enema, in incarcerated hernia, and in ileus. See Tabaci Folia.

Infusum ArmoraciÆ Compositum. L. In this preparation the stimulant property of the horse-radish is materially aided by the mustard; pure alkalies, but not their carbonates, may form extemporaneous additions; for the other incompatibles, see ArmoraciÆ Radix. Dose, f?iss. Form. 45.

Infusum Aurantii Compositum. L. A grateful stomachic, having the agreeable compound taste of its several ingredients; it has the merit of sitting easily on the stomach. Dose, f?j-f?iss.

Infusum Catechu Compositum. L.E. This infusion is a powerful astringent, rendered grateful by the addition of cinnamon; it will keep for several months, provided the directions of the Edinburgh College be not followed in adding the syrup. In prescribing it, we must remember that it contains a large proportion of tannin. See Catechu. Dose, f?j-f?iij.

Infusum GentianÆ Compositum. L. An elegant tonic and stomachic infusion. It affords a good example of the virtues of a natural substance being enhanced by the additions of art, as discussed at page 164, for the bitterness of the gentian is here subdued by the aromatic quality of the lemon and orange peel. Incompatibles. Acetate of lead throws down a copious precipitate from the infusion, and sulphate of iron strikes a brown colour, but no precipitate takes place for several hours.

Infusum RosÆ Compositum. L.E.D. This is an infusion of the petals of the red rose, rendered astringent and refrigerant,^[538] by the addition of dilute sulphuric acid. By referring to the Dynameter, it will be seen that f?j; does not contain more than four and a half minims of dilute acid, which are equivalent to three-sevenths of a minim of the strong concentrated acid. Wherever therefore we expect any advantage from this latter ingredient, the quantity must be increased by extemporaneous addition. Incompatibles. All those bodies which are decomposed by the sulphuric acid; the sulphates of iron and zinc do not immediately alter the infusion, but they slowly decompose it, producing precipitates of a dark colour. Dr. Clarke of Cambridge detected iron in the petals;^[539] may not the presence of this metal enhance the tonic powers of the infusion? It affords a most elegant vehicle for the exhibition of cathartic salts.

Infusum SennÆ Compositum. L.E.D. A pint of water will take up the active matter of ?j of senna, but nothing beyond that proportion; hence there is an unnecessary waste in the London process. The quantity of infusion directed to be made at one time, is also injudicious, since by simple exposure to the air for only a few hours, in consequence of the powerful affinity of its extractive matter for oxygen, a yellow precipitate takes place, and the infusion loses its purgative quality, and excites tormina in the bowels; in preparing it therefore, we see the necessity of conducting the process in covered vessels, and of making only such a portion as may be required for immediate use; indeed, notwithstanding every precaution, the extractive will to a certain extent become oxidized, and the infusion have a tendency to gripe.^[540] Dr. Cullen used to say that Senna was one of the best purgatives, if it could only be divested of its griping quality; this however he was unable to obviate, because he was not aware of its cause, and therefore conjoined it with various aromatics, instead of those salts^[541] which might be capable of increasing the solubility of its oxidized extractive, or the purgative activity of the infusion; see page 150, and 161. Soluble tartar and alkaline salts are its most useful adjuncts; it is however rarely prescribed in practice without the addition of other cathartics. (Form. 70, 76, 90.) Sydenham’s favourite “potio cathartica lenitiva,” consisted of an infusion of tamarinds, senna leaves, and rhubarb, with the addition of manna and syrup of roses. The addition of tamarinds renders the infusion more grateful but less active; when made with bohea tea, it is in a great degree deprived of its nauseous taste; a decoction of guaiacum increases its powers, and is said at the same time to render it milder. Bitters also very considerably exalt its efficacy, see page 153. A pint of the infusion with a drachm of jalap forms an excellent combination for a purgative enema. Incompatibles. The infusion is disturbed by strong acids; lime water; nitrate of silver; oxy-muriate of mercury; acetate of lead; tartarized antimony; and by an infusion of yellow cinchona. Dose, f?j-f?ij.

Qualities. Form, tortuous pieces of the thickness of a goose-quill, surrounded by numerous prominent rings, separated by deep grooves. This root, when powdered, has a faint disagreeable odour, and a bitter sub-acrid taste. Chemical Composition. The late researches of M. M. Majendie and Pelletier have detected the existence of a new vegetable proximate principle in this root, to which ipecacuan is indebted for its emetic properties; they have, accordingly, denominated it Emetine.^[543] It assumes the form of transparent brownish red scales, which are nearly inodorous, but have a slightly bitter, acrid, but not nauseous taste. Emetine is decomposed by a heat higher than that of boiling water; it is insoluble in water, in every proportion, without undergoing the least change; and in a moist atmosphere it deliquesces; it is also soluble in alcohol, but not in Æther; nitric acid dissolves it, but at the same time decomposes it; dilute sulphuric acid has no action on it; muriatic acid and phosphoric acid dissolve it, without altering its nature; acetic acid dissolves it with great facility; corrosive sublimate precipitates it from its solutions, but tartarized antimony has no effect upon them; gallic acid, the infusion of galls, and acetate of lead, precipitate it. A grain excites violent vomiting, followed by sleep, and the patient awakes in perfect health! It exerts also a specific action on the lungs and mucous membrane of the intestinal canal; when taken in an overdose, its action can be instantly paralysed by a decoction of galls. There seems to be no great advantage in substituting this body for the ordinary powder of Ipecacuanha, except perhaps that its taste being much less offensive, it may very easily be given to children.^[544] Emetine appears to exist in Ipecacuanha, combined in the following manner, emetine 16, oils 2, wax 6, gum 10, starch 40, woody fibre 20.

Since the discovery of Emetine, whose properties are described above, Pelletier has extended his researches into its composition and nature; and he has lately been enabled to state that this body, which in conjunction with Majendie, he had formerly announced as “a new vegetable proximate principle,” turns out to be a compound of a peculiar alkaline basis, which may be called Emeta, and some acid, together with an admixture of colouring matter; when compared with Emetine, it is what white crystallized sugar is to moist sugar. Its ultimate elements are oxygen, hydrogen and carbon; it is a white and friable substance, and unlike Emetin, is not altered by exposure to air; it is slightly bitter, and very sparingly soluble in water; with the mineral acids it forms salts, from whose solutions the infusion of galls throws down white and flocculent precipitates; the alcoholic solution of Emeta acts upon vegetable colour as an alkali.

Medicinal Uses of Ipecacuan. It is unquestionably the most valuable of the vegetable emetics, and in cases where the stomach is irritable it is to be preferred to Tartarized Antimony, and it is also less liable to act upon the bowels. In the form of decoction (made by boiling three drachms of the bruised root in a quart of water down to a pint) it has been found serviceable as an enema in Dysentery, and internal piles. Incompatible Substances. All vegetable astringents, as infusion of galls, &c. vegetable acids, especially the acetic, weaken its power; Dr. Irvine found that grs. xxx, administered in f?ij of vinegar, produced only some loose stools. Forms of Exhibition. The form of powder is most energetic, although the vinous solution is both active and convenient. Dose. The medicinal operation of this substance varies with its dose, thus grs. x to ?ss act as an emetic; (Form: 65,) grs. j to ij, as an expectorant, (Form: 134, 138,)and in still smaller doses it proves stomachic and diaphoretic; by combination with opium, this latter quality becomes more powerful, (Form: 28, 130.) The primary effect of this medicine is that of stimulating the stomach, and it is equally obvious that its secondary ones depend on the numerous sympathies of other parts with the organs of digestion. The action of this remedy upon the pulmonary organs is extremely interesting; it would seem that in certain conditions of these organs, attended with a dry, hard cough, it promotes expectoration, while in affections attended with an inordinate secretion of mucus, it as certainly represses it, and acts the part of an astringent. In dysentery, and chronic diarrhoea, its astringent power is also very decided. Form: 58. When combined with cathartics it aids and accelerates their operation; Form: 84. In Hemorrhage from the lungs and uterus, it is decidedly useful, when administered in such doses as to excite a slight degree of nausea, by which the force of the circulation is controlled; I have usually combined it, for such a purpose, with the Acetate of lead in HÆmopthysis; and Bergius relates a case of violent uterine hÆmorrhage which was successfully treated by giving half a grain every half hour. In certain forms of Dyspepsia it proves highly beneficial, when administered as proposed by Daubenton, in doses just sufficient to excite a slight sensation of vermicular motion of the stomach, without carrying it to the point of nausea, which may be generally effected by half a grain three times a day. Its peculiar nauseous taste is completely covered by the addition of powdered Gum Arabic. Solubility. Alcohol takes up four parts in twenty of Ipecacuan; proof spirit six and a half; and boiling water rather more than eight parts; one pint of good sherry wine will dissolve about 100 grains; the alcoholic is more emetic than the aqueous solution; decoction destroys the emetic property of the root. Officinal Prep. Pulvis IpecacuanhÆ comp: L.E.D. Vinum Ipecac. L.E.D.^[545] The powder is liable to become inert by exposure to air and light. The root is refractory, and is reduced to powder with difficulty, unless a few drops of oil, or an almond or two, be previously added. It is a curious fact that the effluvia of this root occasion in some persons the most distressing sensations of suffocation. I am acquainted with a lady, who is constantly seized with a violent dyspnoea, whenever the powder of Ipecacuan is brought into her presence. Adulterations. There are several varieties of Ipecacuan to be found in the market, which it is important to distinguish; viz. 1, The brown variety, which is the best, containing sixteen per cent. of emetin; 2, the grey variety, with fourteen per cent. of emetin; 3, the white variety, with only five of emetin. The two former varieties are those usually met with, being imported into this country in bales from Rio Janeiro; the brown is distinguished from the grey, in being more wrinkled; the white variety has no wrinkles whatever. We are informed by Decandolle that the genuine root is frequently mixed with those of violets, ApocynÆ, Euphorbia, &c. It is also sometimes mixed with the roots of several species of Ionidum.

Qualities. This root is pulverulent, furnishing a powder of a pale brownish yellow colour. Odour, peculiar; Taste, sweetish and slightly pungent. Chemical Composition. Resin, gum, extractive, fecula, lignin, and some salts. The combination of the three first principles appears requisite for the production of its full cathartic effect. The gum has been supposed to possess diuretic properties. Very lately a saline principle has been obtained from Jalap by Mr. Hume, jun.: but I am not aware that its medicinal properties have been ascertained. It is procured by macerating the powdered root for twelve or fourteen days in acetic acid, by which a solution is obtained, which must be filtered, and then saturated with ammonia; the mixture is to be shaken violently, when a sabulous deposit will take place, and a few crystals be collected on the sides of the vessel; both of these must be collected, and washed in distilled water; and then redissolved in concentrated acetic acid, and reprecipitated by ammonia added in excess. By which means, small white acicular crystals are thrown down, to which the name of Jalapine has been given. Solubility. Proof spirit is its appropriate menstruum. Med. Uses. It is a cathartic of a stimulating description, acting principally upon the colon, and, notwithstanding the tormina it may sometimes induce, it is no less safe than efficacious; as a hydragogue purgative it has been greatly extolled, but for such a purpose it will answer better in combination, as in Form. 73. Its action is said to be promoted by the addition of Ipecacuan, or tartarized antimony. (Form. 84.) In dropsy its union with super-tartrate of potass is calculated to promote its beneficial operation. Forms of Exhibition. That of powder is the most eligible, especially when combined with some other powdered substance: pulverization increases its activity, see Pulveres. Van Swieten advised it to be pulverised, and mixed with sugar, and a small quantity of some aromatic. The addition of Soap is supposed to render its operation much milder, and the Prussian Pharmacopoeia contains a formula for such a combination, which is said to operate mildly and promptly. To this preparation the name Sapo Jalapinus^[546] is given. Dose, grs. x to ?ss. Officinal Preparations. Pulv. Jalap. comp. E. Extract. Jalap. L.E.D. Tinct. Jalap. L.E.D. Tinct. SennÆ comp. E. (B). Adulterations. Briony root is sometimes mixed with that of jalap, but it may be easily distinguished by its paler colour and less compact texture; and by not easily burning at the flame of a candle. When the teredo has attacked it, it should be rejected.

[The Butternut tree is to be found in almost every part of the United States. The inner bark is the part used in medicine. It yields, by analysis, a large quantity of soluble matter, principally of the extractive kind. Water extracts its virtues, and the Extract, which is the form in which it is employed, has long been known and used in this country as an excellent Cathartic. To obviate habitual costiveness, it is one of the best articles that can be used. By the addition of Calomel, its powers as an active Cathartic may be greatly increased. The proper season for gathering the bark for medicinal purposes is in the months of May and June. The dose of the Extract is from 10 to 30 grains.]

The principal constituents of these berries are mucilage, sugar, and volatile oil; in the latter of which their diuretic virtues reside. Forms of Exhibition. That of an infusion, made with ?ij of the berries, to oj of hot water. Unless pains however are taken, by strong contusion, to bruise and break the seeds, the preparation will contain but little of the juniper flavour. The bruised berries may be also triturated with sugar or some neutral salt, and be thus exhibited in substance, Dose ?j to ?ij. Officinal Preparations. Oleum Junip. L.E.D. Spirit. Junip. Co. L.E.D. The taste and diuretic properties of Hollands depend upon this oil; English gin is flavoured by oil of turpentine.

There is very considerable obscurity with regard to the history and chemical constitution of this substance; three varieties of it are met with in the shops, viz. 1. African Kino, which bears the highest price, and has all the appearance of a natural production, slender twigs being often intermixed in its substance; it is of a reddish brown colour, and has a bitterish astringent taste. 2. Botany Bay Kino, has also the aspect of a natural production, it is in more solid masses than the former species, is less brittle (for it contains a very small proportion of resin) and, with its astringency, has a disagreeable sweetish taste. 3. Jamaica Kino, this is the one most commonly met with; it has the appearance of a dry extract, is in small fragments, of a colour more nearly approaching to black than that of the others, and has an astringent and slightly bitter taste. There is also a fourth variety mentioned, viz. the East India or Amboyna, but this does not appear to differ from the African variety. Chemical Composition. In all the varieties the predominant principles are tannin and extractive. Solubility. The best menstruum is diluted alcohol. Incompatible Substances, vide GallÆ. Mr. Thomson also states a fact which I have reason to consider quite correct, that the alkalies destroy the astringent properties of kino. All the varieties are soluble in solutions of pure potass and ammonia, and no precipitation takes place on the addition of water. Medicinal Uses. It is principally employed as an astringent, but from its liability to vary in strength, it has been very generally superseded by Catechu.^[548] Forms of Exhibition. Either in substance or in the form of watery infusion, or in that of tincture. Dose, grs. x to ?ss. Officinal Preparations. Tinct. Kino. L.E.D. Elect. Catechu. E.D. Pulvis Alum. co. E.

This root, although it has been for some time employed in medicine, has only lately found its way into the Materia Medica of the London Pharmacopoeia. Its extract, which was some years ago imported into this country, is supposed to have been employed for giving astringency to Port wine. According to recent analysis the root contains a peculiar modification of Tannin, with only a trace of Gallic acid; Gum; Fecula; and certain salts of Lime. It may be used either in decoction, or tincture, the latter of which may be made by dissolving two ounces of the root in a pint of proof spirit. In all its forms it is eminently astringent. I have used it with much success in LeucorrhÆa, and in uterine hemorrhages. The extract may be distinguished from Kino, to which it bears a great resemblance in appearance and taste, by being very fusible by heat, whereas Kino does not possess that character.

Qualities. Odour, none; Taste, mucilaginous and bitter. Solubility. The effect of water upon this vegetable substance is materially modified by temperature; if cold, the lichen absorbs nearly its own weight by maceration, but gives out to the menstruum little or none of its virtues; if the water be warm, it soon acquires a bitter impregnation; by ebullition, a decoction is obtained, which, as it cools, gelatinizes. See Decoct. Lichen. Chemical Composition. Proust has shewn by analysis that 100 parts of this moss contain 64 parts of a substance bearing some analogy to vegetable gluten, 33 of matter, soluble in hot water, and resembling starch, and 3 parts of a bitter principle. Medicinal Uses. This vegetable was introduced to the notice of the profession by LinnÆus, who recommended its decoction, as having been administered with great success for coughs in Sweden. Upon its introduction into this country, its patrons bestowed so many extravagant eulogiums upon its powers, that the less sanguine practitioner at once abandoned its use in disgust, and it fell into unmerited disrepute. It would be idle to speak of its specific effects in phthisis; but, as a demulcent, it is certainly very superior to the mucilaginous mixtures in ordinary use, and its simple bitter principle at the same time tends to produce a tonic effect, which is frequently desirable in the debilitated condition which characterizes the latter stages of this disease. There are circumstances, however, which may render the removal of the bitter advantageous; in which case, maceration in successive waters, or in a weak alkaline ley, as recommended by Westring, will be found to answer the intended purpose. Officinal Preparation. Decoct. Lichen. Island. E. D. Sir Alexander Crichton has offered some observations upon the genuineness of this article which deserve attention. He says that there are two varieties in the market; the best of which has a horny texture, and yields a bitter mucilage. It is that which comes from Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and Finland. The inferior kind has a membranous texture, and yields little bitter or mucilage in comparison with the former. Where it comes from he knows not, but he suspects it to be British, as it is much cheaper than the other.

Succus—The Juice consists of Citric acid, mucilage, extractive matter, and small portions of sugar and water. Specific gravity, 1·0384. It may be preserved for a considerable length of time, by covering its surface with fixed oil.

Its use in making saline draughts has been already noticed, see Acid. Citric. Its principal medicinal value consists in its antiscorbutic^[549] virtues; indeed it may be fairly asserted that this disease, so peculiarly incident to a sea life, has been nearly eradicated by the juice of lemons. Sir Gilbert Blane, in speaking of its efficacy, asserts that “those only who have made themselves acquainted with the early part of the Naval history of this country, or those who have perused the interesting, popular, and eloquent narrative of Commodore Anson’s voyage, can duly appreciate the value of this simple remedy.” Lemonade, as a beverage in putrid diseases, was first introduced by the French physicians in the beginning of the 17th century, and about the year 1660, an Italian from Florence, having learnt a process of freezing confectionary, conceived the happy idea of converting such beverage into ice. This found a ready sale, and was the occasion of so great an increase in the number of sellers of Lemonade, that in the year 1676, the Lemonadiers of Paris were formed into a company, and received a patent from the government.

Cortex—The Rind or Peel is composed of two distinct parts; the exterior, which contains glands, filled with a fragrant volatile oil, upon which all its properties depend, and the interior coat, which is tasteless and indigestible. The flavour may be obtained by rubbing lump sugar upon it, which will imbibe the oil, and if it be then dried by a very gentle heat, may be preserved unimpaired for any length of time, and will be preferable to the volatile oil obtained by distillation, for the fire generally imparts an unpleasant or empyreumatic flavour.^[550]

It has been already stated, that “the different parts of the same plant have frequently very different properties.” The Lemon offers a good example of this fact, for its juice is acid, its seeds bitter, and its peel aromatic.

These are external applications, having the consistence of oil or balsam. If we except the Liniment. Æruginis, all the officinal liniments are decomposed by the substances which are incompatible with soaps.

Linimentum Æruginis. L. Oxymel Æruginis. P.L. 1787. Mel Ægyptiacum. P.L. 1745. Unguentum Ægyptiacum. P.L. 1720. Diluted with water, it has been recommended as a gargle in venereal ulcerations, but its use is hazardous; it is a detergent escharotic preparation.

Linimentum AmmoniÆ Fortius. L. Oleum Ammoniatum. E. Linimentum AmmoniÆ. D. It consists of liquor ammoniÆ one part, olive oil two parts, (oil eight parts, E.D.) The alkali forms with the oil a soap, which is held dissolved by the water in the liquor ammoniÆ. Is an excellent rubefacient, and penetrating liniment.

Linimentum AmmoniÆ Sub-carbonatis. L. Linimentum AmmoniÆ. P.L. 1787. Linimentum Volatile. P.L. 1745. The carbonic acid prevents the perfect formation of soap in this liniment; unlike the former one, therefore, it deposits the soapy matter on standing. It is much less stimulating than the preceding one.

Linimentum Calcis. E.D. Oil and lime water, equal parts. This is an earthy soap, formed by the combination of lime and oil; the soapy matter separates on standing, it should therefore be extemporaneous. In cases of burns and scalds where the cuticle has been destroyed, it is an advantageous application.

Linimentum CamphorÆ. L. Oleum Camphoratum. E.D. Camphor one, olive oil four parts. It is a simple solution of camphor in fixed oil, and forms a very useful embrocation to sprains, bruises, glandular swellings, and in rheumatic affections.

Linimentum CamphorÆ compositum. L. Camphor two, liquor ammoniÆ six, spirits of lavender sixteen parts. It is highly stimulating.^[551]

Linimentum Hydrargyri. L. A pound of this liniment contains nearly ?iv of mercury; it affects the mouth more rapidly than strong mercurial ointment, although it will be seen by the Medicinal Dynameter to contain less Mercury. This effect is to be attributed to the stimulating properties of its adjuncts, viz. Camphor and Ammonia.

Linimentum Saponis compositum. L. Hard soap iij, camphor j, spirit of rosemary xvj parts. It is a stimulant and anodyne application, and in local pains opium may be advantageously added to it. It is commonly used under the name of Opodeldoc.^[552] See Sapo.

Linimentum TerebinthinÆ. This liniment was introduced by Mr. Kentish of Newcastle, as a dressing to recent burns, which he continued until the eschars became loose.

The qualities of this plant reside in extractive matter, hence water extracts, but long decoction injures them. Medicinal Uses. It is strongly purgative. Forms of Exhibition. ?ij of the dried herb infused in oj of boiling water. Dose, f?ij.

These seeds contain a large proportion of mucilage, and one-sixth of their weight of fixed oil; the former of which resides principally in the cuticle, the latter, in the parenchymatous portion of the seed; by infusion in boiling water, a clear, colourless, inodorous, and nearly insipid mucilage is obtained; ?ss of the unbruised seed is sufficient for oj of water; cold water does not extract any mucilage from them when unbruised; the farina of the seeds is well adapted for cataplasms. Officinal Prep. Infus. Lini Comp: L. Oleum Lini. L. E. D.

This is a compound solution of alum and sulphate of zinc; a fluid-ounce containing about seven grains of each ingredient, it is powerfully astringent, and is successfully used as a detergent lotion to old ulcers; as a collyrium, or as an injection in gleet and fluor albus; it will also often answer in removing chilblains, and in curing slight excoriations.

Qualities. Form, a limpid, colourless fluid; specific gravity, ·960, or f?j weighs about 438 grs. Odour, strong and pungent; Taste, extremely caustic. Chemical Composition. A solution of ammoniacal gas in water, which varies considerably in strength in the different pharmacopoeias. When prepared according to the London and Edinburgh Colleges, it contains nearly 25 per cent. of ammonia, whereas the Dublin preparation does not contain more than 16. Solvent Powers. It is an active solvent of many vegetable principles, e. g. oils, resins, &c. With alcohol it unites in every proportion; it assists the oxidizement of copper and zinc, and dissolves many of the metallic oxides. Med. Uses. Stimulant, rubefacient, and antacid. Forms of Exhibition. In milk, or any liquid vehicle; if in decoctions, or infusions, they must be previously cooled; for at 130° the ammonia will escape in the form of gas. Dose, ??x to xxx. Officinal Prep. Linimentum AmmoniÆ. L.D. Oleum Ammon. E. Spir. AmmoniÆ. L. Spir. AmmoniÆ comp. L. Spir. Ammon. succinat. L. Liniment. Camphor. comp. L. Adulterations. The presence of other salts in the solution may be discovered by saturating a portion with pure nitric acid, and applying the test for sulphuric acid, (Barytes) and that for muriatic acid, (Nitrate of Silver.) Carbonic acid is detected by its effervescing with acids, or by its forming with lime water, a precipitate, soluble with effervescence in nitric acid; it ought to be free from all fetor; its strength can only be determined by taking its specific gravity. It should be preserved in well closed bottles, and their dimensions should be small, for when in large vessels it often becomes carbonated before it is half used.

This preparation is a solution of the neutral acetate of ammonia, with a proportion of carbonic acid diffused through it; it is made by saturating the sub-carbonate of ammonia with distilled vinegar, for which purpose it will generally be found that ?j of the alkali will saturate oiss of the vinegar; since, however, the quantity of acid in distilled vinegar as well the strength of the ammonia, are liable to constant variation, the exact point of neutralization should be ascertained by the alternate application of litmus and turmeric papers; for if the proportions be not accurately adjusted, some of the metallic salts, especially those of antimony, which are often prescribed in conjunction with it, are decomposed, and thus rendered inefficacious; and on this account an excess of alkali is to be feared more than that of acid. This preparation is also not unfrequently employed as a collyrium, when much serious mischief may arise from the carbonate of ammonia predominating. It has been already stated that a very minute proportion of extractive matter is rendered sensible on the addition of an alkali; hence this preparation frequently derives from the vinegar a brown hue, which may be removed by filtering the solution through a little well burnt charcoal. It also deserves notice that the presence of a trace of copper, derived from the copper cocks through which the vinegar has passed, will impart a brown tinge, whilst in larger quantities this metal yields a blue colour with ammonia. Incompatible Substances. Acids; fixed alkalies; alum; lime water; sulphate of magnesia; corrosive sublimate; nitrate of silver; and the sulphates of zinc, copper, and iron. Acetate of lead produces also a copious precipitation, but this depends upon the presence of the carbonic acid diffused through the solution, which decomposes the salt and forms an insoluble carbonate of lead. Magnesia likewise, contrary to what might be supposed, decomposes the solution and renders it pungent, from the extrication of ammoniacal gas; this phenomenon depends upon the magnesia forming a triple acetate with one part of the ammonia, and setting the remainder at liberty. Med. Uses. When assisted by warmth and plentiful dilution, it is an excellent diaphoretic, and produces its effects without quickening the circulation: (Form: 117, 126,) by keeping the surface of the body cool, its action is determined to the kidneys, and it proves diuretic, especially when combined with remedies of a similar tendency. (Form: 111.) Dose, f?iv to f?xij. Externally it furnishes a lotion, valuable as a refrigerant, especially when combined with some spirituous preparation. See Form: 148.

This is merely a solution of the solid sub-carbonate in distilled water, see AmmoniÆ Sub-carbonas. Dose, f?ss to f?j in any bland liquid. Adulterations. There is frequently a deficient quantity of the sub-carbonate in solution, its pungency being kept up by the addition of liquor ammoniÆ; this may be discovered by shaking it with twice its bulk of alcohol, when a coagulum of considerable density should occur, the absence of which will denote the sophistication of the article. Its specific gravity should be 1·150. The Incompatibles are those enumerated under the history of AmmoniÆ Sub-carbonas.

This is a solution of the Arsenite of Potass, coloured and flavoured by the Compound Spirit of Lavender, f?j of which contains gr. ½ of arsenious acid. It was introduced into practice by Dr. Fowler of Stafford, as a substitute for the empirical remedy known by the name of “The Tasteless Ague Drop.” It is a powerful tonic, and has been very successfully administered in the cure of intermittent and remittent fevers, periodical headaches, and as an alterative in many anomalous diseases of the skin. It has been also given, with decided effect, in certain visceral obstructions; its use however is to a great degree empirical, although we may observe, generally, that wherever strong arterial action exists, arsenic will do harm. The addition of a few drops of Vinum Opii is said to render its operation safer and more efficacious. Incompatible Substances. Lime water; nitrate of silver; the salts of copper; hydro-sulphuret of potass, and the infusions and decoctions of bark. Dose, ??iv, gradually increased to ??xxx, twice a day. See Arsenicum Album.

It is a saturated solution of lime in water; f?j of which contains 3/4 of a grain.^[553] Incompatible Substances. All alkaline and metallic salts; borates; tartrates; citrates; acids; sulphur; spirituous preparations, and the infusions of all astringent vegetables. It should be kept in close vessels, for if exposed to the air, the lime will attract carbonic acid, and become an insoluble carbonate; the addition of an alkaline carbonate produces the same effect instantaneously.^[554] If animal charcoal be boiled with lime-water, it will precipitate the whole of the lime, an effect which is not produced by charcoal of vegetable origin. Med. Uses. It is an antacid, and is therefore useful in dyspepsia attended with acidity; Form. 149. Mixed with an equal quantity of milk, it furnishes an excellent remedy in infantile complaints connected with bowel affections; it is likewise astringent in leucorrhÆa, in the last stages of dysentery, and in protracted diarrhoea. It dissolves also the slimy mucus with which disordered bowels are so generally infested; on account of this latter property, it has been exhibited in calculous affections,^[555] with the view of dissolving the cementing ingredient of the concretion, and thereby of destroying its cohesion: see page 123. Not being very nauseous, it is easily given under any circumstances, and it is not liable to produce that irritability of stomach which frequently attends the long continued use of the fixed alkalies. It also frequently forms the basis of astringent gargles. Lime water moreover affords a successful remedy in certain cutaneous affections, particularly those affecting the face, as Gutta Rosea. Sir G. Blane has also seen some remarkable cures of herpetic complaints of the legs by large doses; he has also employed it with effect as a lotion. Forms of Exhibition. Milk disguises its flavour, without impairing its virtues. Dose, f?j to f?vj. Sugar has the curious property of rendering lime more soluble in water. See Saccharum.

This solution is said to be tonic and deobstruent, and to have been advantageously given in scrofula. It has also been found useful in Urticaria, and several other forms of cutaneous disease. Incompatibles. Sulphuric acid, and the Sulphates; the fixed alkalies and their carbonates; ammonia produces no change in the solution, but its carbonate decomposes it, and precipitates carbonate of lime. Dose, ??xx to f?ij.

This is a simple solution of the salt in distilled water. The preparation, although perfectly transparent when first formed, soon becomes turbid and deposits oxide of copper; this arises from the escape of ammonia, and may be prevented by the occasional addition of a small quantity of the volatile alkali. See Cuprum Ammoniatum. The Medicinal Dynameter will show the proportion of salt in any given quantity of the solution.

This preparation is nearly the same as Stahl’s Tinctura Martis Alkalina. Chemical Composition. It is by no means ascertained. Incompatible Substances. It is a most injudicious preparation, for it cannot be exhibited in any form without decomposition; water, especially if not distilled, and vegetable infusions and decoctions, produce dense precipitates; pure acids, alkalies, and spirit, also decompose it. I must confess my regret at the College having retained this preparation in their Pharmacopoeia; the committee agreed to reject it, but their judgment was reversed by the votes of the Comitia Majora. Should any practitioner be unable to procure this preparation, I will give him an easy receipt for producing it, viz. Let him keep the Mistura Ferri composita in an open vessel, until it is entirely spoilt!

This solution of corrosive sublimate is intended to facilitate the exhibition of minute doses of the salt; f?j contains gr. ½; when long kept, or exposed to light, the oxy-muriate is decomposed, and calomel is precipitated; (see Hydrag: Oxymuriatis:) or, what is more dangerous, it is sometimes deposited in crystals, without decomposition; a small portion of muriatic acid, or muriate of ammonia in the solution, prevents this precipitation. Dose, f?ss to f?ij, in an infusion of linseed.

This preparation was introduced by M. Goulard of Montpellier, hence it has been commonly known by the name of Goulard’s Extract. Qualities. It is of a greenish straw colour, and has an austere, sweetish taste; when kept it deposits a quantity of oxide, and becomes lighter coloured. Chemical Composition. It is a saturated solution of the sub-acetate of lead, consisting, according to Berzelius, of one proportional of acid, and three proportionals of oxide of lead; hence its name is correct. It is the only instance with which we are acquainted of a real sub-salt being soluble in water. Incompatible Substances. Alkalies and their carbonates precipitate a white sub-salt; alkaline sulphates and sulphurets; mucilage. Spring Water, from the salts which it contains, produces with it a very milky and turbid appearance; and even when distilled, in consequence of the carbonic acid diffused through it, it occasions precipitation. The Surgeon will remember that the Linimentum Saponis cannot be mixed with it, without mutual decomposition. See Sapo. Med. Uses. It is only used externally, in superficial and phlegmonic inflammations of the skin, and in herpetic affections. It has been a question whether Lead, in any form, should ever be applied to an open wound, or to an abraded surface;^[556] as a general rule, it should not certainly be applied to such as are recent, nor to those whose character indicates a diminished state of vitality in the parts, and exhibits a disposition to gangrene. The abuse of Saturnine lotions has been frequently descanted upon by foreign writers, and, among the evils which are supposed to be thus induced, impotence is mentioned as one of not unfrequent occurrence. See Institutioni di Medicina Forens: di Tortosa, vol. 1. p. 58. also Fritze Compend: sopra le Malat: Vener: p. 189. and Monteggia Annotat: sopra i Mali Venerei, p. 36. There is a paper in the third volume of the Medical Transactions, by Dr. Reynolds, in which the case of a gentleman is detailed, who brought on a temporary paralysis of the Sphincter Ani, by freely using Goulard’s lotion for the cure of the Piles. The value of Saturnine applications in common inflammation most probably arises from a partial paralysis of the nerves of the part, produced by the sedative agency of the lead.

As the former preparation is very rarely employed in its concentrated form, the College has directed its dilution, and added a portion of spirit, with a view to accelerate its evaporation, and thus to produce a refrigerating effect; but for such a purpose the quantity of spirit is far too small, and should therefore be increased by extemporaneous addition.

Qualities. A limpid, dense, colourless solution; a pint should weigh ?xvj; when rubbed between the fingers it feels soapy, in consequence of a partial solution of the cuticle. The solution, as usually prepared, contains small portions of muriate and sulphate of potass, silica and lime; but these incidental impurities do not invalidate its virtues; it ought not to effervesce with acids. Med. Uses. Antacid, diuretic, alterative, and lithonthryptic; and externally, when diluted, it acts as a stimulating lotion,^[557] and if concentrated, as a caustic; see Potassa Fusa. The operation of this and other alkaline remedies, have at different periods been celebrated as powerful lithonthriptics, and whilst experience has in some cases confirmed the value of the practice, it has in others proved no less decidedly its mischievous agency; these contradictory results are at length capable of explanation, for Chemistry has drawn aside the veil that has so long obscured the history, origin, and cure of calculous diseases, and has demonstrated that these extraneous bodies vary in composition, and are consequently very differently affected by the same chemical solvents; but this subject has already been so fully discussed in the first part of this work, under the chapter on “Antilithics and Lithonthryptics,” that it is unnecessary to dwell upon it in this place.

It has also been found highly useful in the cure of several species of cutaneous affections; as in Lepra, Psoriasis, &c. which diseases generally appear to have some connection with a morbid state of the digestive functions; see Form: 149. Dose of the solution of potass, ??x to f?ss, in veal broth^[558] or table beer; this latter vehicle disguises its nauseous flavour completely. In many cases, the infusion of some bitter tonic will be the most eligible liquor in which it can be exhibited, especially where our object is to promote its absorption: the theory of such a combination has been already explained in the first part of this work, p. 153. Officinal Prep. Potassa fusa, L.E.D. Potassa cum calce, L.E.D. Liquor Sulphureti Kali, D. Antimonii Sulphuretum PrÆcipitatum, L.E.

Qualities. It is a clear, colourless, and inodorous solution; Spec. grav. 1·446. Dose, ??x to f?j. See PotassÆ Sub-carbonas, and Form: 39, 41. The proportion of the salt contained in any quantity of the solution may be learnt by referring to the Dynameter.

[This is a native tree of America, and one of the most magnificent to be found in our forests—distinguished no less by its great altitude than by its beautiful foliage. It grows in almost every part of the United States. The part used in medicine is the Bark. This has a rough, fibrous appearance and is of a whitish colour. Its taste is bitter, astringent, and somewhat acrid and aromatic. By analysis, it yields gum, resin, muriatic acid, iron, mucus, &c. In its action on the system, it is decidedly tonic, exhibiting at the same time, to a certain extent, stimulant properties. If given in considerable quantities it acts also on the skin and kidneys. It has been used with advantage and success in intermittent fever, chronic rheumatism, gout, hysteria, and in debilitated states of the stomach. It may be given in substance, which is the most efficacious form of using it, in doses of from ?ss to ?ij.]

[This is a plant very common in the United States. It has an acrid taste, very similar to that of green tobacco. By analysis it is found to contain an acrid principle, caoutchouc, and extractive. It is soluble both in water and alcohol. In its medicinal effects, the lobelia is analogous to common tobacco, and varies very much according to the dose in which it is given. It may thus be made to act either as an emetic, antispasmodic, expectorant, or diaphoretic. The diseases in which it has been found useful are asthma, croup, hooping cough, and catarrh. The tincture is the best preparation, and is prepared by digesting, for ten days, ?ij of the plant in a pint of diluted alcohol. The dose is from ?j to ?iv—of the powder, the dose to prove emetic is from 10 to 20 grs.]

Qualities. Form, a white, very light, soft powder; Specific gravity, 2·3; it turns to green the more delicate vegetable blues. Solubility. Although it requires 2000 times its weight of water to hold it in solution, yet it has the property of considerably increasing the solubility of camphor, opium, and resins in the same fluid; it is soluble in solutions of the alkaline carbonates, but not in those of caustic alkalies. Chemical Composition. It is an oxide of a peculiar metal. Medicinal Uses. Antacid, and when acidity prevails, purgative; it is preferable to the carbonate whenever the bowels are distended with flatus, (Form: 150): in other respects, its virtues are the same. See Magnes. Carb. The Medicinal Dynameter will shew the equivalent doses of the pure earth and its carbonate; it will be seen for instance that 12 grains of the former will be as efficient, as an antacid, as 25 grains of the latter. Incidental Impurities. It ought not to effervesce with acids, and if magnesia and muriatic acid be placed at one time in separate cups, in a scale of a balance, no diminution of weight should take place on mixing them. Lime is detected by its solution in dilute sulphuric acid affording a precipitate with oxalate of ammonia; the sulphuret of lime betrays itself by yielding, when moistened, the smell of sulphuretted hydrogen.^[559]

This preparation was formerly considered by Mr. Phillips to be a mixture of carbonate and sub-carbonate of magnesia, an opinion which he has lately retracted; it is, says he, evidently a carbonate, i. e. magnesia combined with one proportion of carbonic acid, or forty-eight of carbonic acid to forty-three of magnesia. Dr. Thompson entertains a different opinion, he observes that it seems to be a mechanical mixture of carbonate of magnesia, caustic magnesia, and perhaps of hydrated magnesia; he found too great a diversity in its composition to permit the conclusion that it was a definite chemical compound; in a specimen purchased at Glasgow, he also found six per cent. of sulphate of lime. I take this opportunity of stating that in some specimens which I have examined, I have also detected portions of gypsum; and from the experiments of Dr. Percival, it appears that if hard water be employed for its preparation it will be less light, and will contain a portion of lime. Magnesia will be also liable to contain traces of silicious earth, derived from the alkali used in producing it. Incompatible Substances. Acids, and acidulous salts; alkalies and neutral salts; alum; cream of tartar; nitrate of silver; acetate of mercury; oxy-muriate of mercury; acetate of lead; sulphates of zinc, copper, and iron. Medicinal Uses. Antacid, and purgative. In cases of lithic calculi, carbonate of magnesia, in doses of ?j to ?j, has been proposed by Mr. Hatchett, as a valuable substitute for alkaline remedies. Its insolubility must render its absorption equivocal; its beneficial operation must therefore principally depend upon its neutralizing any excess of acid in the primÆ viÆ, and in this way there can be no doubt of its lithonthryptic agency; “but,” says Dr. Marcet, “such is the tendency which the public has to over-rate the utility of a new practice, or to take a mistaken view of its proper application, that there is every reason to believe that the use of magnesia has of late years become a frequent source of evil in calculous complaints.” See page 124. Officinal Prep. Hydrarg. cum Magnesia. D. Magnesia. L.E.D. Adulterations. Chalk may be detected by adding dilute sulphuric acid to a suspected portion, when, should any be present, the solution will be loaded with a white and insoluble precipitate; gypsum, by boiling a sample in distilled water, and assaying the solution by a barytic and oxalic test.^[560]

Qualities. Form, small needle-like crystals. Taste, bitter and nauseous; when pure, it effloresces. Chemical Composition. In its crystallized state, it may be considered as composed of 1 proportional of dry sulphate (Magnesia 18·5, and sulphuric acid 37·5) and 7 proportionals of water. Solubility. f?j of water dissolves ?j, and the solution measures f?xj¼; it is insoluble in alcohol. Incompatible Substances. Muriates of ammonia, baryta, and lime; nitrate of silver; sub-acetate, and acetate of lead. The fixed alkalies and their carbonates, precipitate from it magnesia and its carbonate. Phosphate of soda occasions no immediate precipitate, unless ammonia be present, in which case the triple ammoniaco-magnesian phosphate will be produced. The addition of ammonia, which in the form of Spiritus ammoniÆ aromat. is not unfrequently prescribed in conjunction with a solution of this sulphate, forms also a triple salt, and a portion of magnesia is precipitated: whenever therefore this ammoniacal stimulant is ordered with a purgative salt, the scientific physician will prefer a solution of the sulphate of soda. Forms of Exhibition. Dissolved in the Infusum RosÆ, or in a suitable quantity of beef tea, gruel, or any aqueous vehicle, its cathartic powers are increased by dilution, as well as by the addition of a little common salt; magnesia renders the taste of its solution less nauseous; and tartarized antimony quickens its operation. Dose, ?ss to ?ij, taken either at once, or in divided doses. Form. 37, 69, 72, 76. Officinal Prep. Enema Catharticum. Enema Foetid. D. Adulterations. Sulphate of Soda is often substituted for this salt, which it may be made to resemble by stirring it briskly at the moment when it is about to crystallize; the fraud may be detected by a precipitation not ensuing on adding carbonate of potass; if only a part of the salt be sulphate of soda, the degree of sophistication can be learnt by the quantity of the precipitate formed; 100 parts of sulphate of magnesia, if pure, will yield between 30 and 40 of the dry carbonate. Epsom salt, as it commonly occurs, contains muriate of magnesia, which disposes it to deliquesce, but lately this salt has appeared in the market in a state of great purity and beauty; the mode of purification is founded upon the well known chemical law, that a saturated solution of one salt is still capable of dissolving another; in the present instance, therefore, the impure crystals are washed in a saturated solution of the same sulphate, which, although unable to act upon its kindred salt, can dissolve with facility the muriate, and any other saline contamination. I confess, however, that I am induced to regard this process as rather chemically ingenious than as medicinally useful, for the usual saline impurities of Epsom salt are not only harmless, but capable of increasing its purgative powers; the double refined sulphate is certainly less efficient as a cathartic. The presence of the muriate may be at once detected by dropping upon the suspected sample some sulphuric acid, by which the disengagement of muriatic acid vapour will be produced. Since the publication of the fourth edition of the present work, I have received samples of the sulphate of Magnesia, prepared by Mr. West of Lymington, and I can confidently recommend the article to the profession; he contrives to obtain them in large and beautiful crystals, which cannot be so easily mistaken for those of oxalic acid, a circumstance of no small importance to the drug vender; the form of these crystals is that of a square prism, having its edges replaced, and commonly terminated by a pyramid of four planes; the only cleavage is parallel to one of the diagonals of the prism. The numerous accidents which so frequently occur from mistaking Oxalic acid for Epsom Salts have given rise to many suggestions for obtaining an easy and popular test which may at once distinguish these bodies; it is evident that no test can be so simple as that afforded by the taste; but if such accidents are in future to be prevented, it must be done by imparting to the acid some external character by which it may be at once recognised; if a test were even discovered a hundred times more sensible than any which we possess, what would it avail?

Qualities. Form, flakes of a granular texture; Colour, whitish, or pale yellow; Odour, slight but peculiar; Taste, nauseous sweet, with some degree of bitterness. Chemical Composition. This concrete vegetable juice, besides sugar, appears to contain mucilage and extractive, to which its taste and other peculiar properties are owing. Solubility. It is entirely soluble in water and alcohol. Med. Uses. It is now merely regarded as a laxative for children, or for weak persons. It generally requires some laxative adjunct, as castor oil, with which it may be combined by the medium of mucilage. Dose, for children, from ?j to ?iij, in warm milk. Officinal Prep. Confectio CassiÆ. L.E.D. Enema Cathart. D. Enema Foetid. D. Syrup. SennÆ. D. Adulterations. There are several varieties in the market, the best of which is flake manna, manna canulata, in a stalactitic form. An article, entirely factitious, consisting of honey or sugar, mixed with scammony, is sometimes sold for genuine manna, but its colour, weight, transparency, and taste, must instantly lead to its detection.

The use of this resinous substance is to fill the cavities of carious teeth; a solution of it in oil of turpentine is sold as an odontalgic. The Turkish and Armenian women use it as a masticatory for cleaning the teeth, emulging the salivary glands, and imparting an agreeable odour to the breath. It forms a constituent of the Dinner Pills. See Aloes. Sonnini tells us that, in Egypt, the smoke of Mastich is supposed to kill any sick person that inhales it.

This well known substance appears to be merely collected from the flowers, and not elaborated by the internal economy of the insect; when properly diluted it undergoes vinous fermentation, the product of which is the beverage well known by the name of Mead. The English honey is more waxy than that from the south of Europe. Virgin honey is that wrought by young bees which have never swarmed, and permitted to run from the comb without heat or pressure. Chemical Composition. Sugar, mucilage, wax, an acid, and occasionally some essential oil. Clarified Honey, (Mel Despumatum. L.D.) has not the agreeable smell of crude honey; it does not however ferment so readily, nor is it so apt to gripe. Uses. It is principally employed for forming several officinal preparations, i. e. Mellita, viz. Mel Boracis. L. Mel Ros. L.D. Oxymel. L.D. Oxymel Colchici. E. Oxymel ScillÆ. L.D.^[562] Sir John Pringle considered it as useful in nephritic disorders; it possesses also a laxative property, which renders it on many occasions preferable to Syrup. Adulterations. Flour may be detected by diffusing the honey in tepid water, by which it will be separated, and, by subsequent boiling, converted into a thick paste.

[This plant is a native of the East Indies, from whence it was introduced into Europe and North America. The part used in medicine is the bark of the root. It is a powerful anthelmintic, and affects the system in a way very similar to the Spigelia Marylandica, producing not unfrequently confusion of the head, stupor, trembling of the hands, &c. This is particularly the case if it be used in the months of March and April, when the sap rises in the tree. It is chiefly against the round worm that the Melia has been found successful, though in some cases it has proved effectual also against the TÆnia. It is generally given in the form of decoction: to prepare this, ?iij or ?iv of the bark of the fresh root are put into a quart of water and boiled down to a pint, of which ?ss to ?j may be given every two or three hours till it operates. Administered in this way, it frequently causes both purging and vomiting.]

All the qualities of this plant depend upon an essential oil and camphor; it readily and strongly impregnates either water or spirit, by infusion; its infusion, and the water distilled from the plant, are carminative and antispasmodic; they also serve as vehicles for other medicines, to correct their operation, or to disguise their flavour. Officinal Preparations. Aq. Menth. Piperit. L.E.D. Spir. Menth. Pip. L.D. Ol. Menth. Pip. L.D. If this plant be cut in wet weather, it turns black, and is worthless.

Cold water extracts the more agreeable and active parts of mint in a few hours; a longer maceration extracts the grosser and less agreeable portions; hot water more quickly extracts its virtues, but if it be boiling it dissipates the aroma. Officinal Preparations. Aq. Menth. virid. L.D. Infus. Menth. comp. D. Ol. Menth. virid. L. D. Spir. Menth. virid. L.

The inner bark of this plant, when fresh, is corrosive and even vesicatory; the fruit is equally so, but neither have any smell; its virulence is counteracted by camphor. It contains, besides extractive matter, an acrid resinous substance, which, according to Plaff, bears a strong resemblance to the active principle of Cantharides. It is now seldom used except as an antivenereal remedy, or in cases of chronic cutaneous disease. Forms of Exhibition. In a decoction, made by boiling ?ss of the bark, with an equal quantity of Liquorice root, in oiij of water down to oij; of which f?ss may be given twice a day. From its pungency it is one of the substances used by fraudulent brewers to communicate a strong flavour to their beer. Where a discharge from issues cannot be kept up by the common means, it is said that the introduction of a little of this bark, instead of the pea, will in a few hours produce the desired effect. Officinal Preparations. Decoct. Sarsaparill. comp. L. Decoct. Daphnes. Mezerei. E. The Daphne Laureola is very generally sold for Mezereon.

The principles upon which this form of preparation is to be constructed, are fully detailed in the first part of this work, page 199.

Mistura Ammoniaci. L. This mixture is expectorant, and may be exhibited with tincture of squills, &c. (Form. 115, 136.) It is slightly curdled by vinegar, oxymel, Æther, and oxy-muriate of mercury.

Mistura Amygdalarum. L. Emulsio Amygdali communis. E. Lac AmygdalÆ. D. It is a useful demulcent and diluent, and forms an elegant vehicle for more active medicines. Incompatibles—Acids, Oxymel, Syrup of Squill, Spirit, and Tinctures, unless added in very small quantities, decompose this mixture; tartaric acid, super-tartrate of potass, and oxy-muriate of mercury, also disturb it. Form. 137.

Mistura AssafoetidÆ. L. A nauseous preparation; and where its use is indicated, it will be more judicious to prescribe it as an extemporaneous mixture. See Assafoetida.

Mistura CamphorÆ. L. This solution of camphor forms an elegant vehicle for more active stimulants. The camphor is separated from the water by a solution of pure potass, by sulphate of magnesia, and by several saline bodies. See Form. 7, 24, 25, 32, 47, 72, 116, 117, 123.

Mistura Cornu Usti. L. Decoctum Cornu Cervini. D. This is nothing more than a simple diffusion of phosphate of lime in a thin mucilage—Cui bono? It was retained in the Pharmacopoeia in deference to the opinion of some experienced practitioners.

Mistura CretÆ. L.D. A common and useful remedy in diarrhoea, and may be combined with opium, catechu, or any other astringent. Form. 52. It is of course incompatible with acids, and acidulous salts.

Mistura Ferri Composita. L. This is nearly the same as the celebrated anti-hectic mixture of Dr. Griffith; to the result of the decompositions which take place from the mixture of its ingredients, it is wholly indebted for its medicinal energies; thus, a proto-carbonate of iron is formed, i. e. the iron combined with carbonic acid is at its minimum of oxidation, which renders it more active than the common carbonate, and probably less stimulant than the sulphate; this product, by means of the saponaceous compound formed by the union of the myrrh with the excess of alkali, is partly diffused and suspended in the mixture, and partly dissolved, whilst at the same time a sulphate of potass is formed, which serves to correct the astringent influence which iron is apt to exert upon the bowels. The iron in this preparation is disposed to combine with an additional proportion of oxygen, hence its ingredients should be quickly mixed together, and it ought to be considered as an extemporaneous preparation, and be preserved in a closely-stopt vessel. Its change of colour will generally indicate its loss of efficacy. This preparation must be regarded as permanently serviceable in Chlorosis, and the numerous sympathetic affections connected with it. In the painful swellings which infest the breasts of chlorotic young women, I have found it almost a specific. Dose, f?j-f?ij. The proportion of Proto-carbonate of iron, contained in any given quantity of this mixture, may be found by referring to the Medicinal Dynameter; for instance, bring the preparation to 12, and we shall perceive that this number of fluid-drachms contain 1 grain of Protoxide, or rather more than gr. iss of Proto-carbonate of iron; and we shall, at the same time, perceive that to give an equivalent quantity in the form of Pil. Ferri comp. we must prescribe ?j. See Form. 96.

Mistura Moschi. This is an eligible form for the administration of Musk. Dose, f?j-f?ij, to which may be added extemporaneously, ammonia, Æther, and other diffusible stimulants.

The Dose of the above mixtures is f?j-to f?ij twice or thrice a day.

Qualities. Form, grains concreted together, dry, yet slightly unctuous. Colour, deep brown with a shade of red; Odour, aromatic, peculiar, diffusive, and durable; and it has the curious property, when added in a minute quantity, to augment the odour of other perfumes without imparting its own; this renders it a valuable article in perfumery, on which account it is a usual ingredient in lavender water. Taste, bitterish and heavy. Chemical Composition. Resin combined with volatile oil, and a mucilaginous extractive matter, with small portions of albumen, gelatine, muriate of ammonia, and phosphate of soda. Solubility. Boiling water dissolves it perfectly; rectified spirit takes up most of its active parts, although the odour is only discovered upon dilution; sulphuric Æther is its most complete menstruum. Incompatible Substances. The solutions are decomposed by Oxy-muriate of Mercury; Sulphate of Iron; Nitrate of Silver; and the Infusion of Yellow Bark. Med. Uses. Stimulant and antispasmodic. As early as the time of Meade it was employed in typhus fever; Pringle administered it in gout of the stomach, a practice which received the concurrence of Cullen; conjoined with ammonia it has been celebrated for its powers in arresting the progress of gangrene, and of imparting fresh excitement to the nervous system. It has been also administered with success in epilepsy, hooping cough, and other spasmodic affections. Forms of Exhibition. The best form is that of bolus, combined with ammonia or camphor, or some other similar remedy, (Form. 21); it may be also administered in a mixture, for which purpose it requires five times its weight of mucilage, consequently the London College has not directed a sufficient quantity to retain the musk in suspension: by previously triturating it with sugar, its minute division is much facilitated. Dose, grs. x to xxx. See Form. 22, 30. Officinal Prep. Mist. Mosch. L. Tinct. Mosch. D. Adulterations. The bag containing the musk should have no appearance of having been opened: the presence of dried blood may be suspected, by its emitting, as it inflames, a fetid smoke; Asphaltum is discovered by its melting and running before it inflames: the artificial bags are known from the deficiency of the membrane which lines the real musk bags. To increase the weight of the musk, fine particles of lead are frequently added; this is easily detected, for by rubbing it with water the metallic particles will subside.

Moschus Factitius. Artificial Musk, strongly resembling the real, may be formed by digesting f?ss of Nitric Acid, for ten days, upon ?j of fetid animal oil, obtained by distillation; to this is to be next gradually added oj of rectified spirit, and the whole is then to be left to digest for one month: or—

2. Drop f?iiiss of nitric acid upon f?j of rectified oil of amber; after standing twenty-four hours, a black, resinous pellicle, exhaling the odour of musk, will be formed.

This preparation consists of one part of gum and two of water; in preparing it, the dispenser is particularly recommended to pulverize the gum, and never to employ that which is purchased in the state of powder, as it is always impure and incapable of forming a pellucid and elegant solution.^[564] Incompatible Substances. Neither the strong acids nor alcohol, when considerably diluted, occasion any disturbance in it; but sulphuric Æther and its compound spirit, the tincture of muriated iron, and sub-acetate of lead, produce very dense precipitates: the acetate of lead only occasions decomposition, when an alkaline salt is present in the formula; the volatile alkali curdles the mucilage, and hard calcareous waters render the mixture difficult and often impracticable. In the pharmaceutical application of this mucilage, it should be remembered that it contains in its composition an astringent principle, which is perhaps of but trifling consequence except in the exhibition of some very few active metallic salts, which are certainly decomposed by it (e. g. grs. x of nitrate of mercury are decomposed by ?ij of gum arabic.^[565]) It contains also lime in combination with some vegetable acid. Uses. Diluted with four times its bulk of water, this mucilage forms a demulcent mixture of appropriate tenacity, which affords a convenient vehicle for several efficient remedies; the pharmaceutical use of this mucilage depends upon the fact of its rendering expressed and essential oils, balsams, resins, gum-resins, resinous tinctures, and fatty bodies, miscible with water, but if a syrup be added, the union will be more perfect; the proportions necessary for this purpose vary according to the nature of the substances; thus, oils will require about three-fourths their weight, Balsams and Spermaceti an equal part, Resins a double quantity, and Musk five times its weight; the following FormulÆ illustrate this property, 9, 19, 22, 135.

This is a strong, insipid, inodorous mucilage, which is principally employed as a vehicle for exhibiting Opium in the form of Enema, see Amylum.

Tragacanth is, strictly speaking, not soluble in water, but imbibes a large portion of it and swells into a considerable bulk, forming a soft but not a liquid mucilage; on the farther addition of water, a fluid solution may be obtained by agitation, and the liquor is turbid; but on standing, the mucilage subsides, the limpid water on the surface retaining a little of the gum;^[566] it differs from all gums in giving a thick consistence to a larger quantity of water, its power in this respect being to that of gum arabic as twenty to one; one part converts twenty of hot water into a stiff mucilage. Tragacanth is not increased, but actually diminished in solubility by the addition of any other gum, it accordingly separates from water with much greater facility when gum arabic is present. This preparation, according to the Edinburgh college, consists of one part of gum and eight of water; the resulting mucilage is stiff, and is principally employed for making troches. The Dublin preparation contains four times that quantity of water.

All the properties of this well-known substance depend upon an essential oil, filling the dark coloured veins which run through its substance, the other components are starch, gum, wax, and a fixed oil. The oil obtained by expression is improperly called oil of mace, for it would appear to be a triple compound of fixed oil, volatile oil, and wax, and which, although limpid when first drawn, soon acquires on cooling the consistence of spermaceti. Mace is the involucrum of the nut. Med. Uses. Stimulant, and in large doses, as from ?ij to ?iij, narcotic, frequently producing delirium. See Cullen Mat. Med. ii. 201. Officinal Prep: Spir: MyristicÆ. L.E.D. Frauds. Nutmegs are frequently despoiled of their essential oil, by being punctured and submitted to the operation of decoction, the orifices being subsequently closed by powdered Sassafras; the imposition is detected by the comparative lightness of the nutmeg, and by its extreme fragility; the holes may also be discovered by carefully examining the surface of the nut, after having steeped it in hot water.

Qualities. Form, irregularly shaped pieces, translucent, of a reddish yellow colour; Odour, peculiar and fragrant; Taste, bitter and aromatic. Chemical Composition. Resin, gum, essential oil, and some extractive. Solubility. When triturated with soft, or distilled water, nearly the whole appears to be dissolved, forming an opaque, yellowish solution, but by rest the greater part is deposited, and not more than one-third is actually dissolved; its solubility, however, in water may be increased by trituration with camphor or an alkali; rectified spirit dissolves it, and the resulting tincture, when diluted, becomes turbid, although no precipitate occurs. Med. Uses. Stimulant, as in Form. 103. Expectorant, 132, 133, 138. Emmenagogue, 95, 98, 99. It is also tonic, and agrees with some constitutions better than any of the bitters. Forms of Exhibition. No form is so eligible as that of substance. Dose, grs. x to ?j. The alkalies, in their crystalline state, when triturated with myrrh, reduce it to the form of a tenacious fluid. Officinal Preparations. Tinct. Myrrh. L.E.D. Tinct. Aloes et Myrrh. E. Tinct. AloËs Ætherea. E. Mist. Ferri comp. L. (G L) Pil. Aloes cum Myrrha. L.E.D. Pil. Ferri cum Myrrha. L. Pil. Galb. comp. L.D. (B) Pil. Assafoetid. comp. E. (B) Pil. Rhei, comp. E. (G) Adulterations. It is subject to a variety of frauds, being frequently mixed with adventitious gums, which are to be detected by their foreign odour, their white or dark colour, and by their opacity.

This seed has not at present a place in the British pharmacopoeiÆ; it presents however several points of interest to the physiologist, the physician, and the chemist. Its virulent action upon animals has been long known; and it has been administered in combination with gentian in intermittents.^[567] (Ludovic. Phar. p. 113,) and as a narcotic in mania; it also constituted an ingredient in the famous Electuarium de ovo, (Ph. Angl. p. 263.) Nux vomica has been said to produce benefit in the plague; the German writers have strongly commended it in mania, epilepsy, and hydrophobia; as well as in chronic rheumatism, gout, scrophula, lues venera, and cutaneous eruptions; in Sweden it is stated to have displayed very beneficial effects in Dysentery. Dr. Fourquier has lately introduced its use in the Hopital de la CharitÉ, in cases of partial paralysis, and it is said, with very great success.^[568] The value of the practice has been since confirmed by the experiments of Dumeril, Majendie, Hebreard, Husson, and Asselin. The dose is four or five grains of the powder in pills, during the day. The French codex contains two alcoholic extracts of this substance; the one prepared with a strong spirit (22, 32, BeaumÉ, i. e. from sp. gr. ·915 to ·856,) is much more active and powerful than that made with a weak spirit. (12, 22, BeaumÉ, i. e. from sp. gr. ·985 to ·915.)

M. M. Pelletier and Caventou have discovered in this substance, a peculiar proximate principle, to which its virulence is owing; it was named Vauqueline, in honour of the celebrated French philosopher, but in deference to the opinion of the French Academy of Sciences, the discoverers have substituted the name Strychnia, because “a name dearly loved, ought not to be applied to a noxious principle!”^[569] (Annales de Chimie, vol. 8 to 10.) Strychnia is highly alkaline, and crystallizes in very small four-sided prisms, terminated by four-sided pyramids; its taste is insupportably bitter, leaving a slight metallic flavour, and is so powerful as even to be perceptible when a grain is dissolved in eighty pounds of water;^[570] it has no smell; is not changed by exposure to the air, nor is it either fusible or volatile, for when submitted to the action of heat, it only fuses at the moment of its decomposition which takes place at a temperature inferior to that which destroys most vegetable substances; it is so extremely active and violent, that in doses of half a grain it occasions serious effects, and in larger ones convulsions and death; it is perhaps the most powerful,^[571] and next to hydro-cyanic acid, the most rapid of poisons; notwithstanding its strong taste, it is very sparingly soluble in water, requiring 6667 parts of that fluid for its solution at 50, and 2500 at 212°. It is very soluble in alcohol, but unlike most of the other vegetable alkalies, is nearly insoluble in Æther; with acids it forms neutral and crystallizable salts; these salts as well as their base, have the singular property of becoming bloodred by the action of concentrated nitric acid. The alcoholic solution of Strychnia has the property of precipitating the greater number of metallic oxides from their acid solutions. It is precipitated by alkalies and alkaline earths. Strychnia exists in native combination in the Strychnus with an acid which has some analogy with the malic, and which Pelletier and Caventou propose to call the Igasuric acid, from the Malay name for the bean of St. Ignatius,^[572] (Strychnus Ignatius,) in which its properties were first examined. In conformity with such views, the active principle of the tribe of Strychni is an Igasurate of Strychnia;—a fact which suggests the existence of a most singular and striking analogy between the chemical constitution of these narcotico-acrid bodies^[573] and that of opium. The recent experiments of Pelletier have shewn, moreover, that besides Strychnia, the Nux Vomica contains Brucia, an alkaline body which had been previously discovered in spurious Angustura. Its properties are similar to those of Strychnia, but it is less active. Being much more soluble in alcohol than Strychnia, if care be taken to crystallize the latter several times in alcohol, it will be separated, the Brucia remaining in the mother waters. Strychnia has been given in doses of one-twelfth of a grain, but it is a most dangerous remedy, and is liable to occasion tetanic convulsions.^[574] It has been said, however, to prove serviceable in cases of Epilepsy that had resisted every other method of cure. Dr. Fleming informs us that the Hindoos of upper India are in the habit of adding Nux Vomica in the process of distilling Arrack, for the purpose of rendering the spirit more intoxicating. The London Porter brewers have been accused of the same pernicious practice.

The British pharmacopoeiÆ direct them to be obtained by distillation only; the French codex orders several of them to be prepared by expression. Qualities. Form, liquid, sometimes viscid; specific grav. various; oil of turpentine, which is the lightest, being only 0·792, whilst the oil of cloves, cinnamon, and allspice, exceed 1·030, and that of sassafras, which is the heaviest, amounts to 1·094; these latter oils hold resin in solution, and of course sink in water. Odour, penetrating and fragrant; Taste, acrid; they are volatilized at a temperature somewhat below that of boiling water; they are very inflammable. Solubility. Very soluble in alcohol, forming what are termed in perfumery Essences; in water they are very sparingly soluble; the solutions are known in pharmacy under the title of distilled waters; they are also dissolved by Æther, and the fixed oils; when digested with ammonia, some of the less odorous acquire a considerable degree of fragrance, whilst on the contrary, fixed alkalies universally impair their odour; they are rapidly decomposed by nitric and sulphuric acids, and their action is sometimes attended with instant inflammation. Volatile oils, from continued exposure to the air, absorb oxygen, and become resinous, by which they lose their volatility, fragrance, and pungency, hence they should be preserved in small opaque phials, completely full and well stopped. Med. Uses. They act as powerful stimulants and aromatics; they remove nausea and flatulence, correct the griping of certain purgatives, and cover the offensive taste of various remedies. See AquÆ destillatÆ. They, moreover, have the property of defending certain animal and vegetable preparations from mouldiness. This curious fact has been already noticed, see page 177. The following is a list of the species admitted into our British pharmacopoeiÆ; those designated in italics are principally for internal use. Olea Anisi, Anthemidis, Carui, Juniperi. LavandulÆ, MenthÆ PiperitÆ, MenthÆ viridis, Origani, PimentÆ, Pulegii, Rosmarini, L. Olea Volatilia, Juniperi communis, Juniperi SabinÆ, LavandulÆ SpicÆ, Lauri Sassafras, MenthÆ PiperitÆ, MyrtÆ PimentÆ, PimpinellÆ Anisi, Rorismarini Officinalis. E. Olea Juniperi, Pimento, Corticis et Ligni Sassafras, e Seminibus Anisi, Carui, Foeniculi dulcis, Florum LavendulÆ, Foliorum SabinÆ, HerbÆ florescentis MenthÆ SativÆ, Origani, Pulegii, Rorismarini, RutÆ, D. Adulterations. Fixed Oils may be detected by moistening writing paper with the suspected article and holding it before the fire: if the oil be entirely essential, no stain of grease will remain; as castor oil is more soluble in spirit than the others, it is the one generally selected for this fraudulent purpose, and the addition of alcohol restores the sophisticated oil to its proper degree of consistency. Alcohol is discovered by adding water, which, if it be present, occasions a milkiness, and at the same time, an increase of temperature; a decrease of bulk also takes place, which may easily be ascertained by measuring the oil and water separately, and then transferring them, in a state of mixture, into a tube of small diameter. Cheaper oils, as that of turpentine, are recognised by their peculiar odour, which may be developed by rubbing a drop upon the hand and holding it to the fire, or, by the dense black smoke with which they burn. The oil of aniseed, as it crystallizes at 50°, is frequently sophisticated with wax, spermaceti, or camphor; the fraud is detected by warming the oil, when the crystals, if genuine, will dissolve.^[575] In some cases the refractive power of the oil affords a test of its purity. See my work on Chemistry in its relations to Medicine, § 318.

These are obtained from animal matter by fusion, and from vegetable by expression, or decoction with water. Qualities. Odour, none; Taste, mild; they boil at 600°, but undergo decomposition, becoming acrid and empyreumatic; the oil, in this state, was formerly used in medicine under the name of philosopher’s oil.^[576] By exposure to air they absorb oxygen and become rancid; they congeal at a temperature of 32°, and some even above that. When the oil is expressed by heating the plates of the press, or by previously roasting the seeds, it is more disposed to become rancid; cold drawn oils are on this account to be preferred for the purposes of pharmacy. Solubility. They are insoluble in water, and, except castor oil, nearly so in alcohol and Æther; with caustic alkalies they combine and form soaps; when aided by heat they readily unite with oxide of lead, forming the solid compound well known by the term plaister. They unite also very readily with each other, and with volatile oils. Solvent Powers. They dissolve sulphur, and form a kind of balsam with it; they also possess the power of extracting and dissolving the narcotic and acrid principles of several vegetable and animal substances, in consequence of which, the French pharmacopoeia directs a series of preparations under the term “Olea Medicata;” thus there are olea CicutÆ, Hyoscyami, Solani, Stramonii, NicotianÆ;^[577] which are made by digesting with a gentle heat, one part of the subject in two parts of olive oil.^[578]

This fixed oil, whether procured from the sweet or bitter almond, has the same properties, for the bitter principle resides exclusively in combination with a peculiar volatile oil attached to the mucilage;^[579] that from the latter keeps longer without rancidity. It is sometimes made from old Jordan almonds, by heat, in which case it very soon grows fetid. Nut oil, Oleum nucum Coryli, has been proposed as a substitute for that of almonds; in China it is drunk with tea, instead of cream. Medical Uses. For forming emulsions, in coughs, and other pulmonary complaints. Forms of Exhibition. It may be formed into an emulsion by the intermedium of mucilage, the yelk of an egg, or by that of an alkali.

1. By Mucilage. This is in general a more convenient medium than the yelk of an egg; one part of gum, made into mucilage, will be sufficient for the diffusion of four parts of oil, (see Mucilago AcaciÆ) the oil and mucilage must be carefully triturated together, and the water then gradually added; the emulsion thus formed is permanent, and the addition of a moderate quantity of acid, spirit, or tincture, will not produce decomposition. See Form. 73.

2. By Alkalies. This oil, by uniting with alkalies and water, forms an elegant and grateful mixture, for which purpose the following proportions are to be observed, every f?j of oil requires ??viij of liquor potassÆ, and f?iss of distilled water. Incompatible Substances. Acids; oxymel; syrups of poppies and squills; tartrate and super-tartrate of potass; super-sulphate of potass; oxy-muriate of mercury; resins; hard water. See Form. 166, 167.

Qualities. Colour, pale yellow; Odour, fragrant and pungent, having the characteristic smell of prussic acid. Taste, pungent, bitter, and peculiar. Solubility. Like other essential oils, its sensible properties and medicinal effects are imparted to water; in alcohol it is very soluble.^[580] Chemical Composition. A peculiar oil, combined with hydro-cyanic acid. M. Vogel of Munich has lately succeeded in separating these constituents, by agitating the whole in a concentrated solution of potass, and distilling to dryness; the oil volatilized together with water, while the residuum in the retort was found to contain Cyanide of Potassium. The volatile oil, thus purified, is without odour, and heavier than water. Its taste is extremely acrid and burning; by contact with air it crystallizes rapidly; it dissolves easily in alcohol and Æther, but only in a very small proportion in water. The flame of its combustion is very brilliant, and accompanied with much smoke. In order to discover whether this oil, when freed from its hydro-cyanic acid, is still poisonous, M. Vogel put a drop of it on the tongue of a sparrow; when it died, after violent convulsions, in a few seconds; he also poisoned a dog, two months old, with four drops of it; whence he concludes that the volatile oil, divested of its hydro-cyanic acid, is still a poison, although less energetic than the oil that has not undergone such a change. Med: Uses. It has all the characteristic effects of prussic acid, but is so powerful and dangerous as to preclude its application. It is principally sold to perfumers and confectioners.

It is generally obtained by distilling the expressed cake of bitter almonds; the operation however requires considerable pharmaceutical address, and is, moreover, attended with unpleasant consequences.^[581]

Qualities. Colour, pale yellow, somewhat inclining to green; Taste, bland; Odour, none; it ought to congeal at 38° Fah. With the exception of the oil of Almonds, it is the lightest of the fat oils, its specific gravity being only ·915. According to the recent observations of Dr. Clarke of Cambridge, this oil crystallizes in rectangular four-sided prisms with square bases. Uses. Although much less laxative than Castor oil, it is a useful aperient. It was long regarded, but erroneously, as possessing antidotal powers against the bites of venemous snakes and insects; and it has been confidently recommended, in the form of liniment, as a remedy against the Plague. Officinal Preparations. Linimentum AmmoniÆ Fortius. L. Adulterations. It is not unfrequently mixed with the oil of poppy seeds, (see Papaveris CapsulÆ), a fraud which may be easily discovered by exposing a sample to the freezing temperature, when the olive oil will congeal, while that of poppies will remain fluid; and since those oils which freeze with most difficulty are most susceptible of rancidity, the admixture of poppy oil must be regarded as injurious: it also deserves notice that the peculiar habitudes of Oil of Olives, with the Pernitrate of Mercury, offer a distinguishing character, by which the adulteration of the oil may be satisfactorily detected; for if the pernitrate, made by dissolving 6 parts of the metal in 7·5 of nitric acid, of sp. grav. 1·36, at a common temperature, be mixed with olive oil, the mixture, if kept cold, will in the course of a few hours become solid, whereas if it has any admixture of the oil of grains, it will not undergo such a change. The contamination derived from lead, which is frequently immersed in the oil for the purpose of removing its rancidity, may be detected by shaking one part of the suspected sample with three parts of water, impregnated with sulphuretted hydrogen, in a stopped phial.

Qualities. Form, fragments of a translucent, whitish yellow, and generally powdered with a whitish dust, occasioned by the friction of the pieces against each other; Odour, when burning is fragrant; Taste, bitterish and acrid. Solubility. When triturated with water, a milky solution results, which after some time deposits the resinous part, and retains not more than three-eighths dissolved. Alcohol dissolves three-fourths of it, and forms a solution perfectly transparent. Æther dissolves more than half, leaving a white opaque residuum soluble in water. Chemical Composition. The latest analysis of this substance is by Braconnot, who found in 100 parts of it, of volatile oil 8, resin 56, gum 39, and of an anomalous principle resembling gum, but insoluble in water and alcohol, 5·2 parts. The oil, in colour and smell, very strongly resembled that of lemons. Med. Uses. It is now less used than formerly; it is however stimulant and diaphoretic. Pulverized it enters into several popular electuaries for gleets, fluor albus, &c. and very probably acts by finding a passage into the urine, without undergoing any change or decomposition.

Two kinds are found in commerce, distinguished by the name of Turkey and East India Opium.

Qualities. Form, Turkey opium occurs in flat pieces, of a solid compact texture, and possessing considerable tenacity; Sp. gr. 1·336, so that, when compared with the condensed juices of other plants, it is heavy, being exceeded only in this respect by opoponax and gum-arabic. By long exposure to the air it becomes hard, breaks with a glimmering fracture, owing to the presence of a few saline particles, and affords a yellowish powder. It is opaque, tenacious, plastic, adherent to the fingers. Colour, a reddish-brown, or fawn. Odour, peculiar, heavy, and narcotic. Taste, at first a nauseous bitter, which soon becomes acrid with some degree of warmth. It is inflammable, but yields no narcotic odour on burning. Solubility. It is partially soluble in water, alcohol, Æther, wine, vinegar, and lemon juice; when triturated with hot water, five parts in twelve are dissolved, six suspended, and one part remains perfectly insoluble and resembles gluten. By long boiling, its soporific powers are impaired and ultimately destroyed: the alcoholic is more highly charged with its narcotic principle than the aqueous solution; but spirit, rather below proof, is its best menstruum. The watery solution when filtered is transparent, and reddens the colour of litmus; it undergoes no change on the addition of alcohol, but precipitates occur from pure ammonia and from the carbonates of fixed alkalies; from the solutions of oxy-muriate of mercury, nitrate of silver, sub-acetate and acetate of lead, the sulphates of copper, zinc, and iron, and from an infusion of galls. Chemical Composition. Resin, gum, bitter extractive, sulphate of lime, gluten, Narcotine (see note) and a peculiar alkaline body, to which the soporific virtues of opium are owing, and to which the appropriate name of Morphia has been assigned; and it appears moreover that this new alkaline body exists in combination with an unknown acid, which has therefore been denominated the Meconic Acid; so that the narcotic principle of opium is Morphia in the state of a meconiate, or perhaps of a super-meconiate.

For these important facts we are indebted to the successive labours of Derosne,^[584] Seguin,^[585] Sertuerner,^[586] and Robiquet. And the French codex contains, in its appendix, formulÆ for the preparation of morphia^[587] according to the directions of these two latter chemists: viz. Robiquet’s process. Three hundred parts of pure opium are to be macerated during five days, in one thousand parts of common water; to the filtered solution, fifteen parts of perfectly pure magnesia (carefully avoiding the carbonate,) are to be added; boil this mixture for ten minutes, and separate the sediment by a filter, washing it with cold water until the water passes off clear; after which, treat it alternately with hot and cold alcohol, (12, 22, BÉ.) as long as the menstruum takes up any colouring matter; the residue is then to be treated with boiling alcohol (22, 32, BÉ.) for a few minutes. The solution, on cooling, will deposit crystals of Morphia.

Rationale of the Process. A soluble Meconiate of Magnesia is formed, whilst the sediment consists of Morphia in the state of mixture, with the excess of magnesia; the boiling alcohol with which this residuum is treated, exerts no action upon the magnesia, but dissolves the Morphia, and on cooling surrenders it in a crystalline form. A repetition of the treatment with boiling alcohol will procure a fresh crop of crystals, and the process should be continued until they cease to appear.

Sertuerner’s method. It differs from the preceding, in substituting ammonia for magnesia, and in adding to the sediment, separated as before mentioned, as much sulphuric acid as is sufficient to convert the Morphia into a sulphate, which is subsequently decomposed by a farther addition of ammonia; the precipitate thus produced is then dissolved in boiling alcohol, which on cooling surrenders the Morphia in a state of crystalline purity. It appears however that the Morphia produced by this latter method, is less abundant and more impure and coloured, than that which is furnished by the process of Robiquet.

Characters of Morphia. When pure, it crystallizes in very fine, transparent, truncated pyramids, the bases of which are either squares or rectangles, occasionally united base to base, and thereby forming octohedra. It is sparingly soluble in boiling water, but dissolves abundantly in heated alcohol; and the solution is intensely bitter; in Æther it is far less soluble. It has all the characters of an alkali; affecting test papers, tinged with turmeric or violets; uniting with acids, and forming neutral salts, and decomposing the compounds of acids with metallic oxides. It unites with sulphur by means of heat, but the combination is decomposed at the same instant; it is incapable of forming soap with an oxidized oil. It fuses at a moderate temperature, when it resembles melted sulphur, and like that substance, crystallizes on cooling; it is decomposed by distillation, yielding carbonate of ammonia, oil, and a black resinous residue, with a peculiar smell; when heated in contact with air, it inflames rapidly; the voltaic pile exerts but little action upon it, yet, when mixed with a globule of mercury, the latter appears to become increased in bulk, and to change consistence. When analyzed by means of the deutoxide of copper, it yields carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; and if ammonia has been employed, as a precipitant in its preparation, we shall also obtain some nitrogen, but not if prepared according to the improved process of Robiquet. Its habitudes with different bodies have not hitherto been sufficiently investigated, but they are highly important, in as much as they will explain the operation of those various medicinal compounds, into which opium enters as a principal ingredient. Sertuerner has given us an account of the effect of the alcoholic solution of Morphia on himself and three of his pupils; he found, that repeated small doses of half a grain produced at first decided excitation; then weakness, numbness, and tendency to fainting; after swallowing vinegar while in this condition, violent vomiting was excited, profound sleep intervened in one delicate individual, and next day he suffered from nausea, vomiting, head-ache, anorexia, constipation, and heaviness (Ann. de Chim. et de Phys. T. v.) This case is sufficient to shew that although Morphia possesses the characteristic powers of opium, its strength is by no means commensurate with its supposed concentration. When uncombined it exerts little or no action in consequence of its insolubility. The following history of its saline compounds may be useful.

The Carbonate crystallizes in short prisms.

The Acetate in needles, very soluble, and extremely active.

The Sulphate, in arborescent crystals, very soluble.

The Muriate, in plumose crystals, much less soluble; when evaporated, it concretes into a shining white plumose mass on cooling.

The Nitrates, in prisms grouped together.

The Meconiate, in oblique prisms, sparingly soluble.

The Tartrate, in prisms.

Morphia is separated from the above combinations by ammonia.

Morphia is very soluble in olive oil, and according to the experiments of M. Majendie, the compound acts with great intensity; with extractive matter, it forms a compound which is almost insoluble in water, but very soluble in acids.

The solubility of Morphia in acids explains why the administration of vinegar increases the powers of opium, (see page 135.) M. Majendie considers Morphia to produce a more purely soporose effect than opium, and that it is moreover exempt from the consecutive operation which so generally renders opium objectionable. This opinion, however, has not been confirmed by the trials made in this country; equally gratuitous is the assertion of the same physiologist, that by ringing changes on the salts of Morphia, its hypnotic effects may be kept up without increasing its dose.

As M. Majendie considers the after effects of opium to be independent of Morphia, it was necessary for him to point out the particular principle from which these noxious consequences arose, and he accordingly ascribed them to the Salt of Derosne, now more usually denominated Narcotine, and which may be entirely removed from the extract of opium by macerating it in sulphuric Æther; and in this way, it is said, a preparation is obtained, which, like Morphia, is exempt from the occasional bad consequences of the common drug; but no satisfactory trials have as yet been made with it.

The Meconic acid, when separated from the residuum of the magnesian salt, as described above, does not appear to possess any medicinal activity. Its distinguishing chemical character is, that it produces an intensely red colour in solutions of iron oxidized ad maximum.

East India Opium is an inferior species;^[588] it differs from Turkey Opium, in its texture being less compact, and much softer; its colour darker; its narcotic odour fainter, but combined with a strong empyreuma, and in its taste being more bitter, but less acrimonious. According to the experiments of Mr. A. T. Thomson, Turkey Opium contains three times more morphia than the East Indian variety. This latter, when triturated with water, is taken up without any residuum; hence it contains no gluten, but the sulphate of lime is more abundant, as appears from the relative proportion of precipitate produced by oxalic acid. The solution of the acetate of barytes, whilst it occasions no disturbance in the solutions of the Turkey variety, produces a copious precipitate with the East Indian.

Med. Uses. Are so well known that a few practical remarks will suffice.^[589]

Chemistry, it appears, has developed the principle of its activity, and accumulated experience has established the value and importance of its medicinal applications, but Physiology is still unable to demonstrate the manner in which it produces its effects. It must be admitted that its primary operation is that of a powerful and diffusible stimulant, but it is immediately followed by narcotic and sedative effects, which are far greater than could have been inferred from the degree of previous excitement, and hence much keen controversy has arisen in the schools concerning its modus operandi, (see page 76.) In large doses, the primary excitement is scarcely apparent, but the powers of life are instantly depressed, drowsiness and stupor succeed, and when the dose is excessive, these are followed by delirium, stertorous breathing, cold sweats, convulsions, and apoplectic death. Its stimulant effects are apparent only in small doses, by which the energy of the mind,^[590] the strength of the pulse, and the heat of the body, are considerably increased, but all the secretions and excretions, except the cuticular^[591] discharge, are diminished; for example, the fÆces of persons, after the use of opium, are not unfrequently clay-coloured, from the suspension of the biliary secretion; this circumstance suggests some important precautions with respect to its exhibition. Opium, when properly directed, is capable of fulfilling two great indications; 1st, of supporting the powers of life, and 2nd, of allaying spasm, pain, and irritation, and of blunting that morbid susceptibility of impression, which so frequently attends fever. Its use is contra-indicated in all cases where inflammatory action prevails, as in pulmonary affections, attended with an accelerated circulation and a dry hard cough.^[592] It is employed by some of the oriental nations for the same purposes that we take spirituous potations: by the Turks especially, to whom our more generous beverages are prohibited by religious prejudice, opium is solicited to inspire courage, or to invigorate fortitude;—to soothe sorrow;—or to dissipate the remembrance of misfortune;—to awaken the fancy to more brilliant exertions; or to create that mild composure and serenity of feeling, which is desirable after the cares and solicitudes of an active, perplexing, and arduous scene: like spirituous liquors among other people, it is, in short, the support of the coward,—the solace of the wretched,—and the daily source of intoxication to the debauchee. Notwithstanding all this, spirit and opium are by no means parallel medicines; on the contrary, the latter substance offers the best remedy for the Mania a Potu, and in cases of habitual drunkenness from alcohol, where our wish is to abstract the spirit, but are for obvious reasons unable so to do, we may frequently alternate its use with that of opium, with considerable advantage. Many of the beneficial effects of this remedy are to be referred to its power of allaying irritability; Sir G. Blane has remarked, that in ill-conditioned ulcers in the West Indies, opium was found superior to all other internal medicines for producing a disposition to heal. Under the free use of it, such ulcers would in place of a sanious discharge produce a healthy puss succeeded by granulations and cicatrization. It appears to do this by suspending irritation, and perhaps by promoting absorption.

In combination, the medical powers of opium are wonderfully extended, so that there is scarcely a disease in which it may not, during some of its stages, be rendered useful. By diminishing the sensibility of the stomach and bowels, it becomes a valuable and efficacious corrigent to many important medicines, and thus frequently favours their absorption and introduction into the system, as for instance, in the exhibition of mercurial alteratives, (Form. 141,) and in certain diuretic combinations, (Form. 100, 106, 107, 110,) in combination with antimonials, and with ipecacuan, its narcotic powers are obviated, and sudorific results are obtained. See Pulv. Ipecac. co. (Form. 117, 119, 124, 125, 127, 130.) Forms of Exhibition. In substance, or under the form of tincture. When we wish to continue the operation of opium, and not to obtain its full effect at once, it may be advantageously combined with some substance capable of retarding its solution in the stomach, as gum resins. See PilulÆ and Form. 10, 11, 12, 13. A watery infusion, made by infusing powdered opium in boiling water, will often operate without producing that distressing nausea and head-ache which so frequently follow the use of this substance. With respect, however, to the best modes of correcting the operation of this remedy, see pages 160 and 162. Dr. Porter of Bristol has introduced to our notice a solution of opium in citric acid; his formula^[593] for its preparation is subjoined, because I am of opinion that it merits the attention of the practitioner; I have lately submitted it to the test of experience, and it certainly possesses the merit of a powerful anodyne, operating with less disturbance than the more ordinary forms of this substance. I also take this opportunity of stating, that the pyroligneous acid manufactured by Beaufoy was used as a menstruum, and the effect of the solution was similar to that of Dr. Porter. When the stomach rejects altogether the internal exhibition of opium it may be successfully applied along the spine, by friction, with the camphor liniment; a piece of solid opium introduced into the rectum, or dissolved in some appropriate solvent, and injected as an enema, affords also considerable relief in spasmodic affections of the bowels, and in painful diseases of the prostate gland, or bladder, (Form. 9.) When thus introduced into the rectum, it cannot undergo that change which the digestive organs produce upon it, and consequently it is more uniform in its action than when presented to the stomach. Opium appears to be readily absorbed into the system, when applied to the surfaces of sores; considerable relief has been thus afforded to irritable stumps, after amputation, on which occasions, all the characteristic effects of opium have been produced upon the system, such as costiveness, head-ache, nausea, &c. Incompatible Substances. Oxy-muriate of mercury; acetate of lead; alkalies; infusions of galls, and of yellow cinchona. Orfila states that the decoction of Coffee is less energetic as an antidote, than the infusion. When we intend the opium to act as a sedative, we should not combine it with stimulants. The Edinburgh College certainly erred in this respect, when they made pepper an ingredient in their PilulÆ OpiatÆ. In combination with vegetable acids, its narcotic powers are increased, in consequence of the formation of soluble salts with morphia.^[594] When the opium however has passed out of the primÆ viÆ, vinegar and acids are then the best remedies for counteracting its effects; (see page 136.) Dose, must be varied according to the intention of the prescriber, the constitution of the patient, and the nature of the disease. A quarter of a grain, frequently repeated, will keep up its exhilarating influence; (Form. 15) from gr. j to ij acts as a narcotic; its power on the system soon becomes weaker; and from habitual use it is so much impaired that very large doses are required to produce its usual effects. Russell observes that the effects of opium on those addicted to its use, are at first obstinate costiveness, succeeded by diarrhoea and flatulence, with loss of appetite and a sottish appearance; the teeth decay, the memory fails, and the unhappy sufferer prematurely sinks into the grave. Officinal Prep. Gr. j of opium is contained in Confect. Opii. L. grs. 36. Elect. Opii. E. grs. 43. Elect. Catechu. E. grs. 193. (F.) Elect. Catechu. comp. D. grs. 199. (F.) Pil. Saponis cum opio. L. grs. 5. Pil. Opiat. E. grs. 10. Pil. e Styrace. D. grs. 5. Pulv. Corn. ust. cum Opio. L. grs. 10. Pulv. Cret. comp, cum Opio. L. grs. 40. Pulv. Ipecac. comp. L.E. grs. 10. (H.) Pulv. Kino. comp. L. grs. 20. (F.) Tinct. Opii. L. ??19. Tinct. Camphor. comp. L. f?ss. Tinct. Opii ammon. E. f?j. Troch. Glycyrr. cum Opio. E. ?j. Vinum Opii. L. ??17. The Medicinal Dynameter will at once shew the quantity of opium in any proportion of the above preparations. Adulterations. The Turkey Opium, when good, is covered with leaves, and the reddish capsules of some species of rumex; the inferior kinds have none of these capsules adhering to them. It is frequently adulterated with the extract of liquorice; it should be regarded as bad when it is very soft and friable, of an intensely black colour, or mixed with many impurities, when it has a sweetish taste, or marks paper with a brown continuous streak when drawn across it, or when it melts like wax, and makes a yellow solution in water. It frequently happens that in cutting a mass of opium, bullets and stones have been found imbedded in it, a fraud which is committed by the Turks, from which the retailer alone suffers. It is also adulterated with the extract of poppy capsules, or of the whole plant; with that of chelidonium majus, with gum arabic or tragacanth, with the oil of linseed, and even with the dung of oxen.

Vitellus, The Yolk or Yelk, is principally employed in pharmaceutical operations, for rendering oils and balsams miscible with water. It is gently laxative.

Oleum e vitellis, Oil of Eggs. Obtained by boiling the yelks, and then submitting them to pressure; fifty eggs yield about 5 oz. of oil. It is introduced into the Paris Pharmacopoeia, being much employed on the Continent for killing mercury.

Albumen. Used principally for clarifying turbid liquors.

Testa. Similar to other absorbents.

This composition of honey and acetic acid has been long valued on account of its detergent qualities, and has accordingly been much used as the basis of gargles, and expectorant remedies.

This preparation certainly possesses considerable powers as an expectorant; especially if allowed to pass slowly over the fauces, as when applied in the form of a linctus, (Form: 135,) which by stimulating the top of the trachea may possibly act, by a kind of “contiguous sympathy,” upon the pulmonary structure,^[596] and thereby increase the activity of the exhalant vessels, and so dilute the mucus contained in the follicles as to cause it to be poured out in a less viscid form, and consequently in a state to be more easily brought up by expectoration. Its action will also admit of another explanation, but for this see page 102. Dose from f?ss to f?ij. In larger doses it is given for the purpose of exciting vomiting, especially in hooping cough.

These capsules are employed in medicine for the purpose of affording a decoction, to be applied as an anodyne fomentation, see Decoctum Papaveris, and as a syrup of hypnotic qualities, see Syrupus Papaveris.

The seeds of the poppy capsules are not directly used for any medicinal purposes, but they yield a fixed oil which is daily met with in the market, and is frequently used to adulterate Olive Oil, which see. As an article of trade it is considered very inferior to the other fixed oils; it burns very badly, and yields a great quantity of smoke. To the pharmaceutic chemist it is an article of interest from the controversies to which it has given origin.^[597]

For general instructions respecting the formation and administration of pills, the practitioner must refer to the first part of this work, page 193.

PilulÆ Aloes CompositÆ. L. Extract of Aloes, two parts, extract of gentian, (G) one part, with oil of carraway; (E) to which syrup is unnecessarily added. It is a useful pill in habitual costiveness. Dose, grs. x to ?j.

PilulÆ Aloes et AssafoetidÆ. E. Powdered aloes, assafoetida (G) and soap, (L) equal parts. Anodyne and cathartic; a very useful combination in dyspepsia attended with flatulence. Dose, grs. x.

PilulÆ Aloes cum Myrrha. L. PilulÆ Rufi. P.L. 1745. Extract of AloË, two parts, saffron and myrrh, (E) one part, syrup, q. s. This is a very ancient form of preparation, and is described by Rhazes. It is stimulant and cathartic. (Form: 11, 81, 98, 99.) Dose, grs. x to ?j.^[598]

PilulÆ Aloes cum Colocynthide. E. This pill is known by the popular name of Pil. CocciÆ, ??????? signifies a seed, and the term was first applied to this preparation by Rhazes. It consists of eight parts of aloes and scammony; four of colocynth; and one part of oil of cloves, (E) and of sulphate of potass with sulphur, olim Sal Polycrest. It is more powerful in its operation than the simple aloetic pills.

PilulÆ CambogiÆ CompositÆ. L. Gamboge, extract of aloe, and compound powder of cinnamon one part; soap two parts; see page 172, and Form: 88.

PilulÆ Ferri CompositÆ. L. This combination is analogous to that of Griffith’s mixture. Dose, gr. x to ?j. Form: 99. They become extremely hard by keeping. If the practitioner consult the Medicinal Dynameter, he will observe that in order to give the same quantity of Proto-carbonate of Iron as is contained in f?iss of Mist: Ferri comp: he must direct ?j of this pill mass; which quantities will be seen to contain, respectively, a grain and seven tenths of this of the proto-carbonate, or, one grain of Protoxide, which is equivalent. It is doubtful whether the former preparation will not prove more active, in consequence of the saponaceous vehicle formed by the Myrrh and alkali in a state of solution.

PilulÆ Galbani CompositÆ. L. Pil. GummosÆ, P.L. 1745. We are here presented with a combination of foetid gums, in which assafoetida is the most potent article. Antispasmodic, and emmenagogue. Dose, grs. x to ?j. See Form: 10, 27, 98.

PilulÆ Hydrargyri. L.E.D. Pil. Mercuriales. P.L. 1745, vulgo, The Blue Pill. The mercury in this preparation, is not, as it was formerly considered, in a state of mere mechanical division, but in that of a black oxide, upon which its activity as a remedy undoubtedly depends; for mercury in its metallic state is entirely inert with regard to the living system. Various substances have at different times been triturated with the mercury, for the purpose of extinguishing or killing it, by effecting the mechanical division and subsequent oxidation of its particles, as manna, melasses, &c. Conserve of Roses is now generally preferred for this purpose, although Swediaur suspects that the astringent principle of this conserve invalidates the effects of the mercury, “I have,” says he, “given these pills to several patients for a long time, without any symptom of salivation.” Mr. Abernethy observes in his surgical works, that the PilulÆ Hydrargyri are uncertain in their effects; and that some of the students at the hospital on examining them, and different parcels of the conserve of roses, say that the sulphuric acid may be discovered in each. Nor is it improbable that in making the conserve for sale, some of this acid may be added to brighten the colour; and if so, the mercurial pill which is made from it may contain in varying proportions, some of that highly deleterious compound, the sub-sulphate of mercury. When any of the gums are employed for killing the metal, the pills soon become hard and brittle, and after some time the mercury is liable to run into its metallic state. The pill-mass, when rendered thinner by the addition of a little water, and extended on a piece of paper, ought not to exhibit any metallic globules; in this examination, however, we must be careful not to be betrayed by the fallacious appearance which is frequently presented by small crystals of saccharine matter. The relative proportion of mercury contained in the mass can be ascertained only by its weight. The blue pill is made at Apothecaries’ Hall by a very ingenious machine actuated by steam, and which rubs as well as rolls the materials, and it is said the pill thus made is more active than that produced in the ordinary way. Med. Uses. It is by far the best form for the internal exhibition of mercury; where it is intended to act upon the system as an alterative, it should be administered in doses of from grs. iv to vj; if it occasion any action on the bowels, it may be conjoined with opium; sometimes a few grains of rhubarb, exhibited every morning, will impart such a tone to the intestines, as to enable them to resist the mercurial irritation. In cases where the form of pill is objectionable, it may be readily suspended by the aid of mucilage, in some aqueous vehicle; when exhibited in doses of grs. x to ?j, it acts as a mild but efficient purgative. Form: 79, 106. One grain of mercury is contained in three grains of the mass; the proportion of metal, or oxide, in any other given quantity, is shewn at once by the Dynameter. For the specific effects of mercury, see Ung. Hydrarg.

PilulÆ Hydrargyri Sub-muriatis CompositÆ. L.E. Olim Plummer’s Pills. They consist of one part of calomel and precipitated sulphuret of antimony (H) and two parts of guaiac (E) made into form with spirit. It is a very useful alterative, especially in cutaneous eruptions and in secondary syphilitic symptoms, particularly when affecting the skin. Dose, grs. v to x. Should their exhibition affect the bowels, the addition of a small proportion of Opium may be added.

PilulÆ OpiatÆ. E. Opium one part; extract of liquorice, seven parts; Jamaica pepper, two parts. It is however a compound of questionable propriety.

PilulÆ Rhei CompositÆ. E. Rhubarb, Aloes, and myrrh, with oil of peppermint. When such a combination is indicated, it is better to prescribe it extemporaneously: for the mass, by being kept, will become less efficacious.

PilulÆ Saponis cum Opio. L. Pil. Opii. P.L. 1787. By substituting soap for extract of liquorice, these pills are now rendered more soluble in the stomach, and are consequently more efficient. Five grains contain one of opium.

PilulÆ ScillÆ CompositÆ. L. A stimulating expectorant: but as squill is always impaired by keeping, it ought to be considered as an extemporaneous combination. It is surely injudicious thus to multiply our officinal formulÆ, but it is difficult, on such occasions, to run counter to popular opinion. Form: 104.

Qualities. Odour, aromatic and agreeable, combining that of cinnamon, cloves, and nutmegs; hence the term all-spice. Taste, warm and pungent, resembling that of cloves. These qualities reside principally in the cortical part of the berry. Chemical Comp: It contains a volatile oil, very like that of cloves, resin, extractive, tannin, and gallic acid. Solubility. Water, alcohol, and Æther, extract its virtues. Med. Uses. Principally to cover the disagreeable taste of other remedies; it is also a very useful adjunct to dyspeptic medicines. Officinal Prep. Aq. Piment. L.E.D. Ol. Piment. L.E.D. Pil. Opiat. E. Syrup. Rhamni. L. (E)

The chemical and medicinal properties of this substance are similar to those of black pepper; which see. The varieties in the market are distinguished by the names short long pepper, and long long pepper. The native practitioners of India prescribe it in infusion, mixed with a little honey, as a remedy in catarrhal affections, when the chest is loaded with phlegm.

Chemical Composition. An oily matter, fecula, and extractive; the acrid principle of Pepper has been separated by Oersted in an alkaline form. The following was the process by which it was procured. The pepper having been digested in alcohol, muriatic acid and afterwards water were added to the tincture, by which the resin was precipitated, while a muriate of Pipera remained in solution. The solution was then, after having been submitted to a certain evaporation, decomposed by pure potass, when a precipitation of Pipera took place. This salifiable base is nearly insoluble in cold, and only very slightly soluble in boiling water. It dissolves in alcohol, and the solution has a greenish-yellow colour, which by the addition of nitric acid is rendered green. The capacity of the base for saturation appears very small. Solubility. The virtues of pepper are entirely extracted by Æther and alcohol; and partially by water, 550 pints being required to extract all the sapidity of ?j of pepper. Med. Uses. It appears to be a more general and permanent stimulus than other species of equal pungency on the palate; it may be combined with bitters, and exhibited in nausea, dyspepsia, retrocedent gout, or as a stimulant in paralysis; it is also a valuable coadjutor to bark, in obstinate intermittents. An infusion made with black pepper that has been toasted, is often prescribed by the natives of India in cases of cholera morbus; and I have known it, says Dr. Ainslie, put a stop to the vomiting when many other remedies had failed. Dose, grs. v to ?j, or more. Officinal Preparations. Emplast. Meloes vesicat. comp. E. Unguent. piper. nig. D. White pepper is made by separating the first skin of the berry, by soaking it in salt and water. Adulterations. The powdered husk of the mustard seed is universally mixed with powdered pepper, and is regularly sold for this purpose by the mustard manufacturer, under the technical title of P.D. (Pepper Dust;) there are besides other admixtures less innocent.—Whole Pepper is also frequently factitious; artificial pepper-corns, composed of peas-meal, both white and black, are mixed with real pepper-corns, and sold as genuine pepper; the method of detecting the fraud is very simple; throw a suspected sample into water; those that are artificial will fall to powder, or be partially dissolved, while the true pepper-corns will remain whole.

This substance is procured by making incisions through the bark of the Norway Spruce fir, and afterwards boiling the flakes so obtained in water, and then straining the resin through coarse cloths under a press; whereas frankincense (Abietis resina) is a spontaneous exudation from it. It is now entirely confined to external use, as a rubefacient spread on leather; it is very adhesive. Emplast: Picis comp. L. Emplast: Picis Burgund. D. Adulterations. A factitious sort, manufactured in England, is often met with; it is to be distinguished by its friability, and its want of viscidity and unctuosity, and by the absence of that peculiar odour which characterises the genuine specimens.

This fluid is formed from the decomposition of the resinous juice of the pine, during the slow and smothered combustion of its branches, and as a summary definition of the substance, that by Pliny cannot be surpassed, “Pix nihil aliud quam combustÆ resinÆ fluxus.” Lib. 23. c. 1. Chemical Composition. It is found to consist of empyreumatic oil, resin, acetic acid, and some salts. Solubility. Water readily dissolves a portion of Tar, and forms a solution of the colour of Madeira wine, with a sharp empyreumatic taste. Med. Uses. Tar water, under the auspices of Bishop Berkley, was formerly considered a remedy of extraordinary powers;^[600] this opinion however has at length passed away, (see page 27.) and Tar is now particularly indebted for a place in the Materia Medica, to an essay by Sir Alexander Crichton, entitled, “An Account of some Experiments made with the Vapour of boiling Tar,^[601] in the cure of Pulmonary Consumption.” At the request of Sir Alexander, I was induced to make a trial of its effects, and I do not feel any hesitation in stating that the result has led me to believe that it may, in some cases, be attended with benefit. In the application of the remedy several precautions are necessary for its success. The Tar employed should be that used in the cordage of ships; to every pound of which half an ounce of sub-carbonate of potass must be added, in order to neutralize the pyroligneous acid generally found mixed with the tar, the presence of which will necessarily excite coughing; the tar thus prepared is to be placed in a suitable vessel over a lamp, and to be kept slowly boiling in the chamber during the night as well as the day; the vessel however ought to be cleaned and replenished every twenty-four hours, otherwise the residuum may be burnt and decomposed, a circumstance which will occasion increased cough and oppression on the chest. The ancients entertained a high opinion of the efficacy of Tar in pulmonary diseases, when internally administered; supposing it to promote expectoration, relieve dyspnÆa, and check spitting of blood; Dioscorides particularly speaks of its utility in such cases; he also recommends it to be applied to ulcers, which he says it fills up and heals, whether they be situated on the surface of the body, or in the ears, throat, and other internal parts. See the chapter on “Inhalations,” page 202. Officinal Prep. Unguent. Picis LiquidÆ. L.

Chemical Composition. The composition of this substance has not until lately been well understood, and hence the different appellations bestowed upon it by the different colleges. Solubility. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in pure potass. Uses. It is only employed externally, by sprinkling on excoriated parts; the safety of such a practice however is questionable. Officinal Prep. Unguent. Ceruss. D. Plumbi Acetas L.E.D. (K) Adulterations. Chalk may be detected by assaying its solution in cold acetic acid with oxalate of ammonia; Carbonate of barytes, by adding to a portion of the same solution, sulphate of soda very largely diluted with distilled water; and Sulphate of barytes, or Sulphate of lead, by the insolubility of the white lead in boiling distilled vinegar.

It is a yellow protoxide of lead, which has been melted and left to crystallize by cooling. It is only employed in pharmacy for forming other preparations of lead, and the following officinal plasters, Emplast. Plumbi, L. E.D. Ceratum Saponis. L. It is added to wines to remove their acidity; for the detection of which, evaporate the suspected liquor to a thick fluid, add charcoal, and calcine in a crucible: in the space of an hour metallic points will be obtained, consisting of lead surrounded by a quantity of yellow protoxide.

Qualities. Form, irregular masses resembling lumps of sugar, being an aggregation of acicular four-sided prisms terminated by dihedral summits, which are slightly efflorescent; by careful crystallization, it may be obtained in quadrangular prisms. Taste, sweet and astringent. Chemical Composition. Although it has been termed a Super-acetate, it appears to be a neutral salt, and that its power of reddening valuable blues is attributable to a partial decomposition; for when dissolved in water containing the least portion of carbonic acid, a white carbonate of lead is precipitated, and a corresponding portion of acetic acid is necessarily disengaged. The College have therefore now designated it as an acetate. According to the experiments of Berzelius, this salt, in its anhydrous state, consists of one proportional of acetic acid, and one proportional of oxide of lead; so that the proportion of the metallic base is one-third of that in the sub-acetate. Solubility. It is dissolved in 25 parts of water, hot or cold; it is also soluble in alcohol. When common water is employed the solution is quite turbid, unless a small proportion of acetic acid be previously added. Incompatible Substances. The alkalies, alkaline earths and their carbonates; most of the acids; alum; borax; the sulphates, and muriates; soaps; all sulphurets; ammoniated, and tartarized iron; tartarized antimony; undistilled water. The solution of acetate of ammonia decomposes that of this salt, in consequence of the carbonic acid which is generally diffused through it. It has lately been discovered that Gallic acid and Tannin are capable of combining with lead in solution, and of forming a perfectly insoluble substance, which falls to the bottom of the vessel; hence all vegetable astringents must be considered as incompatible with this medicine. On this account, liquors which have been kept in oak casks,^[603] for a certain time, must be freed from lead. This explains a fact, with respect to the effect of new rum in the West Indies, of some importance. This spirit, when newly distilled, is found to contain traces of lead, derived from the leaden rims of the coppers, and the leaden worm, used for its condensation; but, by being kept about twelve months in oaken casks, it loses its deleterious properties, and no longer exhibits any traces of this metal.^[604] Certain bodies appear likewise to be incompatible with the compounds of lead, not from the chemical changes they induce, but from the contrary effects they produce upon the body; thus mercury appears to invalidate their powers and to counteract their effects, as we may have observed in treating saturnine cholic. I suspect also that antimony operates in the same manner; M. Merat relates the case of an apothecary who was cured of a desperate saturnine cholic, after having taken, in the course of eight days, eighty grains of tartarized antimony. Med. Uses. I feel no hesitation in pronouncing this salt of lead to be one of the most valuable resources of physic; from the results of numerous cases, I state with confidence that it is more efficient in stopping pulmonary and uterine hemorrhage, than any other known remedy—“nil simile, nec secundum,”—and that its application is equally safe and manageable; but it must not be combined with substances capable of decomposing it, nor must it be simultaneously administered with the medicines which are frequently prescribed in conjunction with it, as an Infusion of Roses, Sulphate of Magnesia, &c. Alum has also been in some cases added to it, with the intention of increasing its astringency. It is evident that under such circumstances an insoluble and inert Sulphate of Lead will be produced. The experiments of Orfila confirm the truth of these views, and shew that such substances act as counter-poisons for the salts of lead. According to my experience, those vegetable acids which decompose the acetate of lead, and form insoluble salts with its base, are not medically incompatible, when administered simultaneously with it, although no scientific physician would prescribe such a mixture; this fact is shewn by the circumstance of potations, containing malic and tartaric^[605] acids, not having been found to invalidate the efficacy of this salt. Whether the stomach in the first instance prevents the decomposition, and its necessary results, or allows the operation of the usual affinities, and then subsequently decomposes the insoluble compound which results from them, by the abstraction and digestion of its vegetable constituent, are questions for future inquiry, when the laws of gastric chemistry shall be better understood, and more justly appreciated. I have also seen much benefit accrue from this medicine in protracted diarrhoea, when it has checked the bowels more effectually even than opium. M. Gaspard has communicated to the public, through the medium of Majendie’s Journal de Physiologie, (3 numÉro Juillet, 1821,) a paper upon the operation of Acetate of Lead, entitled “Experiences Physiologiques et Medicales sur L’Acetate de Plomb,” in which he asserts that this metallic salt cannot be administered without risk in any dose, unless indeed it be given in vehicles which decompose it, and which, he adds, appears generally to have happened in the prescriptions of those who have given it extensively. He observes, that “it produces a slow and peculiar inflammation of the bowels, as well as of the lungs; and that it, moreover, occasions Cholica Pictonum.” No one, I apprehend, will deny the poisonous quality of acetate of lead, any more than that of arsenic; and yet both may, by proper management, be rendered therapeutical agents of value and safety. Forms of Exhibition. In that of pill, guarded by opium; it will be prudent to recommend an abstinence from all potation, except that of cold water, or draughts, composed of diluted acetic acid, for at least an hour after the ingestion of the pill.^[606] Dose, gr. ½ to gr. j. Form. 57. Officinal Prep. Cerat. Plumb. acetat. L.^[607]

[This plant is found in almost every part of the United States in low and moist situations. It flowers in May and June, and the root is the only part used in medicine. By analysis this is found to contain resin, bitter extractive, foecula, and a slight proportion of a gummy substance. The root of the May Apple is an excellent active cathartic, operating in a manner very similar to the common Julap. It is given in powder, in doses of about grs. xx. The proper period for collecting the root for medicinal purposes is the autumn, when the leaves of the plant have turned yellow. It should be carefully dried and then pulverized.]

The addition of lime to potass renders it less deliquescent, and more manageable, as an escharotic.

Qualities. Form, a white brittle substance, extremely caustic and deliquescent, and possessing in an eminent degree all the properties denominated alkaline. Solubility. f?j of water dissolves ?vij; it is also soluble in alcohol. Chemical Composition. This preparation, independent of its impurities, is the hydrated protoxide of potassium, although in the state in which it is cast into sticks it generally contains a little Peroxide,^[608] and therefore evolves oxygen when dissolved in water. Med. Uses. It is a most powerful caustic (causticum commune acerrimum), and is frequently employed to establish an ulcer; or, instead of incision, to open a tumour. It has the advantage of other caustics, from the circumstance of our being able to neutralize its powers by touching it with vinegar, and thus to arrest its progress in an instant; it is however more liable to produce a large eschar than nitrate of silver, in consequence of the chemical action of the alkali upon the skin. Within the last few years, surgeons have greatly preferred the use of this caustic to that of nitrate of silver, in cases of organic stricture of the urethra, as acting more powerfully, and yet occasioning less irritation than the latter substance; it is also said that the part which it destroys is sooner detached and more easily eliminated. Its disposition, however, to extend its sphere of action has occasioned such a destruction of the membrane as to allow the urine to pass into the cellular substance, by which very serious effects have been produced. For this reason there are cases in which the nitrate of silver is still to be preferred. As an internal remedy it is only employed in solution. See Liquor PotassÆ.^[609]

Acetas Kali. D. Kali Acetatum. P.L. 1787.—Sal diureticus. P.L. 1745.—Terra foliata Tartari.—Sal Sennerti.—Magisterium Purgans Tartari.—Sal Essentiale vini. Oleum Tartari Sennerti.—Sal digestivus Sylvii, &c.

Qualities. Form, masses of a foliated, laminar texture, extremely deliquescent; Odour, slight and peculiar; Taste, sharp and pungent. Solubility. f?j of distilled water at 60° dissolves 404 grains, or 100 parts of it are soluble in 105 parts of water; the solution soon undergoes spontaneous decomposition; it is soluble in four times its weight of alcohol.—Chemical Composition. It consists of one proportional of each of its components, or 48 potass and 50 acetic acid. Incompatible Substances. It is decomposed by tamarinds and most sub-acid fruits; by almost every acid, as well as every variety of neutral salt, whether alkaline, acid, or metallic. Med. Uses. In small doses, diuretic; in larger ones, mildly cathartic. Dose, ?j to ?j to produce the former, ?ij to ?iij to excite the latter of these effects. Forms of Exhibition. On account of its deliquescent property it is not admissible in powders or pills, but should be always exhibited in solution. (Form. 108, 110, 111.) In the former editions of this work, I introduced under the present article, those views regarding the operation of saline bodies upon the kidneys, and their decomposition by the digestive organs, which I considered as capable of throwing some light upon the medicinal operation of these bodies. Having, however, in the present edition of my work devoted a chapter to the consideration of Diuretics, I have necessarily removed all my general observations upon this subject to that part of the work; I therefore entreat the reader to refer to the first part, page 93. Alibert, in speaking of the diuretic virtues of this salt, says that it is so well suited to the sensibility of the Absorbents that its administration is frequently followed by very salutary effects. (ElÉmens de ThÉrapeutique, vol. i. p. 327.)

Adulterations. Tartrate of potass is discovered by adding a solution of tartaric acid, which will occasion with it a copious precipitate; the sulphates, by their forming with acetate of lead, or muriate of baryta, precipitates insoluble in acetic or muriatic acid. The brown tinge which it frequently exhibits depends upon the same cause as that which usually imparts colour to the Liquor. Ammon. Acet. This salt is also sometimes contaminated with lead, which arises from its having been prepared by decomposing the acetate of lead by means of carbonate of potass.

Qualities. Form, crystals which are four-sided prisms with dihedral summits, permanent in the air; Taste, slightly alkaline without acrimony. Chemical Composition. It is a bi-carbonate, consisting of two proportionals of carbonic acid and one proportional of potass; and in its crystalline form, it also contains water equal to one proportional. Solubility. It is soluble in 4 parts of cold, and in ?ths of its weight of boiling water, in which it is partially decomposed, carbonic acid being emitted during the solution; it is quite insoluble in alcohol. Med. Uses. In cases where an alkali is indicated, this preparation offers an agreeable and efficient remedy; and experience has shewn that its additional proportion of carbonic acid does not in the least invalidate its alkaline agency. In disordered states of the digestive functions, alkalies frequently act with surprising effect; in calculous affections their value has been already noticed (see Liquor PotassÆ), and the stomach appears to bear the protracted exhibition of the carbonate of potass or soda, with more temper than it does that of any other alkaline combination; and on account of the increased quantity of carbonic acid which this salt contains, it is preferable for effervescing draughts. (See Acid. Citric. and Form. 123, 168.) Incompatible Substances. Acids and acidulous salts; borax; muriate of ammonia; acetate of ammonia; alum; sulphate of magnesia; lime water; nitrate of silver; ammoniated copper; muriate of iron; sub-muriate and oxy-muriate of mercury; acetate of lead; tartarized antimony; tartarized iron; the sulphates of zinc, copper, iron, &c. Dose, grs. x to ?ss.

Qualities. Form, crystals which are six-sided prisms usually terminated by dihedral summits. Taste, bitter and sharp with a sensation of cold. Chemical Composition. It consists of one proportional of nitric acid, and one proportional of potass. Solubility. It dissolves in seven parts of water at 60°, and in its own weight at 212°. Its solubility is considerably increased by adding muriate of soda to the water; its solution is attended with a great reduction of temperature; it is quite insoluble in alcohol. Incompatible Substances. Alum; sulphate of magnesia; sulphuric acid; the sulphates of zinc, copper, and iron; according to the usual laws of affinity, it should be also decomposed by sulphate of soda; this however only takes place at the temperature of 32°, and then but partially. Med. Uses. Refrigerant, in which case the draught should be swallowed immediately after the solution of the salt is complete, for if it be allowed to stand for some time, its effect with regard to cooling is not nearly so evident (see Form. 138, 144); as a diuretic, its powers are too inconsiderable to be employed, except in combination (Form. 102, 109, 115, 170); a solution of ?j to f?vj of rose water forms a good detergent gargle, and a small portion allowed to dissolve slowly in the mouth, will frequently remove an incipient inflammation of the tonsils: for its modus operandi as a diuretic, see PotassÆ Acetas. Dose, grs. x to xv, as a diuretic or refrigerant; grs. xxv to xl are aperient, and in large doses it excites vomiting, bloody stools, convulsions, and even death. The best antidotes are opium and aromatics. Impurities. As it occurs from the hand of nature it is far from pure, and even by art it is freed with difficulty from sea salt; the presence and quantity of which in any specimen, may be learnt by adding nitrate of silver to its solution as long as any precipitate is produced.

Before the nature of this salt was well understood, it received various appellations according to the different methods by which it was procured, and it was supposed to possess as many different virtues, as Salt of Wormwood, Salt of Tartar, Salt of Bean Stalks, &c.

Qualities. Form, coarse white grains, so deliquescent, that by exposure to air they form a dense solution, (Oleum Tartari per deliquium, P.L. 1720.) Taste, alkaline and urinous.^[610] Chemical Composition. This salt, although far from being pure, is sufficiently so for every pharmaceutical purpose. It consists of one proportional of acid and one proportional of potass, with variable quantities of sulphate of potass, muriate of potass, siliceous earth, alumina, together with the oxides of iron, and manganese. Solubility. It is dissolved by twice its weight of water; the residue, if any, may be considered as impurity; it is insoluble in alcohol; with oils it combines, and forms soaps. Incompatible Substances. They are enumerated under PotassÆ Carbonas. Med. Uses. Antacid, and diuretic, (Form. 101, 107, 129), but it is far less pleasant than the carbonate; it is principally used for making saline draughts, see Acid. Citric. and Form. 107. Dose, grs. x to ?ss. Officinal Prep. PotassÆ Acetas, L.E.D. (I) Liquor PotassÆ L.E.D. (K) PotassÆ Sulphuretum (I) L.E.D. PotassÆ Tart. L.E.D. (I) Liquor Arsenicalis (I.L.) Adulterations. Its degree of purity may be estimated by the quantity of nitric acid, of a given density, requisite for the saturation of a given weight. The purest sub-carbonate is that obtained by incinerating cream of tartar, since most of the impurities are decomposed by the heat during the process, (Sub-carbonas PotassÆ Purissimus. E.); it however generally contains lime.

Qualities. Form, crystals which are right rectangular (but not square) prisms, modified on the edges and angles; or double six-sided pyramids with short intervening prisms, which are macles, or hemitrope crystals; they are slightly efflorescent, and when heated they decrepitate. Solubility. f?j of water dissolves only grs. 24: the salt is insoluble in alcohol. Incompatible Substances. It is partially decomposed by the nitric and muriatic acids, in which case, a portion of the base being saturated, a corresponding portion of bi-sulphate results; this fact illustrates a chemical law of some importance, viz. that a substance less weakly attracted by another than a third, will sometimes precipitate this third from its combination with the second, in cases wherein a super, or sub-salt is readily formed.^[611] The history of tartrate of potass will furnish farther illustrations. See page 183. Sulphate of potass, when in solution, is entirely decomposed by lime and its compounds; by oxy-muriate of mercury; nitrate of silver; and by acetate and sub-acetate of lead. Med. Uses. On account of its insolubility, it does not possess much activity as a purgative, but is said to be powerfully deobstruent; it should be exhibited in the form of powder, and in conjunction with rhubarb, or some other purgative medicine. Dose, grs. x to ?ss. Form. 94. From its hardness and insolubility, it is a most eligible substance for triturating and dividing powders. Officinal Prep. Pulv. Ipecac. co. L.E.D. (M) Under the name Sulphas PotassÆ cum Sulphure, the Edinburgh college retains the preparation formerly known by the name Sal Polycrest (Salt of many virtues); and as it is produced by deflagrating nitre with sulphur, the product, besides sulphate of potass, contains bi-sulphate and sulphuret of potass. It possesses no superiority over the common sulphate.

Qualities. Crystals, long hexangular prisms; Taste, sour and slightly bitter. Chemical Composition. It is a bi-sulphate, consisting of two proportionals of acid, and one proportional of base. Solubility. It is soluble in twice its weight of water, as well as in alcohol. Med. Uses. It affords a convenient mode of exhibiting sulphuric acid combined with a saline purgative, in a solid form; as it is more soluble, so is it more active than the sulphate. Dose, grs. x to ?ij. It forms a grateful adjunct to rhubarb. See Form. 85.

Qualities. Form, a hard brittle mass; Colour, liver brown, hence the old name of hepar; Taste, acrid and bitter; Odour, none when dry, but if moistened, it yields the stench of sulphuretted hydrogen. Chemical Composition. I consider this substance as a mixture of Sulphate of Potass, with variable quantities of Sulphuret and Bi-Sulphuret of Potassium.^[612] Incompatible Substances. It is instantly decomposed by water, the oxygen of which forms Potass with the Potassium; while its hydrogen, combining with the sulphur, produces Sulphuretted hydrogen, part of which escapes, and another part forms, with the excess of Sulphur, Bi-Sulphuretted hydrogen; this latter body uniting with the base, produces what has been termed an Hydroguretted Sulphuret, but which might be more properly called an Hydro-bi-Sulphuret; upon adding an acid to the solution, a quantity of Sulphur is thrown down, Sulphuretted hydrogen is evolved, and a salt of Potass remains in solution. Metallic salts also decompose it, the metal falling down as a Sulphuret, or Hydro-sulphuret. Medicinal Uses. It presents us with a form in which sulphur is soluble in water; it is diaphoretic, and has been found advantageous in cutaneous affections, (Form. 118,) and in arthritic and rheumatic complaints; while, from its known chemical action on metallic salts, it has been proposed as an antidote to such poisons. Its solution has been lately recommended as a lotion for the itch of infants, and in some cases it has been known to succeed after the sulphur ointment had failed.^[613]

Qualities. Form, small irregular brittle crystals, which when reduced to powder are termed cream of tartar. Taste, harsh and acid. Chemical Composition. It is a bi-tartrate, consisting of two proportionals of acid and one proportional of potass. Solubility. It requires 120 parts of water at 60°, and 30 parts at 212°, for its solution; it is slightly soluble in alcohol. The watery solution of this salt was first observed by Berthollet to undergo a spontaneous decomposition by keeping, during which a mucous matter is deposited, and there remains a solution of carbonate of potass coloured with a little oil. It has long been regarded a pharmaceutical desideratum to increase the solubility of cream of tartar; Vogel discovered that it might be accomplished by combining it with boracic acid, and accordingly a formula has been introduced into the Codex Medicamentarius of Paris, for preparing a “Tartras Acidulus PotassÆ Solubilis, admixto Acido Boracico.” The following is the process. Let thirty parts of boracic acid, and twenty parts of distilled water be heated together in a silver dish; as soon as this has been effected, add, in divided portions, 120 parts of super-tartrate of potass, taking care to shake the mixture continually; the whole will soon liquefy, (“mire liquescent,”) and by continuing the heat, a pulverulent mass will result. As it is extremely deliquescent it must be carefully preserved from the contact of the air; it dissolves in its own weight of water at 55°, and in half its weight at 212°. It is probable that the result is a new salt, in which the boracic and tartaric acids exist in combination,^[614] but grant even that the chemical identity of the super-tartrate is preserved inviolate in the compound, I would ask what medical advantage can possibly attend the discovery? The peculiar value of cream of tartar depends doubtless upon its comparative insolubility, as I have already stated at page 173; modify this, and you will instantly change the medicinal effects of the salt; for like the neutral tartrate it will act upon the bowels, and therefore cease to undergo those changes in transitu which are essential to its characteristic operation. Alum also has been observed by Berthollet to have in some measure the same effect in increasing the solubility of cream of tartar. Incompatible Substances. Alkalies and alkaline earths; the mineral acids, &c. Med. Uses. In doses of ?iv to ?vj, it acts as a hydragogue cathartic, producing a considerable discharge of serous fluid into the intestines; when however it is often repeated, it is liable to occasion debility of the digestive organs, and consequent emaciation: in smaller doses it acts as a diuretic. (Form. 112.) ?j in oj of boiling water, flavoured with lemon peel and sugar, forms when cool an agreeable beverage well known by the name of Imperial. A Cream of Tartar Whey may be made, by adding to a pint of milk (when it begins to boil) ?ij of Cream of Tartar; the pan must then be removed from the fire, the whole suffered to cool, and the whey separated from the curd by straining; this whey, diluted with warm water, furnishes an excellent drink in Dropsy. As it decomposes the carbonate of potass, the union of these salts will afford a very pleasant purgative draught. (Form. 82.) Officinal Preparations. Pulv. Jalap. comp. E. (BM) Pulv. Scammon. E. Pulv. SennÆ comp. L. Ferrum Tartarizatum, L. (I) Antimonium Tartarizatum L.E. D. (I) Soda Tartarizata, L.E.D. (I) Adulterations. Super-sulphate of potass (Sal Enixum,) is the substance with which tartar is usually adulterated; it may be detected by its superior solubility, and by the solution affording with muriate of baryta a precipitate insoluble in muriatic acid.^[615]

Qualities. Form; this salt, although ordered to be crystallized, is generally kept in its granular form. Taste, bitter and cool. Chemical Composition. It consists of one proportional of acid, and one proportional of base. Solubility. When in its crystalline form it is soluble in its own weight of water, but in its ordinary granular form, 4 parts are required for its solution; hence, compared with the insoluble super-tartrate, it has justly acquired the name of soluble tartar; when long kept in solution, its acid is decomposed, and its alkali remains in a state of a sub-carbonate. It is also readily soluble in alcohol. Incompatible Substances. Magnesia, baryta, and lime; acetate and sub-acetate of lead, and nitrate of silver decompose it. All acids, even the carbonic,^[616] and acidulous salts, tamarinds, and other sub-acid vegetables, by neutralizing a proportion of the base, convert it into the state of super-tartrate; this fact offers another illustration of the chemical law of affinity, explained under the head of sulphate of potass. The practitioner should bear this in his recollection, for I have frequently seen a dose of soluble tartar directed in the acidulated infusion of roses; the result was of course very different from that which the author of the prescription intended to produce. Med. Uses. It is a mild and efficient purgative, and forms a very valuable adjunct to resinous purgatives or to senna, the griping properties of which it corrects by accelerating their operation. Form. 70. Dose, ?j to ?j, in solution.

For the administration and advantages of this form of preparation, see page 190. The following Officinal FormulÆ offer some valuable combinations.

Pulvis Aloes compositus. L. Pulvis Aloes cum Guaiaco. D. It consists of aloes three parts, guaiacum two (G), and compound powder of cinnamon one part (O). It combines sudorific and purgative effects. Dose, grs. x to ?j. See Form. 80.

Pulvis Aloes cum Canella. D. and P.L. 1807. Aloes four parts, white canella (E) one part. It is known in the shops by the name of Hiera Picra. The compound is more adapted for the form of pills than that of powder. It is very generally used by the lower classes, infused in gin. Dose, grs. x to ?j.

Pulvis Antimonialis. L.D. Oxidum Antimonii cum phosphate Calcis. E. This preparation was introduced into the Pharmacopoeia, as the succedaneum of the celebrated fever powder of Dr. James, the composition of which was ascertained by Dr. George Pearson. (Phil. Trans. lxxxi. 317.) It consists of 43 parts of the phosphate of lime, mixed, or perhaps chemically combined, with 57 parts of oxide of antimony, of which a portion is vitrified; and it is probable, that the difference of the two remedies depends principally upon the quantity of oxide which is vitrified: the specification of the original medicine is worded with all the ambiguity of an ancient oracle, and cannot be prepared by the process as it is described.^[617] Experience has established the fact, that James’s Powder is less active than its imitation; it affects the bowels and stomach very slightly, and passes off more readily by perspiration; in general however the difference is so inconsiderable, that we need not regret the want of the original receipt.^[618] As it is quite insoluble in water, it should be given in powder, or made into pills. It is diaphoretic, alterative, emetic, or purgative, according to the extent of the dose and the state of the patient; in combination it offers several valuable resources to the intelligent practitioner. (See Form. 119, 121, 125, 129, 134.) But it may be fairly questioned whether this remedy has not been far too highly appreciated. Dr. James was certainly very successful in its use, but it must not be forgotten that he usually combined it with some mercurial, and always followed it up with large doses of bark.

Pulvis Cinnamomi Compositus. L. Cinnamon bark four, cardamom seeds (B) three, ginger root (B) two, long pepper (B) one part. It is principally used to give warmth to other preparations, e. g. Pulv. Aloes. comp. L.D.

Pulvis ContrayervÆ Compositus. L. Contrayerva, five, prepared shells, eighteen parts (M). Dose, grs. x. to xl. It is said to be stimulant and diaphoretic.

Pulvis Cornu Usti cum Opio. L. Opium one part, burnt hartshorn eight, powdered cochineal one part. Ten grains contain one of opium.

Pulvis CretÆ Compositus. Prepared chalk twelve parts, tormentil root (G), acacia gum (M), of each six, cinnamon bark eight (E), long pepper (E) one part. It is antacid, astringent, and carminative. Dose, grs. v to ?j.

Pulvis CretÆ Compositus cum Opio. L. Compound powder of chalk thirty-nine parts, opium one part. Form. 151.

Pulvis IpecacuanhÆ Compositus. L.E.D. Ipecacuan one part, opium (H) one part, sulphate of potass (M) eight parts. This combination has been long established in practice, as a valuable sudorific, under the name of Dover’s Powder. It affords one of the best examples of the power which one medicine possesses of so changing the action of another, as to produce a remedy of new properties; in this combination the opium is so modified, that it may be given with perfect safety and advantage in inflammatory affections accompanied with increased vascular action: it would seem that whilst the opium increases the force of the circulation, the ipecacuan relaxes the exhalant vessels, and causes a copious diaphoresis: the sulphate of potass is also an important ingredient, for experience has fully proved that ipecacuan and opium, in the same proportions, have not so powerful an effect without it; its action must be purely mechanical, dividing and mixing the active particles more intimately, and it appears that the success of the remedy depends very much upon its being finely powdered. Dose, grs. v. to ?j, diffused in gruel, or in the form of a bolus. (See Form. 120, 121, 122.) The saline constituent in the original Dover’s Powder, was the result of the deflagration of nitre, and was therefore deliquescent; its dose was as much as from 40 to 70 grains. In the Codex of Paris, this compound is directed to be prepared by melting together four parts of sulphate of potass, with an equal proportion of nitrate of potass; to which when nearly cold is to be added, and well mixed by triture, one part of pulverized extract of opium; the powders of ipecacuan and liquorice root, of each one part, are to be added last. It is evident that the proportions of opium and ipecacuan in this combination, are less than those in ours, and yet it is said to be more powerfully diaphoretic on account of the nitre. An arrangement, which is indebted for its medicinal virtue to a similar mode of operation, is presented in Form. 130.

Pulvis ScammoniÆ Compositus. L. Scammony and hard extract of jalap, of each four parts, ginger root (E) one part. The Edinburgh preparation of the same name differs very materially in composition, its ingredients being scammony and cream of tartar in equal parts.

Pulvis TragacanthÆ Compositus. L. Powdered Tragacanth, acacia gum, and starch, of each one part; refined sugar, two parts. From what has been already stated under the head of mucilage of tragacanth, it appears to be a superfluous, if not an injudicious demulcent; and since starch is insoluble in cold water, the object for introducing it is not very obvious. Form. 120.

Powders should be preserved in opaque green bottles, as they are materially affected by the action of light and air. Many of the compound ones should be considered as extemporaneous, and ought to be prepared only when they are required. The practitioner is also cautioned against purchasing any medicine in its powdered form, for so universal is the system of adulteration, that regular formulÆ are observed in the wholesale houses for sophisticating powders, and Mr. Gray, in his “Supplement to the Pharmacopoeias,” has given several specimens, under the title of “Pulveres Reducti.”

Qualities. The dried root is inodorous, but upon being chewed, it soon produces a pungent and peculiar sensation. Solubility. Alcohol, Æther, and boiling water extract its virtues. Chemical Composition. M. Gautier has lately shewn that the peculiar pungency of the root depends on a fixed oil, which resides in vesicles in the bark. Med. Uses. As a sialagogue, especially in cases of tooth-ache, and in paralysis of the tongue and muscles of the throat. (Form. 143.) It also constitutes the basis of a very valuable gargle, in use at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, for relaxation of the uvula and soft palate, as well as in certain cases of deafness depending upon an enlarged state of the tonsils. It is made by boiling ?ss of the bruised root in oj of distilled water, until the fluid is reduced to one half; to which, when strained and cold, f?ij of Liquor AmmoniÆ are to be added.

Although this plant has not yet found its way into the materia medica of the Pharmacopoeia, its credited virtues entitle it to some notice in the present work. It was first brought into repute in this country by Dr. Somerville (Med: Chirug: Trans: Vol. 5). It is bitter, and consists of Resin, gum-resin, tannin, and bitter extractive. Alcohol and proof spirit are its best menstrua, but the watery infusion appears to contain all the virtues of the plant. Med. Uses. It is said to be diuretic, tonic, and deobstruent; there is, however, no evidence to shew that it acts, specifically, on any other than the urinary organs. Dr. Ives, in the American edition of the present work, says, that as a diuretic medicine it has unquestionable merit, and that it will frequently mitigate symptoms of gravel, and strangury proceeding from other causes; he does not, however, agree with Dr. Barton, in considering it Antilithic. He has also given it, alternately with the Uva Ursi, in hÆmaturia; the effects of severe and long continued gonorrhoeal inflammation, with the most obvious benefit, and he considers it very analogous in its operation to the Uva Ursi. In some instances it has appeared to afford great relief in chronic cutaneous diseases. Further observation is necessary to define the mode and extent of its medicinal operation, but there is no hazard in saying that it is a medicine possessing considerable activity. Dr. Barton observes that this plant, like Uva Ursi, occasionally imparts a black tinge to the urine. Dose ?i to ?ij of the tincture; f?ij to f?iv of the infusion, prepared by pouring a pint of boiling water upon ?j of the stalks and leaves.

This wood owes all its properties to a peculiar bitter principle, which has been examined by Dr. Thomson and named Quassin; it is solid, slightly transparent, and of a yellowish-brown colour. (See Infusum QuassiÆ.) It is said to owe its name to a West Indian negro, called Quassi, who first used it in fevers.

Qualities. Odour, none; taste, rough and astringent. Chemical Composition. We are indebted to Sir H. Davy for a knowledge of this subject; he found that an ounce of the inner cortical part of young oak bark afforded by lixivation 111 grains of solid matter, of which 77 were tannin; and the cellular integument, or middle-coloured part, only yielded 43 grains of solid matter, of which 19 were tannin; and the epidermis furnished scarcely any quantity of tannin or extractive; hence the bark should be selected from the smaller branches of the oak where the epidermis is still thin. Experience has, moreover, shewn that the quantity of tannin varies considerably, not only according to the age and size of the trees, but according to the season at which they are barked; thus, the bark cut in spring contains, according to Beguin,^[620] four times more of the astringent principle, than that which is obtained in winter. Med. Uses. All its properties depend upon the presence of tannin, it is therefore only valuable as a powerful astringent; it is accordingly employed to check inordinate discharges, see Decoctum Quercus. Oak bark is sometimes administered in the form of powder, combined with ginger and other aromatics, and bitters, for the cure of intermittents, and it has frequently succeeded, but see page 167. Dose, ?j to ?ss. In the form of poultice this powder is said to have proved highly useful to gangrenous sores. Its inhalation has also been supposed to prove beneficial in consumption; a striking case is related by Dr. Eberle of a man who had laboured under the usual symptoms of confirmed Phthisis, and who, at the time he went to grind in a bark-mill, was extremely weak and emaciated; in a short time, however, the cough, night sweats, and other hectic symptoms, began to abate sensibly, and in less than three months he was perfectly restored to health.

Two varieties of this root are known in the shops, viz. Turkey or Russian, and East Indian or Chinese.

Qualities. Form, small round pieces, rather compact and heavy, perforated in the middle; Colour, lively yellow with streaks of white; it is easily pulverized, affording a powder of a bright buff-yellow colour. Chemical Composition. Gum, resin, extractive, tannin, gallic acid, and a peculiar colouring matter, with traces of alumina and silex; the white or flesh-coloured streaks pervading its substance, consist of sulphate and oxalate of lime: according to the experiments of Mr. John Henderson, there is besides a peculiar vegetable acid, to which he has given the name of Rheumic acid, but M. de Lassaignes has satisfactorily proved that this is no other than the oxalic acid: the purgative powers of the root appear to be intimately connected with its extractive and resinous elements, but the subject is still involved in considerable obscurity. Solubility. Water at 212° takes up 24 parts in 60, see Infusum Rhei: by decoction, its purgative qualities are lost, and it becomes more bitter and astringent; alcohol extracts 2·7 from 10 parts, (see Tinct. Rhei.) Med. Uses. In this substance, Nature presents us with a singular and most important combination of medicinal powers, that of an astringent, with a cathartic property; the former of which never opposes or interferes with the energy of the latter, since it only takes effect when the substance is administered in small doses, or if given in larger ones, not until it has ceased to operate as a cathartic; this latter circumstance renders it particularly eligible in cases of diarrhoea, as it evacuates the offending matter before it operates as an astringent upon the bowels. It seems to act more immediately upon the stomach and small intestines, and therefore in relaxed and debilitated states of these organs, it will prove an easy and valuable resource; it may, for such an object, be exhibited in conjunction with alkalies, bitters, and other tonics. Its cathartic property is most efficient when given in substance. It was formerly supposed that by toasting rhubarb we increased its astringency, but this process merely diminishes its purgative force, so that a larger dose may be taken. The colouring matter of rhubarb may be detected in the urine of persons to whom it has been exhibited; it does not however appear to possess any specific powers as a diuretic. Dose, grs. vj to x as a tonic; ?j to ?ss as a purgative; the operation of which is considerably quickened by the addition of neutral salts; the super-sulphate of potass forms also a very useful adjunct, and its acidulous taste completely covers that of the rhubarb. Form. 83, 85. Its powder, when sprinkled upon ulcers, is found to promote their healthy granulation. Off. Prep. Infus: Rhei. L.E. Vinum Rhei Palmati. E. Tinct. Rhei. L.E.D. Tinct. Rhei. comp. L. Tinct. Rhei cum AlÖe. E. Tinct. Rhei cum Gentian. E. Pil. Rhei comp. E.

2. East Indian, or Chinese. (Rheum Undulatum?)^[622]

Qualities. Form, long pieces, sometimes flat, as if they had been compressed; they are heavier, harder, and more compact than those of the preceding species, and are seldom perforated with holes; Odour, stronger; Taste, more nauseous; white streaks less numerous, and they afford a powder of a redder shade than those of Turkey rhubarb. Chemical Composition. It differs from the Turkey in containing less tannin and resin, and according to the experiments of Mr. A. T. Thomson, less oxalate of lime, in the ratio of 18 to 26. It contains however more extractive and gallic acid. Solubility. Water takes up one half of its weight, but the infusion, although more turbid, is not so deep coloured as that of Russian rhubarb; alcohol extracts 4 parts in 10. It habitudes with acids, alkalies, and neutral salts, differ likewise from those of the Russian variety, as Mr. A. T. Thomson has exhibited in a very satisfactory manner. (London Dispensatory, Edit. 3, p. 474.) Adulterations. The inferior kinds of Russian, East Indian, and even English rhubarb, are artfully dressed up and sold under the name of Turkey rhubarb. I am well informed that a number of persons in this town, known in the trade by the name of Russifiers, gain a regular livelihood by the art of dressing this article, by boring, rasping, and then colouring the inferior kinds; for which they charge at the rate of eighteen-pence per pound. The general indications of good rhubarb are, its whitish or clear yellow colour, and its possessing the other characteristic properties as above mentioned; it ought also to possess in an eminent degree the peculiar odour, for when this is dissipated, the powers of the medicine are nearly destroyed. In the form of powder, rhubarb is always more or less mixed with foreign matter; the detection of which can be alone effected by a trial of its efficacy.

Qualities. Form, a viscid and colourless, or pale straw-coloured oil; it is nearly inodorous, but on being swallowed, excites a slight sensation of acrimony in the throat. It has all the chemical habitudes of the other expressed oils, except those which relate to its solubility in alcoholic and ethereal menstrua. Med. Uses. It is mildly cathartic, and is particularly eligible in cases where stimulating purgatives would prove hurtful, but in obstinate constipation, where copious evacuations are required, this oil cannot be trusted, it will insinuate itself through the intestinal canal, bringing with it a small portion of the more fluid contents, but leaving behind it the collection of indurated fÆces. Forms of Exhibition. The most efficacious mode of administering it is by floating it upon tincture of senna, or peppermint water, or some other similar vehicle; it is also sometimes given with success in coffee or mutton broth, or suspended in water by the intervention of mucilage, yelk of egg (Form. 75,) or by honey, which at the same time contributes to its laxative operation: alkalies, although they form an emulsion with it, convert it into a saponaceous compound, and impair its cathartic force. Dose, f?ss to f?iss. Adulterations. It is usually adulterated with olive oil or poppy oil, and when to a considerable extent, scammony is added to quicken its operation. There is however a peculiarity in castor oil which serves to distinguish it from every other fixed oil, viz. its great solubility in rectified spirit; for instance, f?iv of alcohol of ·820 will mix uniformly with any proportion of castor oil, whereas it will not dissolve more than f?j of Linseed Oil; and a still less proportion of the expressed oils of almonds and of olives; when the spirit is diluted, its action on all these oils is equally diminished, so that common spirit of wine has but little power even over castor oil; but here chemistry again interposes its aid, for by the addition of camphor, in the proportion of one part to eight of spirit, spirit of ·840 is enabled to dissolve castor oil, whilst it has no influence upon the other fixed oils; castor oil is also soluble in any proportion, in sulphuric Æther of the specific gravity ·7563, while four fluid-ounces of the same liquid will only dissolve a fluid-ounce and a quarter of the expressed oil of Almonds; a fluid-ounce and a half of that of Olives; and two fluid-ounces and a half of Linseed oil. Vogel introduced a composition as a substitute for this oil, which some practitioners have greatly extolled; it consisted of nine grains of the extract of Jalap, and three grains of Venetian soap, triturated in a mortar with an ounce and a half of Olive oil.

Qualities. Odour, heavy and disagreeable; Taste, bitter, hot, and acrimonious. Chem. Comp. Essential oil, which may be obtained by distillation with water; fixed oil, bitter extractive, and resin. Solubility. Both water and alcohol extract its active principles. Med. Uses. It possesses highly stimulating properties, and has been used as a diaphoretic, anthelmintic, and emmenagogue. Rave, a German writer of great respectability, speaks of its use in chronic rheumatism in the highest terms; Alibert commends its anthelmintic powers, but its reputation has principally rested upon its generally acknowledged influence over the uterus. The testimony of Dr. Home of Edinburgh is strong in favour of its emmenagogue powers, but the adverse opinion of Dr. Cullen brought it into disrepute. It occasions a manifest flow of blood to the uterus, but this is probably sympathetically produced by its direct action on the large intestines; for if given in large doses it occasions great heat in the primÆ viÆ, hÆmorrhage, and inflammation of the bowels. It is therefore inadmissible in all cases which are attended with fever, or much vascular action. When amenorrhoea depends upon a relaxed state of the general system, or on an inactive and torpid condition of the uterine system, it may often be employed with advantage. Wedekind, a German writer, extols it in the treatment of that atonic or relaxed state of the uterus, attended with an unnatural secretion and soft swelling of the uterus, which is sometimes met with in women who have suffered much from repeated childbearing, and which is so generally attended with a train of hysteric disturbances. Dr. Eberle says that he has occasionally employed it in cases of Amenorrhoea, in females of a relaxed habit of body; and although sometimes without success, he has had sufficient evidence of its powers to establish its claim to attention. In several cases, similar to those above stated, I have employed the Savin with much success, but I have found it very liable to disturb the stomach, and to produce head-ache. Forms of Exhibition. Some practitioners have recommended that of powder, but it is almost impossible to pulverize it without previously drying it at a temperature which will dissipate the essential oil, upon which its activity depends. The tincture affords a more convenient form, and a compound tincture formerly occupied a place in the Pharmacopoeia, but has been abandoned. A decoction of an ounce of the leaves to a pint of water, with the addition of syrup, has been also recommended; an infusion, however, would be preferable. Dose, of the powdered leaves from grs. v to x; of the tincture f?j; of the decoction f?ss to f?j. As an external local stimulant, or escharotic, the dried leaves in powder are applied to warts, flabby ulcers, and carious bones; and the expressed juice diluted, or an infusion of the leaves, as a lotion to gangrenous sores, scabies, and tinea capitis; or mixed with lard and wax as an issue ointment. The German writers speak very highly of its effects as a poultice to old and obstinate sores. Officinal Prep. Oleum Volatile Juniperi SabinÆ. E.D. (the dose of which is from one to three minims.) Extractum SabinÆ. D. (a very inert preparation.) Ceratum SabinÆ. L.

The experiments of Orfila have shewn that Savine exerts a local action, but that its effects depend principally on its absorption; through which medium it acts on the nervous system, the rectum, and the stomach. It still enjoys amongst the vulgar the reputation of being capable of producing absorption.

Sugar, as a pharmaceutical agent, is employed for accelerating the pulverization of various resinous substances, and when exhibited with the most acrid of them, it prevents their adhesion to the coats of the intestines, by which they might irritate and inflame them; it is also extensively used on account of its power in preserving animal^[626] and vegetable substances. (See ConservÆ.) Milk boiled with fine sugar will keep for a great length of time, and might be very conveniently employed during a long voyage. Dr. Darwin also observes that fresh meat cut into thin slices, either raw or boiled, might be preserved in coarse sugar or treacle, and would furnish a very salutary and nourishing diet to our sailors. Sugar exerts also some chemical affinities which are highly interesting to the pharmaceutic chemist. Vogel has published a paper to shew, that when sugar is boiled with various metallic oxides, and with different metalline salts, it has the property of decomposing them; sometimes reducing the oxide to the state of a metal, and at others depriving the oxide only of one of the proportionals of oxygen; thus sulphate of copper and nitrate of mercury are precipitated in a metallic form, whilst peroxide of mercury and acetate of copper are converted into protoxides; corrosive sublimate is changed into calomel, but calomel is not susceptible of any further decomposition. All those metallic salts which have the power of decomposing water are not affected by sugar, as those of iron, zinc, tin, and manganese. It appears, moreover, that sugar has the property of rendering some of the Earths soluble in water. Sugar in water, at the temperature of 50°, is capable of dissolving one half of its weight of lime; the solution thus produced is of a beautiful white-wine colour, and has the smell of fresh-slacked quick-lime. It is precipitated from the solution by the carbonic, citric, tartaric, sulphuric, and oxalic acids; and it is decomposed, by double affinity, by caustic and carbonated potass and soda, and by the citrate, tartrate, and oxalate of potass, &c. The union of sugar with the alkalies has been long known, and in the decomposition of the solution of lime in sugar by the salts above mentioned, the acid unites with the lime, and the alkaline base forms a compound with the sugar.

Chemical Composition. Oil 60·94, soda 8·56, water 30·50; the water is partially dissipated by being kept, and the soap therefore becomes lighter. Muriate of Soda is also an essential ingredient^[627] of hard soap. Solubility. Water dissolves about one-third of its weight of genuine soap, and forms a milky solution; alcohol also dissolves it, and affords a solution nearly transparent, although somewhat gelatinous.^[628] Incompatible Substances. 1. All acids and acidulous salts, which combine with the alkali, and develope the oil. 2. Earthy salts, e. g. Alum; muriate and sulphate of lime; sulphate of magnesia. 3. Metallic salts. Nitrate of silver; ammoniated copper; tincture of muriated iron; ammoniated iron; acetate, sub-muriate, and oxy-muriate of mercury; sub-acetate of lead;^[629] tartarized iron; tartarized antimony; sulphate of zinc, copper and iron. 4. All astringent vegetables. 5. Hard water. Medicinal Uses. In large doses it is purgative; in smaller ones, it is decomposed in transitu, and its alkali is carried to the kidneys; in this way it may act as a lithonthriptic; or it may produce its effects by correcting any acidity which may prevail in the primÆ viÆ, for the weakest acid is capable of decomposing soap, and of uniting with its alkaline base; a solution of soap in lime water was long regarded as one of the strongest solvents of urinary calculi that could be administered with safety, but the result of such a mixture is an insoluble soap of lime, and a solution of soda; in habitual constipation, and in biliary obstructions, it is frequently prescribed in conjunction with rhubarb, or some bitter; in which cases it can only act as a laxative, or as a chemical agent, in increasing the solubility of the substance with which it is united. It has been also given in solution as an antidote to metallic poisons, and it is often successfully injected as a clyster, in unrelenting and habitual costiveness; as an external application, it is used in the form of liniment, (see Linimenta.) Its pharmaceutical value, in forming pill-masses, has already been considered (page 196), and the following formulÆ afford examples of such an application, viz. 14, 80, 105, 118, 165. Officinal Preparations. Pil. Saponis cum Opio. L. (L). Pil. ScillÆ comp. L. (M). Pil. Aloet. E. (L). Pil. Aloes et AssafoetidÆ. E. (I). Pil. Aloes cum Zinzib. D. (L). Pil. Colocynth. comp. D. (L). Emplast. Saponis. L.E. Ceratum Saponis. L. Liniment. Saponis. comp. L. Liniment. Saponis cum Opio. L. Adulterations. Pulverized Lime, Gypsum, or Pipe clay, are sometimes added; but the fraud is easily detected by solution in alcohol, when the earthy matters fall down.

This differs from hard soap chiefly in its consistence, which is never greater than that of hog’s lard: it is transparent, yellowish, with small seed-like lumps of tallow diffused through it; the alkali employed for its formation is a ley of potass, instead of that of soda.

Qualities. Form, long and slender twigs, covered with a wrinkled brown bark; Odour, none; Taste, mucilaginous and slightly bitter. Chemical Comp. Its virtues appear to reside in fecula; it also contains a very large proportion of vegetable albumen. Solubility. It communicates its active principle most completely to boiling water. (See Decoct. SarsaparillÆ). Med. Uses. According to Monardes, it was imported by the Spaniards into Europe in 1549, as a specific remedy for the venereal disease; but it soon fell into disrepute, and so continued until about the middle of the last century, when it was again brought into esteem by Hunter and Fordyce, as a medicine calculated to assist the operation of mercury, as well as to cure those symptoms which may be called the sequelÆ of a mercurial course. Dose, of the powdered root ?j to ?j, three times a day. In selecting the roots, it will be right to choose such as are plump, not carious, nor too dusty on breaking; but rough, and which easily split longitudinally. Officinal Prep. Decoctum SarsaparillÆ. L.E.D. Decoct. SarsaparillÆ comp: L.D. Extractum SarsaparillÆ. L. Syrupus SarsaparillÆ. L. There are several species of Carex which are substituted for Sarsaparilla. The C. villosa (German Sarsaparilla) is very commonly employed for this purpose.

Qualities. Odour, fragrant; Taste, sweet and aromatic. Chemical Composition. The qualities of this plant depend upon an essential oil and resin. Solubility. Its active parts are soluble in water and alcohol. Med. Uses. It is said to be diaphoretic, and diuretic; and has been employed in cases of scurvy, rheumatism, and in various cutaneous affections; it also formerly enjoyed the reputation of being an antisyphilitic remedy. Its powers are very questionable. Officinal Prep. Oleum Sassafras. L.E.D. Decoct: SarsaparillÆ comp. L.D. Decoct: Guaiae: L.E.D. Aqua Calcis comp: D.^[630]

Qualities. Form, blackish-grey cakes; Taste, bitter and sub-acrid; Odour, heavy and peculiar; when rubbed with water, the surface lathers or lactifies. Specific gravity 1·235. Chemical Composition. Resin is the principal constituent; 16 parts of good Aleppo Scammony yield 11 parts of resin, and 3½ of watery extract. That from Smyrna contains not more than half the quantity of resin, but more extractive, and gum. Solubility. Water, by trituration, takes up one-fourth, alcohol two-thirds, and proof spirit dissolves all, except the impurities. Incompatible Substances. Neither acids, metallic salts, nor ammonia, produce any change in its solutions, but the fixed alkalies occasion yellow precipitates; and yet they do not appear to be medicinally incompatible with it; thus Gaubius, “Scammoneum acidi commixtio^[631] reddit inertius; alcali fixum, contra, adjuvat.” The mineral acids appear to destroy a part of the substance, without in the least altering the rest. The discrepancy which exists in authors respecting the power of this drug, seems to have arisen from its operation being liable to uncertainty, in consequence of peculiar states of the alimentary canal; for instance, where the intestines are lined with an excess of mucus, it passes through without producing any action, but where the natural mucus is deficient, a small dose of scammony may irritate and even inflame the bowels. In this latter case, my practice has been to administer the purgative in a mucilaginous draught, or emulsion. Med. Uses. It is an efficacious and powerful cathartic, very eligible in worm cases, and in the disordered state of the bowels which so commonly occurs in children. Dose, grs. iij to xv, in the form of powders triturated with sulphate of potass, sugar, or almonds; when given alone, it is apt to irritate the fauces; it may be also administered as a solution, effected by triturating it with a strong decoction of liquorice, and straining. (Form. 78, 83.) Officinal Preparations. Confect: Scammon: L.D. Pulv: Scammon: co. L.E. Extract: Colocynth: co. L. (F) Pulv. SennÆ, co. L.^[632] (F) Adulterations. Two kinds of Scammony are imported into this country, that from Aleppo, which is the best; and that from Smyrna, which is more compact and ponderous, but less pure: it is commonly mixed with the expressed juice of the cynanchum monspeliacum; it is also sophisticated with flour, sand, and ashes; their presence may be detected by dissolving the sample in proof spirit, when the impurities will sink, and remain undissolved; carbonate of lime is moreover frequently added to Scammony, in which case the sample will effervesce in acids: there is however a compound bearing the name of Scammony, to be met with in the market, which is altogether factitious, consisting of jalap, senna, manna, gamboge, and ivory black. Good Scammony ought to be friable, and when wetted with the finger, it should lactify, or become milky: and the powder should manifest its characteristic odour, which has been compared to that of old ewe milk cheese.

Qualities. Odour, none; Taste, bitter, nauseous, and acrid; when much handled, it inflames, and ulcerates the skin. By drying, the bulb loses about four-fifths of its weight, and with very little diminution of its powers, provided that too great a heat has not been applied. Chemical Composition. According to Vogel, gum 6—tannin 24—sugar 6—bitter principle (Scillitin, which is white, transparent, and breaks with a resinous fracture) 35—woody fibre 30. Solubility. Squill gives out its virtues so perfectly to any of the ordinary menstrua, as to render the form of its exhibition, in that respect, a matter of indifference. Incompatible Substances. Alkalies diminish their acrimony and bitterness, and are probably medicinally inconsistent with their diuretic qualities, but farther experiments are required to decide this question: vegetable acids produce no effect upon their sensible qualities, but are said to increase their expectorant power. Med. Uses. According to the dose, and circumstances under which it is administered, it proves expectorant, diuretic, emetic, or purgative; as an expectorant, it can never be employed where pulmonary inflammation exists, for in such cases, instead of promoting, it will check any excretion from the lungs; its combination with a diaphoretic will frequently increase its powers, and generally be a measure of judicious caution. See Form, 133, 134, 135, 139. For the philosophy of its action, the reader must refer to the classification of Expectorants, page 102. As a diuretic, it seems to act by absorption, and we accordingly find, on the authority of Dr. Cullen, that when the squill operates strongly on the stomach and intestines, its diuretic effects are less likely to happen; he therefore found that by accompanying it with an opiate, (Form. 100) the emetic and purgative operation may be avoided, and the squill be thereby carried more entirely to the kidneys. Experience, moreover, has taught us the value of combining this medicine with some mercurial preparation, by which its diuretic powers are very considerably augmented; and it has been farther stated, that such a combination is particularly efficacious in Hydrothorax, especially when it produces inflammation of the gums, and of the glands about the throat, by which action it is supposed to cause a derivation from the exhalants of the pleura, and thereby to diminish the dropsical effusion. (Form: 102, 103, 106, 107, 109, 112, 115,) but we must take care that the remedy does not occasion purging. In the exhibition of squill, it has been often delivered as a rule, to give it to the extent necessary to induce nausea, as affording a test of the medicine being in a state of activity; such a state of the system, moreover, may assist the absorption of the remedy. Dr. Home, in opposition to the opinion of Cullen, maintained that the powers of Squill as a diuretic, were increased by combining it with bodies capable of promoting its full emetic operation: after what has been observed, however, it is unnecessary to dwell upon the mischievious tendency of such a practice. By referring to our tabular arrangement of Diuretics, page 102, the reader will find that I consider its action upon the urinary organs to depend upon its bitter principle (Scillitin) being developed, and carried, by the medium of the circulation, to the secreting vessels of the kidneys, which it thus stimulates by actual contact. As an emetic, it has been advised in solution, in cases of hooping cough, but its extreme uncertainty renders it unfit for exhibition, unless as an adjunct to emetic combinations, as in Form: 65. Plenck makes mention of a child which had convulsions in consequence of taking some Squill. Dose. Of the dried root gr.; to iv. Officinal Preparations. Acetum ScillÆ. L.E.D. Pil: Scill: comp: L.E.D. Pulv: Scill: E.D. Syrup. Scill: maritim: E. Tinct: Scill: L.D.

[Various opinions have been entertained in relation to the nature of Ergot. The most probable is that it is a parasitic fungus, attached to several species of the gramina, but more especially to the rye. It is generally found most abundant in moist situations and in wet seasons. Its taste, at first scarcely perceptible, becomes shortly disagreeable and sub-acrid. By the analysis of Vauquelin, the ergot has been ascertained to contain, 1. A fawn-yellow colouring matter, soluble in alcohol, and having a taste resembling that of fish oil. 2. A white oily matter, of a sweetish taste, which appears to be very abundant. 3. A violet colouring principle, of the same shade as that of orchil, but differing from it by its solubility in alcohol, and which can be readily fixed on aluminated wool and silk. 4. A free acid, supposed to be partly phosphoric. 5. A very abundant vegeto-animal substance, much disposed to putrefaction, and which furnishes a considerable quantity of thick oil and of ammonia by distillation. 6. A small quantity of free ammonia, which can be obtained at the temperature of boiling water. As a medicinal substance, ergot exerts a specific effect upon the uterus, and is very generally used in this country for the purpose of facilitating the process of parturition. From the powerful effects produced by the ergot, it is obvious that it should be used with much caution. Dr. Stearns, to whom the profession is indebted for the first introduction of this article into practice, and who must be considered as our highest authority on this subject, has laid down the following rules by which its administration should be regulated: 1. It should never be administered where nature is competent to a safe delivery. 2. It should never be administered until the regular pains have ceased, or are ineffectual, and there is danger to be apprehended from delay. 3. It should never be administered until the rigidity of the os tincÆ has subsided, and a perfect relaxation has been induced. 4. It should never be administered in the incipient stages of labour, nor until the os tincÆ is dilated to the size of a dollar. 5. It should never be administered in any case of preternatural presentation that will require the foetus to be turned. 6. It should never be administered during the continuance of one labour, in larger quantities than thirty grains by decoction in half a pint of water. A table spoonful of this given every ten minutes, generally succeeds better than a larger dose. While this quantity produces its most favourable effects upon the uterus, it does not affect the stomach with nausea or vomiting, which sometimes interrupts its successful operation.

The ergot is indicated, and may be administered, 1. When, in lingering labours, the child has descended into the pelvis, the parts dilated and relaxed, the pains having ceased, or being too ineffectual to advance the labour, there is danger to be apprehended from delay, by exhaustion of strength and vital energy, from hemorrhage or other alarming symptoms. 2. When the pains are transferred from the uterus to other parts of the body, or to the whole muscular system, producing general puerperal convulsions. After premising copious bleeding, the ergot concentrates all these misplaced labour-pains upon the uterus, which it soon restores to its appropriate action, and the convulsions immediately cease. 3. When in the early stages of pregnancy, abortion becomes inevitable, accompanied with profuse hemorrhage and feeble uterine contractions. 4. When the placenta as retained from a deficiency of contractions. 5. In patients liable to hemorrhage immediately after delivery. In such cases the ergot may be given as a preventive, a few minutes before the termination of the labour. 6. When the hemorrhage or lochial discharges are too profuse immediately after delivery, and the uterus continues dilated and relaxed without any ability to contract.]

Qualities. Form, the dried root is internally white; externally it is covered with a brownish grey, corrugated, transversely cracked cuticle. Odour, none. Taste, at first sweetish, but afterwards hot and pungent, producing a very peculiar tingling sensation in the fauces. Chemical Composition. Its virtues reside in resin. Solubility. Alcohol extracts the whole of its active matter; hot water only partially. Medicinal Uses. As a stimulant; but it is rarely used. In America it is used against the bite of the rattlesnake.^[633] Officinal Preparations. Decoctum SenegÆ. L.E.

Qualities. Odour, faint and sickly; Taste, slightly bitter, sweetish, and nauseous. Chemical Composition. Extractive, resin, mucilage, and saline matter; it contains within itself a purgative principle and a bitter element; and although the latter is per se inert, yet in combination, its presence aids and exalts the efficacy of the former. M. M. Lassaigne and Fenuelle have lately announced the fact of their having procured the purgative principle of Senna in a separate form, and to which they have given the name of Cathartine. It is said to be an uncrystallizable substance, of a reddish-yellow colour, and of a particular smell, and bitter nauseous taste, soluble in alcohol and water, in all proportions; but farther experiments are required upon this subject. Solubility. Both water and spirit extract the virtues of Senna; to water and proof spirit the leaves communicate a brownish colour, more or less deep according to the proportions employed; to rectified spirit they impart a fine green colour. The powdered leaves of senna are very apt to undergo a change by exposure to a humid atmosphere, becoming covered with a kind of mouldiness which contains a small proportion of potass. Medicinal Uses. See Infus: SennÆ. Officinal Preparations. Confectio SennÆ;, L.E.D. Extract: CassiÆ SennÆ. E. Infus: SennÆ. L.D. Infus: Tamarind: cum Senna. E.D. Pulv. SennÆ comp: L. Tinct: SennÆ. L.D. Tinct: SennÆ comp: E. Syrup: SennÆ. L.D. Adulterations. The leaves of Senna are imported from Alexandria in a state of adulteration, being mixed by the merchants of Cairo with the leaves of Cynanchum Oleafolium, (Arguel) and with those of Colutea Arborescens; the former are distinguished by their greater length as well as by their structure, which differs from the leaves of Senna in having a straight side, and being regular at their base, and in not displaying any lateral nerves on the under disk; the latter are so different from Senna leaves, that there is no difficulty in at once recognising them. The Tripoli Senna contains a much larger proportion of Cynanchum, and of the other adulterations; as a general rule, those leaves which appear bright, fresh, free from stalks and spots, that are well and strongly scented, smooth and soft to the touch, thoroughly dry, sharp pointed, bitterish, and somewhat nauseous, are to be preferred.

Qualities. Odour, of the dried root, aromatic, and somewhat resembling that of Valerian; Taste, pungent and warm, with a degree of bitterness, not very unlike that of camphor, or of the pinus canadensis. Chemical Composition. Resin and an essential oil constitute its active ingredients. Solubility. Its virtues are extracted by water, as well as by alcohol. The tincture has a bright green colour, which is rendered turbid by water. It neither affects Tannin nor Gelatine, nor does it precipitate the salts of iron. Medicinal Uses. It has been regarded as serviceable in cases that required the combined powers of a diaphoretic and tonic, as in some of the stages of typhus and other low fevers; it has also been found to exalt the febrifuge powers of the bark in cases of protracted intermittents. It is likewise valued on account of its efficacy in certain cases of dyspepsia, attended with a dry skin. Its stimulating properties will of course prevent its application in the inflammatory diathesis. Forms of Exhibition. In substance, or in an infusion, made by macerating ?iv of the bruised root in f?xij of boiling water in a covered vessel for two hours, and straining. Decoction will necessarily dissipate its essential oil, and impair its powers; whenever therefore it is directed in combinations which require this process, it should not be added until after the other ingredients have been boiled, as illustrated by Form: 40. Dose, of the powdered root ?j to ?ss or more; of the infusion f?j-f?ij. Officinal Preparations. Tinct: SerpentariÆ. L.E.D.^[634] Tinct: CinchonÆ comp: L.D. Electuarium Opiatum. E.

The roots of the Collinsonia prÆcox are frequently found mixed with those of Serpentaria in the market.

Qualities. Form, long pieces a few inches in breadth, and folded lengthwise; fibrous, rough, and scaly; and, when fresh, of a pale yellow colour on the inside. Odour, none; Taste, bitter, without any astringency. Chemical Composition. Its virtues are principally connected with extractive matter; it does not contain any tannin or gallic acid. Solubility. Alcohol and water take up all its active matter. Medicinal Uses. It has been considered tonic, and has been used with advantage as such in intermittent fevers. To Dr. Wright we are principally indebted for a knowledge of its powers. It has been much commended in the latter stages of dysentery, after the fever has abated, and the tenesmus continues with a sinking pulse. Alibert says that it has been used with much success at the hospital of St. Louis, in diarrhoea, following scurvy, and intermittent fever. Dose, ?i to ?ss, but it is more conveniently given in the form of infusion, which see. Officinal Preparations. Infus: SimaroubÆ. L.

The Dublin college has admitted the wood of this tree into their materia medica, but it is perfectly inert.

Chemical Composition. Fecula, mucilage, an acrid volatile oil on which their virtues depend, and which on standing deposits a quantity of sulphur, a bland fixed oil, which considerably obtunds the acrimony of the former constituent;^[635] and an ammoniacal salt. Solubility. Unbruised mustard seeds, when macerated in boiling water, yield only an insipid mucilage, which like that of linseed, resides in the skin; but when bruised, water takes up all the active matter, although it is scarcely imparted to alcohol. Medicinal Uses. It is a beneficial stimulant in dyspepsia; chlorosis, and paralysis; for which purpose, a tea spoonful of the bruised seeds may be administered; or a whey may be made, by boiling a table spoonful of the bruised seeds in oj of milk, and straining; of which a fourth part may be taken three times a day, (see Form. 46.) or it may be given in infusion. (Form. 45.) The farina made into a paste with crumbs of bread and vinegar, affords one of the most powerful external stimulants which we can apply, and is technically termed a Sinapism; it produces intense pain, and excites an inflammation entering much more into the true skin than that which is excited by the LyttÆ; it is therefore worthy attention in all internal inflammations where bleeding is limited: if necessary it may be quickened by the addition of oil of turpentine. If a table spoonful of powdered mustard be added to oj of tepid water, it operates briskly as an emetic. Officinal Preparations. Cataplasm: Sinap. L.D. Emplast: Meloes com: E.^[636] (B) Infusum ArmoraciÆ comp: L. (B) Adulterations. Fine powder, or flower of mustard, as it occurs in commerce, contains only one-sixth part of genuine mustard, the remainder consists of flour, coloured by turmeric, and made pungent by the addition of powdered capsicum.

SODA TARTARIZATA. L. Tartras SodÆ et PotassÆ. E. Tartarus SodÆ et Kali. D. olim. Sal de Seignette. Sal Rupellensis, or Rochelle Salt.

Qualities. Form, a right prism, with rhombic terminations, very slightly efflorescent. Taste, rather bitter and saline. Chemical Composition. It is a triple salt, formed by neutralizing the excess of acid in super-tartrate of potass, with soda, and consisting of 2 atoms of acid + 1 of soda + 1 of potass. By a strong heat it is resolved into a mixture of carbonate of potass and carbonate of soda. Solubility. It is soluble in five parts of water at 50°. Incompatible Substances. Most acids, and acidulous salts (except the Super-tartrate of potass) which convert the tartrate of potass into bi-tartrate, or super-tartrate. The acetate and sub-acetate of lead; barytic salts, and the salts of lime are decomposed by it. Med. Uses. Similar to those of PotassÆ Tartras. See Form. 77, and 86, the latter of which presents a very grateful and efficacious purgative. Dose, ?ij to ?j as a purgative.

This salt, when properly prepared, is a bi-carbonate, but so delicately are the affinities of its constituent parts balanced, that the application of a very moderate temperature is sufficient to subvert them, and to occasion partial decomposition. Mr. Phillips states that although he has seen what he believes to be real bi-carbonate in the state of the moist crystals, yet he has never met with any that was dry which had not lost one-fourth of its carbonic acid by exposure to heat; it is then a white gritty powder, less soluble in water than the sub-carbonate, like which it possesses an alkaline taste, and turns vegetable yellows brown, but both in a less degree. This salt, which is generally sold, as the carbonate of the pharmacopoeia, and the bi-carbonate of chemists, Mr. Phillips considers as a compound of an atom of carbonate, (sub-carbonate) and an atom of bi-carbonate, combined with four atoms of water. It is therefore, according to the phraseology of some chemists, a Sesqui-carbonate,^[637] as being equal to an atom and a half of acid and one atom of base. The chemical habitudes of this salt, as connected with its medicinal applications, are similar to those of the carbonate of potass, which see. Med. Uses. As it is less nauseous, so is it more eligible than the sub-carbonate of the same alkali; in other respects its effects are the same; vide SodÆ Sub-carbonas. Dose, grs. x to ?ss.^[638] Adulterations. If the salt, after super-saturation with dilute nitric acid, give a precipitate with nitrate of baryta, it contains some sulphuric salt; and if with nitrate of silver, we may infer the presence of a muriate.

Qualities. Form, that of regular cubes, which do not deliquesce unless contaminated with muriate of magnesia.^[639] Chemical Composition. It consists, according to Berzelius, of 46·55 of muriatic acid, and 53·45 of soda; according to the new theory, however, this salt must be considered as a true muriate of soda, only while it remains in aqueous solution; for when it is reduced to dryness, the muriatic acid and the soda become both decomposed, and the hydrogen of the former uniting with the oxygen of the latter, they pass off in the form of water, while the chlorine of the muriatic acid unites with the metallic base of the soda, to form chloride of sodium, which consists of an atom of each constituent. It is perhaps difficult to believe that the same salt should be chloride of sodium in the hand, and muriate of soda in the mouth! but it is not the less true, nor is it more incredible than the change which Sulphuret of potass undergoes by solution, the decomposition of which is rendered evident to the senses by the evolved sulphuretted hydrogen. Late researches have also detected both in rock and in other salt, the presence of muriate of potass, and muriate of magnesia.^[640] Solubility. It is equally soluble in cold and in hot water, one part of the salt requiring rather more than 2½ parts. Med. Uses. The effects of salt upon the animal and vegetable kingdoms, are striking and important,^[641] and have furnished objects of the most interesting enquiry to the physiologist, the chemist, the physician, and the agriculturist; it appears to be a natural stimulant to the digestive organs; and that animals are instinctively led to immense distances in pursuit of it; for proof of this fact the reader is referred to “Parkes on the repeal of the Salt Laws,” and to an interesting work by my late lamented friend, Sir Thomas Bernard, entitled, “Case of the Salt Duties, with Proofs and Illustrations.”^[642] Salt, when taken in moderate quantities, promotes,^[643] while in excessive ones, it prevents digestion; it is therefore tonic and anthelmintic, correcting that disordered state of the bowels which favours the propagation of worms. In Ireland, where, from the bad quality of the food, the lower classes are greatly infested with worms,^[644] a draught of salt and water is a popular and efficacious anthelmintic. Form: 162, is a prescription by Rush, who says that in this manner he has administered many pounds of common salt with great success in worm cases. In the first volume of the Medical Transactions we shall find an interesting account of a cure of this disease by salt, after the failure of other remedies; I beg also to refer the practitioner to another case illustrative of its anthelmintic powers, published by Mr. Marshall, (London Medical and Physical Journal, vol. xxxix. No. 231,) which is that of a lady who had a natural antipathy to salt, and was in consequence most dreadfully infested with worms during the whole of her life. In very large doses Salt proves purgative; it is also absorbed, and carried to the kidneys, but it undergoes no decomposition in transitu, nor does it appear to possess any considerable powers as a diuretic; its solution in tepid water, in the proportion of ?ss-?j in oj of water, forms the common domestic enema. Dose, when intended to act as a cathartic, from?ss to ?j very largely diluted; when to answer the other intentions, from grs. x. to ?j.

Qualities. Form, irregular hexahedral prisms, slightly efflorescent. Taste, alkaline and styptic; when heated it loses its water of crystallization, and becomes a porous friable mass (calcined borax). Chemical Composition. Boracic acid, 34—soda, 17—water, 49. Solubility. It is soluble in 20 parts of water at 60°, and in 6 parts at 212°. Incompatible Substances. It is decomposed by acids; potass; by the sulphates and muriates of the earths, and by those of ammonia. Medicinal Uses. It is only applied in the form of powder mixed with 8 or 10 parts of honey, as a detergent linctus in aphthÆ, &c. The Chinese employ it in inflammatory sore throats; for which purpose they first reduce it to an extremely fine powder, and then blow it through a reed upon the inflamed surface. Officinal Preparations. Mel Boracis. L. Adulterations. Alum, and fused muriate of soda, are substances with which it is sometimes sophisticated; to discover which, dissolve it in distilled water, and after saturating the excess of the base with nitric acid, assay the solution with nitrate of barytes and nitrate of silver.

Qualities. Form, octohedrons, truncated at the summits of the pyramids; it effloresces when exposed to the air, and at 150° Fah. undergoes watery fusion, its crystals containing as much as seven proportionals of water; Taste, mild, alkalescent. Chemical Composition. Soda 29·5—carbonic acid 20·7. Solubility. It is soluble in two parts of water at 60°, and in considerably less than its weight of boiling water; it is insoluble in alcohol. Incompatible Substances are enumerated under PotassÆ Carbonas. Med. Uses, are similar to those of the sub-carbonate of potass, but it is preferable to it for internal use, as being more mild and less nauseous; and moreover Fourcroy states it as his opinion that soda is more eligible for medicinal purposes than potass, on account of its analogy with animal substances, which always contain it, while on the contrary, no portion of potass is found in them. Sir Gilbert Blane assumes an opposite opinion, and observes that, as far as he can judge of the comparative powers of the two fixed alkalies, he should greatly prefer Potass to Soda, as a remedy for gravel, one reason of which he thinks may be found in the fact that the Soda is an element of the animal fluids, since it enters largely into the composition of bile, so that it is more likely to be arrested in the course of the circulation and diverted from the urinary organs. A gentleman, says Sir Gilbert, who was subject to frequent fits of gravel, and in the habit of making experiments on the small concretions which he passed, found that Soda dissolved them, but that Potass did not; nevertheless he experienced sensible relief, and even temporary cure, from the internal use of the latter alkali, but no benefit from the former. Are then the absorbents more disposed to take up soda than potass? The results of experience do not appear to sanction such a conclusion. Forms of Exhibition. It may be administered in solution, in an electuary, or in pills; when exhibited in the latter form, it must be previously deprived of its water of crystallization, (SodÆ Sub-carbonas exsiccata. L.) or the pills will fall into powder as they dry; unless where the water of crystallization is essential to the formation of the pill, as to that of Pill: Ferri comp. Dose, gr. x to ?j, twice or thrice a day. See Form. 28, 143, 144.

Qualities. Form, transparent prismatic crystals, which effloresce; when exposed to heat, they undergo watery fusion, that is, they melt in their own water of crystallization. Taste, saline and bitter. Chemical Composition. Sulphuric acid 24·64,—soda 19·36—water 56. Solubility. f?j of water at 60° dissolves ?iiiss; in boiling water it is considerably more soluble; it is quite insoluble in alcohol. Incompatible Substances. The same as those which decompose sulphate of magnesia. Med. Uses. A common and useful purgative; its nauseous taste may be in a great degree disguised by the addition of a small quantity of lemon juice, or cream of tartar. Dose, ?ss to ?ij. In an effloresced state it is just equal in efficacy to double the weight of that which is in a crystalline form. It is rendered more active by being combined with other purgative salts, especially with sulphate of magnesia, and the compound is more soluble and less nauseous; (Form. 69, 72.) A portion of triple salt, a magnesio-sulphate of soda, probably results from the combination, a salt which may be frequently detected in parcels of sulphate of magnesia, and may be known by its crystals, which are regular rhomboids; it is also contained, according to Dr. Murray, in the brine or mother liquor of sea-water; and it constitutes the whole of that salt which was formerly sold under the name of “Lymington Glauber’s Salts”.^[645]

Qualities. When bruised they yield an unpleasant odour, and a nauseous bitter taste. Solubility. Water and alcohol alike extract their active matter. Med. Uses. They certainly act as a powerful diuretic, and even prove so to animals that browse upon them. I have frequently exhibited them in the Westminster Hospital, with very great success in the form of decoction. By referring to my classification of diuretics, page 93, it will be seen that the Broom is placed under the second division of the first class; for analogy sanctions the theory, that the bitter element is separated by the powers of digestion, and carried to the kidneys by the medium of the circulation. (See Form. 113.) The ashes of this plant were extolled by Sydenham as a powerful diuretic, but the chemist has shewn that it is merely a fixed alkaline salt. Officinal Preparations. Extractum Cacuminum GenistÆ. D.

[This is an herbaceous plant, growing native in the Southern states. It flourishes in rich, dry soils, and flowers from May to July. The root, which is composed of numerous slender fibres, when fresh, is of a yellowish colour, and has an insipid and nauseous taste. As it contains on analysis no resin, its proper menstruum is water. It is exclusively as an anthelmintic that the Pink Root is resorted to, and as such it possesses unquestionable power. When given to any extent it proves narcotic, and at the same time purgative. It is probably to this combination of properties that its efficacy as a vermifuge is to be attributed. It is chiefly against the Lumbrici that it has been used with success. It may be given in powder, in doses of from grs. x to xx, repeated every two hours. The more common and preferable mode of giving it, however, is that of infusion, made by putting ?j of the root into a pint of boiling water. Of this, when cold, from ?j to ?iv may be given every two or three hours, according to the age of the patient. It should be recollected, that in its fresh state the Pink Root is much more active than when dried and kept for any length of time.]

[This plant abounds in the woods of hills and mountains, in every part of the United States. The root, which is the part used in medicine, is of a bitter taste, and yields by analysis extractive matter and resin. In its medicinal properties the SpirÆa resembles the ipecacuanha of the shops. The full dose in powder is 30 grs.]

These are solutions of the essential oils of vegetables in diluted alcohol or proof spirit; they are obtained by distilling spirit with recent vegetables; or, according to the recent directions of the Pharmacopoeia, with their essential oils; sometimes however they are extemporaneously made by at once dissolving the oils in the spirit, without distillation. (See Spiritus Tenuior.) Med. Uses. Like the distilled waters, they serve as vehicles for the exhibition of more active medicines; they are also occasionally employed as grateful stimulants. It is unnecessary to dwell on each of these simple spirits, as their virtues are the same as those of the substances from which they are extracted, united to the stimulus of the alcohol. The following are officinal:—Spirit: Anisi. L. Spir: Anisi comp: L.D. ArmoraciÆ comp: L. Carui. L.E.D. Cinnamomi L.E.D. (Form. 5, 40.) Juniperi comp: L.D. LavandulÆ. L.E.D. LavandulÆ comp: L.E.D. Menth: Pip: L.D. Menth: Virid: L. Myristic: L.E.D. PimentÆ. L.D. Pulegii. L. Raphani comp: D. Rosmarini.^[646] L.E.D.

This is a solution of ammoniacal gas in spirit; in which a small portion of the sub-carbonate is also generally present. It is not easy to compare the strength of this preparation with that of the Liquor AmmoniÆ, or Liquor AmmoniÆ Sub-carbonatis, so as to give their medicinal equivalents, because the ammonia exists in a very different state of combination. The first is a mere solution of ammoniacal gas in water; in the second, as already stated, the ammonia exists as a sesqui-carbonate, while in the one now under consideration the alkali is in the state of a carbonate. This fact will explain the reason of the present preparation being superior in pungency to the Liquor AmmoniÆ Sub-carbonatis. The Incompatibles are the same as those enumerated under the head of AmmoniÆ Sub-carbonas. It is a powerful stimulant, but it is principally employed as the basis of the following compounds; viz. Spirit: AmmoniÆ Aromat. L.E.D. Spirit: AmmoniÆ Succinatus. L. Tinctura Castorei Comp: E. Tinct: Guaiaci comp: E. Tinct: Opii Ammoniat: E.

This is a solution of several essential oils, (Cinnamon, Cloves, and Lemon. L.—Rosemary and Lemon. E. Lemon and Nutmeg. D.) in the spirit of ammonia. It is a valuable stimulant, and an agreeable adjunct, and efficacious corrective to other remedies, see Form. 42, 45. Dose, f?ss to f?j. Incompatibles. Acids, Acidulous Salts, Earthy and Metallic Salts, and Lime Water. Officinal Prep: Tinct. Guaiac: Ammoniat: L.D. Tinct. Valerian: Ammoniat: L.D. Its ammoniacal pungency is rather inferior to that of the preceding preparations.

This is a solution of the foetid volatile oil of the Assafoetida in the spirit of ammonia; as little else than the odour and flavour of the gum-resin is taken up by the menstruum, it cannot be expected to possess many virtues. Dose, f?ss to f?i.

This preparation was probably introduced as a substitute of the Eau de luce. It is stimulant and antispasmodic. It will be found, if properly prepared, to retain its milkiness for a considerable time, a circumstance by which its value is appreciated. The substances enumerated under the head of Spir: AmmoniÆ Aromat: are also incompatible with this preparation.

We have in this preparation the specific virtues of the Colchicum, with the stimulant property of the Ammonia; a medicinal combination, which is frequently indicated in practice. Dose f?ss to f?i, in some aqueous vehicle. The substances enumerated under the history of Spiritus AmmoniÆ Aromaticus, are likewise incompatible with this spirit.

This preparation, which was excluded from the London Pharmacopoeia of 1787, is now restored. It consists of Sulphuric Ether one part, rectified spirit two parts, impregnated with aromatics; the presence of spirit is necessary in this preparation, since the volatile oils would be insoluble in the Æther without it. Med. Uses. A grateful stimulant.

Qualities. A colourless fluid of the specific gravity ·850. Odour, extremely fragrant; Taste, pungent and acidulous; it is very volatile and inflammable. Chemical Composition. A portion of nitric Æther and nitric acid, combined with alcohol. Solubility. It is soluble both in water and alcohol. Incompatible Substances. With a solution of green sulphate of iron it strikes a deep olive colour, owing probably to its holding a portion of nitrous gas in solution; with the tinctures of guaiacum it produces a green or blue coagulum. Med. Uses. When properly diluted, it is refrigerant and diuretic; and has been long employed as a grateful draught in febrile affections; as a diuretic, it frequently proves a valuable auxiliary in dropsy, (see Form. 113, 116.) Dose, ??x to xl. in any aqueous vehicle. By age and exposure to the air, it is gradually decomposed, and gives rise to the reproduction of nitrous acid.

Qualities. A fluid of the specific gravity ·816, consisting of two parts (by measure) of rectified spirit, and one part of sulphuric Æther. Med. Uses. It has all the properties of Æther, but in an inferior degree. Dose, f?j to f?iij.

This is intended as a substitute for the Liquor Anodynus of Hoffmann, although its composition was never revealed by him. In addition to its stimulating properties, it is supposed to add those of an anodyne nature. Dose, f?ss to f?ij. See Form. 7.

This preparation is principally useful as an external application. As an embrocation to chilblains it is often of essential service; and it has been found useful when thus applied to parts affected with chronic rheumatism and paralytic numbness. It is instantly decomposed by water, which precipitates the camphor. It furnishes an easy mode of forming camphor mixture extemporaneously, and if a few drops be rubbed with mucilage, we are thus enabled to form a stronger preparation than by the ordinary process.

In this preparation, alcohol is nearly in the highest state of concentration, in which it can be easily prepared in the large way for the purposes of trade; its specific gravity however varies in the different pharmacopoeias, viz. the London and Edinburgh preparation is stated to have that of ·835, while the rectified spirit of Dublin is ordered to be only ·840. The former at the temperature of 60° Fah. consists of 85 parts of pure alcohol and 15 of water, the latter only of 83 per cent. of alcohol. It is a most powerful stimulant, but is rarely employed except in combination; as a pharmaceutical agent, its use is highly valuable and extensive. (See TincturÆ.) During the evaporation of spirit, a considerable reduction of temperature takes place, which renders it a useful ingredient in refrigerating lotions. See Form. 147, 148. It has lately been ascertained by Mr. Ritchie of Perth, that “the degree of cold induced by the evaporation of spirit of different degrees of strength are proportional to the strength of these spirits, reckoning from the degrees of cold induced by the evaporation of water.” The application of this theorem will enable us to ascertain the strength of a spirit by the “Differential Thermometer” of Leslie.

This is rectified spirit diluted with a certain proportion of water, and it is to be regretted that the quantity ordered for this purpose, should vary in the different Pharmacopoeias; thus, according to the London and Dublin Colleges, its specific gravity is ·930, while the College of Edinburgh directs it to be of ·935. The former consists of 44 per cent. of pure alcohol, and may be formed by mixing four parts, by measure, of rectified spirit, with three of water; the latter contains only 42 per cent. of pure alcohol, and may be made by adding together equal parts of rectified spirit and distilled water. Alcohol in this state of dilution, is better adapted for taking up the principles of vegetables than rectified spirit; indeed, diluted alcohol acts upon bodies as a chemical compound, and will dissolve what neither the same proportion of water nor of alcohol would, if separately applied; we perceive therefore the importance of ensuring uniformity of strength in our spirits. (See TincturÆ.) It is necessary to remark that almost all the spirit sold under the name of “Proof Spirit,” is contaminated with empyreumatic oil, and is unfit for the purposes of pharmacy; it ought therefore to be extemporaneously prepared by mixing together rectified spirit and water, in the proportions above stated. This however is rarely done, except the liquors are intended for the toilet, and hence it has been observed, that the cordials of the apothecary are generally less grateful than those of the distiller, the latter being extremely curious in rectifying and purifying his spirit. If common water be employed for the dilution of alcohol, the resulting spirit will be turbid, owing principally to the precipitation of sulphuric salts; this circumstance lately occasioned considerable embarrassment to the Curators of the Hunterian Museum at the College of Surgeons, who were compelled to prepare their own spirit, in consequence of an excise regulation preventing the distiller from sending out any spirit of that strength which is required for their anatomical purposes. A curious fact has just been noticed in the Laboratory of the Royal Institution, which is, that diluted spirit becomes stronger by being kept in vessels that are carefully closed by bladder! whence it would seem, that alcoholic vapour transpires through this animal membrane less freely than aqueous vapour; we are at present unable to offer a satisfactory explanation of this anomalous case of distillation, but it is probably connected with the different solvent powers of these two liquids, in relation to the animal membrane. Med. Uses. Alcohol, although diluted to the degree of proof spirit, is still too strong for internal exhibition; indeed, where its use is indicated, it is more generally given in the form of wine, malt liquors, or ardent spirits, which must be regarded only as diluted alcohol, although each has a peculiarity of operation, owing to the modifying influence of the other elements of the liquid; thus Brandy^[647] is said to be simply cordial and stomachic;^[648] Rum,^[649] heating and sudorific; Gin and Whiskey, diuretic; and Arrack,^[650] styptic, heating, and narcotic; it seems also probable that a modified effect is produced by the addition of various other substances, such as sugar and acids, which latter bodies, besides their anti-narcotic powers, appear to act by favouring a more perfect combination and mutual penetration of the particles of spirit and water. Foreign brandy derives its colour from the oak cask, the intensity of which, therefore, affords some criterion of its age. The English have been in the habit of colouring their spirits with burnt sugar until lately, but now since the cause of the foreign colour is discovered, the scrapings of gall-nuts are employed for that purpose, whence the sulphate of iron is no longer a test of brandy being genuine.^[651] The effects, also, which are produced by the habitual use of fermented liquors, differ essentially according to the kind that is drunk; thus Ale and Porter, in consequence of the nutritive matter, and perhaps the invigorating bitter with which they are charged, and the comparatively small proportion of alcohol which they contain, dispose to a plethora, which is not unfrequently terminated by apoplexy; Spirits, on the other hand, induce severe dyspepsia, obstructed and hardened liver, dropsy, and more than half of all our chronical diseases; and Dr. Darwin moreover remarks that when they arise from this cause, they are liable to become hereditary, even to the third generation, gradually increasing, if the cause be continued, till the family become extinct; with regard to Wine, Rush has truly observed that its effects, like those of tyranny in a well formed government, are first felt in the extremities, while spirits like a bold invader, seize at once upon the vitals of the constitution; the different kinds of wine, however, produce very different and even opposite effects, as stated under the history of that article, (see Vinum.) The excise officers frequently avail themselves of the peculiar power of the sub-acetate of lead to precipitate colouring matter, in order to remove from seized Holland Gin, the colour which it contains by being long kept in the tubs in which it is smuggled over. This practice, however, renders the gin liable to gripe.

The anthelmintic properties of Tin have been explained by three different hypotheses, viz. 1. That it acts mechanically by dislodging the mucus from the intestines; if this be true, it is difficult to explain the fact of its activity being increased by pulverization. 2. That its efficacy depends upon the presence of arsenic; if so, why should the purest specimens act with equal efficacy?^[652] 3. That it operates by generating hydrogen gas in the intestinal canal: it has been observed that this opinion is rendered probable by the fact, that sulphur increases its powers.^[653] Dose, ?j or ?ji, mixed with honey, treacle or conserve, and exhibited for several successive mornings, a purgative medicine being occasionally interposed, (see Form. 150.) The use of this remedy however is entirely superseded by the more efficacious exhibition of oil of turpentine.

[This is a perennial plant found in all parts of the United States. It flowers in the months of July and August. The root, which is the part used in medicine, is astringent, and contains large proportions of tannin and gallic acid. As a medicine it has been much used in this country, and is prescribed with advantage in a number of diseases in which astringents are required. In chronic dysentery, diarrhoea, and cholera infantum, more especially, it has been found exceedingly beneficial. It may be given in infusion or decoction, made by adding ?ij of the root to ?xij of water.]

Chemical Composition. It is probably a triple compound of oxygen, hydrogen, and some unknown base. Solubility. It is insoluble in water and alcohol, but soluble in oils, especially in that of linseed, which is a powerful solvent of all sulphureous substances. In boiling oil of turpentine it is entirely soluble. Medicinal Uses. It is laxative and diaphoretic; it acts principally upon the large intestines, and very mildly, whence it proves useful in hÆmorrhoidal affections (Form. 74); and in consequence of the diaphoresis which it also excites, it is useful in chronic rheumatisms, catarrhs, and in some cutaneous affections.^[654] To promote its purgative effects, magnesia will be found a serviceable adjunct in hÆmorrhoids; it may be given in the form of an electuary, or suspended in milk; its solution in oil (Oleum Sulphuratum) is a most nauseous and acrid preparation. When sulphur is combined with metallic remedies, it generally lessens their activity. Its effects in curing psora are universally admitted, and the only objection to its use is the disgusting smell which accompanies its application; see Unguent: Sulphuris. Dr. Clarke of Dublin recommends a lotion which he says contains a sufficient impregnation of sulphur for the cure of psora in children, to be made by adding an ounce of broken sulphur to a quart of boiling water, and allowing it to infuse for twelve hours. In this process, the water probably takes up a small portion of sulphurous acid; it is difficult to explain the efficacy of the lotion in any other manner. When sulphur is internally administered, it transpires through the skin in the state of sulphuretted hydrogen, and blackens the silver in the pockets of those who take it. Dose ?j to ?iij. Officinal Prep. Sulphur Lotum. L.E.D. Sulphur PrÆcipitatum. L. Unguent. Sulph. L.E.D. Unguent. Sulph. comp. L.

Sulphur Lotum. When sulphur is kept in loosely covered drawers its surface is soon acidified, when it is said to operate with griping, hence the common flowers are directed to be washed with water to get rid of any sulphurous acid; it is however rarely performed, and would seem to be a useless subtlety.

Sulphur PrÆcipitatum. L. Lac Sulphuris, P.L. 1720. This, when pure, differs in no other respect from sublimed sulphur than in its superior whiteness, which it owes to the presence of a small proportion of water; in consequence however of its mode of preparation, it always contains a small quantity of sulphate of lime, and not unfrequently other impurities; it may be assayed by pouring upon a suspected sample a sufficient quantity of liquor potassÆ to cover it, and setting it aside in a warm place to digest, when the sulphur will be dissolved and the impurities remain; or it might be at once subjected to the operation of heat; which would volatilize the sulphur, and thus separate it from its contaminations.

These are solutions of sugar in water, watery infusions, or in vegetable juices; the proportion of sugar is generally two parts to one of the fluid; if it exceeds this, the solution will crystallize, if it be less, ferment, and become acescent.^[655] The most certain test of the proper consistence of a syrup is its specific gravity; a bottle that holds three ounces of water at 55 Fah. ought to hold four ounces of syrup. Syrups are introduced into medicinal formulÆ for several purposes, viz.

I. To correct or disguise the flavour of disagreeable remedies. Syrup: Aurantiorum. L.D. (Form, 48, 51, 107.)—Limonum, L.E.D.—Simplex (124, 145).—Zingiberis (88, 95, 105.) Bitter infusions, and saline solutions are rendered more nauseous by the addition of syrups.

II. To produce Medicinal Effects. Syrup: Allii. D.—AltheÆ. L.E. (135)—Acidi Acetosi. E.—Colchici. E.—SennÆ. E.D. (70)—ScillÆ MaritimÆ. E.—Rhamni. L. Papaveris. L.E.D. (5, 7, 75, 169, 170.)—RosÆ (74)—Zingiberis (47, 150)—SarsaparillÆ. L.

III. To communicate peculiar forms.

Every syrup answers this purpose; for the necessary proportions, see Electuaria.

IV. To communicate an agreeable colour. Syrup. Croci: L.—RhÆados. L.D. (166, 168.)—Caryophylli Rubri. D.—ViolÆ. E. Except that of Saffron, these syrups are rendered green by alkalies, and red by acids.

General Remarks. The practitioner should never introduce syrups into those medicines which are liable to be injured by the generation of acids: I have frequently seen the cretaceous mixture, when charged with syrup. Increase, instead of check, a diarrhoea; and the syrup of poppies, from its disposition to become acescent, will often aggravate rather than allay the cholic of infants. The syrup of Senna furnishes the practitioner with a convenient purgative for children; that of buckthorn is more violent, and is on that account but rarely used; besides which, in preparing it the chemist not unfrequently substitutes the berries of the Cornus Sanguinea, the Dogberry-tree, or those of the Rhamnus Frangula, the Alder-buckthorn, for the Rhamnus Catharticus; a circumstance which necessarily renders the efficacy of this syrup variable and uncertain; it is moreover often sophisticated with treacle and jalap. The syrup of the rose, when made with the leaves of the Damask^[656] rose, is gently laxative, and is well adapted for weak children; it is however not unusual, coloris gratia, to substitute the leaves of the red rose, in which case the syrup will possess astringent instead of laxative properties. In the preparation of the syrup of poppies,^[657] the directions of the College are frequently not obeyed; it is sometimes made by dissolving the extract in syrup, formed with coarse sugar, or even with treacle; at others, by adding tincture of opium to a coarse syrup, in the proportion of ??x to every f?j. In the preparation of the syrups of violets, the juice of red cabbage is generally substituted; this is at least a harmless fraud. Note. The syrups which are printed in Italics, are very susceptible of decomposition, and should be kept in cool places.

Qualities. Odour, strong, narcotic, and foetid; Taste, bitter, and extremely acrid; Colour, yellowish green, (its brown appearance is artificial, being produced by the action of sulphate of iron.) Chemical Composition. Mucilage, albumen, gluten, extractive, a bitter principle, an essential oil, nitrate of potass, which occasions its deflagration, muriate of potass, and a peculiar proximate principle upon which the properties of the plant are supposed to depend, and which has therefore been named Nicotin.^[658] Vauquelin considers it as approaching the volatile oils in its properties; it is colourless, has an acrid taste, and the peculiar smell of tobacco, and occasions violent sneezing; with alcohol and water, it produces colourless solutions, from which it is thrown down by tincture of galls. Solubility. Tobacco yields its active matter both to water and spirit, but more perfectly to the latter; long coction weakens its powers. An oil of tobacco of a most powerful nature, may be obtained by distilling the leaves and separating it from the water, on the top of which it will be found to float.^[659] Med. Uses. Tobacco is endued with energetic poisonous properties, producing generally a universal tremor which is rarely the result of other poisons; the experiments of M. Orfila moreover demonstrate, that the action of Tobacco is much more energetic when the soluble portion is injected into the anus, than when it is applied to the cellular texture, and for a still stronger reason, than when introduced into the stomach. Mr. Brodie, from the result of a well devised experiment, has deduced the conclusion that the infusion of Tobacco acts upon the heart, occasioning syncope, through the medium of the nervous system. Uses. As a powerful sedative, it is sometimes valuable in medical practice; the leaves, when applied in the form of a cataplasm to the pit of the stomach, produce an emetic operation; (Form. 67.) In cases of obstinate constipation, depending upon violent spasmodic constriction, or in ileus, or incarcerated hernia, clysters of the smoke of Tobacco, or of an infusion made according to the London College, produce almost immediate relief, (Form. 26.); the practice is not unfrequently attended with severe vomiting, extreme debility, and cold sweats, circumstances which render its administration highly dangerous in cases wherein the patient has been already exhausted by previous suffering. I remember witnessing a lamentable instance of this truth some years ago; a medical practitioner, after repeated trials to reduce a strangulated hernia, injected an infusion of Tobacco, and shortly afterwards sent the patient in a carriage to the Westminster Hospital, for the purpose of undergoing the operation; but the unfortunate man arrived only a few minutes before he expired. Clysters of Tobacco were some years ago recommended in America, for the purpose of forwarding difficult parturition, by inducing relaxation and consequent dilatation of the os uteri, but the alarming symptoms which followed the single case in which Tobacco was thus employed, ought, says Dr. Merriman, to prevent a repetition of the experiment.^[660] It was also formerly proposed to inject infusions of Tobacco, for the purpose of recovering persons in a state of asphyxia from drowning; it is difficult to explain how such an idea could have entered into the mind of the rational physiologist. Smoking or chewing Tobacco has been also advised in cases of spasmodic asthma, and as a general sedative to relieve suffering; in the process of smoking, the oil is separated, and being rendered empyreumatic by heat, it is thus applied to the fauces in its most active state. As a diuretic it was successfully exhibited by Dr. Fowler, but as its operation is uncertain and violent, and appears to be very analogous to that of Digitalis, which is far more safe and manageable, it has been very judiciously discarded from practice. The external application of Tobacco in the form of cataplasm or infusion, has been applied to several species of cutaneous disease, but even in this state it is liable to exert its virulent effects. A woman applied to the heads of three children afflicted with tinea capitis, a liniment consisting of powdered tobacco and butter, soon after which they experienced vertigo, violent vomiting, and fainting. (Ephemerides des Curieux de la Nature, Dec. ii. An: i. p. 46.) A case has just occurred in this country of a child whose death was occasioned by her having swallowed a portion of half-smoked tobacco, which was taken from the pipe of her father, and in which there no doubt existed a quantity of essential oil, which had been separated by the act of smoking. It is a curious fact, that the juice of the green leaves instantly cures the stinging of nettles.

Adulterations. When it exhales a fetid odour, we may infer that it has been badly prepared, and not deprived of all its mucus; when pungent, the presence of some deleterious drug is indicated: Cascarilla is very usually added to impart a peculiar flavour; Nitre is also employed for the sake of making it kindle more rapidly, and to impress a lively sensation on the tongue; its vapour is of course very injurious to the lungs: its presence may be detected by treating a suspected sample with hot water, and after filtering the solution through charcoal, setting it aside in order that it may yield its crystals by evaporation. Traces of Lead, Copper, or Antimony, may be discovered by boiling the Tobacco in strong vinegar, and, after filtering it as before, by assaying it with appropriate tests. Black Hellebore, Alum, Sugar, and Corrosive sublimate are amongst the more usual sophistications. Dried Dock leaves are also sometimes substituted. Officinal Prep: Infus: Tabacci. L. Vinum Nicotian: Tabac: E.

Snuff. This well known errhine is prepared from the dried leaves of Tobacco; in its manufacture however, numerous additions are made which are kept secret. Salt is added for the purpose of increasing its weight; Urine, Muriate of ammonia, and powdered Glass, to heighten its acrimony. The varied flavour of different Snuffs is owing to the leaf being in greater or less perfection; or to its having undergone some degree of fermentation; thus, for instance, the Macouba Snuff of Martinique is principally indebted for its acknowledged superiority to the fermentation which the Tobacco undergoes, from being moistened with the best cane juice; other kinds are excited into fermentation by moistening them with melasses and water.

Snuff possesses all the powers of Tobacco; the celebrated Santeuil experienced vomiting and horrible pains, amidst which he expired, in consequence of having drank a glass of wine, into which had been put some Spanish snuff.^[661]

Qualities. Taste, sweetish acid; Odour, none. Chemical Composition. ?j of Tamarinds is composed of Citric acid grs. 45, Malic acid grs. 2, Super-tartrate of potass grs. 15, together with sugar, gum, jelly, fecula, and woody fibre. Uses. A pleasant febrifuge may be formed by infusing Tamarinds in water or milk; they improve the taste of the more nauseous cathartics. Officinal Prep: Confectio CassiÆ. L.E.D. Infus: Tamarind: cum Senna. E.D. Caution. Copper vessels should never be employed for the preparation of any compound which contains Tamarinds.

Qualities. Odour, none; Taste, bitter, and somewhat sweet and acidulous. Chemical Composition. The active principles appear to consist of extractive, gluten, a bitter principle (not resinous), and tartaric acid. Solubility. Water extracts its virtues much better than spirit. Incompatible Substances. Infusion of Galls, Nitrate of Silver, Oxy-muriate of Mercury, Acetate of Lead, and Sulphate of Iron occasion precipitates in its solutions. Med. Uses. It has long enjoyed the reputation of proving beneficial in obstructions of the liver, and in visceral diseases; Bergius extols its use in these complaints, and recommends the recent root to be boiled in whey or broth. Dr. Pemberton has more recently added his testimony to its value; he observes that he has seen great advantage result from using the extract in chronic inflammation, and incipient schirrhus of the liver, and in chronic derangement of the stomach. Forms of Exhibition. In that of extract, or in decoction made by boiling ?j of the sliced root in oj of water down to oss, adding to the strained liquid ?j of Cream of tartar; the recent full grown root only should be used. Dose f?jj, twice or thrice a day. Officinal Prep: Extract: Taraxaci. The roots are roasted and used at Gottingen by the poorer people for coffee, from which a decoction of them properly prepared can hardly be distinguished.^[663] The leaves of this plant are blanched, and very commonly used on the continent as a salad.

Most species of Pinus^[664] may be made to yield (and many of them produce spontaneously) a remarkable resinous juice, usually called Turpentine: an appellation, however, which more properly belongs to the product of a different genus, called by LinnÆus Pistachia, which contains the true Terebinthus^[665] of the ancients.

Qualities. Consistence, semifluid and tenacious, but becoming more or less concrete by age; Odour, aromatic; Taste, pungent, austere, and astringent. It is inflammable. Solubility. It is entirely soluble in rectified spirit, but not at all in water; although it becomes miscible with that fluid, by the mediation of the yelk or the white of an egg, but more elegantly by that of vegetable mucilage, and forms a milky liquor. It is capable of entering into union with fixed oils. Chemical Composition. Resin, and an essential oil, the proportions of which vary according to the species of Pine from which it is obtained. They all, however, possess the same general chemical, as well as medicinal properties, viz. When internally taken, says Dr. Maton, they seem to warm the viscera, raise the pulse, and impart additional excitement to the vascular system; applied externally, they increase the tone of the part, counteract indolence of action, and deterge, as it were, ill-conditioned ulcers. Internal ulcerations indeed, especially of the urinary passages, as well as laxities of the seminal and uterine vessels, are supposed to be diminished by the exhibition of preparations of this nature. They certainly appear to act in a peculiar manner on the urinary organs, impregnating the water with a violet smell, and there are strong grounds for believing that its volatile element, developed by the powers of digestion, passes into the circulation, and is eliminated by the kidneys, whose secreting vessels are thus stimulated by its contact. (Page 93.) Pulmonary complaints, as obstinate coughs and asthmatic affections, have been said to give way to medicines of this class; yet, in modern practice, recourse is rarely had to them in such cases, and their exhibition is even considered hazardous. The ancients were accustomed to medicate their wines with various Terebinthinate substances, for the effect of which, see Vinum.

The particular preparations of Turpentine most employed in medicine, will be noticed under the different species.

1. Terebinthina Canadensis. L. (Pinus Balsamea. Resina Liquida.) Canada Turpentine, or Canada Balsam.^[666] This is a transparent whitish juice, brought to this country from Canada, and apparently, says Dr. Maton, not very different in its qualities from the celebrated Balm of Gilead,^[667] so high in esteem among the eastern nations, and so strongly recommended in a variety of complaints. Hitherto, however, it has not been much employed in England. Its odour is agreeable, and its taste strong and pungent.

2. Terebinthina Chia. L. (Pistachia Terebinthus.) Chio, or Cyprus Turpentine. The superiority of this species to all the products of the pine tribe, was well known to, and described by, most of the ancient writers on the materia medica. It is pellucid, with a bluish-green cast.

3. Terebinthina Vulgaris. L. (Pinus Sylvestris. Scotch Fir.) Common Turpentine. Horse Turpentine. This species is more coarse and dense than any other kind, and has an opaque light brown colour; its consistence may be compared to that of honey; the taste is very acrid, hot, and disagreeable, and the smell much less pleasant than either the Venice or the Strasburg turpentine. It is the kind which, as its name implies, is most commonly employed, and although inferior in quality to that of the turpentine tree, Pistachia Terebinthus (Chio or Cyprus), the Larch, Pinus Larix (Venice Turpentine), and the Silver Fir, Pinus Picea (Strasburgh Turpentine), especially for internal use, yet it is too often substituted for them in the shops of the druggist. The Colleges of London and Edinburgh direct the common turpentine to be used chiefly in external applications, for which it was also much employed by the ancients. Celsus mentions, “Resina liquida pinea,” as entering into the composition of many of his “Malagmata,” and the “Resina liquida,” of other writers would appear to be of the same kind. The Unguentum Elemi compositum contains this resinous juice as a principal ingredient.

4. Terebinthina Veneta. (Pinus Larix.)^[668] The Larch. Venice Turpentine. The resin is by most writers, and in the shops, esteemed the best, after that of Pistachia Terebinthus, of those juices commonly called Turpentines. It is usually thinner than any other kind, of a pale yellowish colour, and of a hot, pungent, bitterish taste; the smell is strong, and far from being agreeable. Although it bears the name of Venice Turpentine, very little of it is exported from the Venetian territories; but it is probable that the merchants of that country were the first who substituted it for the genuine Turpentine of Cyprus. The resinous juice of the Larch is said to remain always, or at least a very long time, in a state of liquidity; a property which is particularly adverted to by Pliny.^[669] As a Diuretic, the Venice Turpentine has been generally preferred to all the other kinds; and it is said to relax the bowels more, for which reason Riverius^[670] considers it as being safer than other irritating diuretics.

5. Terebinthina Argentoratensis. (Pinus Picea.) Strasburg Turpentine. This resin is generally of a middle consistence between that of the Terebinthus and the Larix; more transparent and less tenacious than either; in colour yellowish brown; in smell more agreeable than any other turpentine, except the Cyprian; in taste the bitterest, yet the least acrid.

Form of Exhibition. The Turpentines may be either made into Pills with powdered liquorice root, or suspended in water by the intervention of egg or mucilage; for which purpose, ?j requires the yelk of one egg, or ?iss of gum arabic. Dose, gr. x to ?j.

Qualities. Form, a limpid and colourless liquid, whose specific gravity is only ·792; Odour, strong, penetrating, and peculiar; Taste, hot, bitter and pungent. Chemical Composition. It is an essential oil, possessing, however, peculiar habitudes with respect to alcohol, being readily dissolved by hot alcohol, but separating again in drops, as the spirit cools; in the cold it is sparingly soluble in the strongest alcohol, and separates from it on standing; but it dissolves completely in six parts of sulphuric Æther. It is not acted upon by the alkalies, except by long triture, when it is converted into a species of resin.^[671] Med. Uses. It acts according to the dose, either on the primÆ viÆ producing catharsis, or on the kidneys, exciting diuresis; thus its operation offers another illustration of the views which I have so frequently urged during the progress of the present work; it furnishes a striking example of the important influence of quantity, or dose, in determining the specific operation of a remedy; thus two fluid-drachms of the oil may so excite the urinary organs as to produce even bloody urine, and the other ill effects described by Boerhaave and Lange; whereas six fluid-drachms, or a fluid-ounce, will stimulate the bowels, and produce scarcely any apparent effect upon the kidneys.

As a medicine acting powerfully on the first passages, its value seems only to have been lately appreciated; in TÆnia, it may be said to act almost as a specific remedy, discharging it in all cases, dead. In obstinate constipation, depending on affections of the brain, I have lately had several opportunities or witnessing its beneficial effects; in an unfortunate instance of Hydrocephalus acutus in a boy of thirteen years of age,^[672] it brought away an accumulation of feculent matter almost incredible as to quantity, after the total failure of the strongest doses of ordinary purgatives; and, I believe, if its dose be sufficiently large, that it may generally be administered with perfect safety and confidence. Dr. Latham has long regarded it as a valuable medicine in Epilepsy, in which cases it may in the first instance prove beneficial by unloading the bowels, and subsequently in producing an affection of the head peculiar to its use; and, which generally succeeds a large dose, it is an approach to intoxication, but is unaccompanied with that hilarity and elevation of thought that so usually follow the potation of spirituous liquors. In small doses it produces diuresis, and is used with much advantage in sciatica and lumbago.^[673] Its use in diseases of the kidneys originating from ulcerations and obstructions in those organs has been very highly extolled. Cheyne, in his Essay on the gout, recommends it as a specific in Sciatica; upon this subject my own experience so completely confirms the truth of Dr. Maton’s observations, that I shall here insert them. “If,” says he, “I may be allowed to offer the result of my own practice, its effects are in a few instances successful in the removal of that disease; and even those cases which I have seen cured under its use, appeared to be rather of the symptomatic than idiophatic kind; it is reasonable to presume that the sciatic nerve, from its origin and course, may owe some of its morbid affections to an obstructed ureter, as well as to a rheumatic diathesis.” Form: 50. Hunter spoke of oil of turpentine as a styptic, and it has been administered in the Almond emulsion in cases of internal hemorrhage of an active nature. We should however be very careful how we make such an experiment. This oil has the effect of communicating the odour of violets to the urine of those who take it, and what is still more extraordinary, to those even who merely expose themselves for a short time to its effluvia:^[674] a mixture of ??x of this oil with f?j of almond oil, introduced upon cotton into the ears, is serviceable in cases of deafness resulting from a diseased action of the ceruminiferous glands; it is also employed as a local stimulant in a variety of cases: and in cholic, and obstinate constipation, it is sometimes exhibited in the form of an enema. In America, oil of Turpentine, in doses of a drachm every hour or two, has been successfully administered in cases of Yellow fever, when, says Dr. Chapman, it appears to be soothing in its effects, removing the sense of heat and irritation in the stomach, subduing the force of vascular action and general excitement, and inducing at once a condition of more comfort and security. Orfila also recommends it as the best corrective of inflammation in the stomach from acrid poisons. In this country it has been very successfully employed in cases of MelÆna, and in Puerperal fever. As a stimulating liniment its advantages are considerable, see Liniment: Terebinth: In Germany, Norway, and some parts of the Russian Empire, this essential oil is frequently used as a remedy for lesions of the tendons, and other bruises.^[675] Dose as an anthelmintic, f?ss-f?ij, repeated every eight hours until the worm is ejected; in these large quantities it is more convenient, as well as more efficacious, to administer it like castor oil, floating upon some liquid aromatic vehicle:^[676] by rubbing up Oil of Turpentine with mucilage, we do but render it more pungent, and difficult to swallow. As a diuretic or stimulant it may be given in the form of an electuary, in doses of from ??x to f?j. It may be also employed as a very active clyster, made by carefully incorporating one or two table spoonsful of the oil with the yelk of an egg, and adding to it a pint of thin mucilage. This terebinthinate clyster is well calculated to relieve a paroxysm of flatulent cholic. Officinal Prep. Liniment. Terebinth. L. The Pharmacopoeias direct the rectification of the oil by redistillation,^[677] when it is commonly called Spirit of turpentine, but it appears to be an unnecessary refinement. Dr. Nimmo has proposed the following process for purifying the oil intended for medicinal use, by which it is said to have its disagreeable flavour lessened without sustaining any loss of efficacy. To eight parts of the oil, add one part of the strongest alcohol, and let them be well agitated together. In a few minutes a separation takes place; the oil, unless very impure, falls to the bottom, and the alcohol, having discharged the impurities, floats at the top. Pour off the alcoholic portion, add a similar quantity of alcohol, and proceed as before. If this be repeated three or four times, the oil will become nearly tasteless, almost inodorous, and when evaporated will leave no residuum. But pure as the oil may be thus rendered, it speedily returns to its original condition.

The Croton Tiglium is a native of the island of Ceylon, and is found in Malabar, China, Cochinchina, and the Molucca Islands. Every part of the plant would seem to be endowed with medicinal activity; the root acts as a drastic purgative, and when pulverized, and exhibited in the dose of a few grains, is considered at Amboyna and Batavia, as a specific for dropsy; the wood (lignum PavanÆ) produces, when administered in small doses, a diaphoretic effect, and in larger ones it proves drastic; the leaves are also purgative, and when dried and powdered are supposed to afford an antidote against the bite of the cobra del Capella. The seeds, however, are the parts which have been more generally employed in medicine, the effects of which appear to have been well known for nearly a thousand years.[A] They were early introduced into Europe, and long known under the names of Grana Molucca—Tilii Grana—and Grana Tiglia.^[678] It appears that they were at first very frequently administered, but their extreme acrimony and violence,^[679] and probably the accidents which arose from their injudicious use, soon banished the article from medical practice; in India, however these seeds are still employed as an effectual purgative, after first undergoing the process of roasting, or baking, for the purpose of removing the shell, rendering the nut pulverulent, and at the same time of moderating the acrimonious qualities.^[680] The expressed oil of these seeds does not appear to have been obtained in a separate form until a later period; Lemery speaks of it, and Geoffroy in directing its dose cautions us against giving more than ?j!—he probably meant a drop. Its use has very lately been revived, and there can be little doubt but that under proper restrictions, it may become a valuable acquisition to the practitioner. The profession is indebted for its late introduction, or rather revival, to Mr. E. Conwell, of the East India Company’s Medical Service, on the Madras Establishment, who,^[681] having for many years prescribed it with advantage, introduced a quantity of it for trial in London, through the medium of his friend, Mr. Short, of Ratcliffe Highway.

Qualities. This expressed oil has a yellow colour, a faint odour, and an acrid taste; these qualities however will be found to vary in different samples; but the fact, as Dr. Nimmo^[682] has justly observed, may be fairly explained, without suspecting the existence of any fraud, by supposing that the seeds have undergone a different degree of torrefaction, in order to separate the oil from the farinaceous part. Chemical Composition. The recent experiments of Dr. Nimmo have very satisfactorily shewn that this oil consists of 45 parts of an Acrid purgative principle, and 55 of a fixed oil resembling that of olives, and not possessed of any cathartic property. The acrid principle appears to reside in a resinous matter soluble in alcohol and sulphuric Æther, and in volatile and fixed oils. I have lately repeated some of Dr. Nimmo’s experiments on a recently imported sample of oil, and with similar results. The acrid principle appears to bear a strong analogy to that which I separated from elaterium, and as I gave to this latter principle the term Elatin, it seems to me that we might with much propriety, apply the name Tiglin to the former, especially as it does not appear to possess any of the characters and habitudes of a salifiable basis; at all events the adoption of such a term will obviate the necessity of circumlocution in our descriptions. Solubility. By alcohol the oil undergoes a ready decomposition; the Tiglin is dissolved together with a very minute quantity of the oily part. Ether and oil of turpentine dissolve the whole; a fact which enables us, by digesting the seeds in these menstrua, to obtain the article in as genuine, and certainly in a much more uniform, condition, than by the processes of torrefaction and expression, as practised in India; for this fact we are also indebted to Dr. Nimmo. Med. Uses. As far as I have been able to ascertain the fact, this oil does not appear to produce any effects which cannot be commanded by other drastic purgatives; its value depends upon the facility with which it may be administered; in some cases it is amply sufficient to touch the tongue, in others, a drop or two will be required. In maniacs, and in cases where the administration of bulky medicines is extremely difficult, it would seem to offer a decided advantage.^[683] Forms of Exhibition. It has been usually given in this country in the proportion of from one to two drops, in the form of pills. Dr. Nimmo’s discovery with respect to the chemical composition of the oil, very naturally suggested to him the mode of administering it in the form of an alcoholic tincture, (Tinctura Tiglii,) and he has found by experience that such a preparation furnishes the means of readily apportioning the dose to the various circumstances of the case; thus he found that in administering a tincture^[684] in doses equivalent to the number of drops decomposed, the same effects were produced as have been attributed to the entire oil. Adulterations. Much has been said upon the fraudulent admixture of this comparatively expensive article with the cheaper fixed oils; and we believe with much truth; a circumstance which will of necessity prevent the general use of the article; and occasion very different reports with respect to its value and activity. Dr. Nimmo however proposes a method of detecting such adulteration, by a process suggested by the results of his experiments upon its composition, and whose rationalÉ will be easily understood after the chemical history that has been just presented.

“Let a very light phial be counterpoised in an accurate balance; pour into it 50 grains of the suspected oil, add alcohol (which has been previously digested^[685] upon olive oil,) agitate them well, pour off the solution and add more alcohol as before, until the dissolved portion is diffused in such a proportion of alcohol that each half drachm measure shall contain equal to one dose of the oil of Tiglium for an adult. By afterwards placing the phial near a fire, to evaporate what remains of the alcohol in the bottle, if the residuum be to that which has been abstracted by the alcohol as 55 to 45, the oil is genuine. If olive, or any other oil little soluble in alcohol, has been employed as the adulterating agent, it is evident that the residuum will be in a larger proportion; but should Castor Oil have been employed for that purpose, the proportion of the residuum will be smaller even than in the genuine medicine.”

These consist of alcohol, proof spirit, or spirit of greater or less density, holding in solution one or more of those proximate principles of vegetable or animal matter which are soluble in that menstruum, viz; Sugar, resin, extractive, tannin, cinchonia, camphor, volatile oils, morphia, emetin, conein, elatin, tiglin, and several acids. The proper solvent of those bodies, termed gum-resins, appears to be proof spirit. The compilers of the Codex Medicamentarius of Paris, have defined the different degrees of spirituous strength requisite for the full and perfect extraction of the active elements of different bodies with great truth and nicety; thus they direct for these purposes a spirit of three different standards, viz. 36 (Sp. gr. ·837,) 32 (·856) 22, (·915) of BeaumÉ’s hydrometer; with the first are prepared the resinous tinctures; with the second those wherein the resinous, extractive, or gummy elements, hold nearly an equal place; and with the third those in which the latter predominate. We are moreover indebted to this committee for having set at rest a question which has been long doubtful, whether the addition of alkaline agents increases the extractive powers of the spirit? They have indeed ascertained by experiment, that the reverse not frequently obtains; for instance, they found that a smaller proportion of guaiacum was dissolved by the spirit of ammonia, than by alcohol of the same strength, and that the quantity of matter dissolved from the root of Valerian was the same in both cases. Very active substances, soluble in alcohol, are those which are particularly adapted for tinctures, since they furnish preparations which are efficient in small doses, and very manageable in extemporaneous prescription, such are the tinctures of Opium, Digitalis, Hyoscyamus, Scilla, &c. and from the chemical analysis of Elaterium, there can be no doubt but that a very active and useful tincture of that substance might be introduced into practice; while Dr. Nimmo has very clearly proved that the active matter of the Croton Tiglium may be thus concentrated, see Tiglii Oleum. On the contrary, substances of little activity, except in large doses, are the least adapted for this form of exhibition, as in such cases the solvent will act more powerfully on the living system, than the principles which it may hold in solution, and when continued for any length of time, will lay the foundation of the pernicious custom of dram drinking; such tinctures, however, are not without their value in combination; they sometimes increase the efficacy, and often correct the operation or disguise the flavour, of the medicines with which they may be united; for example, the cathartic tinctures in Formula 70, augment the purgative powers of the combination, at the same time that they correct its unpleasant operation; many other illustrations are presented in the different formulÆ, for the explanation of which I must refer the student to the Key Letters. The addition of a tincture has likewise the effect of preserving decoctions and infusions from spontaneous decomposition, the compound tincture of Cardamoms answers such an object in the compound decoction of Aloes. Tinctures are sometimes made with Æther, but they are generally more strongly characterised by the nature of the menstruum than by that of the substance dissolved in it; indeed, Æther is used in these cases, not to dissolve substances which would resist the action of alcohol and water, but for the sake of its own direct action on the body; thus the Edinburgh pharmacopoeia directs an Æthereal Tincture of Aloes, which is more penetrating and stimulant than the alcoholic tinctures; the London College, with the exception of the Aromatic Spirit of Æther, does not recognise any preparation of this nature: I have already alluded to the Æthereal Tincture of Digitalis of the French Codex, than which nothing can be more injudicious, for the digitalis does not amount to more than 1
70th part of the tincture, and must therefore be entirely counteracted by the stimulant effects of the menstruum. The same objection cannot be urged against the Æthereal tinctures of Castor, Musk, and Amber, since in these cases, the subject and the menstruum concur in their mode of operation.

Tinctures derive their names from the substances which impart activity to them, and as the medicinal history of each substance is detailed under its proper head, it will be unnecessary to dwell at any length upon the individual virtues of these tinctures.

Tinctura AssafoetidÆ. L.D. Dose, f?ss to f?j.

—— Benzoes Comp. L.E.D. Balsamum Traumaticum, P.L. 1745. This is a combination of Benzoin, Storax, and Tolu, with aloes; it is regarded as a stimulating expectorant, and has been used in chronic catarrh and confirmed asthma, but it is now very rarely employed, except as an application to wounds and languid ulcers. It is sold under the name of Friar’s Balsam; and with respect to the use of this preparation as a Styptic, the public have fallen into a serious error; fresh wounds it must necessarily injure, not only by its stimulating qualities, but by the separation of the resins which take place on its intermixture with the blood; these form a substance, which absolutely prevents what is most desirable in such case,—the sides of the wound coming in contact and uniting by the first intention. Dose. As an internal remedy from f?ss to f?ij, triturated with yelk of egg, or mucilage, to suspend it in water.

Tinctura Castorei. L.E. Dose, ??xx to f?ij. See Form 20, 23, 25, 76, 97, 136.

Tinctura Castorei Composita. E. This is much more active than the preceding tincture, as it contains assafoetida, and its menstruum is ammoniated alcohol. Dose ??xv to f?j.

Tinctura CinchonÆ Ammoniata. L. In this preparation we have the tonic powers of the bark combined with the stimulus of the Ammonia. Dose, f?ss to f?ij. Acids and Acidulous Salts are of course incompatible with it.

Tinctura Guaiaci. L.E.D. A simple solution of guaiac. Dose, f?i-f?iij.

Tinctura Guaiaci Ammoniata. This is a solution of the guaiac in the aromatic spirit of ammonia, and is consequently more stimulating than the preceding one, and more efficacious as a sudorific: after arterial action is properly reduced, it is certainly one of our best remedies in rheumatism. Dose, f?j to f?ij, at bed time, and its effects should be promoted by some warm beverage. It is worthy of remark, that nitrous acid and the spirit of nitric Æther occasion an extraordinary decomposition of these tinctures, separating the guaiacum into coagulated masses, and imparting to the whole an intense bluish green colour. I find that chlorine has the same effect;^[686] but the sulphuric and muriatic acids produce no disturbance, although all acids and acidulous salts must be considered as incompatible with it. If equal parts of quick-lime and powdered guaiacum be rubbed together, and a quantity of water be poured over them, and the mixture be allowed to stand until it becomes fine, we shall obtain a solution of this substance, which will mix in any proportion with aqueous vehicles without decomposition, and to which the aromatic spirit of ammonia may be subsequently added with effect.

Tinctura ToluiferÆ Balsami. E.D. This is only useful as an adjunct, to impart agreeable flavour and fragrance to other remedies.

The above tinctures, when added to water, are instantly decomposed, the practitioner must therefore remember that when he prescribes them in aqueous vehicles, it will be necessary to direct them to be triturated with some viscid liquor, as mucilage, previous to the addition of the water, in order to suspend the resinous precipitate.

Tinctura Aloes Composita. L.D. Elixir Proprietatis. P.L. 1720. Tincture of Myrrh is the menstruum of the Aloes in this preparation, to which Saffron is added. Dose, f?j to f?ij. Form. 16, 97.

Tinctura MyrrhÆ. L. The strength of the spirituous solvent has been very judiciously increased in the Editio Altera of the London Pharmacopoeia, by which means a brighter tincture is obtained. It is rarely used except in astringent and detergent gargles, or as an external application to foul ulcers; diluted with water it presents us with an excellent lotion for spongy gums.^[687]

Tinctura AngusturÆ. D. See CuspariÆ Cortex.

Tinctura Aurantii. L.D. An agreeable adjunct to bitter infusions. Dose, f?ij to f?iij.

Tinctura CalumbÆ. L.D. A valuable stomachic. Form. 32, 35, 154, 155, 159. Dose, f?i-f?iij.

Tinctura CamphorÆ Composita. Tinctura Opii Camphorata. P.L. 1787. Elixir Paregoricum.^[688] P.L. 1745. This preparation had undergone both change of name and composition in the last Pharmacopoeia; its old name was thought improper from its similarity to that of tincture of opium, and the oil of aniseed has been omitted on account of its disagreeable flavour; still, however, these perpetual changes are most distressing; the tincture, as it is now prepared, is very different from that which has been so long and so generally sold under the name of Paregoric Elixir, and the chemist is therefore obliged to keep both the preparations, and to send the one or the other, according as it may be required by the old or new name. One fluid-ounce contains nearly two grains of Opium and of benzoic acid, and about one grain and a quarter of camphor. In doses of f?j to f?iij, it is anodyne.

Tinctura Cantharides. D. This tincture is highly stimulating, acting with great energy upon the urinary organs; it therefore offers a resource in gleets, fluor albus, incontinence of urine, &c. it has also proved serviceable as a highly stimulating diuretic, in cases of Hydrops Ovarii. See Form. 116. Dose, ??x to f?j, given in some demulcent infusion; it is likewise employed with advantage as a stimulating embrocation and rubefacient, in conjunction with soap or camphor liniment. Externally it has been used in the cure of Sinuses, and fistulous openings, in the proportion of three fluid-drachms to a pint of water.^[689]

Tinctura Capsici. L. It is an excellent stimulant. See Capsici BaccÆ. Dose, ??x to f?i.

Tinctura Cardamomi Composita. L. An agreeable cordial, and adjunct to bitter infusions. See Form. 47, 51.^[690] Dose, f?i to f?ij.

Tinctura CascarillÆ. L.D. It is added with much effect to different stomachic infusions. See Form. 33, 39, 41. Dose, f?i to f?iij.

Tinctura Catechu. L.E.D. A warm and grateful astringent; very useful as an adjunct to cretaceous mixtures in diarrhoea, &c. See Form. 51, 52, 58. Dose, f?i to f?iij.

Tinctura CinchonÆ. L.E.D. Used as an adjunct to the decoction or infusion of the bark. See Form. 126, 127. Dose, f?j to f?ss. It should be preserved in a place which is not very cold; for a low temperature precipitates the Morphia; this inconvenience, however, is obviated by the addition of a little acetic acid, without diminishing the efficacy of the tincture.

Tinctura CinchonÆ Composita. This resembles the celebrated tincture of Huxham, and although it contains less cinchona than the simple tincture, yet from the addition of aromatics it is more grateful and stomachic. Dose, f?j to f?ss.

Tinctura Cinnamomi. L.D. See Form. 101.

Tinctura Cinnamomi Composita. L.E.D. As this is a combination of aromatics with cinnamon, it is more grateful and stomachic than the simple tincture. Dose, f? to f?ij.

Tinctura Conii Maculati. E. As Conein is perfectly soluble in spirit, this tincture constitutes a very elegant and efficient form for the exhibition of Hemlock; I have frequently experienced its effects, when added to febrifuge mixtures, with satisfaction. The London college has not hitherto admitted it into the list of tinctures, which is to be regretted.

Tinctura Croci. E.D. It has no medicinal use, independent of its colour.

Tinctura Digitalis. L.E.D. It is a very useful form for the exhibition of this valuable plant. Dose, ??x, cautiously increased. See Digitalis Folia, and Form. 32.

Tinctura GentianÆ Composita. L.E. An elegant stomachic bitter, but less eligible as a remedy than the infusion. Dose, f?i-f?ij.

Tinctura Hellebori Nigri. This preparation was strongly advised by Dr. Mead, in uterine obstructions. Dose, ??xxx to f?j. See Hellebori Radix.

Tinctura Humuli. L.E. It is supposed to possess the tonic and narcotic properties of the hop. Dose, f?ss to f?iij.

Tinctura Hyoscyami. L. This is a much more powerful narcotic than the preceding tincture; and it is not liable to affect the head, nor to produce that disturbance in the biliary secretions which so inevitably follows the use of opium. Dose, f?ss to f?ij.

Tinctura JalapÆ. L.E. As the activity of Jalap does not reside in any one principle, but depends upon the combination of its gum, extractive, and resin, proof spirit is of course its appropriate solvent; and the resulting tincture is therefore an active purgative, but it is rarely administered except as an adjuvant to cathartic combinations. Dose, f?j to f?ss. See Form. 70, 76.

Tinctura Kino. L.E.D. This is little else than a solution of Tannin; it is however less astringent than the tincture of Catechu. Dose, f?i to f?ij.

Tinctura Opii. L.E.D. This is at once a most convenient and elegant form for the exhibition of opium; ??xix contain one grain of opium. See Opium, and Form. 5, 7, 8, 20, 28, 52, 75, 76, 107, 110, 117, 127, 136, 156, 172. As an external application, when rubbed upon the skin it produces anodyne effects, and it is said that these effects are very much increased by combining it with acetic acid; an acetate of morphia is probably thus produced.

Tinctura QuassiÆ ExcelsÆ. E.D. The bitter principle of this root, Quassin, is completely extracted by proof spirit. Dose, f?j.

Tinctura Rhei. L.E.D. Less purgative, but more astringent and aromatic than the infusion. That made with the East Indian variety is of a deeper colour, with a tinge of brown. Dose, f?ss to f?j.

Tinctura Rhei Composita. L. A cordial, used principally as an adjunct to saline purgatives. Dose, f?vj to f?j, to produce purgative effects; from f?j to f?ij, to act as a stomachic.

The Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia directs two compound tinctures of Rhubarb for similar purposes, viz. Tinct. Rhei et Aloes; and Tinct. Rhei et GentianÆ.

Tinctura ScillÆ. L.E.D. Dose, ??x to xxx. See Form. 65, 109, 139.

Tinctura SennÆ. L.E. Dose, f?ij to ?j. See Form. 70. Dose, f?ij to f?j.

Tinctura SennÆ Composita. E. In this tincture, the Senna is quickened by Jalap. Dose, f?ij to f?j.^[691]

Tinctura SerpentariÆ. L.E.D. Dose, f?ij to f?iij. It is principally employed as a stimulating adjunct to the infusion or decoction of Cinchona, in typhoid fevers. Officinal Prep. Tinct. Cincon. comp. L. Dose, f?i to f?iij.

Tinctura ValerianÆ. L.D. It is only used as an adjunct to the infusion of Valerian.

Tinctura ValerianÆ Ammoniata. L.D. This tincture is not more highly charged with the principles of the Valerian than the foregoing one, but as the Ammonia corresponds with it in virtue, it is probably more powerful. Dose, f?i to f?ij. See Form. 23, 25.

Tinctura Zingiberis. L.D. A highly stimulating preparation. See Form. 33. Dose, f?ss to f?ij.

As this is merely a spirituous solution of the Ferrum Ammoniatum, the title of tincture is improperly applied to it; it seems moreover to be a very superfluous preparation.

Qualities. Colour, brownish yellow; Taste, styptic; Odour, very peculiar. Chemical Composition. It is an alcoholic solution of muriate of iron; the iron being in the state of peroxide. Incompatible Substances. Alkalies and their carbonates; the infusions of astringent vegetables; mucilage of gum arabic: by this latter substance it is precipitated in gelatinous flakes. Med. Uses. It is one of the most active preparations of iron which we possess, and it moreover appears to exert a specific influence upon the urinary organs.^[692] Mr. Cline informs us that ??x, given every ten minutes, until some sensible effect is produced, afford in dysuria speedy relief; in hemorrhage from the bladder, kidneys, or uterus, its acts as a powerful styptic. See Form. 35, 60, 97, 114. Externally, it is very efficacious in destroying venereal warts, either used alone, or diluted with a small portion of water. Dose, ??x to f?ss, or f?j.^[693]

Qualities. This root is knotty, externally blackish, internally reddish; Odour, slightly aromatic; Taste, austere and styptic. Chemical Composition. Its active matter is chiefly Tannin, and except galls and catechu, it appears to contain a larger proportion than any other vegetable astringent.^[694] Solubility. Boiling water extracts all its virtues, as also does spirit. Incompatible Substances. Solutions of Isinglass, the Salts of Iron; Alkalies and Alkaline Earths. Med. Uses. It has been chiefly used in diarrhoea, and it is very efficacious in that which is so frequently attendant on Phthisis. Dr. Fordyce recommends its union with Ipecacuan, by which combination, he observes, we shall astringe the vessels of the intestines, and at the same time relax those of the skin. Forms of Exhibition. In substance, or in decoction made by boiling ?j of the root in oiss of water until reduced to oj. Dose, of the substance in powder, ?ss to ?j; of the above decoction f?j thrice a day. Officinal Prep. Pulv. Cret. Comp. L.

Qualities. Its leaves are inodorous, but have a sub-acrid taste. Chemical Composition. Gallic acid, tannin, and a certain acrimonious matter, upon which the virtues of the plant depend, and which, according to Van Mons, is disengaged from the leaves in the state of gas during the night, or while they do not receive the direct rays of the sun. Med. Uses. Dr. Alderson of Hull introduced the leaves of this plant to notice, in whose hands they proved successful in several cases of Paralysis; the same results however have not been obtained by other physicians; the plant has therefore fallen into disuse, and might, in deference to public opinion, be removed from the materia medica. When applied externally it has been known to produce an erysipelatous affection of the skin; a remarkable instance of which lately occurred at the Botanic garden at Chelsea, where a person merely rubbed his eye after having casually touched the plant in question.

This plant has been regarded as a powerful expectorant from the earliest ages; it is at present only valued for the mucilage which it affords; a handful of the leaves boiled in oij of water, until reduced to oj, will furnish, by the addition of a little sugar candy, a very grateful demulcent.

Qualities. Odour, strong, peculiar and unpleasant; Taste, warm, bitter, and sub-acrid. Chemical Composition. Extractive, gum, resin, fecula, tannin, and a peculiar essential oil which seems to contain camphor, and on which its virtues probably depend. Solubility. Its active matter is extracted by boiling water, alcohol, and the solutions of the pure alkalies. Incompatible Substances. The salts of iron. Med. Uses. It is antispasmodic, tonic, and emmenagogue; and it is highly beneficial in those diseases which appear to be connected with a morbid susceptibility of the nervous system, as in hysteria, hemicrania, and in some species of epilepsy; and it would appear that its virtues in such complaints may be frequently increased by combining it with cinchona. Forms of Exhibition. The form of powder is the most effectual, and next to this a strong tincture made with proof spirit; by decoction its powers are considerably impaired, and consequently the extract is an inefficient preparation. Dose of the powder ?j to ?j; when the flavour disgusts, the addition of a small portion of mace or cinnamon will be found to disguise it. See Form. 25, 31, 38. Officinal Preparation. Infus. Valerian. D. Tinct. Valerian. L.D. Tinct. Valerian. ammoniat. L.D. Adulterations. The roots of a species of crowfoot are sometimes mixed with those of valerian; they may be distinguished by a caustic taste on chewing them; the roots have also often a disagreeable smell from the urine of cats, who are allured and delighted by their odour; and they are sometimes inert, from not having been taken up at a proper season, or from not having been carefully preserved.

Qualities. Odour, strong, and disagreeable; Taste, bitter, and very acrid; by drying, the odour is dissipated, and in this state it is found in the shops. Solubility. Its active principles are soluble in water, alcohol, and the alkalies. Chemical Composition. Pelletier and Caventou have lately discovered in this vegetable a new alkaline principle, white, crystalline, and acrid, to which they have given the name of Veratria: it appears to exist in combination with gallic acid. Med. Uses. The effects of this root are extremely violent and poisonous; the ancients employed it in various obstinate cases, but they generally regarded it as their last resource; it acts as a violent emetic and cathartic, producing bloody stools, great anxiety, tremors, and convulsions. Etmuller says, that the external application of the root to the abdomen, will produce vomiting; and Schroeder observed the same phenomenon to take place in a case where it was used as a suppository, and its juice has been applied to the purpose of poisoning arrows; notwithstanding these effects however the veratrum has been very safely and successfully administered in cases of mania, epilepsy, lepra, and gout:^[696] but the most ordinary use of white hellebore is as a local stimulant; as an adjunct to errhine powders; or in the form of decoction, as a lotion; or mixed with a lard, as an ointment in scabies,^[697] and herpetic eruptions: great caution however is required in its application, for several authors affirm that as an errhine, it has caused abortions, floodings which could not be restrained, and fatal hemorrhages from the nose. Dose, gr. iij to v, obtunded by the addition of twelve times its weight of starch, a pinch of which may be taken for several successive evenings; for internal administration it ought not to exceed gr. ij. Officinal Prep. Decoct. Veratri. L. Tinct. Veratri albi. E. Unguent. Veratri. L. Unguent. Sulphur. comp. L.

The term wine is more strictly and especially applied to express the fermented juice of the Grape, although it is generally used to denote that of any sub-acid fruit. The presence of Tartar is perhaps the circumstance by which the grape is most strongly distinguished from all the other sub-acid fruits that have been applied to the purpose of wine making. The juice of the grape, moreover, contains within itself all the principles essential to vinification, in such a proportion and state of balance as to enable it at once to undergo a regular and complete fermentation, whereas the juices of other fruits require artificial additions for this purpose; and the scientific application and due adjustment of these means, constitute the art of making wines.^[698] It has been remarked, that all those wines that contain an excess of malic acid are of a bad quality, hence the grand defect that is necessarily inherent in the wines of this country, and which leads them to partake of the properties of cider, for in the place of the tartaric, the malic acid always predominates in native fruits.

The characteristic ingredient of all wines is Alcohol, and the quantity of this, and the condition or state of combination in which it exists, are the circumstances that include all the interesting and disputed points of medical enquiry. Daily experience convinces us that the same quantity of alcohol, applied to the stomach under the form of natural wine, and in a state of mixture with water, will produce very different effects upon the body, and to an extent which it is difficult to comprehend; it has, for instance, been demonstrated that Port, Madeira, and Sherry, contain from one-fourth to one-fifth their bulk of alcohol, so that a person who takes a bottle of either of them, will thus take nearly half a pint of alcohol, or almost a pint of pure brandy! and moreover that different wines, although of the same specific gravity, and consequently containing the same absolute proportion of the spirit, will be found to vary very considerably in their intoxicating powers; no wonder then that such results should stagger the philosopher, who is naturally unwilling to accept any tests of difference from the nervous system, which elude the ordinary resources of analytical chemistry; the conclusion was therefore drawn, that alcohol must necessarily exist in wine in a far different condition from that in which we know it in a separate state, or in other words, that its elements only could exist in the vinous liquor, and that their union was determined, and consequently alcohol produced, by the action of distillation. That it was the product, and not the educt of distillation, was an opinion which originated with Rouelle, who asserted that alcohol was not completely formed, until the temperature was raised to the point of distillation; more lately the same doctrine was revived and promulgated by Fabbroni, in the memoirs of the Florentine Academy. Gay Lussac has, however, silenced the clamorous partisans of this theory, by separating the alcohol by distillation at the temperature of 66° Fah. and by the aid of a vacuum, it has since been effected at 56°: besides, it has been shewn that by precipitating the colouring matter and some of the other elements of the wine by sub-acetate of lead, and then saturating the clear liquor with sub-carbonate of potass, the alcohol may be completely separated without any elevation of temperature; and by this ingenious expedient Mr. Brande has been enabled to construct a table, exhibiting the proportions of combined alcohol which exist in the several kinds of wine: no doubt therefore can remain upon this subject, and the fact of the difference of effect, produced by the same bulk of alcohol, when presented to the stomach in different states of combination, adds another striking and instructive illustration to those already enumerated in the course of this work, of the extraordinary powers of chemical combination in modifying the activity of substances upon the living system. In the present instance, the alcohol is so combined with the extractive matter of the wine, that it is probably incapable of exerting its full specific effects upon the stomach, before it becomes altered in its properties, or, in other words, digested: and this view of the subject may be fairly urged in explanation of the reason why the intoxicating effects of the same wine are so liable to vary in degree, in the same individual, from the peculiar state of his digestive organs at the time of its potation.^[699] Hitherto we have only spoken of pure wine, but it is essential to state that the stronger wines of Spain, Portugal, and Sicily, are rendered remarkable in this country by the addition of Brandy, and must consequently contain uncombined alcohol, the proportion of which however will not necessarily bear a ratio to the quantity added, because, at the period of its admixture, a renewed fermentation is produced by the scientific vintner, which will assimilate and combine a certain portion of the foreign spirit with the wine: this manipulation, in technical language, is called fretting-in. The free alcohol may, according to the experiments of Fabbroni, be immediately separated by saturating the vinous fluid with sub-carbonate of potass, while the combined portion will remain undisturbed: in ascertaining the fabrication and salubrity of a wine, this circumstance ought always to constitute a leading feature in the inquiry; and the tables of Mr. Brande would have been greatly enhanced in practical value, had the relative proportions of uncombined spirit been appreciated in his experiments, since it is to this, and not to the combined alcohol, that the injurious effects of the wine are to be attributed. “It is well known,” observes Dr. Macculloch, “that diseases of the liver are the most common, and the most formidable of those produced by the use of ardent spirits; it is equally certain that no such disorders follow the intemperate use of pure wine, however long indulged in: to the concealed and unwitting consumption of spirit, therefore, as contained in the wines commonly drunk in this country, is to be attributed the excessive prevalence of those hepatic affections which are comparatively little known to our continental neighbours.” Thus much is certain, that our ordinary wines contain no alcohol, but what is disarmed of its virulence by the prophylactic energies of combination.

The odour, or bouquet, and flavour which distinguish one wine from another, evidently depend upon some volatile and fugacious principle, soluble in alcohol; this in sweet and half fermented wines, is immediately derived from the fruit, as in those from the Frontignan and Muscat grapes; but in the more perfect wines, as in Claret, Hermitage, Rivesaltes, and Burgundy, it bears no resemblance to the natural flavour of the fruit, but is altogether the product of the vinous process; and in some wines it arises from the introduction of flavouring ingredients, as from almonds in Madeira wines, as well as in those of Xeres and Saint Lucar, and hence their well known nutty flavour. Among the ancients it was formerly, and in modern Greece it is to this day, the fashion to give a resinous flavour, by the introduction of Turpentine into the casks.^[700] These wines are supposed to assist digestion, to restrain ulcerous, and other morbid discharges, to provoke urine, and to strengthen the bowels; but Dioscorides also informs us that they were known to produce vertigo, pain in the head, and many evils not incidental to the same quantity of vinous liquor when free from such admixtures.^[701]

Wines admit of being arranged into four classes.^[702]

1. Sweet Wines; which contain the greatest proportion of extractive and saccharine matter, and generally the least ardent spirit, though this is often rather disguised than absent; as in these wines a proportion of sugar has remained unchanged during the process of vinification, they must be considered as the results of an imperfect fermentation, and are in fact mixtures of wine and sugar; accordingly, whatever arrests the progress of fermentation, must have a tendency to produce a sweet wine; thus boiling the must or drying the fruit will, by partially separating the natural leaven and dissipating the water, occasion such a result as is exemplified by the manufacture of the wines of Cyprus, the vino cotto of the Italians and the vinum coctum of the ancients, by that of Frontignac, the rich and luscious wines of Canary, the celebrated Tokay, Vino Tinto (Tent of Hungary) the Italian Montefiascone, the Persian Schiras, the Malmsey wines of Candia, Chio, Lesbos, and Tenedos, and those of the other islands of the Archipelago. The wines of the ancients, as Chaptal observes, were so concentrated by boiling, that they rather deserve the name of extracts or syrups, than that of wines; they, must have been very sweet, and but little fermented; apparently to remedy this, they were kept for a great length of time; according to Aristotle and Galen, seven years was the shortest period necessary for keeping wine before it was fit to drink, but wines of a century old were not uncommon at the tables of the luxurious citizens of ancient Rome, and Horace boasts of his drinking Falernian, born as it were with him, or which reckoned its age from the same consuls.^[703]

2. Sparkling or Effervescing Wines, as Champagne, are indebted for their characteristic properties to the presence of carbonic acid; they rapidly intoxicate, in consequence of the alcohol, which is suspended in, or combined with the gas, being thus applied in a sudden and very divided state to a large extent of nervous surface; for the same reason, their effects are as transitory as they are sudden.^[704]

3. Dry and Light. These are exemplified by the more esteemed German wines, as Hock, Rhenish, Mayne, Moselle, Necker, and Elsass, and those highly flavoured wines, Burgundy, Claret, Hermitage, &c. They contain a very inconsiderable degree of ardent spirit, and combine with it the effect of an acid.

4. Dry and Strong, as Madeira, Port, Sherry, &c. The name Sec, corruptly written Sack, signifies dry; the Sec wine prepared at Xeres^[705] in Spain, is called according to our orthography, Sherris, or Sherry. In the manufacture of Sherry, Lime^[706] is added to the grapes, a circumstance, observes Dr. Macculloch, apparently conducive to its well known dry quality, and which probably acts by neutralizing a portion of malic or tartaric acid.

By the adulteration and medication of wines, three principal objects are attempted, viz. 1. To give them strength, which is effected by adding any ardent spirit; but the wine is slowly decomposed by it. 2. To perfect or change their colour. It is very usual to change white wines, when they have grown brown or rough, into red wines, by means of sloes, or other colouring matter. 3. To lessen, or remove their acidity. It is well known that lead in different forms has frequently been employed for this purpose; the practice, however, is attended with most dangerous consequences; but which Dr. Macculloch is inclined to believe has been over-rated, since the compounds which this metal forms with the tartaric and malic acids are insoluble; but against this argument, the decisive results of experience may be opposed, and Fourcroy conceived that by the addition of Vinegar, a soluble triple salt, an aceto-tartrate of lead, was produced. The fraud may be easily detected by the test^[707] invented by Dr. Hahnemann. The ancients, it appears, were acquainted with this property in lead, for according to Pliny, the Greeks and Romans improved the quality of their wines by immersing a plate of lead in them.^[708] Wine, as a pharmaceutical agent, has been employed to extract several of the principles of vegetables, and to dissolve certain mineral bodies: as a solvent, however, it is liable to many serious objections, as inequality of strength, and uncertainty of composition; thus sound and perfectly fermented dry wine, as Sherry, is frequently unable to dissolve iron, while tartarized antimony is instantly decomposed by every other. As a menstruum, to obtain an extract, it is quite inadmissible on account of the residuum which it leaves by evaporation. From such considerations the London College have at length substituted a weak spirit, for the wine formerly employed, although the term “Vinum” is still retained in the Pharmacopoeia, to obviate those embarrassments which must ever attend a change of name, with a corresponding change of properties. The Committee were fully prepared to expect the captious objections which are urged against this measure, but as the name is chemically and medicinally correct, the etymologist may be fairly allowed to enjoy his assumed triumph without molestation.

Vinum Aloes. L.E.D. This solution contains all the virtues of the Aloes, and is more agreeable than the tincture. It is a warm stomachic in doses of f?j to f?ij, and a stimulating purgative when given from f?j to f?ij.

By referring to the Pharmacopoeia, it will be perceived that alcoholic menstrua of different strengths, have been employed for the different preparations. The proportions were deduced from careful experiments, and are adapted to the composition of the substances which the spirit is intended to dissolve: e. g.

	Proof Spirit.	Water.
Vinum Aloes	1 part	1.
—— Antimonii Tartariz:	1 ditto[709]	1.
—— Colchici	1 ditto	2.
—— Ferri	1 ditto	1½.
—— IpecacuanhÆ	1 ditto	1?.
—— Opii	1 ditto	1?.
—— Veratri	1 ditto	1½.

During the period that I was Censor of the College, I took considerable trouble, in conjunction with my colleagues, to ascertain the state in which this preparation was to be generally met with in the wholesale and retail shops of the metropolis. We were satisfied, during our official visitations, that where sound Sherry wine had been employed as a solvent, an efficient and permanent solution was obtained, and that no precipitation of Antimony took place, the sediment which occurred being merely Tartrate of Lime, an incidental impurity derived from the Cream of tartar: but in a majority of instances an inferior wine of British manufacture was substituted, in which case the Antimonial Oxyd was universally found in a copious precipitate, in combination with vegetable extractive matter; and I have even seen this decomposition so complete, that the supernatant liquor would not yield any trace of the antimonial salt. This report has been confirmed by successive Censors, and the College have accordingly endeavoured to remedy the evil, by superseding the use of wine altogether, and of introducing a spirit of equivalent strength. The virtues of this solution are those detailed under the history of Antimonium Tartarizatum; of which two grains are contained in every fluid-ounce of the preparation. The Medicinal Dynameter will shew the proportion of salt in any other given quantity. Dose, ??x to f?j, in any suitable vehicle, repeated every three or four hours, in which case it acts as a diaphoretic. As an emetic, it may be given to infants in the dose of a tea-spoonful, every ten minutes, until the desired effect is produced. See Form: 69, and 117.^[710]

Vinum Colchici. This medicated wine is made as follows: Take of the recent bulb of the Colchicum, sliced and bruised, [pound]j; of Proof Spirit, f?iv; of water, f?viij; let them infuse for fourteen days, and filter for use. There is perhaps no form better calculated to ensure the medical effects of the plant than the one we are now considering. Its dose may be stated to be from ??xx to f?iss. The virtues of Colchicum have been already noticed, see Colchici Radix.

Vinum Ferri. L.D. When prepared according to the London College (P.L. 1809.) each pint is stated to contain 22 grains of the red Oxide of Iron; the strength however must in such a case depend upon the quantity of tartar contained in the wine. Very dry Sherry is frequently incapable of acting upon the iron until a small proportion of Cream of Tartar be added to it; would it not therefore be adviseable to direct at once a given portion of ferrum tartarizatum to be dissolved in wine? The Dublin formula is more eligible than that of the former London Pharmacopoeia, since it directs the use of Rhenish wine instead of Sherry as a solvent, and iron wire in preference to iron filings; this last circumstance is important, for the purest iron can only be drawn, and this is most easily acted upon by the super-tartrate of potass. These observations are offered to those who still prefer to make the preparation with wine. They can have no relation to the present Vinum Ferri of the London College, which is prepared with a weak spirit, and which contains tartrate of potass and iron, with an excess of super-tartrate which supplies the place of the acid contained in the wine, and ensures the solution of the tartarized iron in the Spirit. According to the experiments of Mr. Phillips, which I have every reason to believe accurate, the present preparation contains less peroxide of iron than the former did; it will be seen by the Dynameter that f?j contains exactly one grain, which is exactly equivalent to five grains of Tartarized Iron, whereas an equal quantity of the former wine held in solution 1–4/10 gr, which was equivalent to seven grains of the salt. Med. Uses. It is the least unpleasant of all the preparations of iron, and its medicinal activity is supported by the testimony of ages, for it is one of the oldest preparations with which we are acquainted. Dose, f?ij to f?ss.

Vinum IpecacuanhÆ. L.E.D. The virtues of this root are completely extracted by dilute spirit. Dose, as an emetic, from f?ij to f?ss: as a diaphoretic, from ??xx to xl. See Form. 63, 137.

Vinum Opii. L.E.^[711] This is a spirituous solution of the extract of Opium combined with various aromatics, which are supposed to modify the effects of the opium, while by the substitution of the extract for the crude opium, it is considered as being less likely to disturb the nervous system. I submit whether the views offered under the history of Wine, respecting the relative effects of combined and uncombined Alcohol, might not lead us, by analogy, to prepare a more efficient vinum opii, and a preparation less likely to affect the stomach: by adding the opium to the wine during its state of fermentation, it would enter into intimate union with its elements, in the same way that brandy is incorporated by the technical manipulation of fretting-in: this suggestion is also sanctioned by the generally acknowledged superiority of the Black Drop, which I have little doubt is indebted for its peculiar efficacy to the state of combination in which the acetate of morphia exists in the vinous menstruum. The preparation, when made with wine, as directed in the late Pharmacopoeia, is nearly analogous to the celebrated Liquid Laudanum^[712] of Sydenham, and its degree of narcotic power is nearly the same as that of the ordinary tincture, as may be seen by referring to the Medicinal Dynameter.

Vinum Veratri. L. Since the discovery of the real nature of the Eau Medicinale, this preparation has fallen into comparative disuse, and might have been removed, as we have now introduced the Vinum Colchici. It is however a singular circumstance that both these preparations should owe their medicinal powers to the same elementary principle, viz. Veratria; and as some practitioners are still addicted to its use, the Committee agreed to let it remain.

Qualities. Odour, none; Taste, slightly bitter and mucilaginous. Chemical Composition. Gum, extractive, gallic acid, and super-tartrate of potass. Solubility. Water is its appropriate solvent. Med. Uses. It has been commended in herpetic eruptions, but in the hands of Dr. Willan and others it has not proved successful; it is one of those articles that might be discarded from our Pharmacopoeia with much propriety. Officinal Prep. Decoct: Ulmi. L.D.

These are unctuous substances analogous to Cerates except in consistence, which is much less firm, and scarcely exceeds that of butter: formerly, ointments were numerous and complicated in their composition, and surgeons adapted with much technical formality different ointments to answer different indications: this practice however has undergone a very judicious reform, and it is now well understood that in general all that is required in an ointment is a suitable tenacity and consistence, to keep the parts to which it may be applied soft and easy, and at the same time to exclude from them the atmospheric air; in some cases, however, these simple compositions are made the vehicles of more active remedies, as in the following preparations, viz.

Unguentum Cantharidis. L. As the active ingredient in this ointment is derived from an infusion of the Cantharides, it is extremely mild, and frequently inefficacious. The ceratum cantharidis furnishes a more certain application.

Unguentum Elemi Compositum. L. The elemi and turpentine in this ointment, render it stimulant and digestive.

Unguentum Hydrargyri Fortius. L. The precise nature^[713] of this compound does not appear to have been known until the late researches^[714] of Mr. Donovan, (Annals of Philosophy, November, 1819,) which promise to lead to a more uniform, efficacious, and economical mode of preparing it; for they^[715] shew that in the officinal ointment, the mercury exists in two different conditions,—in the state of metal, mechanically mixed, as asserted by Vogel, and in that of an oxide, chemically combined with the lard, and that the medicinal activity of the ointment exclusively resides in this latter portion, the presence of metallic mercury not only being useless but injurious, by obstructing the absorption of the active compound of the oxide. Mr. Donovan accordingly formed a direct chemical combination, by continually agitating together lard and black oxide of mercury at the temperature of 350° Fah: for two hours. At the end of the process it appeared that every ounce of lard had dissolved, and combined with 21 grains of oxide; and from the trials which have been made respecting its activity, it would seem to be as efficient as the officinal ointment, and moreover that it may be introduced by inunction in one third of the time. The investigation is highly important, for it not only offers the means of preparing a mercurial ointment more oeconomically, but one more active and manageable, and less liable to that want of uniformity in strength, which must always attend a preparation in which so much labour is required for its completion; for independent of that variation in strength which will arise from imperfect triture, it is by no means an uncommon practice to use chemical means, which are not admissible, to facilitate the process, such as the addition of Sulphur, which is found to abridge very considerably the labour requisite for the extinction of the mercury, but it converts a portion of the metal into a Sulphuret, and diminishes the power of the unguent. There is however a method of facilitating the process, which is not liable to any apparent objection, but the theory of its operation is obscure; it consists in adding to the half-prepared ointment a portion of that which has been long kept; which appears to act as a leaven to the whole mass.

The following table exhibits the relative quantity of mercury contained in each of the different ointments directed by the British Pharmacopoeia, and in that prepared according to the process of Donovan.

One Drachm		{	stronger ointment contains of Mercury	30 grs.
	of the Lond:		weaker ointment	10 ——
	of the Edinb:		common ointment	12 ——
	of the Dub:	{	stronger ointment	30 ——
			weaker ointment	20 ——
	of that prepared according to Donovan			2½ ——

Mercurial ointment furnishes the most prompt, and least exceptionable mode of impregnating the system. The external method of administering mercury, says Mr. John Hunter, is always preferable to the internal, because the skin is not nearly so essential to life as the stomach, and therefore is capable in itself of bearing much more than the stomach. The inunction is generally performed by rubbing ?ss to ?j on some part of the body where the cuticle is thin, generally on the inside of the thigh, except perhaps in cases of chronic hepatitis, when it is more usually applied to the region of the liver, care being taken that the friction is continued until every particle of the ointment disappears; and for obvious reasons, the operation ought if practicable to be performed by the patient himself. Where it has been an object to saturate the system with mercury as quickly as possible, I have witnessed the advantage of confining, by means of slips of bladder, a drachm of mercurial ointment in each axilla, in addition to the mercurial friction. Camphor, turpentine, and other stimulants, have been sometimes added to the ointment, with a view of promoting its absorption; this however is an erroneous practice, since these acrid ingredients soon produce pustules on the skin, which prevent the continuance of the friction; the warm bath is a more certain, and less objectionable adjuvant, many practitioners therefore advise the body to be immersed in a warm bath, once and again, before the course is commenced, and to repeat it once or twice a week during its continuance: the length of time to be employed in a course of mercury, and the quantity to be given, are circumstances that must in every case be left to the discretion of the practitioner. Mercury, when introduced into the body, acts as a powerful stimulant, and pervades every part of the system; hence it is the most powerful evacuant belonging to the Materia Medica; from its stimulant operation, exerted directly or indirectly, we are able to explain its utility in the cure of disease, and it may be made to act according to management and circumstances, as a tonic, antispasmodic, diuretic, cathartic, sialogogue, emmenagogue, or alterative; but its most important operation is that displayed in removing the diseases induced by the syphilitic poison, although its modus operandi is still buried amongst the many other arcana of physic. The mode of directing and controlling the influence of mercury in the cure of the venereal disease, is now very generally understood, and it is to be hoped that a full confidence in its antisyphilitic powers is as universally maintained, in spite of the late opinions which tended to depreciate its value and to question its necessity; there is however no advantage to be gained, as was once imagined, by exciting profuse salivation. On its next important application, that of curing chronic affections of the liver and dropsy, a remark which has been suggested to me by the results of practice, may not be unacceptable. I think I have generally observed, that when the remedy has been pushed to such an extent as to excite the salivary glands to excessive secretion, the urinary organs cease to participate in its stimulating action, and vice versa, for the mouth is rarely affected when the mercury runs off by the kidneys; this may suggest a precaution of some practical moment in the treatment of dropsy, and it will be generally judicious to accompany the administration of this metal with certain diuretics, in order to direct its operation to the kidneys;^[716] and it would seem, that for such an object those diuretic medicines should be preferred that act primarily on the organs, as alkalies and their combinations, squill, &c. the success of such a plan of treatment will also depend greatly upon the exact period at which these remedies are administered; it will for instance be right to wait until the system is, to a certain degree, under mercurial influence. It is hardly necessary to observe, that if the mercury runs off by the bowels, we shall be deprived of all, or of a great share of, the benefit to be expected. In certain cases, the lymphatic vessels seem to resist the admittance of mercury, and to refuse the conveyance of it to the general circulation: I have already thrown out some vague hints upon the subject, at page 156, and I must refer the reader to some farther remarks, which I apprehend bear upon this question under the following article.

Unguentum Oxidi Hydrargyri Cinerei. E. This consists of a mixture of one part of grey oxide of mercury, and three parts of axunge: it was reasonable to suppose, a priori, that, as the whole of the mercury in this ointment is oxidized, its adoption would supersede the necessity of the labour required for the preparation of the common mercurial ointment, and at the same time afford a combination of equal if not superior efficacy; but experience has not justified the conclusion, for it has been found to possess little or no activity; the consideration of it is therefore introduced into this work, not on account of its utility, but as an object upon which I may pause with advantage, to offer those observations which its history is so well calculated to call forth and illustrate. The circumstance which renders this preparation inert, will now receive a satisfactory explanation from the experiments of Mr. Donovan, as related in the preceding article; in short, it is a mechanical mixture instead of a chemical combination; and I beg again to urge the importance of this distinction, and to offer the present example as a farther illustration of the views I have already submitted upon the subject. By subjecting this ointment for some hours to a heat of 300°, it would without doubt become an active preparation. It is probable that the lymphatics offers less resistance to the ingress of a mineral body into the system when it is presented to them in combination with some animal substance, which must alone be regarded as their peculiar stimulus, and the only matter which they are destined perpetually to receive and convey; for the same physiological reason, the lacteals may probably take up iron with greater readiness when in combination with vegetable matter, than when introduced into the stomach in a more purely mineral form.

Unguentum Hydrargyri Mitius. L. This weaker preparation is sometimes preferred, as it irritates the skin less; it is however principally used as a topical dressing to venereal sores, and as an application to kill vermin on the body.

Unguentum Hydrargyri Nitratis. L.E.D. vulgo Citrine Ointment. It is stimulant, detergent, and alterative; when diluted with an equal quantity of simple ointment or almond oil, it may be almost regarded as a specific in ophthalmia tarsi, smeared upon the cilia every night at bedtime.

Unguentum Hydrargyri Nitrico-oxydi. L. An excellent stimulant application, well adapted for giving energy to indolent ulcers. If mixed with any ointment containing resin, it loses its red colour, passing through olive green to black, which depends upon the conversion of the red into the black oxide of mercury.

Unguentum Hydrargyri PrÆcipitati Albi. L. Stimulant and detergent. It is said to be very efficacious in certain inveterate forms of the Itch. With the addition of Carbonate of Potass, it has been much extolled in various cutaneous affections.^[717]

Unguentum Picis LiquidÆ. L.E.D. Tar Ointment. This ointment has been much extolled for the removal of tetter, and for the cure of tinea capitis.

Unguentum ResinÆ NigrÆ. L. olim, Ung. Basilicum^[718] nigrum. Digestive stimulant.

Unguentum Sambuci. L.D. It possesses no advantage over the simple ointment.

Unguentum Sulphuris. L.E.D. This ointment is a mechanical mixture of Lard and Sulphur, although it would appear that a small proportion of the latter exists also in a state of chemical combination. Med. Uses. A specific in the itch. Dr. Bateman proposes a combination, equally efficacious, but which has not the same disagreeable smell; viz. “Take of sub-carbonate of potass, half an ounce; rose water, one ounce; red sulphuret of mercury, one drachm; essential oil of Bergamot, half a fluid-drachm; sublimed sulphur, hog’s lard, of each eleven ounces. Mix them.” Jasser’s Ointment also, as altered in the Prussian Pharmacopoeia, is an excellent application in Psora, viz. ?.Sulphur: Sublim: ?ij, Zinci Sulphat: ?ij, Ol: Lauri, et Axung. q, s, ut fiat Unguentum.

Unguentum Sulphuris Compositum. L. More stimulating than the simple ointment, from the addition of white hellebore; it is however frequently found to excite too much irritation.

Unguentum Veratri. L.D. It is used for the cure of scabies, but is less certain than the ointment of sulphur.

Unguentum Zinci. L.E.D. Astringent and stimulant; very beneficial in some species of ophthalmia, smeared upon the tarsi, every night.

Very efficient preparations may be also constructed by adding together equal weights of lard and narcotic vegetable powders, as those of Conium, Digitalis, Belladonna, &c.

The addition of a small quantity of powdered white sugar will frequently prevent ointments becoming rancid.

Qualities. Odour, slight, resembling that of hyson tea; Taste, bitterish and sub-astringent. Chemical Composition. Tannin, mucilage, gallic acid, extractive, resin, and traces of lime. Solubility. Both water and alcohol extract its virtues. Med. Uses. The ancients employed it on account of its astringency, the moderns however have exhibited it for various diseases, more especially for those affecting the bladder and urinary organs, and, it would seem, without any theory respecting its modus operandi; but it has at length fallen into disrepute, and probably with justice: it occasionally renders the urine of a blackish colour, a fact which is not easy to be explained. When it is administered, the form of powder is preferred, and in doses from ?j to ?j. The leaves of the Vaccinium Vitis IdÆa (Red Whortle-berry,) are sometimes substituted for those of UvÆ Ursi; but they may be easily distinguished; botanically, by the net work appearance of their veins above, and by their dots underneath; chemically, by their infusion neither precipitating the solution of isinglass, nor that of sulphate of iron.

This is occasionally used internally as a tonic, and may be exhibited in the form of pill. It is however principally employed externally, as a mild but efficient astringent; viz. Ung: Zinci. Adulterations. Dr. Roloff of Magdeburg has lately discovered the casual presence of Arsenic^[719] in this oxide; by boiling the substance in distilled water, and assaying the solution with the ammoniaco-nitrate of silver, its presence may be instantly recognised; Chalk may be detected by sulphuric acid exciting an effervescence; and White Lead, by its forming an insoluble sulphate of lead. It ought to be volatile.

Qualities. Form, crystals, which are four-sided prisms, terminated by four-sided pyramids; they are slightly efflorescent; Taste, styptic, metallic, and slightly acidulous. Chemical Composition. One proportional of oxide, and one proportional of acid; its crystals contain seven proportionals of water. Solubility. It is soluble in 2.5 times its weight of water at 60°, and in less than its own weight of boiling water, but is quite insoluble in alcohol. Incompatible Substances. Alkalies; earths; hydro-sulphurets; astringent vegetable infusions; Milk. Med. Uses. Tonic, astringent, and, in large doses emetic, (Form. 66.) As an emetic it operates directly, and offers therefore a prompt resource in cases of poison, or where an immediate discharge from the stomach is required; it appears to differ from most remedies of this nature, in not proving diaphoretic in smaller doses: in spasmodic^[720] coughs it is administered with the best effects, especially when combined with camphor or myrrh, (Form. 59:) in affections of the chest attended with inordinate secretion, I have witnessed much benefit from its exhibition, particularly when presented in the form of lozenge; and, when dissolved in water, in the proportion of grs. ij to f?j, it forms a useful injection in fluor albus, &c.; in small doses its internal exhibition is also useful in LeucorrhÆa. When combined with opium it is well calculated to obviate that atony, and those frequent discharges of fÆces, without pain, that take place in the protracted stages of dysentery. As an external application it is very generally employed in the proportion of grs. x to eight fluid-ounces of water. The supposed ill effects consequent on the application of preparations of lead to a great surface, have determined some practitioners to substitute in their place, solutions of sulphate of zinc, but not with the same effect; for to that very property, which may occasionally render saturnine lotions dangerous, is their virtue to be attributed; see Liquor Plumbi Sub-acetatis. Dose, as an emetic from grs. x. to ?ss—as a tonic, and astringent, from grs. j. to ij. Officinal Prep. Liquor: Alum: comp: L. (B) Solutio Sulphatis Zinci. Solutio Acetatis Zinci. E. (I). Tinct: Acetatis Zinci. D. (I). Adulterations. The white vitriol of commerce ought never to be used in medicine without previous purification, since it generally contains the sulphates of copper and iron.

Chemical Composition. Volatile oil, fecula, and resino-extractive matter; on the first of these principles its well known flavour and odour depend; but its pungency resides in the last. Solubility. Water, alcohol, and Æther, extract its virtues. Med. Uses. It is highly stimulant and is therefore frequently beneficial in flatulant cholic, dyspepsia, and gout; it is however more generally employed as an adjunct to other remedies, to promote their efficacy or to correct their operation, (see Form. 92, 94, 112, 153,) and it is found, that it does not produce the ill effects of those spices, whose virtues reside in an acrid oil. Dose, of the powders grs. x. to ?j. Officinal Prep. Syrup: Zingib: L.E.D. Syrup: Rhamni: L. (E) Tinct: Zingib: L.D.^[721] Tinct: Cinnamom: comp: L. (B.) Acid. Sulphuric: aromat: E. Confectio Opii. L. Confectio Scammon: L.D. (E) Infus. SennÆ. co. L. (E) Pulvis Cinnamom: comp: L.E.D. (B) Pulv: Scammon: comp: L.D. (E) Pulv. SennÆ. comp: L. (E) Pil: Aloes: D. Pill: ScillÆ comp: L.D. Vinum Aloes. L.E.D. Adulterations. The powder is rarely met with in any tolerable degree of purity: there are two varieties of ginger in the market, viz. Black, produced by scalding the root, and afterwards hastily drying it in the sun; and the White, being that which has been carefully washed, scraped, and gradually dried.