lass="pgexternal">504.

• Socialists, while admitting individual suffering, deny social suffering, ib.
• Their contradictions exposed, 504-507.

Exchange, impossible to conceive society as existing without, 97.

• A phenomenon peculiar to man, 101.
• Has two manifestations, union of forces, and separation of occupations, 104.
• Consists in exchange of services, ib.
• Its influence on labour, 105.
• Upon the co-operation of natural agents, 105.
• Upon human powers and faculties, 107.
• Upon capital, ib.
• Progress of exchange, 108-111.
• Primitive form of, barter, 108.
• Barter direct and roundabout, 109.
• Limits of exchange, 111.
• An element in the problem of population which Malthus has neglected, 113.
• Moral force of exchange, 116.
• In consequence of exchange, our powers exceed our wants, ib.;
  • and the gain of each is the gain of all, 117.
• Illusions to which exchange gives rise, 128-130.
• Exchange imparts the idea of value, 135.

F.

FÉnÉlon quoted, 77.

Final Causes, faith in, not unattended with danger to the mind of an inquirer, 397.

Fisc, le, et la Vigne, pamphlet written by Bastiat in 1840, 12.

Florez Estrada, his opinions on landed property quoted, 254.

Florian's Fables quoted, 135.

Force, Public, should be confined to ensuring justice, liberty, and security, 121, 122.

France, youth of, address to, 33.

• Usual rate of interest in, said to be 4 per cent., 302.
• Population of, doubles in 138 years, 401.

Friendly Societies, have conferred immense benefits on the working classes, 368.

• Admirable means of providing against sickness and old age, ib.
• Liberty and non-interference of Government essential to ensure their success, 369.
• This secures reciprocal surveillance, 369-373.
• Marked success of these societies in England, 370-373.
• This due to the non-interference of Government, 371.

G.

Garnier, M. Joseph, his opinions on landed property quoted, 256.

Germany, usual rate of interest in said to be 5 per cent., 302.

• Population of, doubles in 76 years, 404.

Girardin, M. Saint-Marc, quoted as to the influence of employments on the condition of nations, 455.

GratuitÉ du Credit, pamphlet by Bastiat against Proudhon's doctrine, in 1850, 22.

H.

Habit, force of, as changing man's wants, an essential element to be taken into account, 84.

• Transforms desire into want, 85.

Harmonies Économiques projected, and letters to Mr Cobden and M. Coudroy on that subject quoted, 25.

• Bastiat's account of the reception of that work, 27.
• Notice of the Harmonies, 27, 28, 29.
• List of chapters intended to complete 2d vol. of, 30, note.

Holland, usual rate of interest in, said to be under 3 per cent., 302.

• Population of, doubles in 100 years, 404.

I.

Icarie, voyage en, Socialist work referred to, 205.

Institute, Bastiat named a member of, 14.

403.

Advancing in scale of social life, means of reproduction bestowed with greater parsimony, ib.

In the human species, reproductive faculty less powerful than in any other, ib.

But, physically, man does not escape the law of a tendency to multiplication beyond the limits of space and nourishment, ib.

Difference between the physiological power of multiplying and actual multiplication, ib.

Malthus inquired in what period of time mankind would double, if space and food were unlimited, 404.

But as this hypothesis is never realized, theoretical must be shorter than actual period, ib.

Different rates of increase in different countries according to estimate of M. Moreau de JonnÈs, 403.

Such differences not the result of physiological causes, but of external obstacles, 404.

New sources of local wealth lead invariably to increase of population, ib.

Objections made to the theory of Malthus very illogical, ib.

Nor are the arguments against his geometrical progression more conclusive, ib.

Fixed on twenty-five years as the minimum period in which population may double itself, because this actually takes place in America, 405.

Malthus merely asserts that it has a tendency to increase in a geometrical progression, ib.

That this virtual power of multiplication will be restrained is just what Malthus contends for, ib.

Restrained by preventive and repressive checks, 406.

He was wrong in adopting the limit of twenty-five years, although it holds good in America, 406, 407.

This mixing up of the virtual and the real has exposed him to be misunderstood and misrepresented, 406.

Calculation by Euler of period of doubling, 407.

Applying Euler's calculation to the facts stated by Moses, Hebrews who entered Egypt must have doubled in 14 years, ib.

Absolute power of multiplication limited by obstacles, 408.

Vegetable life limited by want of space and territorial fertility-animals destitute of foresight, by want of food, 409.

Opinions of M. de Lamennais on this subject combated, ib.

Law of limitation as regards man manifests itself by the double action of foresight and destruction, 410.

The term moral restraint, used by Malthus, does not give us a just idea of the domain of foresight, ib.

Other obstacles besides fear of poverty aid the action of the law of limitation in its preventive shape, 410, 411.

Marriages on an average are probably later than they otherwise would be by eight years in consequence of these preventive obstacles, 411.

Supposed advice of an old clergyman regarding too early marriages, 411, 412.

Man's perfectibility an important element in resolving the problem of population, 413.

Malthus, by neglecting this, has attributed less force to the preventive than to the repressive check, ib.

For the expression, "means of subsistence," Say has substituted one more exact, namely, "means of existence," ib.

Man's constant effort to better his condition exercises control over increase of numbers, 414.

Better circumstances induce greater foresight, ib.

In countries like China or Ireland, when rice and potatoes fail, there is nothing to fall back on, and repressive check comes into operation, 416.

The true formula of Malthus is, not that population tends to keep on a level with, but to go beyond, the means of subsistence, ib.

Foresight prevents this in the human race, ib.

Recapitulation, 416, 417.

Population tends to redundancy most among unskilled labourers, 420.

Marriages are less improvident among the higher classes, 421.

Fermage less efficacious in interposing a preventive obstacle to increase of population than MÉtayage, 421, 422.

These terms explained, 421. note.

Almsgiving tends to destroy foresight, ib.

Improvement in labourers' cottages in England, 422.

Rate, of wages in one country influences the rate in others, 423.

Population is in itself a force, for increase of productive power results from density of population, 424, note.

Producer, every member of society may in turn be both producer and consumer, 324, 325.

• Producers and consumers should be left free to take care of their own interests, 327.
• The effect of inventions and discoveries on the interest of producers and consumers illustrated by diagrams, 331, 332.
• Advantages, from inventions, or from local situation, climate, etc., slip rapidly from the hands of producers, and go to enlarge enjoyments of consumers, 333, 334.
i>Such stipulations are the cause and the manifestation of progress, ib.
• Socialist errors on this subject confuted, 364, 365.
• Friendly Societies admirable means of providing against sickness and old age, 368.
• Have conferred immense benefits on the working classes, ib.
• Caisses de Retraite, Friendly Accumulation Societies, 371-378.
• Anterior labour, or capital, must necessarily have more security than present labour, 377-379.
• Future of the working classes-tendency to become capitalists, 379-383.
• Progress of the working classes between 1750 and 1850, 381.
• Relations of the capitalist and labourer, 383.
• Erroneous notions on this subject most dangerous, 384.
• Falsest theories abroad, ib.
• Due to M. de Sismondi and M. Buret, ib.
• Labourer's share of product has a tendency to increase as capital increases, 385.
• When exchange takes place between capital, or anterior labour, and present labour, it is not on the footing of their duration or intensity, but of their value, 387.
• Anterior labour has a general tendency to become depreciated, 388, 389.
• Presence of capital always beneficial to labourer, 390.
• Groundless outcry against tyranny of capital, 391, 392.

Wants, efforts, and satisfactions, constitute the domain of Political Economy, 69-74.

• Wants of man, enumeration of, 75-77.
• Moral and material, 77.
• Not a fixed quantity, but progressive and expansive, 79, 80.
• Rousseau recognises their elasticity, 81.
• In isolation, wants exceed powers; in the social state, powers exceed wants, 98.
• Man has more wants than any other living being, 99.

War. Principal thing which imparts to nations their distinctive character is the manner in which they provide for their subsistence, 454.

• Labour, although little noticed by historians, held as important a place among the ancients as it does with us, 457.
• War, spoliation, marked difference in the character of a nation which lives by, 458.
• It presupposes production, ib.
• Spoliation in the shape of war has its root in selfishness, 459.
• Personal interest gives rise to harmony, but there are disturbing causes, 460.
• Labour is in itself a good, independent of its results, but we do not desire it for its own sake, ib.
• Man, being placed between two evils, want and labour, seeks to get rid of both, 461.
• Spoliation then presents itself as a solution of the problem, ib.
• War a waste of human power, ib.
• And the spoliator does not get quit of labour, ib.
• Checks production by the insecurity it creates, 462.
• Contrasts between the producer and spoliator, ib.
• War has been a widespread evil, 462, 463.
• Interrupts human progress, 463.
• How the warlike spirit is propagated, ib.
• How war ends, 464.

Water has utility without possessing value, 138;

• but if brought from a distance by another, the service has value, 138, 139.

Wealth, natural and social, 73;

• actual or relative, 180.
• Relative wealth is measured by value, not utility, 181.
• Ricardo gave to the word Wealth the sense of utility; Say, that of value, ib.
• Effective wealth, the aggregate utilities which labour, aided by natural agents, places within our reach, 192.
• Relative wealth, proportional share of each in the general riches, determined by value, ib.
• Morality of, 193, 194.
• Motive which leads to acquisition of, natural, and consequently moral, 193.
• Desire to better our circumstances also moral,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
  
  Clyx.com