@45002-h@45002-h-18.htm.html#p449" class="pginternal">449. Errors of judgment one disturbing cause, 452, 510. But no ground for despair, 510. ChÂteaubriand represents civilisation and corruption of morals as marching abreast, 511, 512. Petty, Sir W., cited, 186. PhalanstÈre, a Socialist work, referred to, 64, 205, note. Physiocrates, French Economists of the school of Quesnay, 153, note. - Represented all labour not worked up in a material commodity as sterile, ib.
Political Economy, limits of the science marked out, 70, 71. - May be defined the theory of exchange, 73;
- or the theory of value, ib.
- Takes for granted the existence of evil and suffering, 76.
- Many errors in, arise from regarding human wants as a fixed quantity, 79.
- Not one of the exact sciences, 82, 83.
- First principles of, involved in difficulties by erroneous definitions of value, 136.
- A science of observation and exposition, 502.
- Contrast between Political Economy and Socialism, ib.
- Relations of Political Economy with Morals, Politics, and Legislation, 513, note.
Population, laws of, cannot be comprised in a brief formula, 400. - Vindication of Malthus, and of the general doctrine of his Essay on Population, 397, 400.
- If, as wealth increases, the number among whom it is to be divided increases more rapidly, absolute wealth may be greater, but individual wealth will be less, 401.
- Malthus has reduced the principle to the formula that population tends to keep on a level with the means of subsistence, 402.
- This principle not new; every writer on such subjects since Aristotle has proclaimed it, ib.
- Enunciated by Sir James Steuart thirty years before the appearance of the Essay on Population, ib., note.
- Nature has taken greater care of species than of individuals, in order to insure the perpetuity of races, 402.
- Instances of this in the vegetable kingdom, ib.;
- and in animals whose life is of a type more akin to vegetables, 402, 403.
- Advancing in scale of social life, means of reproduction bestowed with greater parsimony, ib.
- In the human species, reproductive faculty less powerful than in any other, ib.
- But, physically, man does not escape the law of a tendency to multiplication beyond the limits of space and nourishment, ib.
- Difference between the physiological power of multiplying and actual multiplication, ib.
- Malthus inquired in what period of time mankind would double, if space and food were unlimited, 404.
- But as this hypothesis is never realized, theoretical must be shorter than actual period, ib.
- Different rates of increase in different countries according to estimate of M. Moreau de JonnÈs, 403.
- Such differences not the result of physiological causes, but of external obstacles, 404.
- New sources of local wealth lead invariably to increase of population, ib.
- Objections made to the theory of Malthus very illogical, ib.
- Nor are the arguments against his geometrical progression more conclusive, ib.
- Fixed on twenty-five years as the minimum period in which population may double itself, because this actually takes place in America, 405.
- Malthus merely asserts that it has a tendency to increase in a geometrical progression, ib.
- That this virtual power of multiplication will be restrained is just what Malthus contends for, ib.
- Restrained by preventive and repressive checks, 406.
- He was wrong in adopting the limit of twenty-five years, although it holds good in America, 406, 407.
- This mixing up of the virtual and the real has exposed him to be misunderstood and misrepresented, 406.
- Calculation by Euler of period of doubling, 407.
- Applying Euler’s calculation to the facts stated by Moses, Hebrews who entered Egypt must have doubled in 14 years, ib.
- Absolute power of multiplication limited by obstacles, 408.
- Vegetable life limited by want of space and territorial fertility—animals destitute of foresight, by want of food, 409.
- Opinions of M. de Lamennais on this subject combated, ib.
- Law of
principle not to be found in any other work on Political Economy, 141.
- Intervention of money does not change the principle, 142, 143.
- Value does not reside in commodities, but in services, 143.
- Examples of various kinds of services, all possessed of value, 147.
- Limits within which value oscillates, ib.;
- The precious metals not a perfect standard of value, as their own value fluctuates, 151, 152.
- Value not an attribute of matter, 153.
- This an error of the Physiocrates and of Adam Smith, and has given rise to the distinction between productive and unproductive labour, 153, 154.
- Value not a thing having independent existence, but a relation, 158.
- Value and Labour are not proportional, 159, 160, note.
- Measure of value the quadrature of Political Economy, 170.
- Fixity cannot be found in a mean term composed of variable elements, ib.
- Absolute measure of, a chimera, ib.
- Value being supposed to be in the material product, and not in the service, has led to Smith’s error as to unproductive labour, 172.
- When value passes from service to product, it undergoes, in product, all the risks and chances to which the service itself is subject, 176.
- Prevailing tendency of value incorporated with a commodity is to fall, 178.
- Value is the measure of the utility of services rendered to the individual, not of those rendered to the masses, 325, 326.
W. Wages. Men are always in search of something fixed, 352. - Hence the great desire for government offices, 353.
- Fixity favoured by two circumstances, 354.
- Illustrations drawn from the principle of fire insurance, 354-357.
- Remuneration by wages has the principle of fixity, so much sought after, 357.
- Opinions of the Socialists on this subject controverted, 357, 358.
- Wages, their origin, form, and effects, 358.
- Labour may be remunerated either by share of its product or by fixed wages, 359.
- Dependence not caused by form of remuneration, but by precarious situation of labourer, ib.
- No men worse off than fishermen and vine-dressers, though they have the benefits of association, 359, 360.
- Results of labour applied to the chase, fishing, or agriculture very uncertain, ib.
- To obviate this, a fixed unconditional bargain preferred, 360.
- This is not to destroy, but improve, the principle of association, ib.
- Risks appreciated by means of experimental statistics, ib.
- Remuneration by share of produce characteristic of times of barbarism, 361.
- Fixity of remuneration a step of progress, ib.
- Association not thereby dissolved, ib.
- Capital and labour both take a share of risk till it can be estimated by experience, ib.
- This state of things gives place to a bargain which ensure unity of direction and fixity of situation, 362.
- The capitalist may take risk, paying fixed wages, or labourer may take risk, paying a fixed interest—still there is association, 362, 363.
- Wages have nothing degrading in them any more than interest, 363.
- The one is the remuneration of present, the other of anterior labour, ib.
- Such stipulations are the cause and the manifestation of progress, ib.
- Socialist errors on this subject confuted, 364, 365.
- Friendly Societies admirable means of providing against sickness and old age, 368.
- Have conferred immense benefits on the working classes, ib.
- Caisses de Retraite, Friendly Accumulation Societies, 371-378.
- Anterior labour, or capital, must necessarily have more
Original printed spelling and grammar is generally retained. Footnotes were renumbered and relocated to the end of the book, into a new Notes section, ahead of the Index. Original small caps font is indicated Herein Thus. The transcriber created the cover image, and hereby places it in the public domain. The words "Égalitaires" and "Egalitaires" are both retained as printed. Page 64: "instals" was changed to "installs". Page 68: "Keppler" changed to "Kepler", to agree with the corresponding index entry. Page 108: "appearence" to "appearance". Page 215: "that times comes," to "that time comes,". Page 264: "Proudon" changed to "Proudhon". Page 266: added full stop after "encountered the same difficulty". Page 272: added full stop after "into the high regions of the atmosphere". Page 276: added colon after "pay for two kinds of labour". Page 284: added full stop after "in the case of agricultural products". Page 385: added full stop after "or in the product". Page 488: Chapter number "XXL" to "XXI". Page 493: "concide" to "coincide". Page 500: "sort of gravitation:" to "sort of gravitation;". Page 513: beginning double quote mark added to second paragraph of the long quotation in footnote 116. Page 521: "Lammennais" to "Lamennais". |
  |
