  Plate 1 Fig. 1. Syrian Traders in Egypt, from a Tomb at Beni Hasan. Fig. 2. Crown of Lower Egypt. Fig. 3. Crown of Upper Egypt. Fig. 4. Crown of United Egypt. Fig. 5. Sphinx and Pyramid of Khafre. Plate 2 Fig. 6. Pyramids of Khufu and Khafre. Fig. 7. Step Pyramid of Zoser. Plate 3 Fig. 8. Body from a Pre-dynastic Tomb. Fig. 9. Head of the Mummy of Ramses II. Plate 4 Fig. 10. A Store-Chamber at Pithom (after Naville).
Fig. 11. Ancient and Modern Brick-Making (after Petrie). Plate 5 Fig. 12. Plan of City and Temple of Leontopolis (after Petrie). Fig. 13. A Passover-Oven (after Petrie). Plate 6 Fig. 14. The Rosetta Stone. Fig. 15. The “Israel” Inscription of Merneptah. Plate 7 Fig. 16. Mounds of Nuffar (after Clay). Fig. 17. Excavation at Nuffar (after Clay). Plate 8 Fig. 18. Gate of Ishtar, Babylon (after Koldeway). Fig. 19. Phalanx of Soldiers from Eannatum’s “Stele of Vultures.” Plate 9 Fig. 20. Inscribed Column from Persepolis. Fig. 21. Silver Vase of Entemena. Fig. 22. Mound of Birs NimrÛd (after Peters). Plate 10 Fig. 23. Hittite Gates at Boghaz Koi (after Puchstein). Fig. 24. Hittite Types from Egyptian Monuments (after Garstang). Plate 11 Fig. 25. A Hittite King (after Puchstein). Fig. 26. The Boss of Tarkondemos. Fig. 27. The Seal of Shema, Servant of Jeroboam. Plate 12 Fig. 28. Tell el-Hesy after Excavation. Fig. 29. The Site of the Old Testament Jericho. Plate 13 Fig. 30. Excavation of Gezer. Fig. 31. Remains of a Colonnaded Street at Samaria. Plate 14 Fig. 32. Excavation at Tell Hum. Fig. 33. Egyptians Attacking a Palestinian City (after Perrot and Chipiez). Plate 15 Fig. 34. Israelitish Jericho (after Sellin). Fig. 35. Israelitish Houses at Jericho (after Sellin). Plate 16 Fig. 36. Philistines from the Palace of Ramses III. Fig. 37. Canaanitish Fortress at Jericho (after Sellin). Plate 17 Fig. 38.—Inscribed Disc from PhÆstos (one-fourth actual size). Fig. 39. Gebel Fureidis. Plate 18 Fig. 40. Bastion for the Protection of an Inserted Tower (after Macalister). Fig. 41. Remains of Walls of Megiddo (after Schumacher). Plate 19 Fig. 42. Walls of Buildings at Samaria (after Reisner). Fig. 43. Specimens of Stone-Work at Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 44. Building-Bricks from Gezer (after Macalister). Plate 20 Fig. 45. Plan of Palace at Taanach (after Sellin). Fig. 46. The Great City Wall at Gezer (after Macalister). Plate 21 Fig. 47. Israelitish Houses at Gezer. Fig. 48. Specimens of Mosaic Floors (after Macalister). Plate 22 Fig. 49. A Doorway at Gezer (after Macalister).
Fig. 50. Door-Sockets from Gezer (after Macalister). Plate 23 Fig. 51. Supposed House of Hiel, Jericho (after Sellin). Fig. 52. Foundation of the Palace of Omri, Samaria (after Reisner). Fig. 53. Hebrew Palace at Megiddo (after Schumacher). Plate 24 Fig. 54. Plan of the MaccabÆan Castle at Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 55. Stone-Work of the MaccabÆan Castle (after Macalister). Fig. 56. A Foundation-Deposit, Gezer (after Macalister). Plate 25 Fig. 57. A City Gate at Megiddo (after Schumacher). Fig. 58. The South Gate at Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 59. The South Gate at Bethshemesh (after Mackenzie). Plate 26 Fig. 60. Entrance to the Underground Tunnel at Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 61.—The North Gate at Gezer (after Macalister). Plate 27 Fig. 62. Plans of the Underground Tunnel at Gezer (after Macalister). Plate 28 Fig. 63. Plan of Underground Tunnel at Gibeon (after Abel). Fig. 64. One of Solomon’s Pools. Plate 29 Fig. 65. Post of City Gate, Samaria (after Reisner). Fig. 66. Part of City Wall and Gate, Samaria (after Reisner). Plate 30 Fig. 67. Road South of Gerizim. Fig. 68. Lines of Roman Roads at Tell el-Ful. Fig. 69. Roman Road North of Amman. Plate 31 Fig. 70. A Granary at Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 71. Some Roman Mile-Stones. Fig. 72. Plan of a Granary at Gezer (after Macalister). Plate 32 Fig. 73. A Hoe (after Macalister). Fig. 74. An Egyptian Reaping (after Wreszinski). Fig. 75. A Sickle (after Wreszinski). Fig. 76. Plowshares from Megiddo (after Schumacher). Plate 33 Fig. 77. Egyptian Plowing (after Wilkinson). Fig. 78. A Modern Threshing-Floor. Fig. 79. Egyptians Threshing and Winnowing (after Wilkinson). Fig. 80. Egyptian Threshing-Sledge (after Wilkinson). Plate 34 Fig. 81. A Saddle-Quern from Megiddo (after Schumacher). Fig. 82. A Rotary-Quern (after Macalister). Fig. 83. A Mortar and Pestle (after Macalister). Fig. 84. Two Women Grinding at a Mill (after Schumacher). Plate 35 Fig. 85. An Ancient Olive-Press (after Macalister). Fig. 86. A Modern Olive-Press (after Macalister). Plate 36 Fig. 87. A Wine Vat (after Macalister). Fig. 88. An Olive-Press at Work (after Macalister). Plate 37 Fig. 89. Cows’ Horns from Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 90. Animals’ Heads from Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 91. A Horse’s Bit from Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 92. Drawings of Horses from Gezer (after Macalister). Plate 38 Fig. 93. A Clay Bird from Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 94. A Cock from Marissa (after Peters and Thiersch). Fig. 95. A Bee-Hive from Gezer (after Macalister). Plate 39 Fig. 96. Pre-Semitic Jars (after Macalister). Fig. 97. Pre-Semitic Pottery (after Macalister). Fig. 98. Four Pitchers from the First Semitic Stratum (after Macalister). Fig. 99. Three Pitchers from the First Semitic Stratum (after Macalister). Fig. 100. A Jar from the First Semitic Stratum (after Macalister). Plate 40 Fig. 101. Jugs from the Second Semitic Stratum (after Macalister). Fig. 102. A Jug from the Second Semitic Stratum (after Macalister). Fig. 103. A Jar from the Second Semitic Stratum (after Macalister). Plate 41 Fig. 104. Some Fine Pottery from the First Semitic Stratum (after Macalister). Fig. 105. “Ear” and “Button” Jar-Handles (after Macalister). Fig. 106. A “Pillar” Handle (after Macalister). Fig. 107. A Flat-bottomed Jug (after Macalister). Plate 42 Fig. 108. A Painted Philistine Vase from Beth-shemesh (after Mackenzie). Fig. 109. War-Scene on Potsherd from Megiddo (after Schumacher). Fig. 110. Jars of Third Semitic Stratum from Beth-shemesh (after Mackenzie). Fig. 111. Hebrew Pottery from Megiddo (after Schumacher). Plate 43 Fig. 112. Hebrew Jars and Pitchers from Jericho (after Sellin). Fig. 113. Hebrew Pitchers and Bowls from Jericho (after Sellin). Plate 44 Fig. 114. A Funnel from Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 115. A Potter’s Seal from Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 116. An Inscribed Hebrew Jar-Stamp from the Shephelah (after Bliss and Macalister). Fig. 117. Hebrew Pottery from Gezer (after Macalister). Plate 45 Fig. 118. A Scarab used as a Jar-Stamp (after Macalister). Fig. 119. A Jar-Handle Stamped with a Scarab (after Macalister). Fig. 120. A Jar with Tapering Base from Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 121. Hellenistic Filter from Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 122. Hellenistic Pottery from Gezer (after Macalister). Plate 46 Fig. 123. Hellenistic Strainer from Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 124. Roman Pots from Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 125. Hellenistic Jar from Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 126. A Lamp of the First Semitic Period, Megiddo (after Schumacher). Plate 47 Fig. 127. Lamps from the Second Semitic Period, Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 128. Lamps from the Israelitish Period, Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 129. A Byzantine Lamp from Jericho (after Sellin). Fig. 130. A Lamp bearing a Christian Legend (after Macalister). Plate 48 Fig. 131. Hellenistic Lamps from Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 132. Hebrew Lamps from Jericho (after Sellin). Plate 49
Fig. 133. Ovens found at Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 134. A Baking-Tray from Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 135. Bronze Dishes from Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 136. Shell Spoons from Gezer (after Macalister). Plate 50 Fig. 137. Silver Dishes from a Philistine Grave at Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 138. Glass Ointment Vessels from Gezer (after Macalister). Plate 51 Fig. 139. Feeding-Bottles (?). Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 140. Forks from Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 141. Philistine Silver Ladle. Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 142. Bronze Needles and Pins from Gezer (after Macalister). Plate 52 Fig. 143. Bone Needles from Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 144. Modern Woman Spinning. Fig. 145. Spindle Whorls from Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 146. A Large Key from Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 147. A Smaller Key from Gezer (after Macalister). Plate 53 Fig. 148. Lamp Stands from Megiddo (after Schumacher). Fig. 149. Flint Knives from Jericho (after Sellin). Plate 54 Fig. 150. Iron Knives from Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 151. Bronze Knives from Gezer (after Macalister). Plate 55 Fig. 152. A Chisel from Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 153. A File from Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 154. A Cone of Flint for making Knives, Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 155. A Bronze Hammer-Head, Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 156. A Fish-Hook, Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 157. A Bone Awl-Handle from Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 158. Whetstones from Jericho (after Sellin). Fig. 159. Nails from Gezer (after Macalister). Plate 56 Fig. 160. Axe-Heads from Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 161. Carpenters’ Tools from Gezer (after Macalister). Plate 57 Fig. 162. A Scimitar from Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 163. Impression of a Basket on Mud, Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 164. Flint Arrow-Heads from Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 165. Bronze Arrow-Heads from Gezer (after Macalister). Plate 58 Fig. 166. Bronze Swords from Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 167. Bronze Spear-Heads, Gezer (after Macalister). Plate 59 Fig. 168. A Pipe from Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 169. An Egyptian Harp (after Haupt). Fig. 170. An Assyrian Upright Harp (after Haupt). Fig. 171. An Assyrian Horizontal Harp (after Haupt). Fig. 172. A Babylonian Harp (after Haupt). Fig. 173. Jewish Harps on Coins of Bar Cocheba, 132-135 a. d. (after Madden). Fig. 174. Assyrian Dulcimer (after Haupt). Plate 60 Fig. 175. Seals from Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 176. A Comb from Gezer (after Macalister).
Fig. 177. Toys from Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 178. Styli from Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 179. Children’s Rattles from Gezer (after Macalister). Plate 61 Fig. 180. A Perfume-Box, Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 181. A Necklace from Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 182. Bracelets from Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 183. SpatulÆ from Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 184. Rings from Gezer (after Macalister). Plate 62 Fig. 185. Supposed Hebrew Measures from Jerusalem (after Germer-Durand). Plate 63 Fig. 186. A Neseph Weight. Fig. 187. A Payim Weight belonging to Haverford College. Fig. 188. A Beqa Weight (after Torrey). Fig. 189. A “Daric” of Darius (after Benzinger). Fig. 190. A Tetradrachma of Alexander the Great (after Benzinger). Fig. 191. A Coin of Ptolemy Lagi (after Benzinger). Plate 64 Fig. 192. Half-Shekel of Simon the Maccabee (after Benzinger). Fig. 193. A Coin of John Hyrcanus (after Madden). Fig. 194. Tetradrachma of Lysimachus. Fig. 195. A Coin of Augustus. Fig. 196. A Denarius of Tiberius. Fig. 197. A Coin of Claudius. Fig. 198. A Coin of Herod the Great. Fig. 199. A Roman Quadrans (?). Fig. 200. A Coin of Herod Agrippa I. Fig. 201. A Shekel of the Revolt of a. d. 70. Plate 65 Fig. 202. Cave-Dwellers’ Place of Sacrifice, Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 203. Plan of Caves at Semitic High Place, Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 204. “Pillars” of the High Place at Gezer. Plate 66 Fig. 205. Rock-Altar at Megiddo (after Schumacher). Fig. 206. The “Beth-el” of Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 207. The Supposed Serpent-Pen at Gezer (after Macalister). Plate 67 Fig. 208. The Rock-Altar at Jerusalem (after Dalman). Fig. 209. The Laver at Gezer (after Macalister). Plate 68 Fig. 210. The Terra-cotta Altar from Taanach (after Sellin). Fig. 211. Supposed High Place at Taanach (after Sellin). Plate 69 Fig. 212. High Place at Tell es-Safi (after Bliss and Macalister). Fig. 213. Libation Bowl from Taanach (after Sellin). Fig. 214. An Astarte Plaque from Gezer (after Macalister). Plate 70 Fig. 215. Plan of the High Place at Petra (after BrÜnnow). Fig. 216. Plan of Herod’s Temple at Samaria (after Lyon). Plate 71 Fig. 217. The Altar at Petra (after BrÜnnow). Fig. 218. The “Round Altar” at Petra (after BrÜnnow). Fig. 219. Supposed “Pillars” at Petra (after BrÜnnow). Plate 72 Fig. 219a. A Brazen Serpent from Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 220. Plan of Supposed Semitic Temple at Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 221. Walls of Herod’s Temple, Samaria (after Reisner). Plate 73 Fig. 222. “Pillars” of a Supposed Temple, Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 223. Chapel of the Palace at Megiddo (after Schumacher). Plate 74 Fig. 224. Voluted Capital (probably Philistine) from Megiddo (after Schumacher). Fig. 225. Incense-Burner from Megiddo (after Schumacher). Plate 75 Fig. 226. Philistine Graves, Gezer (after Macalister). Fig. 227. A Rock-hewn Tomb at Siloam (after Benzinger). Fig. 228. A Shaft-Tomb (after Bliss and Macalister). Fig. 229. A Cistern-Burial at Gezer (after Macalister). Plate 76 Fig. 230. A Columbarium at Petra (after Dalman). Fig. 231. Entrance to the Tomb of the Judges. Plate 77 Fig. 232. A Sunken-Door Tomb (after Mitt. u. Nach. d. Deutsch. PalÄstina-Vereins). Fig. 233. Kokim in the Tomb of the Judges. Plate 78 Fig. 234. Plan of a Hellenistic Tomb at Marissa (after Peters and Thiersch). Fig. 235. A Cross-Section of the Tomb of the Judges. Plate 79 Fig. 236. Architectural Decoration of a Hellenistic Tomb at Marissa (after Peters and Thiersch). Fig. 237. Plan of the Upper Floor of the Tomb of the Judges. Plate 80 Fig. 238. A Tomb with a Rolling-Stone at Beit Jibrin (after Moulton). Fig. 239. Interior of a Hellenistic Tomb at Marissa (after Peters and Thiersch). Plate 81 Fig. 240. The Hills and Valleys of Jerusalem (after Vincent). Plate 82 Fig. 241. Underground Jebusite Tunnel at Gihon, Jerusalem (after Vincent). Fig. 242. Maudsley’s Scarp, Jerusalem. Plate 83 Fig. 243. Plan of Solomon’s Buildings, Jerusalem (after Stade). Fig. 244. Phoenician Quarry-Marks, Jerusalem (after Warren). Plate 84 Fig. 245. Shaft at the Southeast Corner of the Temple Area (after Warren). Fig. 246. Examining Ancient Walls in an Underground Tunnel (after Warren). Plate 85 Fig. 247. Front Views of Solomon’s Temple (after Stade). Fig. 248. Side Views of Solomon’s Temple (after Stade). Plate 86 Fig. 249. Plan of Solomon’s Temple (after Stade). Fig. 250. The Seven-branched Lamp-Stand from the Arch of Titus. Plate 87 Fig. 251. The Brazen Laver of Solomon’s Temple (after Stade). Fig. 252. A Portable Laver of Solomon’s Temple (after Stade). Plate 88 Fig. 253. Stone-Work of a Wall of Jerusalem built in the Fifth Century a. d. Fig. 254. Stone-Work in Nehemiah’s Wall, Jerusalem. Plate 89 Fig. 255. Restoration of the AsmonÆan Bridge over the Tyropoeon Valley (after Hanauer). Fig. 256. Front of “David’s Tower” (Herod’s Palace) Today (after Breen). Plate 90 Fig. 257. Reconstruction of Herod’s Temple (after Caldecott). Fig. 258. “Solomon’s Stables.” Plate 91 Fig. 259. One of the Supposed Pools of Bethesda (after Hanauer). Fig. 260. Front of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. Plate 92 Fig. 261. “Gordon’s Calvary,” looking toward Jerusalem (after Breen). Fig. 262. “Gordon’s Calvary,” from the City Wall (after Breen). Plate 93 Fig. 263. Outside of “Gordon’s Holy Sepulcher” (after Breen). Fig. 264. Inside of “Gordon’s Holy Sepulcher” (after Breen). Plate 94 Fig. 265. The Barada (Abana), Damascus. Fig. 266. The Street Called Straight, Damascus. Plate 95 Fig. 267. Palace at Kanatha (after BrÜnnow). Fig. 268. Circular Forum and Colonnaded Street, Gerasa. Plate 96 Fig. 269. Temple of the Sun, Gerasa. Fig. 270. Site of Rabbah Ammon. Plate 97 Fig. 271. Theater at Amman (Palestinian Philadelphia). Fig. 272. Roman Forum at Athens. Plate 98 Fig. 273. Mars’ Hill, Athens. Fig. 274. Fountain in the Agora, Corinth. Plate 99 Fig. 275. Lintel of Jewish Synagogue, Corinth (after Richardson). Fig. 276. LechÆum Road, Corinth (after Richardson). Plate 100 Fig. 277. Parthenon, Athens, from the East. Fig. 278. Main Street at Ephesus. Plate 101 Fig. 279. Site of the Temple of Diana, Ephesus, in 1902. Fig. 280. The Theater, Ephesus. Plate 102 Fig. 281. The Amphitheater, Ephesus. Fig. 282. The Stadium, Ephesus. Plate 103 Fig. 283. Pergamum (after Ramsay). Fig. 284. The Acropolis and partly Excavated Temple, Sardis (after Butler). Plate 104 Fig. 285. Excavated Temple, Sardis, looking toward the Hermus Valley (after Butler). Plate 105 Fig. 286. A Christian Church at Sardis (after Butler). Fig. 287. Smyrna (after Ramsay). Plate 106 Fig. 288. A Ruin at Laodicea (after Ramsay). Fig. 289. A Bridge over the Jordan on the Line of a Roman Road. Plate 107 Fig. 290. Fragment of a Creation-Tablet. Fig. 291. Assyrian Sacred Tree Conventionalized. Fig. 292. Hammurapi Receiving the Laws from the Sun-God. Fig. 293. The So-called Adam and Eve Seal. Plate 108 Fig. 294. A Tablet from Nippur. Relating the Beginnings of Irrigation and Agriculture (after Langdon). Fig. 295. Top of the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser. Fig. 296. Jehu of Israel Doing Homage to Shalmaneser. Plate 109 Fig. 297. The Siloam Inscription. Fig. 298. Sennacherib Receiving Tribute at Lachish (after Ball). Plate 110 Fig. 299. An Altar to Unknown Gods (after Deissmann). Fig. 300. The Moabite Stone. Plate 111 Fig. 301. Papyrus Containing Sayings of Jesus (after Grenfell and Hunt). Plate 112 Jerusalem of Solomon Early Jerusalem Plate 113 Jerusalem from Uzziah to the Exile Jerusalem of Nehemiah Plate 114 AsmonÆan Jerusalem Jerusalem of Herod and of Christ Footnotes: [1] Century Dictionary, edition of 1903, Vol. I, p. 293. [2] The chronology of Archbishop Usher, printed in the margin of many Bibles, is not a part of the Biblical text, but a collection of seventeenth century calculations and guesses. [3] For fuller accounts of the history of Egypt, see Breasted’s History of the Ancient Egyptians, New York, Scribner’s, 1908; or Breasted’s History of Egypt, second edition, 1909, New York, Scribner’s. [4] See Petrie, Hyksos and the Israelite Cities, London, 1906. [5] See Naville, The Store-City of Pithom and the Route of the Exodus, 4th ed., London, 1903. [6] See Petrie, Hyksos and the Israelite Cities, p. 28, f. [7] See Petrie, The Palace of Apries, London, 1909. [8] See Petrie, Hyksos and the Israelite Cities, p. 191, ff. [9] See Annals of ArchÆology and Anthropology, VII, Liverpool, 1914, pp. 1-10. [10] So called from the name of the mountain on which it is written. [11] First published by Hilprecht, Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania, Vol. XX, No. 47; cf. p. 46. [12] See Poebel, Historical and Grammatical Texts, Philadelphia, 1914, Nos. 2-5, and Historical Texts, Philadelphia, 1914, pp. 73-140. [13] It is the prevailing view of scholars that Arabia was the cradle-land of the Semites. The reasons for this view as well as a rÉsumÉ of other views will be found in G. A. Barton’s Sketch of Semitic Origins, Social and Religious, New York, 1902, Chapter I. [14] In Gen. 10:11 it is by implication said that the city was founded by Nimrod. [15] For a discussion of the reasons for the view here stated, and a presentation of other views, see Part II, p. 374, ff. [16] The ChaldÆans were a Semitic people who came into the marsh-lands of southern Babylonia from Arabia. We can first detect their presence in Babylonia about 1000 B. C. [17] Those who desire fuller accounts of the history should read L. W. King’s History of Sumer and Akkad, London, 1910, and R. W. Rogers’ History of Babylonia and Assyria. 2d ed., New York, 1915. [18] In the Mitteilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft, 1899, Heft. 4. [19] In the Mitteilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft, 1900, Hefte 4 and 5. [20] See Pumpelly, Explorations in Turkestan, Washington, 1908, I, p. 50, f. [21] See L. W. King, Chronicles Concerning Early Babylonian Kings, London, 1907, Vol. II, p. 22. [22] History of Egypt, II. 404, 405. [23] Expository Times, November, 1914, p. 91. [24] Asien und Europa nach altÄgyptischen DenkmÄlern, 319, note 3. [25] Ancient Records, Egypt, I, 227, 228. [26] Breasted’s Ancient Records, Egypt, II, § 773. [27] Winckler in Mitteilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft, 1913, Heft 4, p. 81. [28] ItinÉraire de Paris a JÉrusalem, Paris, 1811. [29] Travels in Syria, 1821. [30] Souvenirs, impressions, el paysages, pendant un voyage en Orient, Paris, 1835. [31] For a more complete account see F. J. Bliss, The Development of Palestine Exploration, New York, 1906. [32] See Official Report of the United States Expedition to Explore the Dead Sea and the River Jordan, Baltimore, 1852. [33] See his “Identification of Pisgah” in the third Statement of the American Exploration Society, 1870. [34] See his East of the Jordan, New York, 1883. [35] Warren’s results were first published in The Recovery of Jerusalem, London, 1870, and more fully in Jerusalem, London, 1889, one of the Memoirs of the Palestine Exploration Fund. The arch mentioned is called “Robinson’s Arch,” because its significance was first perceived by Robinson. [36] Across the Jordan, London, 1886; Jaulan, London, 1886, and Abila, Pella, and Northern Aijlun, London, 1889. [37] Die Provincia Arabia, Strassburg, 1904-1909 (3 volumes). [38] Petra, Leipzig, 1908, and Neu-Petra Forschung, Leipzig, 1912. [39] ArchÆological Researches in Palestine, London, 1896-1899. [40] Geology of Palestine and Arabia PetrÆa, London, 1886. [41] See Petrie, Tell el-Hesy (Lachish), London, 1891. [42] See his Mound of Many Cities, London, 1894. [43] See Bliss, Excavations at Jerusalem, London, 1898. [44] An artificially made precipice on which a fortress once stood. It is named from an Englishman, Maudsley, who first perceived its true nature. [45] Bliss and Macalister, Excavations in Palestine during the Years 1898-1900, London, 1902. [46] See his ArchÆological Researches in Palestine, II, p. 251, f. [47] This is the period called by Petrie and Bliss “Seleucid.” [48] See Macalister, The Excavation of Gezer, London, 1912, II, 381-403. [49] Ibid., 406-408. [50] Ibid., I, 256-268. [51] See Macalister, The Excavation of Gezer, London, 1912, II, 200-223. [52] Ibid., 236-266. [53] See the Annual of the Palestine Exploration Fund, Vols. I and II, for the details here given, and for many others. [54] Zeitschrift des deutschen PalÄstina-Vereins. [55] See Zeitschrift des deutschen PalÄstina-Vereins, V, pp. 7-204. [56] See Schumacher und Steuernagel, Tell el-Mutesellim, Leipzig, 1908. [57] Sellin, Tell Taanek, Wien, 1904. [58] See Mitteilungen der deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft, No. 29, Berlin, 1905, p. 14, f. [59] See Sellin und Watzinger, Jericho, Leipzig, 1913. [60] See Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. XXII, Boston, 1903, pp. 164-182; XXIV, 196-220; XXV, 82-95. [61] See Harvard Theological Review, Cambridge, Mass., I, 1908, p. 92. [62] Ibid., II, 102-113; III, 136-138, 248-263. [63] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, xiii, 10, 2 and 3; Wars of the Jews, i, 2, 7. [64] Revue biblique, 1912 (Paris), pp. 86-116. [65] Biblical World, Vol. XXXIX, Chicago, 1912, pp. 295-306. [66] See Germer-Durand in Revue biblique, 1914, pp. 71-94, and Frontispiece. [67] See Quarterly Statement of the Palestine Exploration Fund, October, 1914, p. 167, f. Additional material on Ophel and Balata is given in the Appendix, p. 446. [68] First noticed by Prof. George L. Robinson, of McCormick Seminary, Chicago, and afterward by Prof. Samuel Ives Curtis, of the Chicago Theological Seminary; see Chapter XI, p. 173, f. [69] Discovered in 1902 by Dr. J. P. Peters and Dr. Thiersch; see their Painted Tombs of Marissa, London, 1905. [70] Reference should also be made to the expedition from Princeton University, referred to on p. 107, led by Prof. H. C. Butler, which went out in 1899-1900, in 1904-1905, and in 1909, and examined the ruins in the Hauran (or region east of the Sea of Galilee), in the Lebanon Mountains, and in that part of Syria to the east of Lebanon. The expedition gathered many inscriptions, most of which belong to the Christian period. The results of this exploration are published in The Publications of an ArchÆological Expedition to Syria in 1899-1900, New York, 1904, and Publications of the Princeton ArchÆological Expeditions to Syria in 1904-1905 and 1909, Leyden, 1908-1914. [71] See R. A. S. Macalister, History of Civilization in Palestine, Cambridge University Press, 1912, pp. 10, 11. [72] See Barton, A Year’s Wandering in Bible Lands, Philadelphia, 1904, p. 143. [73] See Barton, in the Biblical World, Chicago, 1904, Vol. XXIV, p. 177. [74] See Conder, Survey of Eastern Palestine, I, pp. 125-277, and Mackenzie in the Annual of the Palestine Exploration Fund, I, pp. 5-11. [75] See Gen. 14:5; 15:20. [76] See H. S. Cowper, The Hill of the Graces, a Record of Investigation among the Trilithons and Megalithic Sites of Tripoli, London, 1897, and Brandenburg, Über Felsarchitektur im Mittelmeergebiet in Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatischen Gesellchaft, 1914. [77] See the Annals of ArchÆology and Anthropology, Vol. V, Liverpool, 1913, pp. 112-128. [78] See Macalister, The Excavation of Gezer, I, 72-152. [79] See Macalister, The Excavation of Gezer, I, 145-152. [80] Ibid., 236, ff. [81] R. A. S. Macalister, Bible Side-lights from the Mound of Gezer, London, 1906, Chapter II. [82] See P. E. Mader in Zeitschrift des deutschen PalÄstina-Vereins, Vol. XXXVII, 1914, pp. 20-44. [83] See Amos 4:4; 5:5. [84] See Dr. Masterman, in Biblical World, XXXIX, 301, f. [85] See the legend concerning him translated in Part II, p. 310, f. [86] See Clay, Amurru, Philadelphia, 1909, pp. 102, 103. [87] See Recueil de travaux relatifs À phil. et À arch. egpt. et assyr., XXXIV, 105-108. [88] See Breasted, Ancient Records, Egypt, Vol. I, Chicago, 1906, § 315. [90] Translated in Part II, p. 313, f. [94] See Breasted, Ancient Records, Egypt, I, p. 233, f. [95] See Barton, Commentary on Job, New York, 1911, pp. 5-7, and Breasted, Ancient Records, Egypt, I, p. 238, note a. [96] See Breasted, Ancient Records, Egypt, § 680, and Barton in Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. XXVIII, p. 29. [97] Macalister, Excavation of Gezer, I, 238-243 and 253. [98] Tell el-Mutesellim, Tafeln, vii-xi. [100] See Chapter II, p. 59, f. [102] See Chapter III, p. 75, f. [103] See Chapter IV, pp. 89, 91. [104] See Breasted, Ancient Records, Egypt, III, § 616. [105] Translated from W. Max MÜller’s publication in the Mitteilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft, 1907, Heft 7. [106] Hammath means “hot.” [108] See pp. 79, 80, and 345. [109] See the letters of its king translated in Part II, p. 345, f. [111] See Chapter III, p. 78, f. [113] See Breasted’s History of Egypt, New York, 1909, p. 414. [114] See Breasted’s Ancient Records, Egypt, III. §§ 81 and 140. [115] Translated from W. Max MÜller’s Egyptological Researches, Washington, 1906, pl. 59, ff. [117] See Sir Arthur Evans. Scripta Minoa, Oxford, 1909, pp. 280, 282, and R. A. S. Macalister in the Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Vol. XXX, § C, p. 342; also his Philistines, Their History and Civilization, London, 1913, pp. 84, 85. [118] See Sitzungsberichte of the Berlin Academy, 1909, p. 1022, f. [119] Caphtor is the same as Keftiu of the Egyptian inscriptions, but it is uncertain whether Keftiu refers to Crete or Asia Minor. [120] Translated from W. Max MÜller’s Egyptological Researches, I, pl. 64, f. [121] See Macalister, The Excavation of Gezer, I, p. 21. [124] See the books of I and II Samuel. [125] See Chapters VI, IX, and XI. [126] See Part II, Chapter XVII. [128] See J. A. Montgomery, The Samaritans, the Earliest Jewish Sect, Their History, Theology, and Literature, Philadelphia, 1907. [129] For the narrative of the struggle, see the book of I Maccabees, and S. Mathews, History of the New Testament Times in Palestine, New York, 1908. [130] See I Macc. 14:41. [131] For details see Guy Le Strange, Palestine Under the Moslems, London, 1890. [132] For details see C. R. Conder, The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, London, 1897. [133] See Chapter XIV. [135] On these walls, see Macalister, Excavation of Gezer, I, 236-256. [136] Petrie, Tell el-Hesy, p. 17 and Plates 2 and 3. [137] See his Tell Taanek, p. 13. [140] Harvard Theological Review, III, 137. [141] Palestine Exploration Fund’s Annual, II, 17, f. [142] Sellin and Watzinger’s Jericho, p. 29, f. and Tafel I. [143] Ibid., 54, ff. [144] See Macalister, Excavation of Gezer, I, 244. [145] See Dickie, in Quarterly Statement of Palestine Exploration Fund, 1897, 61-67. [146] These remarks about the house are based on the excavation at Gezer. The excavators of other sites have not given as much attention to the construction of houses as Mr. Macalister did. [147] Sellin, Tell Taanek, p. 21. [148] One of these is translated in Part II, p. 350. [149] See the writer’s article, “Corners,” in Hastings’ EncyclopÆdia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. IV 119, ff. [150] Sellin, Tell Taanek, p. 61. [151] Schumacher, Tell el-Mulesellim, pp. 45, 54. [152] See Macalister, The Excavation of Gezer, I, 240. [153] In 2 Sam. 12:27 we should read “pool of waters” instead of “city of waters”; see Barton in Journal of Biblical Literature, XXVII, 147-152. [154] See Polybius, V, 71. [155] Josephus, Jewish Wars, I, xix, 5, ff. [156] For the conflicting evidence and theories, see G. A. Smith, Jerusalem, I, 124-131. [157] Josephus, Antiquities, XVIII, iii, 2. [159] See Thomsen in Zeitschrift des deutschen PalÄstina-Vereins, XXVI, 170, ff. [160] See Chapter XIV. [161] See Macalister, Excavation of Gezer, I, 199, f; II, 22, ff. [162] See Macalister, Excavation of Gezer, II, 22, f. [163] The reader who cares to pursue the subject is referred to Macalister’s Excavation of Gezer, II, 48, ff., and Sellin’s Tell Taanek, 61, f., and Bliss and Macalister’s Excavations in Palestine, 1898-1900, pp. 193, 196, f., 208, 227, and 248. [164] See Macalister, Excavation of Gezer, II, 1-15. [165] See Pumpelly, Excavations in Turkestan, Washington, 1908, p. 384, f. [166] See Schumacher, Mutesellim, p. 89. [167] Ward, Seal Cylinders of Western Asia, p. 422, and Nos. 554, 556, 1126, and 1254. [168] See Dr. John P. Peters’ article “The Cock” in the Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. XXXIII, pp. 363-396. [169] See Peters and Thiersch, The Painted Tombs of Marissa, London, 1905. [170] See Sellin, Tell Taanek, 61, f. [171] Especial mention may be made of the following: Petrie, Tell el-Hesy; Bliss and Macalister, Excavations in Palestine, 1898-1900, Part II; Vincent, Canaan d’aprÈs l’exploration rÉcente, Paris, 1907, Chapter V, and Macalister, The Excavation of Gezer, II, 128-231. [172] A “button” handle is a “ledge” handle made into a round knob. [173] See Macalister, Excavation of Gezer, II, 158. [174] See Chapter V, p. 115, f., and Figs. 108, 109. [175] For discussions of the subject, see Bliss and Macalister, Excavations in Palestine, 1898-1900, 106-123; Macalister in the Quarterly Statement of the Palestine Exploration Fund, 1905, 243 and 328; also Excavation of Gezer, II, 209, ff., and Vincent, Canaan d’aprÈs l’exploration rÉcente, pp. 357-360. [176] See Sellin, Jericho, p. 156. [177] For a fuller discussion of children’s toys, see Rice, Orientalisms in Bible Lands, pp. 49-58. [178] An early Christian writer, born in 315, died in 403 A. D., who was bishop of Salamis in Cyprus. [179] From this equivalence the reader can easily compute the value which the intermediate measures would have according to this theory. The multiples of the Log which formed the Cab, etc., are given above. [180] See PÈre Germer-Durand, “Mesures de capacitÉ des Hebreux au temps de l’Évangile” in Conferences de Saint-Étienne, Paris, 1910, pp. 89-105, and Fig. 185. [181] The Jewish name for an offering to God. (See Mark 7:11.) [182] “Mana” is both the Babylonian and the Hebrew term. In English it has usually been corrupted to “Mina.” [183] Some scholars understand MENE to be such a reference. [184] The weight is now in the library of Haverford College, near Philadelphia. [185] The words rendered “the price was a pim” are translated in the Authorized Version, “they had a file,” margin, “a file with mouths”; in the Revised Version, “they had a file,” margin, or “when the edges ... were blunt.” The Revisers add, “The Hebrew text is obscure.” The Hebrew word rendered “file” and “blunt” comes from a root that means “to prescribe” or “appoint.” It could easily mean the “established price,” but can mean neither “file” nor “blunt.” Pim means “mouths” and is employed figuratively for “edges,” but neither of those meanings fits the passage. The discovery of these weights has cleared up the whole obscurity. This interpretation was suggested by Pilcher in the Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement, 1914, p. 99. [186] See Macalister, Excavation of Gezer, II, 279. [187] See Macalister, ibid., pp. 278-293. [188] See Bliss and Macalister, Excavations in Palestine, 1898-1900, p. 61. [189] See Macalister, Excavation of Gezer, II, 291. [190] See Breasted, Ancient Records, Egypt, II, §§ 436, 489, 490, 518, and History of Egypt, 2d ed., pp. 277, 307. [191] See Schrader’s Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek, I, 105 (cl. III, 62). [192] See C. H. W. Johns, Assyrian Deeds and Documents, I, Nos. 38, 39, 40, 41, 44, 45, 46, 50, and 108; cf. also III, 8. [193] See Hill, Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Palestine, London, 1914, p. xciii, ff. [194] Cf. Luke 21:2. [195] The temples of Solomon, Zerubbabel, and Herod are treated in Chapter XIII, on Jerusalem. [196] See Macalister, The Excavation of Gezer, I, 102; II, 378, ff. [197] See Schumacher, Tell el-Mutesellim, 156, ff. [198] In Gen. 22:9 Abraham, we are told, built the altar. He did not, therefore, intend to use the rock-altar. The analogy of this altar with the other two is not quite complete. It appears to have no cup-marks on its surface. [199] See Bliss and Macalister, Excavations in Palestine, 1898-1900, p. 31, ff. [200] See Macalister, The Excavation of Gezer, I, 51, 105-107; II, 381-404. [202] See C. H. Toy, Introduction to the History of Religions, Boston, 1913, §§ 250, 257. [203] Tell Taanek, p. 68, ff. [205] For descriptions of this high place, see the article by its discoverer, George L. Robinson, in the Biblical World, XVII, 6-16; by S. I. Curtis in the Quarterly Statement of the Palestine Exploration Fund, October, 1900, pp. 350-355; Savignac in RÉvue biblique, 1903, 280-284; Libby and Hoskins, The Jordan Valley and Petra, New York, 1905, II, 172, ff.; BrÜnnow and Domaszewski, Provincia Arabia, Vol. I, Strassburg, 1904, 239-245; Dalman, Petra, Leipzig, 1908, 56-58. [206] See the writer’s A Year’s Wandering in Bible Lands, Philadelphia, 1904, pp. 193, 194. [207] Those interested in them will find them described in BrÜnnow and Domaszewski’s Provincia Arabia, I, 246, ff., and in Dalman’s Petra, 142, 225, 272, etc. [208] See Macalister, Excavation of Gezer, II, 405, ff. [209] Schumacher, Tell el-Mutesellim, 110-124. [210] Schumacher, Tell el-Mutesellim, 105-110. [211] Ibid., 125-130. [212] See Harvard Theological Review, II, 102-113; III, 248-263. [213] See Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XV, viii, 5, and Wars of the Jews, I, xxi, 2. [214] See especially Fig. 269. [216] See Macalister, Excavation of Gezer, I, 286. [217] Ibid., p. 122, f. [218] Palestine Exploration Fund’s Annual, II, 42, ff. [219] For a Babylonian parallel, see Part II, p. 423, ff. [220] See Macalister, Excavation of Gezer, II, 429, f. [221] See Biblical World, Vol. XXIV, p. 177. [222] See Macalister, Excavation of Gezer, I, 288, f. [223] Ibid., 289, ff. [224] See Bliss and Macalister, Excavations in Palestine, 1898-1900, p. 9, ff. [225] So called because of a tradition that the members of the Sanhedrin were buried there. The tradition probably arose because the kÔkim and shelves make provision for seventy bodies. [226] See Journal of Biblical Literature, XXII, 1903, p. 164, ff. [227] See Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XX, ii, 1; iv, 3. [228] See Peters and Thiersch, Painted Tombs at Marissa, London, 1905. [229] All who can do so should read George Adam Smith’s Jerusalem from the Earliest Times to A. D. 70, New York, 1908, and Hughes Vincent’s Jerusalem, Paris, 1912. Or, if this is not possible, L. B. Paton’s Jerusalem in Bible Times, Chicago, 1905. [230] See Dr. Masterman in the Biblical World, Vol. XXXIX, p. 295, f. [231] See Part II, Chapter XV, Letter V, and the writer’s note in the Biblical World, XXII, p. 11, n. 5. [232] See Biblical World, XXXIX, 306. [233] See Part II, Chapter XV. [234] See Chapter VI, § 8. [235] Some scholars think the words are a distorted repetition of “in Millo,” which was accidentally repeated by a scribe. [236] Bliss and Dickie, Excavations at Jerusalem, 1894-1897, passim, and p. 319, ff. [237] For “Bethso,” see Josephus, Wars of the Jews, V, iv, 2. [238] See J. E. Hanauer, Walks about Jerusalem, London, 1910, 88, 89. [239] The writer is well aware that the name Moriah for this part of the hill rests on slender evidence, but he employs it nevertheless as a convenient term, since it is well understood by readers of the Bible. [240] Warren and Conder, Jerusalem, pp. 148-158. [242] Wars of the Jews, V, v, 1. [243] So Stade, Geschichte des Volkes Israels, Berlin, 1889, I, 314, and G. A. Smith, Jerusalem, II, 60. [244] In giving the dimensions of the various temples, the writer has followed the calculations of George Adam Smith in his Jerusalem. W. Shaw Caldecott has published four volumes, one on the Tabernacle, one on Solomon’s Temple, one on the Second Temple, and one on Herod’s Temple, in which he claims to have discovered a key that harmonizes all the Biblical statements as to the measurements of these structures. His supposed key is his belief that the Babylonians had three different cubits which they used side by side, that these cubits were known to Moses, and that their use was perpetuated in the temple. Should these pages be read by one who has accepted that claim as true, it is but fair that he be informed that Caldecott’s whole system is based upon a misinterpretation of a Babylonian tablet that was published in Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, Vol. IV, p. 37. (See Tabernacle, pp. 107-139, and Solomon’s Temple, pp. 215, 216.) This tablet contains a table of time and of distances. The unit of time in Babylonia was a kaskal-gid. An astronomical tablet published thirty years ago in the book most widely used by beginners in Assyrian says that at the equinox “six kaskal-gid was the day, six kaskal-gid the night.” The kaskal-gid was, then, a period of two hours’ duration. Just as in many countries the word for “hour” is used for distance, and a place is said to be so many “hours” away, so in Babylonia and Assyria kaskal-gid was used as a measure of distance. The tablet referred to gives a table of the ways of writing fractions of kaskal-gid and its other divisions in the simplest of the two Babylonian numerical systems. The Assyriologist learns from this tablet that 1 kaskal-gid (the distance of two hours) equalled 30 ush, that 1 ush equalled 60 gar, that 1 gar equalled 12 u or cubits, and that 1 u equalled 60 shu or “fingers.” Caldecott, however, mistook the sign gid for a numeral five, the sign kaskal for a word meaning “ell,” and the word u meaning “cubit” for a sign signifying “plus”! He accordingly makes gar a “palm”; shu, a “three-palm ell”; ush, a “four-palm ell,” and kaskal-gid, a “five-palm ell”! His whole system is without foundation. Tables similar to the one published by Rawlinson were compiled in the scribal school at Nippur. One was published without translation by Hilprecht in 1906 in the Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania, Vol. XX, and interpreted by the present writer in 1909 in The Haverford Library Collection of Cuneiform Tablets, Part II, pp. 13-18. The writer has examined other similar tablets in the University Museum, Philadelphia. [245] See Chapter IX, p. 151. According to I Kings 7:48, there was a “golden altar” here also, but as this is not mentioned in chapter 6 many scholars think that it is a post-exilic gloss, introducing a feature from the second temple. [246] Antiquities of the Jews, VIII, v, 2. [247] See translation, Part II, p. 377. [248] See Bliss, Excavations at Jerusalem, pp. 96-109. [249] See G. A. Smith, Jerusalem, I, 226. For another view, see Paton, Journal of Biblical Literature, XXV, 1-13. [250] See G. A. Smith, Jerusalem, II, Chapters X and XI. [251] See Chapter II, p. 66; also Part II, p. 385, f. [252] Ezra 5:16 states that Sheshbazzar laid the foundations of the house in the reign of Cyrus, but as Haggai and Zechariah give no hint of this, many scholars think there must be some error in the text. [253] Antiquities of the Jews, XIII, xiii, 5. [254] See the Mishnah, Middoth 3:6. [255] Excavations at Jerusalem, 16, ff. [256] See Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XI, vii, 1; cf. also G. A. Smith, Jerusalem, II, 358-361. [257] See Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XII, i. [258] See Ecclesiasticus iii-v, vii, ix, xxiii, xxv, ff., and xxviii. [259] See Eccles. 50:1-4. [260] Cf. Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XII, v, 1. [261] See Selah Merrill, Ancient Jerusalem, New York, 1908, pp. 83-88. [262] See G. A. Smith, Jerusalem, II, 447-452. [263] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XII, v, 1. [264] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XIII, vi, 7. [266] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XV, xi, 4; XVIII, iv, 3. [267] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XX, viii, 11; Wars of the Jews, II, xvi, 3. [268] Merrill, Ancient Jerusalem, p. 88. [269] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XIV, iv, 2, and Fig. 255. [270] Because its identity as a part of this bridge was first perceived by Prof. Edward Robinson, of Union Seminary, New York. [271] Josephus, Wars of the Jews, I, vii, 2. [272] Warren and Conder, Jerusalem, 178, f. [274] Quoted by Alexander Polyhistor and Eusebius; see G. A. Smith, Jerusalem, II, 462. [275] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XIII, xiii, 5. [276] Ibid., XIV, ii, 1. [277] Ibid., XIV, iv, 2. [278] Ibid., XIV, xiii, 3, 4, 5. [279] Ibid., XIV, xv, 2; xvi. [280] Ibid., XV, viii, 5. [281] Josephus, Wars of the Jews, V, iv, 3. [282] Ibid., V, iv, 4. (See Fig. 256.) [283] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XVII, ix, 3; Wars of the Jews, II, ii, 2; xiv, 8. [284] Colonel Conder, the late Dr. Merrill, Georg Gatt, Dr. RÜckert, and Dr. Mommert. [285] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XV, viii, 1. [286] See Quarterly Statement of the Palestine Exploration Fund, 1887, p. 161, ff. Dr. Schick calls it an amphitheater, but it is simply a theater of the Greek type. [287] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XV, xi, 2. [288] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XX, ix, 7. [289] Ibid., XV, xi, 3. [290] Above it was a chamber 30 cubits high. [291] Josephus, Wars of the Jews, V, v, 6. [292] See Josephus, Wars of the Jews, V, v, and the Mishna tract Middoth for the authority for this description. For a fuller description, see G. A. Smith, Jerusalem, II, Chapter XVIII. [294] That is, the “Pool of Israel.” [295] Wars of the Jews, V, iv, 2. [296] The city, restored under the heathen name of Ælia Capitolina by the Emperor Hadrian in 135 A. D., made Christian by Constantine in 325, sacked by the Persian Chosroes in 614, taken by the Arabs in 636, captured after many vicissitudes in 1072 by the Seljuk Turks, made by the First Crusade the seat of the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem from 1099 to 1187, when Saladin took it, was once more after many other vicissitudes captured by the Ottoman Turks in 1517. [297] Historia Naturalis, V, xviii, 74. [298] Josephus, Wars of the Jews, I, vii, 7. [300] See SchÜrer, Geschichte des JÜdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi, Leipzig, 1907, II, 172, and note 321. [301] See Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XII, iv, 5. [302] See Barton, A Year’s Wandering in Bible Lands, Philadelphia, 1904, p. 176. [303] See Neubauer, GÉographie du Talmud, Paris, 1868, 238-240. [304] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XII, viii, 4. [305] BrÜnnow and Domaszewski, Provincia Arabia, III, 107-144, and Fig. 267. [306] See Polybius, V, 71. [307] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XIII, xiii, 3. [308] SchÜrer, Geschichte des JÜdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi, 4th ed., II, 1907, p. 175. [309] Neubauer, GÉographie du Talmud, 274. [310] See Merrill, East of the Jordan, New York, 1883, 184, ff. and 442, f.; also Schumacher, Across the Jordan, London, 1886, p. 272, f. [311] Merrill, ibid., 298, and G. A. Smith, Historical Geography of the Holy Land, map. [312] So BrÜnnow and Domaszewski, Provincia Arabia, III, 264. [313] Josephus, Wars of the Jews, I, iv, 8. [314] See Merrill, East of the Jordan, 281-284; Schumacher in Zeitschrift des deutschen PalÄstina-Vereins, XXV, 1912, 111-177; BrÜnnow and Domaszewski, Provincia Arabia, II, 234-139; Barton, A Year’s Wandering in Bible Lands, 158, f. [315] See Polybius, V, 71. [316] See 2 Sam. 12:27 and Barton in the Journal of Biblical Literature, XXVII, 147-152. [317] See Josephus, Wars of the Jews, I, xix, 5. [318] See Merrill, East of the Jordan, 399, ff.; Schumacher, Across the Jordan, 308; BrÜnnow and Domaszewski, Provincia Arabia, II, 216-220, and Barton, A Year’s Wandering in Bible Lands, 155, f. [319] Ramsay, St. Paul the Traveller and Roman Citizen, New York, 1896, 243, ff. [320] See Farnell, Cults of the Greek States, II, Oxford, 1896, 618-699. [321] See American Journal of ArchÆology, 2d series, II, 133, f.; III, 204, f.; IV, 306, f.; VI, 306, f, 439, f.; X, 17, f., and XIV, 19, f. [322] See Benjamin Powell in American Journal of ArchÆology, 2d series, VII, 60, f., and Fig. 275. [323] See Ramsay’s article “Ephesus” in Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible, Vol. II, p. 721, f., for further details. [324] Book II, 1. 868. [325] See Hogarth’s Ionia and the East, Oxford, 1909, p. 45, f. [326] See De Neocoria, p. 38. [327] See Ramsay in Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible, III, 750. [328] Wood, Discoveries at Ephesus, London, 1877. See Fig. 279. [329] Hogarth, Excavations at Ephesus, London, 1908. [330] See Couze (and others), Ausgrabungen zu Pergamos, Berlin, 1880, and ThrÄmer, Pergamos, Leipzig, 1888; also F. E. Clark, The Holy Land of Asia Minor, New York, 1914, p. 67, f. [331] See Bousset, Die Offenbarung des Johannes, GÖttingen, 1896, p. 245, ff.; Ramsay, The Letters to the Seven Churches, New York, 1905, 283, ff., and Moffat in The Expositor’s Greek Testament, Vol. V, New York, 1910, p. 355, f. [332] See Ramsay, The Church and the Roman Empire, New York, 1893, p. 252, f. [333] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XII, iii, 1. [334] See Ramsay, Letters to the Seven Churches, p. 325, ff. [335] See Butler in American Journal of ArchÆology, 2d series, Vol. XVIII, 1914, p. 428. [336] Book, I, 7. [337] See Herbig’s article, “Etruscan Religion,” in Hastings’ EncyclopÆdia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. V, New York, 1912, p. 532, ff. [338] American Journal of ArchÆology, Vol. XVII, 1912, p. 474. [339] Barton, A Year’s Wandering in Bible Lands, 76-79. [340] See American Journal of ArchÆology, Vols. XIV-XVIII, and Fig. 285. [341] Ibid., XV, 452. [342] Ibid., XV, 457. [343] Ibid., XVI, 475, ff., and Fig. 286. [344] See “Altar (Christian)” in Hastings’ EncyclopÆdia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. I, p. 338, f. [345] Ecclesiastical History, X, 4. [346] See Barton, A Year’s Wandering in Bible Lands, p. 71. [347] See Chapter XIV, p. 217, f. [348] Ramsay, Letters to the Seven Churches, 407, ff. [349] Ibid., 410, ff. [350] See Curtius, Philadelphia, Berlin, 1873, and Barton, A Year’s Wandering in Bible Lands, 79, ff. [351] Ramsay, Letters to the Seven Churches, 25, 1. [352] See Ramsay, Letters to the Seven Churches, 257 and 274, ff. [353] See Barton, A Year’s Wandering in Bible Lands, p. 82. [354] See Ramsay, The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, Oxford, 1895, p. 32, f. [355] See Ramsay, Letters to the Seven Churches, 424, ff. [356] See F. E. Clark, The Holy Land of Asia Minor, New York, 1914, p. 145, f. [357] Other translations of this epic have been made. The most important are as follows: Zimmern, in Gunkel’s SchÖpfung und Chaos, pp. 401, ff.; Delitzsch, Das Babylonische WeltschÖpfungsepos (Abhandlungen der sÄchsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, Bd. XVII, 1896); Muss-Arnolt, in Assyrian and Babylonian Literature, Aldine ed., edited by R. F. Harper; Jensen in Schrader’s Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek, Bd. VI; L. W. King, The Seven Tablets of Creation; Dhorme, Choix de textes religieux assyrobabyloniens; Ungnad, in Gressman’s Altorientalische Texte und Bilder zum Alten Testament; Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament. A fragment of this tablet is shown in Fig. 290. [358] That is, Sea and Abyss, mentioned in lines 3 and 4. Apsu was the waters underneath the dry land and TiÂmat the salt sea. [359] I. e., the spirits of earth. [360] Another name for TiÂmat. [361] Marduk’s temple in Babylonia. [362] I. e., the captive gods of line 27. [363] The name which the Babylonians gave themselves. [364] Translated from Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum, Part XIII, p. 35, ff. [365] Translated from Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, IV, 2d. ed., pl. 32, lines 28-38. [366] See Proceedings of the Society of Biblical ArchÆology, Vol. XXVI, pp. 51-56. [367] Miscellaneous Inscriptions in the Yale Babylonian Collection, New Haven, 1916, Nos. 46-51. [368] Translated from Recueil de Traveaux. XX, 127, ff.; Winckler and Abel’s Thontafelnfund von El-Amarna, No. 240, Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek, VI, p. xvii, f., and Proceedings of the Society of Biblical ArchÆology, XVI, 294, f. [369] The lines 14a, etc., are supplied from a parallel tablet. [370] Translated from Poebel, Historical and Grammatical Texts, Philadelphia, 1914, No. 2. From the beginning of each column 16 to 18 lines are broken away. [371] The sun-god. [372] Perhaps “palm-tree-fertilizer” instead of hunter. It is not the usual ideogram for hunter, but one element stands for “hand” and the other for “female flower of the date palm.” (See Barton, The Origin and Development of Babylonian Writing, Nos. 311(12) and 303(6).) [373] Seven lines are broken away from the end of the column. [374] The subject-matter shows that several columns are entirely broken away. Dr. Poebel estimates that Column IV was originally Column X. If this is true, six columns are entirely lost. Of Column IV, only a few lines out of the middle remain. [375] A number of lines are lost at the end of the column. [376] Numbers 3, 4, and 5. [377] Poebel reads the name Arpi, apparently because in another fragmentary tablet he thinks the name is Arbum, but both Poebel’s copy and the photograph of the tablet indicate that the reading was A-ri-pi. The writer has endeavored to settle the matter by collating both tablets, but both have unfortunately crumbled too much to make collation decisive. [378] Sumerian words which begin with a vowel, when they are taken over into Hebrew, assume a guttural at the beginning. Thus the Sumerian AŠ-TAN, “one,” which became in Semitic Babylonian iŠtin, comes into Hebrew as ‘eŠtÊ with an Ayin at the beginning. (See Jer. 1:3 and elsewhere.) Ayin in Semitic phonetics frequently changes to Heth. (See Brockelmann’s Vergleichende Grammatik der Semitischen Sprachen, I, § 55, b, a.) In accordance with these facts AN-KU came into Hebrew as ?enok. [379] He is mentioned in Zimmern’s Ritualtafeln fÜr den Wahrsager, Leipzig, 1901, No. 24:1, ff., as the discoverer of the art of forecasting events by pouring oil on water. [380] Poebel has shown, Historical Texts, 114, that EN-ME designates a hero or special kind of priest. Mutu in Semitic means both “man” and “a kind of priest”; cf. Muss-Arnolt, Assyrisch-Englisch-Deutsches HandwÖrterbuch, 619, 620, and Knudtzon, El-Amarna Tafeln, No. 55, 43. Mutu was a popular element in Semitic proper names about 2000 B. C., but later ceased to be employed. [381] The sign kam Poebel failed to recognize. It is No. 364? of Barton’s Origin and Development of Babylonian Writing. It is sometimes employed in early texts instead of other signs which had the values ka or kam. Here it is used for sign No. 357 of the work referred to. [382] Langdon makes the suggestion (Sumerian Epic of Paradise, the Flood, and the Fall of Man, Philadelphia, 1915, p. 56, note 7) that Lamech is the Sumerian LUM?A, an epithet of the Babylonian god Ea as the patron of music. A more plausible theory would be that Lamech is a corruption of a king’s name, as suggested above, and after it was corrupted it was confused with the name of the Sumerian god LAMGA, the constructive god, whose emblem was the sign for carpenter. (See Barton, work cited, No. 503.) [383] See Meissner, Seltene assyrische Ideogramme, No. 1139. [384] See Barton, work cited, No. 275(5). IN is the Sumerian verb preformative. [385] See Delitzsch, Sumerisches Glossar, p. 262, f. [386] See Barton, work cited, No. 229(18). [387] Jared might, of course, be a corruption of Irad (see p. 270). It could have arisen by the wearing away of the Hebrew letter Ayin. [388] See his Unity of the Book of Genesis, New York, 1895, Chapter II. [389] See Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, II, 59, rev. 9, and Zimmern’s Babylonischer Gott Tamuz, p. 13. [390] Proceedings of the Society of Biblical ArchÆology, XV, 243-246. [391] Expository Times, X, 253. [393] Historical Texts, p. 42. [394] Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, V, 44, 17b. The Semitic name of this king is also said to have been Tabu-utul-bel. He is the one whose fortunes correspond so closely to those of Job. (See Chapter XX.) [395] See Meissner, Seltene assyrische Ideogramme, No. 6945. [396] Translated from Haupt’s Das Babylonische Nimrodepos, p. 134, f. [397] The sun. [398] The spirits of heaven. [399] Or two accounts of the same event. [400] Translated from A. Poebel’s Historical and Grammatical Texts in the University of Pennsylvania’s “University Museum’s publications of the Babylonian Section,” Vol. V, Philadelphia, 1914, No. 1. [401] Often called Bel. [403] A term by which the Semites of Babylonia designated themselves. The Sumerians shaved their heads. [404] See Part II, Chapter VI, line 21, ff. [405] I. e., the sun. [407] Translated from Langdon, The Sumerian Epic of Paradise, the Flood, and the Fall of Man, Philadelphia, 1915, Plates I and II. Langdon, as his title shows, regards the text as a description of Paradise, the flood, and the fall of man,—a view that the present writer cannot share. Dilmun is the name of the Babylonian Paradise, but the signs rendered Dilmun are not the ones employed to express that name. For the rest the text seems to describe the coming of rains, the beginnings of irrigation and agriculture, and the revelation of the medicinal qualities of certain plants. See The Nation, New York, November 18, 1915, pp. 597, ff. (For the tablet, see Fig. 294.) [408] Apparently another name of Ninshar. [409] In Sumerian the goddess Nintulla. [410] In Sumerian the goddess Ninkasi. [411] In Sumerian the goddess Dazima. [412] In Sumerian, Nintil. [413] In Sumerian, Enshagme. [414] See his Sumerian Epic of Paradise, the Flood, and the Fall of Man, p. 56. [415] Translated from Vorderasiatische SchriftdenkmÄler der kÖniglichen Museen zu Berlin, VII. No. 92. [416] Vorderasiatische SchriftdenkmÄler der kÖniglichen Museen zu Berlin, VII, No. 198. [417] Ibid., VII, No. 97. [418] Since this manuscript was sent to the printer, another Abraham has been found in some tablets in the Yale University Collection. [419] Breasted, Ancient Records, Egypt, IV, pp. 352, 353. (See p. 360.) [420] See BeitrÄge zur Assyriologie, V, p. 498, no. 23; cf. p. 429, ff. [421] King, Letters and Inscriptions of Hammurabi, Vol. I, No. 66. [422] Some scholars suppose that the writer of the account in Genesis had before him a source in the cuneiform writing in which the “pi” at the end of Hammurapi’s name was spelled with a sign that could be read either “pi” or “pil” (see Barton, Origin and Development of Babylonian Writing, Leipzig, 1913, No. 185), and that the l was attached in consequence of a misreading of this sign. That, however, admits corruption, though it attempts to explain its cause. [423] Cuneiform Texts, &c., in the British Museum, XXI, 33. [424] It was until recently not known that Arad-Sin and Rim-Sin were different persons, and some thought the king might be called either Rim-Sin or Eri-aku (Arioch, Gen. 14:1). It is possible that Arad-Sin may have been called Ari-aku in Sumerian, but it is improbable. It is now known that Arad-Sin died 30 years before Hammurapi came to the throne. With our present knowledge it is difficult to see how Arioch could be the name of Rim-Sin unless Rim-Sin be read partly as Semitic and partly as Sumerian and then considerably corrupted. [425] The text was published by Pinches in the Journal of Transactions of the Victoria Institute, Vol. XXIX, 82, 83; cf. emendations by L. W. King, Letters and Inscriptions of Hammurabi, Vol. I, p. li, ff. Sayce has also translated them, filling out the lacunÆ by freely exercising the imagination, in the Proceedings of the Society of Biblical ArchÆology, XXVIII, 203-218, 241-251, and XXIX, 7-17. [426] This could be read Kudurkumal. [427] Cuneiform Texts, &c., in British Museum, IV, 33, 22b. [428] Meissner, Altbabylonisches Privatrecht, 36, 25. [429] Cuneiform Texts, VIII, 25, 22. [430] Ibid., II, 9, 26. [431] Cf. Mittheilungen der Vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft, 1907, p. 27. [432] Cuneiform Texts, &c., in the British Museum, II, 23, 15. [433] Mittheilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft, 1907, p. 23. [434] Taken from Griffith’s translation in Petrie’s Egyptian Tales, second series, London, 1895, p. 36, ff. [435] The sun-god. [437] Winckler und Abel, Thontafelnfund von El-Amarna, No. 40. Cf. Knudtzon, Die El-Amarna Tafeln, No. 158. [438] Winckler und Abel, Thontafelnfund von El-Amarna, No. 38. See also Knudtzon, Die El-Amarna Tafeln, No. 164. [439] Translated from the German rendering of Ranke in Gressmann’s Altorientalische Texte und Bilder zum Allen Testament, TÜbingen, 1909, p. 223. [440] See his Sieben Jahre der Hungersnot, 1891. [441] From Brugsch’s Egypt under the Pharaohs, London, 1881, I, 303, ff. [442] From Breasted’s Ancient Records, Egypt, I, p. 237, ff. [443] An Egyptian name of the northern extension of the Gulf of Suez. [444] Some Egyptian trading-post in Asia. [445] An early name for the region east of the Jordan and the Dead Sea. It is called Kedemah in Gen. 25:15 and 1 Chron. 1:30; Kedemoth in Deut. 2:26, and translated “East” in Judges 6:3, 33; 7:12; 8:10, 11. In Gen. and Chron. the name is applied to a person. [446] This is an Amorite name, Ammi-anshi. It shows that the Amorites were already in this region. Later the Hebrews found Sihon, the Amorite here; see Num. 21:21, ff. and Deut. 1:4, ff. [447] The Egyptian name for the higher parts of Palestine and Syria. The Egyptians had no l; they always used r instead. The name is identical with the Hebrew Lotan, Gen. 36:20, of which Lot is a shorter form. [448] Perhaps the same name as Aiah (Ajah) of Gen. 36:24 and 1 Chron. 1:40. [449] From Cuneiform Texts, &c., in the British Museum, XIII, 42; cf. also King, Chronicles of Early Babylonian Kings, II, 87, ff. [450] Another tablet reads “a father I had not.” [451] A name for the Semitic peoples of Babylonia. [452] An island in the Persian Gulf. [453] Taken from Breasted’s Ancient Records, Egypt, III, p. 264, ff. [454] That is, the foreign nations. [455] That is, Lybia, which lay to the west of the Egyptian Delta. [456] That is, the Hittites. [457] “The Canaan” refers to the land of Canaan, probably here Phoenicia. [458] Yenoam was a town situated at the extreme north of Galilee, just at the end of the valley between the two ranges of the Lebanon mountains. [459] Translated from the cuneiform text in Harper’s Code of Hammurabi, and Ungnad’s Keilschrifttexte der Gesetze Hammurabis. [460] The mana consisted of sixty shekels. Tn English it is corrupted to mina. [461] The nature of these officials is in doubt. Scheil and others think the first a recruiting-officer; Delitzsch and Ungnad, a soldier. The name of the second officer is literally fish-catcher, but it is certain that here he was some kind of a fisher of men. [462] Such as plowing, or the young plants early in the season. [463] At this point five columns of the pillar are erased. It is estimated that 35 sections of the laws are thus lost. § 66 is added from a fragment found at Susa. [464] Translated from Poebel, Historical and Grammatical Texts, Philadelphia, 1914, No. 93, col. ii. [465] Translated from ibid., col. iii. [466] The translation, “be brought to the judges,” has no warrant in the Hebrew. [467] Since Deut. 15:18 says that such a slave has served “double the hire of a hireling,” Dr. Johns thinks that it betrays a knowledge of the Babylonian three-year regulation. This seems, however, quite problematical. [468] In a marriage contract on a papyrus from the Jewish colony at Elephantine in Egypt, written in the fifth century B. C., it is provided that the wife may institute divorce proceedings on an equality with the husband. Some Jewish women thus secured by contract that which the law did not grant them. Christ assumed such cases among Palestinian women; see Mark 10:12. [469] From the Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum, I, No. 165. [470] It is the word so translated in Deut. 33:10. [471] So rendered in Lev. 7:13; 10:14. Many scholars would render it “thank-offering.” [472] Compare Exod. 29:13, 14. The Hebrew law differed from the Carthaginian. [473] This is the rendering of the Revised Version for this word. The Authorized Version rendered it less accurately “meat-offering.” [474] Each temple had a number of officials connected with it besides the priests, such as carpenters, gate-keepers, slaughterers, barbers, Sodomites, and female slaves. Another Phoenician inscription mentions these. [475] See Part I, Chapter I. § 7 (3). [476] From Winckler und Abel’s Thontafelnfund von El-Amarna, No. 73. Cf. Knudtzon, Die El-Amarna Tafeln, No. 84. [477] The letter takes up assertions made by Rib-Adda in previous letters. [478] Winckler und Abel, op. cit., No. 77, Knudtzon, op. cit., No. 103. [479] These “sons of Ebed-Ashera” are mentioned in many other letters. [480] Winckler und Abel, op. cit., No. 174, and Knudtzon, op. cit., No. 286. [481] Winckler und Abel, No. 102; Knudtzon, 286. [482] Winckler und Abel, op. cit., No. 103; Knudtzon, op. cit., No. 287. [483] Winckler und Abel, No. 104; Knudtzon, No. 288. [484] Winckler und Abel, No. 105 plus No. 199; Knudtzon, No. 289. [485] Winckler und Abel, No. 106; Knudtzon, No. 290. [486] The tablet reads Beth-Ninib, but scholars are agreed that it refers to Beth-shemesh. [487] For the text cf. Hilprecht, Old Babylonian Inscriptions, No. 17. See also Knudtzon, El-Amarna Tafeln, No. 333. [488] Published by Hrozny in Sellin’s Tell-Taanek, pp. 115 and 121. [489] In the Babylonian script, A?i-ya-mi. [490] See the writer’s article, “Yahweh before Moses,” in Studies in the History of Religions Presented to C. H. Toy, especially pp. 188-191. [491] Taken from Breasted’s Ancient Records, Egypt, IV, pp. 278, ff. [492] “She” refers to Tentamon, the queen. [493] These statements are taken from Breasted’s Ancient Records, Egypt, IV. §§ 44, 81, and 82. [494] See Evans, Scripta Minoa, Oxford, 1909, pp. 22, ff., 273, ff. [495] See R. A. S. Macalister, The Philistines, Their History and Civilization, London, 1913, p. 83, ff. [496] See Sarzec, DÉcouvertes en ChaldÉe, p. ix, col. v, 28, ff. See also Thureau-Dangin, Les inscriptions de Sumer et d’ Akkad, Paris, 1905, p. 109, and his Sumerischen und akkadischen KÖnigsinschriften, Leipzig, 1907, p. 68, f. [497] Ibid., col. vi, 3, ff. [498] Translated from W. Max MÜller’s Egyptological Researches, Washington, D. C., 1906, Plates 75-87, with a comparison of Breasted’s Ancient Records, IV, pp. 350-354. [499] See Le Gac, Les Inscriptions d’ AŠŠur-nasir-aplu III, Paris, 1908, p. 111, line 84, ff.; cf. also Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament, New York, 1912, p. 277, ff. [500] The text is published in Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, III, 7, 8. These lines are at the bottom of p. 8. Cf. also Craig, Hebraica, III, 220, ff., and Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament, 295, ff. [501] From Layard’s Inscriptions in the Cuneiform Character from the Assyrian Monuments, London, 1851, p. 15. Cf. Delitzsch in BeitrÄge zur Assyriologie, VI, 146. [502] Layard, op. cit., line 84, ff. [503] Layard, op. cit., line 90, ff. [504] Ibid., line 99, ff. [505] From Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, III, 5, No. 6. The text is also published in Delitzsch’s Assyrische LesestÜcke, 4th ed., p. 51, ff. [506] The cliff at the mouth of the Dog river, a short distance north of BeirÛt. This portrait, with that of Ramses II and other kings, may still be seen carved in the cliff. [507] From Abel und Winckler’s Keilschrifttexte, Berlin, 1890, p. 12. [508] Layard. op. cit., p. 10, line 102, ff. [509] Messerschmidt, Keilschrifttexte aus Assur historischen Inhalts, Leipzig, 1911, No. 30, line 13, ff. Cf. Langdon’s translation Expository Times, Vol. XXIII, 1911, p. 69; also Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels, p. 298, ff. [510] Translated from Smend and Socin’s Die Inschrift Mesa von Moab, Freiburg I. B., 1886. Cf. also Lidzbarski, Nordsemitische Epigraphik, Weimar, 1898, Tafel I; G. A. Cooke, North Semitic Inscriptions, Oxford, 1903, p. 1, ff.; Davis, in Hebraica, VII (1891), 178-182; Bennett, The Moabite Stone, Edinburgh, 1911; and Hastings, Dict. of the Bible, III, 406, ff. [511] In Joshua the name appears as Bamoth-baal. [512] Translated from Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, Vol. I, p. 35, No. 1. Cf. also Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament, p. 305, ff., and the references there given to other translations. [513] Translated from Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, III, 9, No. 2, with a comparison of Rost, Die Keilschrifttexte Tiglathpilesers III. [514] Translated from Rawlinson, ibid., No. 3. [515] Translated from Layard, Inscriptions in the Cuneiform Character, with a comparison of Rost, op. cit. [516] From Rawlinson, op. cit., 10, No. 2, with a comparison of Rost, op. cit. [517] From Rawlinson, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 67. [518] From Winckler’s Keilschrifttexte Sargons, p. 1, line 10, f. [519] Translated from Winckler. op. cit., p. 30, No. 64, 23, f. [520] Ibid., pp. 1, 2, beginning at p. 1, No. 2, line 10. [521] Ibid., p. 48, line 8, ff. [522] From Winckler, op. cit., p. 31, lines 27, ff. and 33, ff. [523] Ibid., p. 33, line 90, ff. [524] From Winckler’s work previously cited, p. 44. [525] From Abel und Winckler’s Keilschrifttexte, p. 18, col. ii, 34, ff. [526] From Winckler’s Keilschrifttextbuch, 1892, p. 36. [527] From Abel und Winckler’s Keilschrifttexte, p. 17, line 9, ff. [528] From Vorderasiatische SchriftdenkmÄler der kÖniglichen Museen zu Berlin, I, 75. [529] Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament, 1872, 168, ff. [530] Meinhold, Die JesaiaerzÄhlungen, Jes. 36-39, 1898. [531] Winckler, Alttestamentliche Untersuchungen, 1892, pp. 27-50. [532] PraŠek, Sanheribs FeldzÜge gegen Juda, 1903. [533] In Bibliotheca Sacra, LXIII (1906), 577-634. [534] Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament, 1912, 332-340. [535] Historical Geography of the Holy Land, 158, ff. [536] Translated from a facsimile in the Kautzsch-Gesenius, Hebraische Grammatik, 1902. [537] Translated from Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, Vol. III, p. 16, col. v, line 12, ff. [538] Ibid., Vol. V, 2, 49, f. [539] Ibid., 9, 115, f. [540] From Breasted’s Ancient Records, Egypt, IV, 498. [541] Translated from Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, I, 33, col. ii, line 12, ff. [542] Translated from Pognon, Les inscriptions babyloniennes du Wadi Brissa, Pl. xiii, f., and Recueil de traveaux relatifs À la philologie et À l’archeologie egyptiennes et assyriennes, XXVIII, 57. See also Langdon, Neubabylonischen KÖnigsinschriften, 174, ff. [543] Translated from the Zeitschrift fÜr Assyriologie, I, 337, f. [544] See Part I, Chapter II, p. 46, f. [545] This is the reading of the margin in R. V., and correctly translates the original. He was not walking “in” the palace, but upon its flat roof, from which he could see the great city. [546] From de Morgan’s DÉlÉgation en Perse, Vol. XIV, p. 60. [547] From Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, V, 68, No. 1. [548] From Transactions of the Society of Biblical ArchÆology, VII, 157, f. [549] From Transactions of the Society of Biblical ArchÆology, VII, 162, f., and Clay, Light on the Old Testament from Babel, 374, f. [550] See Expository Times. Vol. XXVI, 297-299 (April, 1915). [551] Babylonian Texts from the Yale Collection, No. 39. [552] From Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, V, 35. [553] Herodotus, Book II, 161. [554] Josephus professes to be quoting Manetho, and puts the incident in the time of Ramses. Perhaps Aristeas in his letter refers to this colony, when he speaks of Jewish soldiers. (See Kautzsch, Apokryphen und Pseudepigraphen, II, 7.) [555] The documents have been published by Sayce and Cowley, Aramaic Papyri Discovered at Assuan, London, 1906, and Sachau. AramÄische Papyrus und Ostraka aus Elephantine, Leipzig, 1911. Those translated here are Nos. 1, 4, 6, and 11 of Sachau’s publication. [556] Perhaps this disfavor arose in part from the fact that, as a papyrus not translated here shows, two other deities were worshiped along with Jehovah. [557] It is possible that the Elephantine colony were taken from northern Israel. [558] Translated from the Proceedings of the Society of Biblical ArchÆology, X, 478, f., and Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions, IV, 60*. [559] Literally, “like opening and shutting.” [560] Perhaps one of the antediluvian Babylonian kings. (See Part II, Chapter IV.) The Sumerian form of his name was Laluralim and in Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, Vol. V, p. 44, 17b, is glossed as Zugagib or “scorpion.” Zugagib is one of the early kings of Babylonia, who is said to have ruled 840 years. [561] Translated from S. Langdon’s Historical and Religious Texts from the Temple Library of Nippur, Munich, 1914, No. 16. [562] Translated from Haupt’s Akkadische und sumerische Keilschrifttexte, 116, ff., with comparison of Zimmern’s Babylonische Busspsalmen, 33, f. [563] Translated from Haupt’s Akkadische und Sumerische Keilschrifttexte, p. 122, f. [564] Translated from Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets, &c., in the British Museum, Part XV, pp. 16, 17. [565] Translated from Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets, &c. in the British Museum, XV, 10. [566] An epithet of the inhabitants of Babylonia. [567] Taken from Breasted’s Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt, p. 315, f. [568] A fabulous mountain beyond the western horizon, over which the sun was believed to pass at evening. [569] Taken from Breasted’s Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt, p. 324, f. [570] There is a pun on the word Re; it is the same as “all.” Such puns are frequent in the Hebrew of the Old Testament prophets. [571] Compare Psa. 104:24. [572] Ikhnaton is the name adopted by Amenophis IV in connection with his reform. It means “Aton’s man.” His old name meant “Amon is gracious” and had heathen associations. On the sentiment of lines 120, 121, compare Matt. 11:27. [573] See Weigall, The Treasury of Ancient Egypt, London, 1911, p. 206. [574] The first twenty are culled from a tablet in the British Museum, published by Langdon in the American Journal of Semitic Languages, Vol. XXVIII, 217-243, under the title “Babylonian Proverbs.” For convenience those quoted are numbered consecutively without reference to the parts omitted. [575] Translated from Delitzsch’s Assyrische LesestÜcke, 4th ed., p. 118, f. [576] Translated from Meissner’s BeitrÄge zum Altbabylonischen Privatrecht, p. 108. [577] Taken from Macmillan’s translation, BeitrÄge zur Assyriologie, V, 557, ff. [578] The sun-god, the god of justice. [579] Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt, p. 231, f. Breasted’s references to the sections of the original text are here omitted. [580] The Gilgamesh Epic is an early Babylonian poem in twelve tablets or cantos. It is a collection of early legends and myths. The Babylonian account of the flood, translated in Chapter VI (Part II), forms the eleventh canto of it. [581] Translated from the Mitteilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft, 1902, Heft 1, p. 8. [582] These are translated from the German rendering in W. Max MÜller’s Liebpoesie der alten Ägypter, Leipzig, 1899. [583] From MÜller, p. 15. [584] Ibid., p. 16. [585] From MÜller, ibid., p. 17. [586] Perhaps the name of a Nileometer station in the vicinity of Memphis. [587] MÜller, ibid., p. 22. [588] MÜller, ibid., p. 22. [589] MÜller, ibid., p. 23. [590] Married couples are usually so represented in Egyptian pictures. [591] The Egyptian is here followed, rather than the German. [592] MÜller, p. 24. [593] Ibid., p. 27. It describes a walk in a garden. [594] The garden again. [595] Translated from Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, III, 32, 16, f. [596] I. e., the thing thou hast prayed for. [597] Translated from the German of Vogelsang und Gardiner, Klagen des Bauern, Leipzig, 1908. [598] The original contains a list of plants, stones, birds, etc., the modern equivalents of which are not known. [599] See Gardiner in Proceedings of the Society of Biblical ArchÆology, XXXV, 269. [600] Taken from A. H. Gardiner’s Admonitions of an Egyptian Sage, Leipzig, 1909, pp. 19 and 39, f., pp. 69 and 78. [601] Translated from Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, Vol. IV, p. 31. [602] The spirits of earth. [603] Translated from Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets, &c., in the British Museum, Part XV, 18. [604] These sayings are translated from Grenfell and Hunt’s Sayings of Our Lord, 1897, with a comparison of Lock and Sanday’s Two Lectures on the Sayings of Jesus Recently Discovered at Oxyrhynchus, 1897. [605] Translated from Grenfell and Hunt’s New Sayings of Jesus and Fragment of a Lost Gospel from Oxyrhynchus, 1904. [606] Compare John 21:24, 25. [607] Translated from Viereck’s publication of the text in Philologus, Vol. LII, 234, f. [608] These assessments, then, occurred in the following years: 174-5; 160-1; 146-7; 132-3; 118-9; 104-5; 90-1; 76-7; 62-3; 48-9; 34-5; 20-1; 6-7; 9-8 B. C. [609] From Hermes, XXVIII, 1893, p. 233. [610] Translated from Grenfell and Hunt’s Oxyrhynchus Papyri, II, 1898, p. 214. Kenyon, Greek Papyri in the British Museum, II, 19, thinks that this cannot refer to a census because the term by which it is described is different, but, as Grenfell and Hunt remark, the simpler term in the papyri earlier than the year 61 A. D., indicates that we are nearer the beginning of the institution of the census. [611] Ibid., p. 205; cf. p. 206. [612] Ibid., p. 282. [613] Translated from Kenyon and Bell’s Greek Papyri in the British Museum, Vol. III, 1907, p. 125. [614] Translated from the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, XIV, No. 3613. [615] Translated after Ramsay, Expositor, series 8. Vol. IV, 1912, p. 401. For Ramsay’s opinions, see the article of which the inscription forms a part. [616] Translated from Burton’s publication in the American Journal of Theology, II, 600. [617] Translated from ibid., p. 604. [618] Taken from Deissmann’s St. Paul, p. 261, f. [619] Pausanias, i, 1:4, and v. 14:8. [620] Philostratus, Vita Apollonii, vi, 3. [621] Translated from Deissmann’s St. Paul, pp. 246, 247. [622] See Deissmann’s St. Paul, p. 248, ff. [623] Dio Cassius, lvii, 14, 5. [624] The most reliable chronologies of the life of Christ now place his crucifixion not later than 30 A. D. [625] The original is in Berlin and the publication is not accessible to the writer. The above translation is taken from that of J. Rendel Harris in the Expositor, 5th series, Vol. VIII, p. 164. [626] Translated by J. Rendel Harris, ibid., p. 166. [627] 2 Cor. 11:32. [628] Translated from the Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum, Pars II, Tom. I, Fasc. ii, No. 209. [629] Ibid., Pars II, Tom. I, Fasc. ii. No. 196. [630] Taken from Breasted, Ancient Records, Egypt, III, p. 7. [631] Taken from Breasted, ibid., p. 273. [632] See S. Schiffer, Keilschriftliche Spuren in der zweiten HÄlfte des 8ten Jahrhunderts von den Assyrern nach Mesopotamien deportierten Samarier, Berlin, 1907. The text of the Berlin tablets was published by Ungnad in Vorderasiatische SchriftdenkmÄler, I, Leipzig, 1907, Nos. 84-94, 101, 104. Those in the British Museum, by Johns, in Assyrian Deeds and Documents, I, Cambridge, 1898, Nos. 22, 69, 73, 74, 98, 153, 154, 170, 229, 234, 245, 312. [633] Vorderasiatische SchriftdenkmÄler, I, No. 88. 15. [634] See Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament, New York, 1912, p. 226. |
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