[1] In the illustration the place occupied by the old woman is beneath the heap on the right hand side.

[2] Wren Hoskins, in Systems of Land Tenure in Various Countries, London, 1870, p. 100.

[3] Dumont, "La dÉpopulation," in Revue de l'École d'Anthropologie, Jan., 1897.

[4] Dasent, History of Brunt Nial, 1861, vol. i. p. xiv.

[5] Ireland and the Celtic Church, London, 1892, p. 276.

[6] Bilder aus London, Leipzig, 1834.

[7] Balm, The New Eldorado, Boston, 1889, p. 199.

[8] "If a proprietor encroaches on a neighbouring proprietor, he shall pay fifteen solidi.... The boundary between two estates is formed by distinct landmarks, such as little mounds of stones.... If a man oversteps this boundary, marca, and enters the property of another, he shall pay the above mentioned fine." Laws of the Ripuarian Franks, Sect. 60. So the ancient Bavarian Laws spoke of a man who took a slave over the borders, extra terminos hoc est extra marcam.(xiii. 9). See The Origin of Property in Land, by F. de Coulanges, London, 1891.