Thomas Walter Barber

Section 1.—ANCHORING.

(See also p. 10.)

1938. Rock anchor for suspension bridge chain or a guy.

Sea anchor; any floating body (immersed) presenting a large area to the water, as a spar and sail, quantity of bulky cargo, or raft of timber.

Concrete anchor: masses of concrete are used as anchors under water, or sunk in the ground.

Portable machines are anchored by attaching movable weights to the legs or base plates of the machine, also by driving stakes into the ground around the machine.

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Section 2.—ADJUSTING DEVICES.

(See also p. 10.)

1939. Ratchet rod for adjusting and locking a lever in any required position.

1940. Micrometer screw adjustment for a lever or crank arm, which may be locked to its shaft by the clip boss and screw, or released at will.

1941. Spring pawl adjustment; has sufficient grip to hold against a moderate pressure, but may be moved by increased pressure.

1942. Micrometer adjustment for a cam lever grip.

1943. Micrometer screw, with swivel motion.

1944. Wedge and pinion adjustment, used for applying pressure to type in printers’ formes.

1945. Adjustable rack for any fixing, secured by a staple bolt.

1946. Adjustment for a spiral torsion spring to regulate its tension.

1947. Callipers with fine adjustment by a taper screw, tapped into a hole in the split leg, so that the taper screw springs open the slit and thus extends the opening of the calliper legs.

1948. Adjusting pawl and head for adjusting the tension or compression of a torsion spring, which is fixed to the spindle.

1949. Screw adjustment for rollers to maintain parallelism.

Plate 113

Larger plate.

1950. Adjustment for expanding a split borer, reamer or rose bit, with micrometer graduation.

1951. Screw adjustment for a lever.

1952. Adjustable centre pin, traversed by a screw, and fixed after adjustment by a nut and washer.

1953. Fine screw adjustment for any movable part.

1954. Fine screw adjustment for a radial arm.

1955. Division plate, with differential dividing on its opposite faces.

Belts, bands, &c., are adjusted by corresponding series of holes and laces, screws or rivets to fit them.

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Section 3.—BELT GEARING.

(See also p. 12.)

1956. Fast and loose pulleys; the fast pulley is larger in diameter than the loose pulley, to allow the belt to run slack when running idle.

1957. Round rubber belt gear.

1958. Device for tightening a belt; two guide pulleys are run on studs fixed to a locking lever, the pull of the belt rocks this lever as far as the slack of belt will allow, thus keeping the belt tight.

1959. Wide belt pulleys, cast with a double set of arms (shown in section).

1960. Belt drive for two pulleys.

Vee belts are used to run over V grooved pulleys. See No. 1243.

Link belts; formed of leather links connected by steel wire centres in the form of a wide pitched chain (as No. 196).

Cord belts are formed of guttapercha, indiarubber, leather, raw hide or catgut.

Raw hide is frequently used for belts; it is stronger than leather, harder in substance and less porous.

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Section 4.—BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS.

(See also p. 12.)

1961. Swinging fixing, with ball and cup joint.

1962. Ball joint for any swinging fixing required to be released or secured in various positions.

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Section 5.—BRAKES AND RETARDING APPLIANCES.

(See also p. 14.)

1963. Steam engine dash-pot; a steam cushioning device for valve movements. The cylinder is always full of steam under pressure, and a small bye-pass groove provided to allow steam to pass the piston when a blow or push is received. See No. 1480.

Plate 114

Larger plate.

1964. Railway car brake, fulcrumed on the axle spring, so that the loaded car gives the pressure applied through the lever.

1965. Double car brake; applies the grip to the wheel rim without cross or side strain on the axle.

Brush brake. A brush of stiff bristles or steel wires is sometimes used as a brake to a revolving pulley.

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Section 6.—BOILERS, TYPES OF.

(See also p. 16.)

1966. Boiler, with furnace for consuming town refuse. Meldrum Bros. patent, fitted with forced draught furnace.

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Section 7.—BLOWING AND EXHAUSTING.

(See also p. 20.)

1967. Type of air propeller, or wind turbine, not centrifugal; the air is driven parallel to the axis of the fan.

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Section 8.—BED-PLATES, FOUNDATIONS AND FRAMING OF MACHINES.

(See also p. 22.)

1968. Shrunk ring fastening for segments of wheels, bed-plates and framing. A wrought-iron ring is shrunk over two lugs cast on the adjoining pieces of the frame, &c.

1969. Foundation for gas engine on a fire-proof floor, with several layers of felt between to diminish vibration and noise.

1970. Box bed-plate, sometimes used as a tank, air reservoir, surface condenser, &c.

1971. Standard type of stand for a light machine.

1972. Box-bed, frame or plinth, constructed of flat castings joined by grooves and fillets and long bolts or rivets.

Columns, handrailing, and other parts of machine framings are used as air-vessels, drain-pipes, and for enclosing working rods and parts of machines.

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Section 9.—CAM, TAPPET AND WIPER GEAR.

(See also p. 24.)

1973. Cam plate and levers, with rocking motion; the slots can be formed to give any intermittent, or variable motion to the lever ends.

1974. Cam lever motion from a reciprocating rod.

Plate 115

Larger plate.

1975. Spiral or wheel cam to give a reciprocating motion to a bar.

1976. Compound cam to operate a number of radial grips or arms.

1977. Internal compound cam to operate a number of radial slides for internal grip.

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Section 10.—CRANK AND ECCENTRIC GEAR.

(See also p. 28.)

1978. Hinged hand-crank.

1979. Joy’s patent hydraulic eccentric for steam engine reversing gear. The centre block—keyed to the crank shaft—has two small rams working in cylinders in the sheave, and the position of the eccentric is controlled by a hand-lever and pump forcing oil into the cylinders through a channel in the crank shaft and rams.

1980. Double eccentric, with two diameters or throws to give alternately two different lengths of stroke to an eccentric rod.

Shifting eccentrics. See Valve gear, Section 79.

Crank shaft governor gear. See ditto, ditto.

1981. Three-throw bent crank.

1982. Diagonal crank pin to give a rotary reciprocating motion as well as an up and down motion to a piston or rod.

Adjustable hand crank. See Nos. 2570, 2265, 2523.

Adjustable eccentrics. See Nos. 188, 189, 190.

Eccentric crank motion. See Nos. 174, 175.

1983. Eccentric variable-throw crank pin. The pin is formed on an eccentric stock which can be revolved by a worm and wheel.

1984. Crank motion to give, from one crank having a regular motion, an irregular motion to a second crank or vice versÂ. The speed of the slotted crank varies throughout its circle of revolution.

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Section 11.—CHAIN GEAR.

(See also p. 30.)

1985. “Chain Gear Co.’s” patent pitch chain. The tendency of the chain to travel to the point of the teeth is believed to keep it always up to pitch.

1986. Pitched chain, with flat links, open centre and cylindrical distance pins A A to fit a sprocket wheel. Bicycle drive chains are of this class.

See p. 152 for Chain Wheels.

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Section 12.—CARRIAGES AND CARS.

(See also p. 32.)

1987. Swivelling gear for car wheels.

Plate 116

Larger plate.

Section 13.—CRUSHING, GRINDING & DISINTEGRATING.

(See also p. 36.)

1988. Eccentric disc grinding mill. The discs have grooved faces, annular, radial or spiral.

1989. Grinding face tool, with segments of stone or emery.

1990. Huntingdon’s stamp mill.

Surface grinding, filing and polishing; are performed by means of emery, files, glass and emery paper and cloth, revolving stones and emery wheels, brushes, endless bands fed with emery and other powders, &c.

1990A. Ball mill for grinding various substances.

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Section 15.—CLUTCHES.

(See also p. 40.)

1991. Coil-grip friction clutch. By the Shaw Engineering Co., Bristol. The coil is of steel, in the form of a spring.

1992. Internal grip friction clutch. The internal ring is split at one side and expanded by the oval pin attached to the arm. The latter is usually reciprocated by a sliding sleeve on the shaft (as No. 282).

1993. Jaw clutch thrown into gear by partial revolution.

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Section 16.—COUPLINGS FOR SHAFTING.

(See also p. 42.)

1994. Coupling to allow two shaft ends to run a little out of line; the centre piece has a cross feather at each end at right angles to each other, which engage with cross grooves in the shaft end pieces.

1995. Split sleeve coupling tightened on the shaft by two cone bushes and nuts.

1996. Flange coupling, with recessed grooves for the bolt heads and nuts.

1997. Angle coupling for shafts, instead of bevil gearing.

1998. Angle coupling for shafts at any angle (shown at angle of 90°) consisting of four crank pins sliding and revolving in holes bored in the shaft ends.

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Section 17.—CONNECTING RODS AND LINKS.

(See also p. 42.)

1999. Spring connecting rod of steel or wood.

2000. Attachment for connecting rod to a pump ram, with provision for taking up the brasses by a long screw.

2001. Connecting rod end, the back brass being set up by a set screw with coned point, which displaces by penetration a number of steel balls or shot.

2002. Solid rod end, with wedge gib and nut adjustment for brasses; the latter take out sideways.

2003. “Marine” connecting rod end.

Plate 117

Larger plate.

2004. “Marine” connecting rod end, with metal cap, and one half brass.

2005. Wedge cotter and brass bearing to take the thrust of a connecting rod off its centre pin.

2006. Solid end for connecting rod; brasses are set up by a capstan screw.

2007. Anti-friction rod end, where the strain is all on one stroke (as in single-acting pumps), the strain coming on the friction roller.

2008. Simple connecting rod end and half brass for single-acting pumps, &c.

2009. Solid link, with swivelling segments housed in a box formed on the valve spindle.

2010. Connecting rod end, with end block to take out sideways when the brasses can be removed.

2011. Rod end, with fixed pin secured by a cotter and nut.

2012. Connecting rod end, crosshead and gudgeon, showing metal renewable plugs let in on the wearing faces of the gudgeon pin.

2013. Strap end, with diagonal key. Sometimes more accessible than a straight key.

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Section 18.—CRANES, TYPES OF.

(See also p. 46.)

2014. Crane, with sliding jib.

2015. Suspended travelling hand crane.

2016. Basement crane, projected diagonally upward when in use. The winch is a fixed one.

2017. Loophole crane, projected horizontally when in use by a handrope gear working a pinion and rack, or by a chain wound upon a barrel.

Plate 118

Larger plate.

2018. Travelling wharf crane to span a railway.

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Section 20.—COMPENSATING AND BALANCE WEIGHTS.

(See also p. 54.)

2019. Balance for a suspended light, lamp or similar article, allowing it to be raised or lowered while the balance weight only travels half the distance, and is therefore twice the weight of the articles balanced.

2020. Balance box. The cover is made as heavy as the box.

2021. Balanced cutter head for a milling or moulding machine.

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Section 21.—CIRCULAR AND RECIPROCATING MOTION.

(See also p. 56.)

2022. The “Dake” square piston engine; has a reciprocating double piston and a transverse sliding block, by which rotary motion is communicated to the crank pin.

2023. Chapman’s patent crank motion. In this gear the cylinders are fixed at right angles and their strokes are four times the radius of the crank, which is coupled by a link with equal arms (of the same radius as the crank) to the two crossheads direct.

2024. Crank motion. The crank pin runs in a sleeve having a sliding motion along the lever.

2025. Crank motion (in plan), with side connecting rod and off guide. The crank shaft crosses the piston rod as near as may be.

2026. Crank motion, with semi-yoke crosshead.

2027. Crank motion, with yoke connecting rod.

2028. Crank motion, for a pump, the handle describes an elliptic path.

2029. Bouchet’s crank motion to avoid dead centres.

2030. Eccentric hand crank motion. The connecting rod has a ring-shaped end, and the strap is revolved on the centre pin by a handle fixed to it.

Plate 119

Larger plate.

2031. Crank motion to work a sliding tool or movement on a bar or guide.

2032. Offset crosshead and guide crank motion for a pump or air compressor.

2033. Crank motion to drive a swing arm, or vice versÂ.

2034. Side crank motion.

2035. Atkinson’s crank motion to drive the flywheel two revolutions to one double stroke of the piston.

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Section 22.—CONCENTRATED POWER.

(See also p. 62.)

2036. Compound lever shears.

2037. Lever and frame gear for applying great leverage, with a detent to prevent running back.

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Section 23.—CONVEYING MOTION TO MOVABLE PARTS OF MACHINERY.

(See also p. 62.)

2038. Jointed tube for a travelling, hydraulic, steam, or compressed air, hoisting, or other engine.

2039. A travelling wheel may be driven by a long pinion without affecting the travelling movement of the wheel.

2040. Travelling spur gear similar to last, to convey continuous motion to a travelling machine.

Hydraulic transfer. Two rotary motors (hydraulic) are used, one as driver, the other as motor, and connected together by two pipes forming the suction and delivery pipes, by which a continuous circulation is kept up, and the motor driven by the driver, the latter being driven from a shaft or engine. The pipes may be taken a great distance, if made large enough.

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Section 24.—CUTTING TOOLS.

(See also p. 64.)

2041. Pin borer, for cutting out circular blanks with a central hole, such as washers, &c.

2042. Wobbling circular saw to cut dovetail grooves.

2043. Expansive facing, or boring pin bit.

2044. Revolving cutter, with adjustable inserted circular cutter.

2045. Inserted circular saw teeth, easily sharpened, reset, or replaced.

2046. Chain cutter.

2047. Hollow taper bung borer. Bores a taper hole by enlarging a plain hole bored by an ordinary bit.

2048. Square hole boring bit, for wood. A square chisel containing a twist borer.

2049. Turning tool for metal. Front tool.

2050. Turning tool for metal. Knife tool.

2051. Chasing tool for V threads.

2052. Turning tool for metal. Screw tool for square thread.

Larger plate.

2053. Turning tool for metal. V tool.

2054. Turning tool for metal. V tool for inside threads.

2055. Turning tool for metal. Side tool for square shoulders.

2056. Turning tool for metal. Side tool for square shoulders, right hand.

2057. Turning tool for metal. Boring tool.

2058. Turning tool for metal. Boring tool for square shoulders.

2059. Turning tool for metal. Boring tool for square shoulders.

2060. Hand planing tool for soft metals—lead, pewter, &c.

2061. Hand planing tool for wood, with the grain.

2062. Hand planing tool for wood, end grain.

2063. Paring gouge for wood.

2064. Hollowing gouge for wood.

2065. Cross grooving plane. Has two cutters, one to mark the cut on each side, the other to plane out the shaving.

2066. Tool for cutting circular holes in wrought-iron plates; guided chisel and hammer. The “Sundale” patent.

2067. Hollow cone paring tool for pointing pins, lead pencils, &c.

2068. Tool head for a drilling machine, with three or four hinged drill holders.

2069 and 2070. Adjustable boring bits.

2071 and 2072. Bottoming or rose drills.

2073 and 2074. Cylinder and fluted drills for enlarging and finishing holes.

Plate 121

Larger plate.

2075. Compound cylinder drill, fluted, and provided with oil channel.

2076. Boring bar head.

2077. Tool holder for lathe, shaper, or planer tools.

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Section 25.—CONDENSING AND COOLING.

(See also p. 66.)

2078. Klein’s atmospheric cooler. The hot water is sprayed against the upper surfaces of a number of vertical metal sheets, and trickles down into a trough. The natural circulation of air between the sheets, combined with a partial evaporation, cools the water to as low as 20° below normal temperature.

2079. Injector condenser, with hot well, foot valve, and air pump.

2080. Cooling fountain and trays for condenser water.

Cooling ponds of area proportionate to the quantity and temperature of the water, are used to cool condenser water where the supply is limited.

Fountain and spray jets are also used in conjunction with a pond for cooling condenser water.

KÖrting’s jet condenser. See No. 2212.

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Section 26.—CONCENTRATING AND SEPARATING.

(See also p. 66.)

2080A. Centrifugal separator with air blast. The material is fed into the top cone on the revolving vertical shaft, and travels down against an air blast from below.

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Section 27.—CHOPPING, SLICING AND MINCING.

(See also p. 68.)

2081. Machine for slicing roots. The roller has cutters shaped to shred the roots to any gauge of fineness required, and a fixed rack or brush at A to clean the teeth.

2082. Mill for chopping or grinding, in which the two rollers are driven at different peripheral speeds.

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Section 28.—CHUCKS, GRIPS AND HOLDERS.

(See also p. 68.)

2083. Sockets for various tools, &c. Sections: these are made either with parallel or taper holes. With parallel holes a set screw or key is used to secure the tool in the socket. See Sec. 37.

2084. Screw chuck for wood turning.

2085. Fork chuck for wood turning.

2086. Screwed cup chuck for wood turning.

2087. Cup chuck, with taper feathers, for wood.

Plate 122

Larger plate.

2088. Adjustable tap wrench.

2089. Elevating tool box.

2090. Tool head for milling or surfacing.

2091. Three-jaw guide or chuck. The three sliding jaws are usually set up by screws.

2092. Two-jaw chuck. The jaws are travelled simultaneously opposite ways by a right and left-hand screw.

2093. Drill socket, with diagonal pin to grip the drill shank when screwed up.

2094. Instantaneous grip for vice, &c. The worm A is eccentric, and lifts or lowers the toothed abutment block B into or out of gear with the fixed rack by a single movement of the handle C. When out of gear A B C, with the shaft and front jaw, can be slid in or out freely to any size of opening required.

2095. Clip for a rod or cord.

2096. Split sleeve and nut to grip a rod or shaft.

2097. Screw cramp.

2098. Screw cramp. Another form.

2099. Capstan drill or cutter head, for lathe or boring machine. The head revolves diagonally, and may have sockets for several tools to follow each other in succession in operating on a piece of work.

2100. Adjustable tool box.

2101. Spanner, with adjustable jaw.

2102. Spring taper socket, with sliding ring.

2103. Toothed V grip for chucks, &c.

2104. Toothed V grip. Another form, with alternate vees.

2105. Simplest form of V grip for parallel cylindrical articles.

Plate 123

Larger plate.

2106. Three-jaw face chuck. The jaws are made to act together or separately by a spiral plate, or by screws. See Nos. 158, 1384.

2107. Split tool holder (Barber’s patent), with taper thread and nut to grip a round (or other) section tool.

2108. Cap and socket for drills.

2109. Socket and set screw for drills.

2110. Split tool bar, with transverse cutter (see No. 2043), fitted with sunk screw, having a recessed head for a special spanner.

2111. Stepped jaw for lathe face chucks traversed by a screw. See No. 409.

2112. Spring grip for pencils, small drills, pins, &c.

2113. Bauer’s patent spanner, or pipe wrench. The hinge pin is of the form of No. 2126.

2114. Chuck for wheels, having three or more sliding dogs set up by a cone and hand wheel nut.

2115. Split end grip for a rod.

2116. Double vee grip for pipes, &c., which, having an equal movement to both jaws, remains always central. The large screw must be twice the pitch of the smaller central screw, and one is right hand, the other left hand.

2117. Hand screws, with V grip.

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Section 29.—CUSHIONING.

(See also p. 72.)

2118. Rubber pad or buffer.

2119. Cushion tyre for road wheels.

2120. Cushion tyre, pneumatic. The resistance in this tyre is increased by compression of the enclosed air by a portable pump.

Duplex pumps are cushioned at each end of the stroke by trapping part of the exhaust steam by the piston closing the port.

Air vessels are used to cushion the action of a pump, both on the delivery and suction.

2121. A spring piston is used for the same purpose.

Pads or cushions of rubber, felt, leather, &c., are used as buffers to cushion blows.

Shaw & Spiegle’s steam towing machine provides an elastic steam cushion which yields to prevent overstraining the cable, the engine then running backwards under the strain, but winds up again as the strain goes off, thus paying in and out to suit the motion of the vessel.

Plate 124

Larger plate.

Section 30.—DRILLING, BORING, &c.

(See also p. 72.)

See Expanding reamers, Nos. 2149, 2151.

See Expanding cutters, Nos. 2069, 2070, 627.

See Expanding auger, Section 36.

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Section 31.—DIFFERENTIAL GEAR.

(See also p. 74.)

2122. Differential piston indicator for steam engines.

2123. Harrison’s differential epicycloidal hoist gear. Pinion A is fast to the barrel and loose on the shaft, B is keyed to the shaft, C and D are cast together, and run on a stud in the large wheel E, which is loose on the shaft; A and B have different numbers of teeth.

2124. Differential screw bolt and sleeve movement.

2125. Differential screw valve fitting, with cone seat, tightened up by the T head and fine thread central screw; used for gas bottles.

2126. Chinese windlass. The origin of modern differential gear.

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Section 32.—ENGINES, TYPES OF.

(See also p. 76.)

2127. Beam engine, compound; with diagonal cylinders for compactness.

2128. Steam cylinder, with diagonal flange joint for the valve chest—enables the valve face to be easily planed, and dispenses with a separate casting and joint for the box.

2129. Pumping or blowing engine, with side rod-crank motion.

2130. One crank and one eccentric engine, with cylinders at right angles. The same eccentric operates both slide valves.

2131. One crank engine, as last described.

2132. One crank three-cylinder engine.

2133. Sliding cylinder engine, with three-throw crank and three connecting rods. The distribution of steam is made by the reciprocating motion of the cylinder over ports in the bedplate.

2134. Compound high-speed enclosed engine.

2135. Compound engine, with T connecting rod and one crank, no dead centre.

Crank motions. See Section 21.

2136. Three-cylinder high-speed box engine, single acting.

Plate 125

Larger plate.

2137. American type of walking beam paddle engines.

2138. Diagonal engine, with vertical air pump, worked by a bell-crank lever.

Vacuum engines. Two forms of this type of engine have been manufactured in which steam is employed at atmospheric pressure and condensed in a jet or surface condenser, the working pressure being therefore atmospheric and never exceeding 14 lbs. per square inch absolute. These engines and their boilers are free from risk of explosion, but require a good supply of condensing water.

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Section 34.—ELLIPTICAL MOTION.

(See also p. 82.)

2139. Crank motion to describe ovals (egg shaped, not true ellipses).

2140. Ellipsograph. The point A is fixed and the point B travelled along the line A B.

2141. String ellipsograph; A and B are fixed in the foci of the ellipse and the string joined so that the pencil C (with string wheel on it) will reach the end of minor axis D; the pencil will describe a true ellipse.

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Section 36.—EXPANDING AND CONTRACTING DEVICES.

(See also p. 84.)

2142. Expanding gate. Formed of vertical, round, or simple bars, fitted with sliding ferrules having centre pins passing through diagonal bars, these centres being evenly spaced.

2143. Expanding mandrel; has three parallel feathers, expanded by a central bolt having two equal cones.

2144. Expanding socket, formed of spring wire.

2145. Expanding legs for telescope or camera tripod.

2146. Expanding tripod, formed to close up into a cylindrical group.

2147. Expanding table of three or more slides.

2148. Expanding tripod. The legs are hinged to a triangular prism, and form a cylindrical group when closed.

2149. Expanding reamer. The body is split up in three parts as far as the end of the bolt.

2150. Addy’s expanding collar consists of two rings with the adjacent faces spiral, so that by revolving them they separate to the extent of the pitch. The collar therefore expands longitudinally, not diametrically.

2151. Expanding split reamer or mandrel with taper screw.

2152. Expanding riddle or screen, to vary the spaces between the bars.

Plate 126

Larger plate.

2153. Expanding collars or sleeves, screwed one upon another.

2154. Expanding collet, split in three or more parts.

2155. Expanding pipe grip or collar with bevel gear and right and left-hand screws to operate the three segments together.

2156. Expanding pipe stopper with rubber ring. See Section 29.

Bellows and rubber bags are used as expanding devices for gases, &c.

Rubber balloons are expanded by air blown in under pressure.

2157. Expanding pulley or wheel.

Expanding plug. See No. 2358.

2158. Expanding lever.

The mercury bulb tube is an expanding device actuated by temperature.

(See also Cushioning; Chucks, Section 28.)

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Section 37.—FASTENING WHEELS, &c., TO SHAFTS.

(See also p. 86.)

2159. Crank arm or lever arm, secured to shaft by a clip boss and bolt.

2160. Ditto, secured by a screwed shank passed through the shaft and drawn up by a nut.

2161. Piston and rod fastening.

2162. Ditto, ditto.

2163. Thomas’ patent wedge bush for securing plain bored pulleys, &c., to shafts.

2164. Taper screwed bush fastening for a wheel, with frictional grip. The bush is split on one side only.

2165. Taper split bush fixing, with frictional grip. The bush is split into three parts.

2166. Set-screw fixing for a lever or arm.

Plate 127

Larger plate.

2167. Split boss or collar, with two forms of sunk screws for fixing and tightening.

Split wheels and pulleys are now commonly used as the best means of fastening to shafts. See No. 1711.

2168. Cone sleeve (split) and nut fastening for a wheel or pulley.

2169. Serrated wedges.

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Section 38.—FRICTION GEAR.

(See also p. 88.)

2170. Carriage driving gear. The carriage wheel bears upward against the driving spindle which drives it by friction, or the latter is forced down into frictional gear with the carriage wheel by loading or by springs.

2171. Friction, spring clip, for giving tension to cotton thread passed between the convex discs.

Leather covered pinions geared with plain rimmed wheels or discs. These should always have the pinion as driver, otherwise the pinion is liable to wear in fits and become useless.

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Section 39.—GUIDES, SLIDES, &c.

(See also p. 90.)

2172. Engine crosshead, formed of two slide blocks, cast with the gudgeon in one piece and two caps bolted together, enclosing the piston rod end and bolted to the slide blocks.

2173. Crosshead single-bar guide, with or without the lower attachment for pump rod.

2174. Sliding bed guided by two square grooved strips (one of which may be fixed) adjusted by diagonal set screws.

2175. Vee guides, with renewable strip.

2176. Ditto, ditto, with set screw adjustment.

2177. Ditto, ditto, with bevelled adjusting strip and set screws.

2178. Ditto, ditto, with loose V strip set up by screws on top.

2179. Guide block for engine crosshead formed of a bronze shell filled with white metal or antifriction metal.

2180. Curved segment guide for a link movement to turn an angle.

2181. Crosshead guide, with two slide bars, American type.

2182. V guide bar and guide.

2183. Double V guide for crosshead.

2184. Crosshead guides of square section.

Larger plate.

2185. Guide bed, with square guides and renewable strip adjusted by set screws.

2186. Vee guide, with V strip and set screw adjustment.

2187. Ditto, do., with bevelled strip and set screw.

2188. Ditto, do., adjusted at the top.

2189. Simple guide attachment to a plain bar.

2190. Guide bars, adjustable, for wear.

2191. Engine crosshead, with adjustable guide brasses, set up by taper keys and nuts.

2192. Crosshead, tent round the rod.

2193. Crosshead side guide for engine or pump, plan view.

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Section 40.—GEARING, VARIOUS DEVICES IN.

(See also p. 92.)

2194. Turn-over gear for reversing a stamp, table or platen by rack and pinion.

2195. Double driving motion by belt for two saws, cutters, drills, &c., so that either may be put in work at various points in a half circle of the radius of the arm.

2196. Sun and planet gear. A is a fixed wheel, B is keyed to the barrel shaft, C and D are cast together and run loose on a stud on the crank arm.

2197. Two-tooth pinion gear.

2198. Cam spur gear, to give similar variable movements to those given by cams.

2199. Motion to vary the angle of a screw propeller blade, a windmill, feathering wheel, &c., by bevel gear and a central shaft.

Plate 129

Larger plate.

Section 41.—GOVERNING AND REGULATING SPEED, &c.

(See also p. 96.)

2200. Atmospheric governor. Rod A is connected to reciprocate with the engine, B is connected to the equilibrium throttle valve, C is an inlet valve for air, and D an adjustable outlet valve by which the speed is regulated. For continuous instead of intermittent action on the rod and piston B, the air pump A should force air into an intermediate chamber above the piston B by addition of a diaphragm and delivery valve.

2201. Gas engine pendulum governor. Hit and miss. The rocking trip C falls out of gear by its own weight when the pendulum moves so fast as to release it. The upper ball is used to adjust the motion of the pendulum to the speed required.

Crank-shaft governors. See Section 79.

Self-regulating dampers are applied to boiler flues, and are operated by the pressure of steam, so as to regulate the draught.

Governing the speed of hoists. See No. 1495.

2202. Gas engine governor. The revolving cam throws the vertical arm of the lever far enough to close the gas valve when the speed increases beyond the normal.

2203. Steam valve-regulator, to move a valve or other detail any fractional part of its stroke and hold it at that point. The main steam and oil cylinder valves move with the pistons. The cut-off valves are controlled by a hand lever and admit steam and oil to the same ends of their respective cylinders simultaneously; the pistons only travel till they cut off their own supply, the oil fluid preventing expansive action of the steam.

2204. Centrifugal ball governor, with cone wheel motion to operate the cut off.

2204A. Even-flow regulator or governing valve, for drawing off from a tank.

---

Section 43.—HOOKS, SWIVELS, &c.

(See also p. 98.)

2205. Hook eye for a guy rope.

2206. Slip hook for pile driver, monkey, &c.

2207. Wire hook attachment for electric wires.

Plate 130

Larger plate.

2208. Loop or eye shackle.

2209. Swivel shackle for guy, rod, or hook.

2210. Slip hook.

---

Section 44.—INDICATING SPEEDS, &c.

(See also p. 100.)

Indicators are employed—

To register the entry and exit of workmen to or from a factory;

To register speeds and variation of load, steam pressure, &c., on an engine;

To register wind pressure, barometric variations—rainfall, sunshine, &c.;

To register periodical visits of a watchman or other official, and the hours of such visits;

To register visits to a bank safe.

2211. Indicator to register the flow of water by its speed and pressure against a floating ball, which actuates a pencil moving vertically against a paper cylinder which is kept revolving slowly by clockwork.

---

Section 45.—JETS, NOZZLES AND INJECTORS.

(See also p. 102.)

2212. KÖrting’s water jet condenser; requires 3 feet head of condensing water.

2213. Spray jet for petroleum, water, &c., with air blast.

Automatic spray jets or sprinklers are constructed to spread or spray water over a considerable area by the force of the issuing current, for extinguishing fires, watering gardens, &c.

Fountain jets are of many forms to deliver the water in close, spreading, or fan-shaped forms, artistically arranged.

2214. Spray jet, with spiral core.

2215. Spray jet, with annular orifice and dish-plate.

---

Section 46.—JOURNALS, BEARINGS, PIVOTS, &c.

(See also p. 102.)

2216. Pedestal bearing, with four brasses and set screw adjustments.

2217. Hydraulic oil pivot for vertical spindle. Oil under pressure is forced into the channels between the bearing faces, the area and pressure being adjusted to the load. The surplus oil is returned from the oil well to the pump.

2218. Adjustable intermediate bearing for a vertical shaft. It has three brasses set up by set screws and wedges.

Plate 131

Larger plate.

2219. Long bearing, with oil circulation.

2220. V bearing, or support for a shaft or telescope.

2221. Plain double bearing, with one cap and one bolt.

2222. Vertical shaft bearing, formed of two similar toe-pieces of very hard steel running in oil.

2223. Pedestal, with side adjusting brasses, set up by set screws.

2224. Vertical shaft bearing, similar to No. 2222, but with small coned toe-piece of very hard steel.

2225. Thrust-bearing for collar screw, having a loose collar secured by two pins, drilled half in the collar and half in the base.

2226. Similar bearing, with a loose collar screwed in and locked by a set pin.

2227. Similar bearing; the screw has a thick collar, with a turned groove and a pin drilled half into the collar and half into the base.

2228. Vertical pivot, with hardened screws.

Ball bearings. See Section 70.

Roller bearings. See Section 70.

2229. Bearing, with side brasses, set up by a set screw.

2230. Bearing, with 3 brasses, set up by a set screw.

2231. Bearing, with 3 brasses, the side brasses set up by wedge bolts, regulated on top.

2232. Bearing, with 3 brasses, set up by side wedges and top screws.

2233. Schiele’s vertical shaft bearing.

White metal is much used for bearings, and may be run in around a shaft. The brasses are sometimes made of skeleton form to receive white metal in this way.

Plate 132

Larger plate.

Section 47.—PLATE WORK.

(See also p. 106.)

SHEET METAL JOINTS.

2234. Ring seam, with cover strip.

2235. Folded ring seam.

2236. Half folded seam.

2237. Filleted ring seam.

2238.		-	Bottom seams; 2244 is strengthened by a thick wire ring.
2239.
2240.
2241.
2242.
2243.
2244.
2245.

2246 & 2247. Intermediate seams, or diaphragms.

2248. Elbow seam.

2249. Folded pipe seam.

PLATE AND BAR JOINTS.

2250. Junction of T iron, plate and T or L iron verticals.

2251. Gusset plate corner stiffener.

2252. Plate end for a tie rod.

2253. H iron junction, as in a floor framing.

2254. Gusset plate junction for a braced framing.

2255. Gusset plate junction for H girders of equal depths.

---

Section 48.—LEVERS.

(See also p. 108.)

2256. Lever, with universal motion.

2257. Hand starting lever, cheap construction, formed of light channel-iron, with a bent lock bar engaging with holes in a sector plate cast on the bearing.

Locking levers. See Section 49.

Plate 133

Larger plate.

2258. Double lever, hand motion, for fire-engine, pumps, &c.

2259. Locking lever formed of iron tube with sliding catch rod inside.

2260. Starting lever, with hooked catch, taking into holes in a sector plate.

2261. Convex worm for locking and adjusting a starting lever.

2262. Equalising levers for springs and variable movements.

2263. Lever and rack lifting appliance.

2264. Spring lever to lock in two positions.

2265. Hand lever adjustable to radius. With a bent handle it forms an adjustable hand crank.

Spring lever formed of steel plates. See No. 1914.

Compound levers. See No. 1367. “Roller board” movements in organs are of this type, but each pair of arms and its shaft or roller is mounted independently on a pair of end centres.

2265A. Double lever for a plug cock, to be operated by two cords.

---

Section 49.—LOCKING DEVICES.

(See also p. 110.)

2266. Lever action for a door, &c., to lock it, open or shut, in fixed positions.

2267. Lever action for a gate or door, to open or close it and lock it in either position.

2268. Revolving eyelet to lock or release a rod or cord.

2269. Abutment lock. Can only be opened by revolving the tumbler by a key.

Plate 134

Larger plate.

2270. Secret screw attachment. The screw is fixed to the back of any article, and fastened to the fixing A by sliding along the slot. Two, three or four screws and slots are generally used.

2271. Bolt lock. The bolt can be released by revolving it 180°.

2272. Gib-key fastening for a sliding block or bracket on a plain bar.

2273. Similar fastening, using a wooden bar.

2274. Locking stud, used for iron bedstead laths.

2275. Catch and hook.

2276. Hinged catch to lock a screwed gland or nut.

2277. Letter lock, or combination lock. Any number of discs may be arranged on a spindle having a feather key, so that they must be all in a certain position to allow the key to slide through a notch or key way cut in each disc, so as to open the loop.

2278. Locked nut.

2279. Spring pawl, umbrella catch.

2280. Spring snap, released by pressing the open ends together.

2281. Locking pawl for spur teeth.

2282. Spring handle.

2283. Spring pawl, locks the wheel against a moderate force, but gives way to a greater force.

Locked pawl motions. See Section 62.

2284. Locking device for lathe headstock or tool rest. The head of the central pin runs in a T groove or under the lathe bed, and is clamped by the cone pointed set screw, which bears against a conical recess in the central pin.

2285. Radius bar, with notches to lock a hand lever in various positions. The lever may be hinged to lift out of the notches, or made thin enough to spring sufficiently for this purpose.

2286. Coned screw lock for a standard foot, pin, or socket and spigot.

Plate 135

Larger plate.

2287. Set screw fixing for needles, wires, cord, &c.

2288. Split block to grip a rod, with handle nut.

2289. Cam catch to lock a wheel or spindle.

2290. Locking gear for a shaft driven by spur gearing, used in place of a clutch.

2291. Similar lock for a revolving head, standard tool post, &c.

2292. Tee groove for a T head bolt for Nos. 2290 and 2291.

2293. Horse-shoe distance piece to place between a sliding pinion and the shaft collar to keep it either in or out of gear.

2294. Wedge plate and screw fastening for cutters, &c.

2295. Locking device for a spring lever, handle, button hook, &c.

2296. Locked centre pin.

2297. Cotter to lock a sliding spindle.

---

Section 50.—HINGES AND JOINTS.

(See also p. 116.)

2298. Link hinges for reversing a seat back.

2299. Tape hinging allows the door to swing through 360°.

2300. Link hinges for reversing a door or shutter in opening or closing.

2301. Forked joint for pump rods, &c., with stepped gibs.

2302. Forked joint and swivel block for screw attachment.

2303. Swivel joint for pipe work.

2304. Door hinged to an intermediate square strip, so as to swing through 360°.

Spring hinges. See Nos. 1469, 1470.

2305. Scarfed joint for pump rods, locked by a cross cotter and tapered ferrule.

2306. Swivel joint for pump rods, &c.

Plate 136

Larger plate.

2307. Screw socket and spigot joint for rods.

2308. Conical socket joint and set screw.

2309, 2310, 2311 & 2312. Socket joints, various forms of. See also Section 28.

2313. Taper drill socket. The drill socket end is shaped to fit a cross slot in the holder, into which a taper cotter can be driven to loosen the drill; the slot gives a positive drive to the drill.

Section 51.—LUBRICATORS.

(See also p. 120.)

2314. Lieuvain’s needle lubricator, with bent needle for oiling a crank pin. The latter has a pad attached, which rubs in passing the bent needle and thus takes off the oil.

2315. Pan lubricator for crank pin, to assist oiling from an oil can when revolving.

2316. Crank pin lubricator. A fixed oil cup, with a pad of flannel attached; the connecting rod end having a bent plate attached, which at every revolution rubs oil off the pad into its oil cup.

2317. Lubricating a loose pulley on a fixed or revolving shaft by a “Stauffer” lubricator fitted to the shaft end.

2318. Lubricating a loose pulley on a fixed stud.

2319. Mode of lubricating a vertical spindle, carrying a wheel or other top gear which prevents access to the bearing.

Sight feed lubricators, show the actual feed of oil in a glass tube filled with water through which the oil passes in drops; there are many varieties.

Compound lubricators are now being introduced whose function is to supply lubricant to every joint or part of an engine or machine requiring it, by automatic feed action from one reservoir.

2320. Syphon wick lubricator.

2321. Automatic lubricator, with intermittent feed. The revolving spindle is driven from the engine by a ratchet and pawl motion, and has a recess in it which in revolving delivers its contents of oil into the tube below.

2322. Spring piston lubricator.

2323. Gland, with oil well.

---

Section 54.—MIXING AND INCORPORATING.

(See also p. 122.)

2324. Dough mixer, or kneading machine.

2325. Mixing machine.

2326. Mixer for confectionery, worked by a crank.

Mixing of gases by compound jets. See Section 45.

Mixing of liquids is performed by jets, by stirring devices, and by running them through a pipe from two or more taps into a combining vessel.

Larger plate.

Section 55.—PARALLEL MOTIONS.

(See also p. 124.)

2327. Parallel motion for an indicator pencil.

2328. Parallel motion beam engine, with rocking link beam centres.

2329. Parallel moving swinging bracket for gas, &c.

2330. Parallel motion.

2331. Parallel moving slides, hammers, or other devices.

Section 56.—PUMPING AND RAISING WATER.

(See also p. 124.)

2332. Quadruple-acting pump with two pistons, one attached to a rod the other to a sleeve worked by lever A and links B B.

2333. Variable delivery single-acting pumps; the eccentrics can be shifted round the shaft 180° by a sleeve and pin motion similar to No. 2467. When the eccentrics are opposite each other the pump does not deliver any water, but when the eccentrics are side by side the pump delivers the full contents of both rams. There is one suction and one delivery valve.

2334. Screw pump for applying heavy pressure to a ram; sometimes used as an adjunct to give the final heavy pressure to an hydraulic press after the pumps have forced the ram as far as their power permits.

2335. Duplex-action pump, in which both piston and cylinder move in opposite directions, but the gear may be applied to two pistons in one pump (fixed), as No. 2332.

2336. French pump, with bucket pistons, maintains a direct flow without reversing or check.

2337. Oke’s patent sewage pump, simple and accessible, three valves.

Slide valves or piston valves are occasionally used to distribute the water in pumps, but must have no lap or lead, and be accurately adjusted.

Air vessels are used on the delivery side of a pump to cushion the discharge of water and prevent concussion, water being incompressible. They are also sometimes useful on the suction side, where the lift is considerable. A piston and spring may be employed instead of an air vessel. See No. 2121.

Pumps required to run constantly, but deliver water intermittently only, are worked (a) by an air valve on the suction side which, when open, stops the water suction; (b) by a pass valve between suction and delivery which, when open, passes the delivery into the suction again; and (c) by a waste valve on the delivery.

Section 57.—PIPES AND CONVEYORS.

(See also p. 128.)

2338. Boiler tube, internally ribbed. Serve’s patent.

2339. Boiler tube flue, corrugated, to add to its strength and heating surface. Fox’s patent.

2340. Pipe joint, with toggle clips.

2341. Pipe flange, with caulking groove.

Flexible tubes, metallic, are now manufactured by the Flexible Metallic Tubing Co. in most metals, including steel, and in various strengths and with various degrees of flexibility, from that of plain rubber to such stiffness as requires a little force to bend it. These tubes are perfectly air-tight, and will stand great pressures.

Wire rope transmission; Telpher gear. See Section 66.

Section 58.—PACKINGS, JOINTS, STUFFING-BOXES AND PISTONS.

(See also p. 132.)

2342. Piston ring joint lapped and scarfed.

2343. Intermediate stuffing-box and sleeve for high and low pressure cylinders.

2344. Dished steel piston.

2345. Bucket piston, with valve and bridle and leather packing.

2346. Stuffing-box, with screwed cap gland.

2347. Piston leather for cold water.

2348 to 2352. Piston ring joints.

2353. Double cone joint for a swivelling fitting for steam or water. The joints are ground in like a mushroom valve.

2354. Pipe connection, with rubber disc joint, for moderate pressures.

Swivel pipe joint. See No. 2303.

2355. Collar packing for a valve spindle, where the pressure tends to compress the packing.

2356. Piston with two L section rings, expanded both vertically and radially by a spiral spring. This makes a tight joint with the cylinder and also with the junk ring.

2357. Adjustable piston or piston valve. F. H. Richards’ patent, U.S.A.

2358. Rubber expanding plug.

2359. Gas engine piston, with three rings and junk rings between them.

2360 & 2361. Valve spindle joints without packing or stuffing-boxes, kept tight by cone seatings and set screws.

2362. Piston (spring) ring joint, with glut.

Section 59.—PROPULSION.

(See also p. 134.)

2363. Steam and air jet applied to propel a vessel.

Section 60.—MOTIVE POWER. MOTORS.

(See also p. 136.)

2364. Compound weight motor, with limited fall. Several weights may be used as shown, slightly decreasing in weight towards the motor. When weight D has run down, C will begin to fall, and go on till all the weights have run down.

2365. Hot-air motor. A current of hot air passing up the flue revolves the turbine.

Naphtha engines are gas engines employing the vapour of naphtha and air as an explosive mixture, instead of that of petroleum (oil engine) or carburetted hydrogen gas (gas engine).

Section 62.—PAWL AND RATCHET MOTIONS.

(See also p. 140.)

2366. Friction grip pawl, as applied to a wheel, may be used also for a rod.

2367. Ratchet brace, or feed lever, in which the pawl is a fixed tooth, and the lever is slotted to allow the pawl to clear the teeth on the back stroke.

2368. Ratchet brace, with slotted pawl.

2369. Ratchet brace, with friction grip pawl.

2370. Ratchet brace, without pawl. The handle is hinged to the socket arm, and has a tooth gearing with the ratchet, and thrown in and out by the movement of the handle.

2371. Double-acting pawls and lever.

2372. Internal hooked pawl.

2373. Internal strut-action pawl.

2374. Gravity pawl and crown ratchet.

2375. Ratchet rack, crank and connecting rod, intermittent movement,—a detent may be added to return the rack.

2376. Internal spring pawls for a ratchet brace.

2377. Rocking escapement.

2378. Rocking escapement.

2379 to 2384. Forms of locked intermittent movements.

2385 & 2386. Intermittent rotary movements on spindles at right angles.

Section 63.—PRESSING.

(See also p. 144.)

2387. Lever press for hay, straw, &c., with rack and pawl at each side operated by two hand levers.

2388. Continuous press for coal dust, &c. The ram has a reciprocating motion, and the material is forced into a tapered chamber, the resulting friction in which gives sufficient resistance to press the material to the density required.

Section 66.—ROPE GEAR.

(See also p. 146.)

2389. End attachment for rope by a staple bolt and plate.

2390. Double vee pulley rim for two ropes.

2391. Wire or hemp rope attachment, with two bolt clips.

2392. Similar attachment, with a thimble and one bolt clip and a seizing or yarn.

2393. Double-bolt clip for wire ropes.

2394. Taper socket end attachment for wire ropes. The end wires are cut to different lengths, and all bent back at one point. This stranded end of the rope is then forced into the taper socket, and the spaces filled with melted lead or pewter.

2395. The same method applied to a flat taper socket.

Section 69.—RAISING AND LOWERING.

(See also p. 148.)

2396. Richmond’s patent balance hydraulic lift. A is the lift cylinder, connected openly to the balance cylinder B, which is weighted to nearly balance ram A and cage. Pressure water is applied to ram C to raise the load in cage.

2397. Waygood’s patent hydraulic balance lift. A is the lift cylinder communicating with the interior of cylinder and ram B which are fixed; cylinder C and ram D are loaded to nearly balance the cage and ram A, and the load is raised by admitting pressure water to cylinder C.

2398. Lever and rack lifting motion. The rack may be held up at each lift by a pawl.

2399. Rack and lever suspended hoist. A pawl or brake may be added to sustain the load.

2400. Spanish windlass.

2401. Double hoisting barrels, geared together; the rope passes round both barrels.

The “Otis” low pressure elevator (hydraulic) is worked from an overhead air accumulator at 80 lbs. pressure, the hydrostatic head being 40 lbs. There is one descending main pipe connected to a small tank or close vessel, into which the pumps deliver, and from which the lift pressure water is taken.

Section 70.—ANTI-FRICTION BEARINGS.

(See also p. 152.)

2402. Roller bearings for centrifugal milk separators, &c. The pan is carried on three large rollers running against an inverted cone, as shown.

2403. Ball bearing for vertical shaft. By Sir Gabriel Stokes.

2404 & 2405. Forms of grooves for ball bearings, running horizontally, showing points of bearing in grooves.

2406. Roller bearing for a vertical shaft, with steel balls between the ends of the cone rollers to separate them and reduce their friction.

2407. Roller bearing for a door, or other article having a limited travel. The roller runs on the floor, or a rail, and its spindle rolls along the slot, the length of which is proportioned to the travel of the door.

2408. Double cone rollers for a table having a horizontal circular motion.

2409. Roller bearing for wagon axle, with balls between the roller ends to separate them and prevent internal friction.

Anti-friction screws. See Nos. 2413, 2414.

Anti-friction worm gear. See No. 2451.

2410. Vertical ball bearing, with bearing surfaces adjusted to receive the direct thrust of the balls.

2411. Suspended ball bearing.

2412. Ball or roller axle bearing.

2413. White’s anti-friction ball bearing screw and nut. A.D. 1822. Square thread screw, the balls travel round the screw thread, and by a pass-groove back to the other end again.

2414. Lieb’s anti-friction screw and nut, similar to the last, but with a concave grooved screw. A.D. 1890.

Section 71.—ROPE, BELT AND CHAIN PULLEYS.

(See also p. 152.)

2415. Rope grip pulley. Dearden’s patent.

Section 73.—RAIL AND TRAM ROADS.

(See also p. 156.)

2416. Centre rail, with friction grip for moderate inclines.

Rack railways for steep inclines of an angle, in some cases of 40°, are made with central rack rails (in addition to the ordinary rails), and the engines have steel gearing, which gears into the teeth cut in the rack rail.

Section 74.—REVERSING GEAR.

(See also p. 158.)

2417. Reversing motion on the same shaft by one belt and two pulleys; A is fast to the shaft and B fast to the bevel wheel C, D runs on a fixed stud.

2418. Friction cone reversing motion on shafts at right angles.

Section 75.—ROTARY MOTORS.

(See also p. 160.)

2419. Rotary double-piston motor, pump, or meter will work in either direction.

2420. Rotary motor, with hinged steam abutment.

Section 76.—SHAFTING.

(See also p. 164.)

2421. Iron centre for a wood shaft secured by an end plate, four bolts with recessed nuts, and a wrought-iron band.

2422. Iron centre for a wood shaft, driven in a central bored hole, and secured by a cross cotter and two wrought-iron bands.

2423. Iron centre for a wood shaft. The pin is driven into an iron cross, which is also driven into the end of the shaft in transverse cuts made to receive it, and secured by two wrought-iron bands.

Section 77.—SPINDLES AND CENTRES.

(See also p. 164.)

2424. Lathe fast headstock spindle, showing coned journals and adjustments.

2425. Attachment of a loose end centre to a shaft, with coned end, which prevents the hole bursting from cross strain on the centre.

2426. Hook centre pin, easily disengaged.

2427. Stud centre, with washer riveted on or secured by a nut.

2428. Ram or trunk piston centre for connecting rod, fastened by an internal nut.

2429. Ram or trunk piston centre, screwed into the piston.

2430. Ram or trunk piston centre, with a transverse pin passed right through the piston.

2431. Swaying ball centre.

2432. Rocking or swaying centre.

2433. Rocking or swaying centre.

2434. Eyelet centre for two or more levers.

2435. Centre pin, with lug and screw, to prevent it from working out.

2436, 2437 & 2438. Methods of fitting up connecting rod centres in trunk pistons or rams.

Section 78.—SCREW GEAR, BOLTS, &c.

(See also p. 168.)

2439. Ball head bolt and nut to allow it to draw up out of line.

2440. Universal bolt head.

2441. Ball joint bolt and nut.

2442. Flush head coned bolt.

2443. Mutilated screw and nut.

2444. Nut lock, by a fixed lug and split pin.

2445. Coned bolt for securing and keying two parts of a machine in exact relation.

2446. Double-nutted bolt, easily made of round iron.

2447. Lever and compound nuts to obtain great leverage on a screw, as in a press; one nut arm is used as a fulcrum by which the lever forces the other round. Stepped pawls are used to prevent the first nut being loosened while moving the second.

2448. Screw gear to operate three worm wheels in the same direction, for chucks, &c.

2449. Screwed stay bolt, as a distance stay for boiler plates, &c.

2450. Screw eye and handle nut.

2451. Anti-friction worm gear. The worm wheel has friction rollers running on pins, which gear with the worm.

2452. Staple bolt and washer plate.

2453. Fang plate washer for wood.

2454. Fang plate washer for wood.

2455. Sunk set screw, with differential threads, to draw two plates or pieces together.

2456. Taper screw, quickly released.

2457. Mutilated screw to slide into a nut having corresponding sections of the thread cut away, and to fix by a partial turn. Used for breech-pieces of cannon.

2458. Bolt head, with transverse holes, for a plain “tommy” bar wrench.

2459. Backlash nut for a square thread screw.

2460. Cap nut.

Screw stopper. See No. 2544.

2461. Slotted nut and set pin for fine adjustment, or for taking up wear.

Lock nuts; usually two nuts are employed, the thickest one outermost. There are many forms of patent nuts designed to prevent loosening by vibration.

Nuts can be cast around a screw in white metal or brass.

Section 79.—SLIDE AND OTHER VALVE GEAR.

(See also p. 172.)

2462. Cut-off gear. Two cut-off valves similar to No. 1456, regulated by an external hand wheel forming the valve spindle guide bush.

2463. Duplex motion for a valve, to operate it by either rod, using the other as a fulcrum.

Larger plate.

2464. Valve gear, with single eccentric, and variable travel, adjustable by hand wheel. The eccentric drives a block to and fro in a slot, the angle of which in respect of the slide valve centre line is variable by a rocking motion controlled by a hand wheel.

2465. Newall’s high speed engine, single-acting. In this engine the connecting rod trunk centre and the piston are made to distribute the steam as shown.

2466. Reversing movement for a valve, where the power will only move the valve to the half stroke or mid position, as in a slide valve hydraulic engine (see No. 1026), the rolling weight then completes the movement (see also No. 1740).

2467. Automatic or governor cut-off gear. The governor operates the sleeve, which has a screw movement on the pin fixed to the crank shaft; a parallel feather on the sleeve revolves the cut-off eccentric, and varies the travel of the cut-off valve. The slide valves are of the form of No. 1456.

2468. Eccentric motion to operate two slide valves.

2469. Crank shaft governor. The centrifugal gear acts on an outside crank to which the eccentric rod is attached, instead of a sheave and strap. A spring is applied to return the crank to full gear.

2470. Single eccentric adjustable cut off for a “Fink” link gear; plain D valve gives equal distribution of steam at any cut-off; the travel of the valve is regulated by the hand wheel.

2471. Cam-bar movement for operating two valves used for hydraulic starting valves.

2472. Crank shaft governor cut-off gear. Two hinged centrifugal weights are coupled by links to the cut-off eccentric sheave, and returned to the full open position by springs.

2473. Joy’s locomotive valve gear operated by the connecting rod; the rod A is connected to the starting lever to reverse, vary, or stop the distribution of steam by the slide valve, as in the ordinary link motion.

2474. Lever and T crosshead to open a valve by either motion of the lever to right or left. See also No. 2463.

2475. Crank shaft governor (Prof. Sweet’s), cut-off gear to vary the throw of a cut-off eccentric.

2476. Reversing link motion, with single eccentric; the slot link is hinged to the reversing lever.

2477. Sleeve and eccentric motion for governor cut-off. The inner (longest) sleeve has a longitudinal movement from the governor along a straight feather groove in the shaft, and has a spiral groove in its periphery into which projects a pin or feather on the eccentric sleeve, so that the longitudinal motion of the inner sleeve revolves the eccentric and alters the travel of the cut-off slide.

2478. The Walschaerts valve gear, one eccentric. The slotted link is hung at its centre to a fixed hinge pin, and the reversing gear shifts the link block up or down the slot link.

Slide valves may be worked by rack and pinion on the back or side flanges of the valve, or by a screw and nut; the nut being let into the body of the valve in a recess.

Section 80.—SPRINGS.

(See also p. 178.)

2479. Wooden springs of lance wood or ash.

2480. Carriage spring, with splayed link suspension. This improves the play and action of the spring over the vertical method.

2481. Duplex compression spring. The two springs are coiled opposite ways.

2482. Equalising lever to distribute the load on two car springs.

2483. Double-ended volute spring for compression.

2484. Spring band.

Spring piston rings. See Section 58.

2485. Conoidal spiral spring.

2486. Adjustable spiral spring. A washer on top has four vanes below it drilled with holes to suit the diameter and pitch of the spring wire, which, being threaded through the vanes, is rendered inactive, so far as it is held by the vanes. This appliance, therefore, is used to shorten or lengthen the live or active part of a spiral spring.

Section 81.—SAFETY APPLIANCES.

(See also p. 182.)

2487. Guard for spur gearing.

2488. Guard for bevil gearing.

2489. Safety nut for a running screw. The nut takes no strain until the thread in the main nut gives way from wear.

Fire alarms (automatic) depend for their action on increase of temperature above a normal maximum.

Diaphragms are inserted in the pipe connections to hydraulic lift cylinders to admit or discharge the water at moderate speeds only, so that in case of a burst the lift should not descend too rapidly.

Retaining valves, or non-return valves, are employed to confine any sudden shocks from hydraulic machines or from breakages, to local pipes.

Relief valves are applied to all hydraulic pressure systems to obviate the effects of shock.

An extra wire rope is frequently employed on suspended lifts to act as a safety rope.

2490. Safety centrifugal hooks to arrest a revolving shaft when the speed becomes excessive. The hooks fly out and engage with pins on a fixed disc.

Rope guards boards, screens, guard rails, &c., are necessary to protect persons from running ropes in hoisting and rope-driving gears.

2491. Collar and set screw, to prevent a key from working out. A set screw only—tapped into the shaft—is sometimes employed for this service.

Section 82.—STEAM TRAPS.

(See also p. 184.)

2492. Steam trap, operated by expansion of a bent bar, which closes the inlet valve.

Section 84.—TOOTHED GEARING.

(See also p. 186.)

2493. Circular rack (revolving) and sector, used on governors.

2494. Skew worm and wheel gear.

2495. Oval gear, linked together.

2496. Mitre gear, angle of shafts variable. The two bearings are hinged together on the pitch line of the pair of wheels.

2497. Wood-faced spur gear, to run with the wood faces in contact for quietness. The wood faces are renewable, like mortise teeth. See Nos. 1352 and 1353.

2498. Elastic spur gear, to prevent backlash.

2499. Bevil gear, with roller teeth in one wheel of the pair.

2500. Circular rack and pinion gear. The rack can revolve independently of the vertical movement.

Section 85.—TRANSMISSION OF POWER.

(See also p. 192.)

2501. Hydraulic transmission by two motors (rotary), see Section 75, one of which is the driver and the other the driven motor connected by two pipes, through which the oil or water is kept in circulation from one motor to the other.

Section 86.—TANKS, CISTERNS AND RESERVOIRS.

(See also p. 192.)

2502. Steel bottle for compressed gases, &c.

Barrels and casks are used as tanks.

Tuns and vats are large casks formed of planking hooped at frequent intervals.

Square or rectangular vats are formed either of wood, held together by long bolts, or of slate slabs secured in a similar way.

Compound tanks. Where it is inconvenient to employ or erect one large tank, several smaller ones are connected together by circulating pipes.

Section 87.—THROWING IN AND OUT OF GEAR.

(See also p. 192.)

2503. Presser foot for sewing machines, or for intermittent holding of any flat articles; lifted out of gear, and held by the feather end resting on the sliding socket.

2504. Belt shifting bar, adjustable every way.

2505. Revolving worm for operating a belt shifting bar, locking it at the same time.

2506. Worm gear may be thrown out or in by moving the wheel sideways on its shaft.

2507. Bolt and slot device for gearing two wheels together on one shaft, used on lathe headstocks.

2508. Half nut for throwing out of gear, with screw, and fitted with spring to take up the wear of the nut.

2509. Sliding shaft for winch or other gear, to shift the pinion out of gear or change to another speed (as in No. 2293).

2510. Another method of locking a sliding shaft in or out of gear.

Section 88.—VARIABLE MOTION AND POWER.

(See also p. 194.)

2511. Variable belt drive by elliptic pulley.

2512. Variable drive by an intermediate friction wheel, and two friction cones at right angles.

2513. The same device applied to two discs running in opposite directions on the same axis.

2514. Variable drive by a V belt running between cone discs, the space between which can be varied by a hand lever or screw motion.

2515. Variable compensation weight and parallel motion for steam engines, by M. N. Forney, New York, 1893.

2516. Variable cone driving. Evans’ variable friction gear; a loose leather band, with a traversing motion by hand screw, forms the gripping medium between the cones.

2517. Variable radius lever, operated by a crank motion to give variable angular reciprocating motion to a shaft.

2518. Variable crank pin adjusted by a sector and bolt.

2519. Variable crank pin adjusted by a transverse screw.

2520. Variable driving friction gear to give a variable speed to the bevil-wheel shaft A by varying the position of the friction pinions as regards the disc B.

2521. Variable adjustment for a spiral spring.

2522. Adjustable centre-piece or bearing for a spindle or rod.

2523. Variable radius hand crank.

2524. Variable throw crank pin.

2525. Variable motion taken from a revolving cylinder or shaft by a friction wheel, whose angle can be varied.

2526. Similar motion taken from a revolving disc.

Section 89.—VALVES AND COCKS.

(See also p. 198.)

2527. Slide valve ports, with gradual cut-off.

2528. Piston valve in section. See No. 1654. This construction avoids spring rings, which do not run well across the ports, the entire valve being sprung into the bore.

2529. Tube air valve. Can be made to open and shut by revolving, or by longitudinal motion.

2530. Corliss valve, with rectangular rocking spindle.

2531. Flume valve for water.

2532. Double cone valve for steam or water, closes the leakage round the screw when opened, and requires no packing.

2533. Double ported slide valve.

2534. Cone plug and rubber ring for plugging a pipe.

2535. Reversing valve for gas or air blast.

2536. Slide valve to give a wide port opening with short travel.

2537. Removable valve seat, or gland, secured by three set screws and lugs inside the valve box.

2538. Safety valve, with double ball joint seatings, held down by dead weight, hung on the outer case.

2539. Oscillating ring valve.

High-pressure hydraulic slide valves are now made of hard wood, such as lignum vitÆ, running on a bronze face; the wood valve is sometimes enclosed in a bronze body or strap.

2540. Hydraulic high-pressure valve, with renewable face.

2541. Tap, with crank movement, to open and close an ordinary mushroom valve.

2542. Spring loaded valve. May be opened by lifting, as shown, or by a horizontal pull in any direction, the pull rod being attached to the top of a fixed stud in the centre of the valve, which then tilts in opening.

2543. Safety valve, with knife edge.

2544. Screw plug bottle stopper. (Codd’s patent.)

2545. Dished grating valve.

Section 90.—WATER WHEELS AND TURBINES.

(See also p. 208.)

2546. Water-jet double turbine motor.

Section 91.—WHEELS IN SEGMENTS.

(See also p. 212.)

2547. Spider wheel or tension wheel. Cycle wheels are constructed on this principle, as also were the great wheels at Chicago and Earl’s Court. There are many varieties of this type.

2548. Steel railway wheel, with dished web. Wrought iron or steel disc fly-wheels are now in some cases replacing wheels with arms.

Fly-wheels are also constructed with the rim formed of wrought-iron bars wound round and rivetted together, or of heavy wire coiled round and secured with steel belts.

Section 92.—WEIGHING AND MEASURING.

(See also p. 214.)

2549. Differential weighing beam. The lower hook is suspended very near the centre line of the upper one, giving a close adjustment with a short graduated arm.

2550. Measuring or feed wheel, for seeds, &c. The little cups dip into the material, and carry it up to a shoot.

Even-flow regulator, for a tap. See No. 2204A.

2551. Wire and sheet V gauge.

2552. Balance, with angular weight, and graduated sector.

2553. Measuring tap.

Section 94.—WASHING.

(See also p. 216.)

2554. Rotary clothes washer. Consists of an internal perforated drum driven round in alternate directions inside a fixed drum, or other vessel containing soap and water.

2555. Archimedean circulator, for a washing trough.

Section 95.—WINDMILLS AND FEATHERING WHEELS.

(See also p. 218.)

2556. Feathering paddle wheel, or tide wheel. The three floats are maintained vertical by spur wheels on their spindle ends, which gear with idle pinions driven by a fixed central spur wheel of same size as those on the floats.

2557. Wind turbine. The vanes are formed as No. 1967, to receive the wind parallel to the axis.

Windmills are fitted with automatic regulating devices to adjust their angle area and direction to the force and direction of the wind.

Section 96.—WINDING APPARATUS.

(See also p. 220.)

2558. Fusee for round rope.

Section 97.—HANDLES, HANDWHEELS, KEYS AND SPANNERS.

(See also p. 220.)

2559. Dished handwheel.

2560. Bent handle, with looped end.

2561. Handle key for cock.

2562. Handwheel lock nuts for a screwed bolt or other fastening.

2563. Coned handle.

2564. Cranked key or spanner.

2565. Loop handle for plain lever.

2566. Hinged spanner for tightening nuts or screwed glands, having pin holes or notched edges.

2567. Cranked handle, offset.

2568. Bow handle. May be fixed or made to swivel.

2569. Balanced hand crank.

2570. Hand crank, with holes to vary the radius.

2571. Locked handwheels for valves, to be movable in a certain order only.

Section 98.—APPARATUS FOR DRAWING CURVES.

(See also p. 224.)

2572. Cycloidograph. The pencil is fixed to a sliding rod A, sliding in a socket on the pinion spindle B, and also is forced to travel along the slot C, in an open disc revolving between four rollers D.

Section 99.—MATERIALS EMPLOYED IN CONSTRUCTION.

(See also p. 224.)

2573. Ribbed plate or tram plate.

2574. Trough plate for flooring bridges &c.

2575. Trough plate for flooring bridges &c.

2576. Curved ditto. Hobson’s patent.

2577. Wrought-iron or steel dished piston forging.

2578. Wrought-iron flanged manhole forging.

2579. Trough flooring.

2580. Trough flooring.

Iron and Steel Plates.—It is essential to possess some knowledge of what sizes and weights are obtainable at ordinary prices, because it is frequently desirable to utilise the largest available, in order to save the cost of making joints. Frequently joints are made by riveting, not because they are wanted at all, but simply because they cost less than single plates would do. Information of this kind is only to be obtained from the price-lists of the iron and steel manufactures, which are supplied to the trade.

The meaning of “maximum dimensions” is thus:—Taking a 1¹/₂ plate, for example, the maximum dimensions of which are given in a list as 40' in length by 10' in width, it is not possible to get a plate measuring 40' by 10', for that would make a united area of 400', and the list limit is 150' area. But the area can be taken out either in length or in width, within the limiting length of 40' and width of 10'. The maximum area divided by any length in feet not exceeding the maximum, will give the maximum width for that length; and the maximum area divided by any width in feet not exceeding the maximum, will give the maximum length for that width. Thus, 150' area divided by the maximum length, i.e. 40, gives 3' 9 width of plate. Or 150' divided by the maximum width, i.e. 10, gives 15' length of plate. And for anything over these maximum dimensions special quotations have to be made. But no plate can be rolled to contain the greatest length and the greatest width at the same time.

Again, in reference to “extras,” many points have to be borne in mind. Thus, as regards shape, any departure from the rectangular form is an extra, as tapered plates, sketches, i.e. any irregular outlines, and also circles. The extra, under this head, may be about 25s. per ton. As regards thickness, plates under ¹/₄ thick are an extra, rated at from 10s. to 20s. per ton more. As regards width and length, quite special terms are made, amounting to 5s. perhaps on each 3, a serious item. And as regards weight, steel plates over about 40 cwt. are charged extra, at the rate of about 5s. per 5 cwt.

To give examples: The Steel Co. of Scotland roll steel plates from ¹/₁₆ to 1¹/₂ thick, and from an area in the first case of 30' to 150' in the latter. The thicknesses advance by thirty-seconds in thickness up to ³/₁₆, by sixteenths up to ¹/₂ and by eighths up to 1¹/₂. The following table will give an idea of their limiting sizes, which may be taken as fairly typical of steel plates in general. It will be seen that I have included only a few of the thicknesses named above.

David Colville and Sons roll plates from to ¹/₄ to 1¹/₂ in thickness with an area of 80' in the first and 140' in the last; other sizes intermediate. But by special arrangement plates ¹/₄ thick can be rolled to 140' area, and 1¹/₂ of 170'. Thirty hundredweight is the limit of weight in ship plates, and 40 in boiler plates. Plates up to 6¹/₂ tons weight each can be rolled at special prices. It is impossible to roll plates exactly to weight, and it is usual to allow a deviation of from 2¹/₂ per cent. to 5 per cent. over weight for boiler plates, and under or over for ordinary plates.

The Parkhead Steel Works roll ¹/₁₆ plates to a maximum area of 36', ¹/₄ plates to 70', ¹/₂ plates of 110', ³/₄ plates of 140', 1 plates of 150', and 1¹/₄ plates of 150' area. The limiting weights are 20 cwt. for ship plates, and 40 cwt. for boiler plates. Above these 5s. per 5 cwt., or part of the same, is charged.

The Weardale Iron and Coal Co. roll steel plates from to ¹/₄ to 1¹/₂ thick, with a maximum area of 60' in the first, and 120' in the second; 30' is the maximum length, and 8' the maximum width. Circular plates are also rolled from 5' 6 diameter of ¹/₄ thick, to 8' 6 diameter in 1¹/₂ thick. All ordinary thicknesses, also intermediate between these, are rolled.

The limiting weights and dimensions of the steel plates of Bolekow, Vaughan and Co. are 18 cwt. 80 sq. ft. in area, 23' in length, and between 12 and 60 in width. Extras are, for every hundredweight, or part of the same above 18 cwt., 10s.; for every foot, or part of a foot, above 23' in length, 5s.; for every square foot above 80 sq. ft., 1s.

John Brown and Co., Sheffield, roll steel plates from to ¹/₈ to 1¹/₄ in thickness. A few selected thicknesses are given below.

Circular and square plates of the same thicknesses can be rolled as follows:—

The Dalzell Steel Works of David Colville and Sons, make a difference in the extras in the case of steel boiler and of ship plates. Ordinary prices are charged to 84 wide in boiler plates, but to 72 only in ship plates. Above that they charge 5s. per ton for every 3, or part of 3. So in weight, 40 cwt. is the limit for boiler plates, and 30 cwt. for ship plates; over those 5s. per ton is charged for every 5 cwt., or part of 5 cwt. Circular plates for boiler ends and crowns are rolled by David Colville and Sons, who supply at ordinary prices the following: ³/₄ thick, 9' 10 diameter; ¹¹/₁₆, 9' 6; ⁵/₈, 9', and ⁹/₁₆, 8' 6.

As a sample of the usual limiting sizes of iron plates, I give the following:—It consists of a few selected Snedshill plates rolled by the Lilleshall Company, one of the most favourably known Shropshire houses. They roll iron sheets and boiler plates from ¹/₁₆ to 1 in thickness, advancing by thirty-seconds to ³/₁₆, and by sixteenths to 1.

It will be observed that the limiting sizes of iron are much less than those of steel.

The Butterly Company roll both iron and steel plates. The limiting weights and dimensions are as follows:—For iron boiler quality, 8 cwt., above that the extra prices are, 20s., 40s., 60s., 80s. respectively, from 8 cwt. to 10 cwt., 10 cwt. to 12 cwt., 12 cwt. to 14 cwt., and 14 cwt. to 16 cwt. respectively. For bridge quality, 10 cwt. is the limit, and extras are 20s. and 40s., from 10 cwt. to 12 cwt., and from 12 cwt. to 16 cwt. respectively. Area 60', and for every 10' or part above that, 20s.; length 25'; width 4'6; over those various extras, ranging from 20s. to 80s.

Section 101.—DRAWING AND ROLLING METALS, &c.

(See also p. 234.)

2581. Bending block, for bar iron.

Section 106.—DOORS, MANHOLES AND COVERS.

(See also p. 242.)

2582. Screw plug, with two lugs to screw it up by a plain bar placed between them.

2583. New form of manhole door.

2584. Screw fixing for a plug, door, or valve, quickly released or secured.

2585. Hollow plug, with square recess for a key or spanner. Flush plug.

2586. Soot door.

2587. Funnel plug, for filling oil reservoirs, &c.

2588. Wrought iron or steel manhole door, dished.

2589. Oven door, lifts out of the catch by leaving sufficient play in the top hinge.

Larger plate.

2590. Soot door.

2591. Soot door in section, opened by pulling outwards and downwards; the hook at top prevents it falling out.

2592. Screw cap or cover.

2593. Revolving door.

2594. Sliding door for furnaces, &c. The weight of door may be relieved by rollers at top, as shown.

2595. Door or manhole held up by two wedges.

S traps. D traps. These are divided chambers, or bent portions of pipes, designed to always contain a well of water so as to cut off any currents of air or gases that would otherwise pass along the pipes.

Street manholes and lampholes are round, rectangular, or oval covers, strongly made to carry street traffic, and fitted in strong cast-iron frames, so as to be easily removable, and yet practically air-tight. Those fitted over sewer manholes are frequently provided with charcoal filters to arrest foul gases.

Section 107.—FEED GEAR.

2596. Ink feed, for printing machines.

2597. Ticket feeding gear.

2598. Feed worm, with air blast.

2599. Hand or power feed gear, for a drill, boring machine, &c.

2600. Feed motion for shapers, &c., reversible.

2601. Feed motion for shapers, &c., reversible.

2602. Friction pawl feed motion, silent. See also Section 62.

Section 108.—FILTERING.

Through porous pots.

Through porous solids, such as charcoal.

Through pumice stone, chalk, &c.

Through porous fabrics, flannel, paper, &c.

Through sponge, spongy platinum.

Through sand, gravel, calcined ores, &c.

Through wire gauges, hair gauge, &c.

Reversible filters, such as the “Thames,” &c., are made self-cleansing by reversing the flow for a short time through a waste pipe, thus washing out the deposit.

2603. Filtering cone, formed of wire cloth inside a pipe.

LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND sons, LIMITED.
GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W., AND DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E.