In Byways of Scottish History

FOOTNOTES:

—MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS—

[1] For an account of this poem, Maister Randolphe's Fantasie, see pages 91-98.

[2] As bearing on the subject of Mary's personal appearance and the fidelity of her portraits, the following passages from an article contributed to the Glasgow Herald, as a review of Mr. J. J. Foster's work, Concerning the True Portraiture of Mary Queen of Scots, may here be reproduced: "Mr. Foster points out 'in some cases a slight but perceptible squint'. We have noticed this in one or two instances only, and in portraits which, though they may be authentic, are technically inferior; and we are consequently more inclined to attribute the defect to the artist than to nature. The majority of the most trustworthy portraits agree in making the upper eyelids thick, with an uninterrupted curve, in setting the arched, well-marked eyebrows wide apart, and in giving an exceptionally broad space between the eyes and the ears. The oval face, the high cheek-bones, the round, well-proportioned and capacious forehead, the long but shapely Greek nose, are features with regard to which there is practical unanimity. Even if Sir George Scharf had not pointed it out, it would hardly be possible to overlook the peculiarity of the compressed lips. They are not thin, however, though, on the other hand, they are very far from possessing that fulness which physiognomists look upon as an indication of sensuality. Another feature, so often reproduced as to be almost characteristic and distinctive, is the strongly-marked V depression in the middle of the upper lip. The cheek is full in its lower part, but not unduly so. The chin is well-developed, but is neither cloven nor dimpled.... Prince Labanoff declared that, with the exception of one portrait—and that of dubious authenticity—none renders even youth or average beauty. Quite recently Major Martin Hume wrote of Mary that 'a contemplation of her known authentic portraits, even those taken in the best years of her youth and happiness, does not carry conviction that her physical beauty alone can have been the cause of the extraordinary influence she exercised over the men who came within the sphere of her attraction'. And now we have Mr. Foster admitting that 'scarcely any of the so-called portraits of Mary Stuart bear out the reputation of her beauty'; and that 'all her pictures entirely lack that indefinable charm which captivated everyone brought in contact with her'. He seems to attribute this, in some measure, at least, to the imperfections of the artists of the time. He might perhaps have added, to the unfavourable circumstances under which they worked. For, as M. Dimier tells us, 'the oil-painting was never attempted from life. The artist brought away from his model nothing but the crayon and some written notes concerning the complexion, colour of hair, and of the eyes; he handled the colours only in his studio, and finished the work at his leisure'. We know, too, of Mary Stuart, in particular, that she ordered portraits of herself to be painted in France, fourteen years after leaving the country."

[3] Œuvres, vol. ii, p. 1172.

[4] Memoirs, p. 124.

[5] BrantÔme, t. v, p. 94.

[6] Memoirs, p. 123.

[7] T. Wright's Queen Elizabeth and her Time, vol. i, p. 311.

[8] G. Chalmers, Life of Queen Mary, vol. i, pp. 443-4.

[9] Œuvres, vol. ii, pp. 1172-4.

[10] Melville's Memoirs, p. 124.

[11] T. v, p. 86.

[12] Œuvres, l. c.

[13] History of the Reformation, vol. ii, p. 381.

[14] Teulet, Papiers d'État, t. ii, p. 883.

[15] T. v, pp. 83-4.

[16] RhÉtorique FranÇoise, Paris, 1555.

[17] Latin Themes of Mary Stuart, published by Anatole de Montaiglon.

[18] Letter from Randolph to Cecil, 7 April, 1562.

[19] BrantÔme, t. v., p. 84.

[20] Inventories of Mary Queen of Scots. Bannatyne Club, p. 179 et seq.

[21] Inventories, p. cv.

[22] "Concionero de Romances", Inventories, p. cxlvi.

[23] Unless it be he that is meant in the entry: "Danies Vgieri in Italian", Inventories, p. cxliv.

[24] Haynes's Collection of State Papers, p. 509.

[25] Sir H. Ellis's Original Letters Illustrative of English History, First Series, vol. ii, p. 252.

[26] Inventories, p. 179.

[27] "Pantagruell in Frenche", Inventories, p. cxlvi.

[28] Œuvres de Ronsard, vol. ii, p. 1171.

[29] For a full account of this literary forgery, see below, pp. 79-90.

[30] The following scheme shows how these anagrams were formed:—

1
M

2
A

3
R

4
I

5
E

6
S

7
T

8
V

9
V

10
A

11
R

12
T

13
E

6
S

2
A

8
V

5
E

3
R

7
T

9
V

1
M'

10
A

12
T

4
I

11
R

13
E

8
S

2
A

7
T

9
V

1
M

5
E

3
R

4
I

12
T

13
E

11
R

10
A

6
S

[31] "G. Conaei vita Mariae Stuartae, 1624", in Jebb, vol. ii, p. 15.

[32] Diary, 24 Nov., 1665.

[33] Letter from Randolph to Cecil, 15 May, 1563.

[34] P. 87.

[35] Con, in Jebb, vol. ii, p. 15.

[36] P. 125.

[37] Ibid.

[38] In Jebb, l. c.

[39] Basilikon Doron, p. 125, edit. 1603.

[40] Compotum Thesaurarii ReginÆ Scotorum, 30 Nov., 1565.

[41] Thomson's Collection of Inventories, pp. 238-40.

[42] Inventories, p. cxxi.

[43] Letter to Cecil, in Haynes's State Papers, pp. 509-10.

[44] De Regno et Regali Potestate, edit. 1612, pp. 279-80.

[45] Inventories, pp. xc, 141, 148.

[46] Prince Labanoff, Lettres de Marie Stuart, t. iv, pp. 228-9.

[47] Cf. "Le Vray Rapport de l'exÉcution faicte sur la personne de la Royne d'Escosse", published by Teulet, Papiers d'Etat, &c., p. 884.

[48] History of the Reformation, vol. ii, p. 373.

[49] Inventories, p. lxix.

—THE FOUR MARYS—

[50] Knox's History of the Reformation, pp. 373, 374.

[51] Writing to Cecil on the 31st of December, 1563, Randolph reports: "The frenche potticarie and the woman he gotte with chylde were bothe hanged thys present Fridaye".

[52] In Mr. Andrew Lang's book, The Valet's Tragedy and other Studies, pp. 291-311, there is an exhaustive discussion of the various points that arise in connection with the ballad of "The Queen's Marie".

[53] Bishop Lesley's History of Scotland, p. 209.

[54] BrantÔme, t. v, p. 74.

[55] Knox's History of the Reformation, book v, vol. ii, p. 495.

[56] Annals of Scotland, p. 14.

[57] Diurnal of Occurrents, p. 87.

[58] Calendar of State Papers, Eliz., vol. ix.

—MARY FLEMING—

[59] Miscellany of the Maitland Club, vol. ii, pp. 390-3.

[60] Epigrammatum, lib. iii.

[61] Calendar of State Papers, Eliz., vol. ix, No. 47 B.

[62] Calendar of State Papers, Eliz., vol. x, Feb. 28, 1565.

[63] Calendar of State Papers, Eliz., vol. x, 31 March, 1565.

[64] Calendar of State Papers, Eliz., vol. x, 3 June, 1565.

[65] Calendar of State Papers, Eliz., vol. xi, 31 Oct., 1565.

[66] Inventories, p. 113.

[67] Inventories, p. 124.

[68] "A Flamy. Vne brodure dor esmaille de blancq et rouge contenante xxxvij pieces.
Vne brodure dorelette de mesme faÇon garnye de lj piece esmaille de blancq et rouge.
Vne cottouere de mesme faÇon contenante soixante piece esmaille de blanc et rouge.
Vng quarquan esmaille aussy de blancq et rouge garny de vingt une piece.
Vne chesne a saindre en semblable faÇon contenante lij pieces esmaillez de blanc et rouge et vng vaze pandant au bout."—Inventories, p. 116.

[69] Inventories, p. 69.

[70] MS. Fragment in the Register House; cf. Inventories, p. 1.

[71] Prince Labanoff, Lettres de Marie Stuart, t. v, p. 222.

[72] Memoirs, p. 256.

[73] Calderwood, History of the Kirk of Scotland, vol. iii, p. 285.

[74] G. Chalmers, Life of Mary Queen of Scots, vol. iii, p. 615.

[75] Calendar of State Papers, vol. iv, p. 599.

[76] Thomson's Collection of Inventories, p. 193; cf. Calendar of State Papers, vol. iv, Oct. 19, 1573; and Inventories of Mary, p. clvii.

[77] Printed in Letters from Lady Margaret Burnet to John, Duke of Lauderdale, p. 83. Bannatyne Club.

[78] Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland, vol. iii, p. 313.

—MARY LIVINGSTON—

[79] G. Chalmers' Life of Queen Mary, vol. i, p. 109.

[80] Inventories, p. 139.

[81] Ibid., p. 145.

[82] Teulet, Papiers d'Etat relatifs À l'Histoire de l'Ecoss, t. ii, p. 32.

[83] Miss Strickland's Lives of the Queens of Scotland, vol. iv, p. 95.

[84] Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland, vol. i, p. 204.

[85] Ibid., p. 207.

[86] History of the Reformation, vol. ii, p. 415.

[87] Prince Labanoff, Lettres de Marie Stuart, t. iv, p. 341.

[88] Inventories, pp. xlvii, 31, 65, 68, 70.

[89] Ibid., p. xlvii.

[90] Teulet, op. cit., p. 167.

—MARY BETON—

[91] Inventories, xlviii.

[92] Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland, vol. i, p. 208.

[93] Inventories, p. xlviii.

[94] Inventories, p. 124.

[95] Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland, vol. ii, p. 825.

[96] Inventories, p. 63.

—MARY SETON—

[97] P. 42.

[98] Inventories, p. lii.

[99] Miss Strickland's Lives of the Queens of Scotland, vol. vii, pp. 266, 271, 441.

[100] G. Chalmers' Life of Queen Mary, vol. i, pp. 443-4.

[101] Labanoff, op. cit., t. vii, p. 123; t. iii, p. 116; t. iv, p. 215.

[102] T. v, p. 98.

[103] The original is written in French.

[104] Labanoff, op. cit., t. iv, pp. 341-4, 377-81, 389, 390, 401, 402.

[105] Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland, vol. ii, p. 1014.

—THE SONG OF MARY STUART—

[106] T. v, pp. 84, 85, 88-90, 123.

[107] PÉrigueux, Cassard frÉres.

[108] Ibid.

—MAISTER RANDOLPHE'S FANTASIE—

[109] Earl of Morton to the Earl of Bedford, 24 May, 1566.

[110] Thomas Randolph to Sir William Cecil, 26 May, 1566.

[111] Ibid.

[112] Thomas Randolph to Sir William Cecil, 26 May, 1566.

[113] Ibid.

[114] Ibid.

[115] Ibid.

[116] Thomas Randolph to Sir William Cecil, 20 Aug., 1565.

[117] Ibid. 9 Sept., 1565.

[118] Ibid. 15 Dec., 1565.

[119] Thomas Randolph to the Earl of Bedford, 30 Sept., 1565.

[120] "Instructions for certain persons to be sent into Scotland to commune respecting ... assaults upon Thomas Randolph."—State Papers.

[121] Thomas Randolph to the Earl of Leicester, 18 Oct., 1565.

[122] Thomas Randolph to Sir W. Cecil, 19 Feb., 1566; the Queen of Scots to Queen Elizabeth, 20 Feb., 1566.

[123] Ibid.

[124] Queen Elizabeth to the Queen of Scots, 3 March, 1566.

[125] Queen Elizabeth to the Queen of Scots, 15 March, 1566.

[126] Thomas Randolph to Sir W. Cecil, 6 March, 1566.

[127] Thomas Randolph to Sir William Cecil, 26 May, 1566.

[128] Thomas Randolph to Sir William Cecil, Berwick, 7 June, 1566.

[129] Queen Elizabeth to the Queen of Scots, Greenwich, 13 June, 1566.

[130] Randolph to Cecil, 26 May, 1566.

[131] Several years after this was written, the Fantasie was published in one of the volumes of the "Scottish Texts Society". It has not, however, been thought necessary to alter the present, or any other, reference to the poem, or the documents bearing on it, as inedited.

[132] State Papers. Scotland—Elizabeth, vol xi., 31 Dec., 1565.

[133] fforweriÉd, wearied out.

[134] slipper, slippery.

[135] pervse, employ, have recourse to.

[136] scande, attended to.

[137] When as, whilst.

[138] decree, hold sway.

[139] wone, wont.

[140] perst, pierced.

[141] mase, wild fancy.

[142] rase the seige, carry on the siege with increased vigour.

[143] regestreth the found pretence, shows the infatuation.

[144] reporte, quote.

[145] sturde, stirred up.

[146] stiveling sture, stifling passion.

[147] mufflled contre-packe, secret opposition party.

[148] eche where, everywhere.

[149] grated, sought with importunity.

[150] curre favell, curried favour.

[151] rowme, position.

[152] powder it, create bustle or pother.

[153] trade, course.

[154] alludinge, deceiving.

[155] vnlade, give free scope to.

[156] brute, report.

[157] to bear the freey in court—this expression, which is evidently intended to convey the idea of influence or exalted position, may be connected with the French faire les frais.

[158] Randolph to Cecil, 31 Oct., 1565.

[159] Randolph to Cecil, 4 July, 1565.

[160] Ibid., 19 July, 1565.

[161] Cecil's Journal.

[162] Randolph to Cecil, 12 Oct., 1565.

[163] Diurnal of Occurrents.

[164] Randolph to Cecil, 2 July, 1565.

[165] Diurnal of Occurrents.

[166] Knox's History of the Reformation.

[167] Queen Mary to Archbishop Beton, 1 Oct., 1565.

[168] History of the Reformation, p. 383.

[169] pirrye, peril.

[170] incest, given rise to.

[171] trades, course of action.

[172] Gwyssian, belonging to the Guise family.

[173] madlie, maidenly.

[174] proport, proportion.

[175] affatethe, proclaims.

[176] Probably Sandyford, close to the river Cart, between Paisley and Renfrew. A tradition, still current in the neighbourhood, asserts that Mary once slept at Crookston Castle then belonging to the Lennox family. It may have been on this occasion, documentary evidence of any other opportunity for a visit to the Castle not being extant.

[177] to wage, to raise.

[178] trayns, bands.

[179] Capt. Cokbourn to Cecil.

[180] dome, judgment, opinion.

[181] P. 135.

—THE FIRST "STUART" TRAGEDY—

[182] Les TragÉdies de Montchrestien, Paris, 1891, p. xxij.

[183] Op. cit., pp. 72-3.

[184] Op. cit., p. 80.

[185] Op. cit., p. 87.

[186] Op. cit., pp. 88, 89.

[187] Op. cit., p. 92.

[188] Op. cit., p. 93.

[189] Op. cit., pp. 101, 102.

[190] Op. cit., pp. 109, 110.

—LORETTO—

[191] History of the Regality of Musselburgh, p. 95.

[192] Item, for xxxvj elnis and ane quarter blechit bertane canwes to be thre albis, thre ametis, and thre altar towellis to oure Lady Chapell of Laureit, price of the elne iijs. iiijd.; summa . . . . . . . . . vjli. xd.
Item, to be thre croces to the chesabillis and to paill the fruntale, v-1/2 elnis quhite satyne, price of the elne xxxijs.; summa . . . . . . . . . viijli. xvjs.
Item, to be armes apoun the thre chesabillis and fruntell, ane quarter yallow satyne, price . . . . . . . . . viijs.
Item, to be frenzeis to the fruntell, ij unces silk, price thairof . . . . . . . . . xs.
Item, for bukrem, rubanis, making and uthir furnessing of the thre vestimentis, fruntell, stoill and parolis . . . . . . . . . iiijli. vs.
Item, to the broidstar for brodering of the Kingis armes apoun the saidis thre vestimentis and fruntell . . . . . . . . . xxvjs. viijd.
Item, for weving of the frenzeis to the fruntell, sewing of the albis, and croces to the towellis . . . . . . . . . xxvjs. viijd.
—Vol. vi, pp. 200-1.

[193] Accounts, vol. vi, p. lxij.

[194] Accounts, p. 299.

[195] Ane Dialog betuix Experience and ane Courteour, ll. 2661, et seq.

[196] Ibid., l. 2665.

[197] Ibid., ll. 2690-2.

[198] "In these tymes there was besyde Mussilburgh, St. Allarit's chapell, and in these tymes of ignorance and superstition, it was believed that if women that were in hard labour did sent ane offering to the Preist and Freirs there, they wold get easy delyverance."—History of the Regality of Musselburgh, p. 101.

[199] Calderwood, History of the Kirk of Scotland, vol. i, pp. 101-2. Another and less prejudiced account of this John Scott is given by Peder Swave, who visited Scotland in 1535, as Ambassador from Christian II of Denmark to James V: "On the 11th of May I met with a hermit, named John Scott, a person of noble rank, who had quitted a beautiful wife, and children, and all his household, and determined to live by himself in solitude. He ate nothing but bread, and drank nothing save water or milk. He is believed to have endured a fast of forty days and nights in Scotland, England, and Italy. He also says that, when impelled by a higher power, he could not perish by fasting, as by the kindness of the Holy Virgin he has already been able to prove; if he should wish to do this by way of wager or bargain, that he would fail. He declares that he has no sensation of hunger when he fasts, that he loses neither his strength nor his flesh, feels neither heat nor cold, goes about with head and feet naked equally in summer and winter, and that his manner of life does not induce the approaches of age. Asked by me why he left such a beautiful wife, he replied that he wished to be a soldier of Heaven, and that whether his wife determined to serve God or the world was a matter of indifference to him. By chance there was amongst us a canon regular who said that he had been asked by the hermit's wife to reconcile them, but had taken the task upon him to no purpose."—Hume Brown, Early Travellers in Scotland, p. 56.

[200] Row, History of the Kirk of Scotland, Woodrow Society's edition.

[201] History of the Regality of Musselburgh, p. 106.

—THE ISLE OF MAY—

[202] Statistical Account of Scotland, vol. iii, p. 84.

[203] Sibbald, History of Fife, p. 101.

[204] Hume Brown, Early Travellers in Scotland, pp. 68-69.

[205] Hume Brown, Scotland before 1700, p. 78.

[206] Breviar. Aberdonen., Pars Hyemalis, fol. lxii.

[207] Book vi, c. 8.

[208] Vita S. Kentigerni, pp. lxxxiii-iv.

[209] Carte Prioratus Insule de May, Charters 12-18.

[210] Records of the Priory of the Isle of May, p. xiv.

[211] Carte Prioratus, Charter 24.

[212] Carte Prioratus, Charter 25.

[213] Charters 26, 27, 33.

[214] Carte Prioratus, Charters 29, 30.

[215] Charter 35.

[216] Carte Prioratus, Charter 38.

[217] Charter 39.

[218] Records of the Priory of the Isle of May, p. xx and Charter 40.

[219] Records of the Priory of the Isle of May, p. xxi and Charter 41.

[220] Records of the Priory of the Isle of May, p. ix.

[221] "Proceedings Relative to the Claim of the Abbot and Convent of Reading on the Priory of the Isle of May", op. cit., p. lxxxv, et seq.

[222] Op. cit., p. xxv.

[223] Op. cit., p. lxxxiij.

[224] Op. cit., p. xxviij.

[225] Op. cit., p. xxvi.

[226] Op. cit., pp. xcvij, et seq.

[227] Pinkerton, History of Scotland, vol. i, p. 208.

[228] Records of the Priory of the Isle of May, p. lxxvi, et seq.

[229] Lockhart, Life of Sir Walter Scott, chap. xxviii.

—EDINBURGH AND HER PATRON SAINT—

[230] Pars Estiva, Folio xcvi.

[231] History of Edinburgh, pp. 267-8.

[232] History of Edinburgh, pp. 267-8.

[233] History of the Reformation, pp. 95-6.

—THE ROCK OF DUMBARTON—

[234] Sir W. Fraser, The Lennox, vol. i, p. 43.

[235] Ware, Irish Antiquities, p. 108.

[236] Sir W. Fraser, op. cit., p. 76.

[237] Sir W. Fraser, op. cit., pp. 78 and 236.

[238] Ibid., p. 77.

[239] Wyntoun's Orygynale Cronykil, vol. ii, p. 397.

[240] Ibid., p. 398.

[241] State Papers, Scotland: Elizabeth, vol. xviii, No. 45.

[242] Bannatyne's Memoriales, p. 196.

[243] History of the Troubles in Scotland and England, vol. i, pp. 157, 158.

—JAMES VI AS STATESMAN AND POET—

[244] Essay on John Hampden.

[245] Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, vol. vii, p. xxvii.

[246] Tytler, History of Scotland, p. 238.

[247] Tytler, History of Scotland, p. 238.

[248] Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, vol. vi, pp. 581-2.

[249] Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, vol. vi, p. 594.

[250] Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, vol. vii, p. xxv.

[251] Westcott, New Poems by James I of England.

[252] Westcott, New Poems by James I of England.

[253] Ibid.

[254] Ibid.

[255] Op. cit., p. lxxx.

[256] Op. cit., p. lxxxi.

[257] Edited by R. P. Gillies, Edin., 1814; The Authour to the Reader.

[258] Westcott, op. cit., p. xlv.

[259] Calderwood, Historie of the Kirk of Scotland, vol. iii, Appendix, p. 784.

[260] Op. cit., p. lxix.

[261] Ibid., p. 15-16.

[262] Op. cit., p. 39.

[263] "In the Muses' Welcome to King James, printed at Edinburgh in 1618, folio, the royal visitor greeted his Scottish subjects with a string of punning rhymes on the names of certain learned professors, which some of them were sagacious enough to turn into Latin. As a sample of the literary taste which prevailed at this academic visitation, these quibbling verses on the name of the college disputants are here subjoined:—

As Adam was the first of men, whence all beginning tak So Adam-son was president, and first man in this act. The theses Fair-lie did defend, which though they lies contain, Yet were fair-lies and he the same right fairlie did maintain. The field first entred master Sands, and there he made me see That not all Sands are barren sands, but that some fertile bee. Then master Young most subtilie the theses did impugne, And kythed old in Aristotle, although his name bee Young. To him succeeded master Reid, who though reid be his name Neids neither for his disput blush, nor of his speach think shame. Last entred master King the lists, and dispute like a King How reason reigning as a queene should anger underbring. To their deserved praise have I thus played upon their names; And wills their colledge hence be called the Colledge of King James." —Horace Walpole, Catalogue of Royal and Noble Authors, Edit. 1806, vol. i, p. 125.

—THE INVASION OF AILSA CRAIG—

[264] State Papers, Scotland: Elizabeth, vol. xlix, No. 51. Robert Bowes to Lord Burghley.

[265] Calderwood, Historie of the Kirk of Scotland, vol. v, pp. 192, 193.

[266] State Papers, Scotland: Elizabeth, vol. l, No. 30. Bowes to Burghley.

[267] State Papers, Scotland: Elizabeth, vol. i, No. 62.

[268] State Papers, Scotland: Elizabeth, vol. lx, Nos. 34, 80.

[269] Ibid., vol. lxi, Nos. 12, i; 17; Register of the Privy Council, vol. v, pp. 393, 394.

[270] Vol. v, p. 402.

[271] Register of the Privy Council, vol. v, p. 394.

—THE STORY OF A BALLAD—"KINMONT WILLIE"—

[272] Spottswood, p. 415.

[273] Register of the Privy Council, vol. v, p. 761-2.

[274] Register of the Privy Council, pp. 323, 324.

—A RAID ON THE WEE CUMBRAE—

[275] Register of the Privy Council, vol. vi, pp. 279-281.

—RIOTOUS GLASGOW—

[276] Register of the Privy Council, vol. vii, p. 141.

[277] The official records bearing on "this commotioun of Glasgow" are to be found in the Register of the Privy Council, pp. 230-1, 233, 235, 240-7, 500, 501-2.

—THE OLD SCOTTISH ARMY—

[278] Act Parl., vol. i, Coll. Frag., p. 752.

[279] It has been suggested that Christis Kirk of the Grene, being "a jocund skit upon the ludicrous incapacity of the Scottish rustic to handle a bow", may have been intended "to fortify the statutes of law by the aids of ridicule and satire" (Ross, Early Scottish History and Literature).

[280] Act Parl., vol. ii, p. 8.

[281] Act Parl., vol. ii, p. 10.

[282] Act Parl., vol. ii, p. 45.

[283] Act Parl., vol. ii, p. 48.

[284] Act Parl., vol. ii, p. 100.

[285] Act Parl., vol. ii, p. 346.

[286] This was in accordance with the very first of the instructions embodied in the Bruce's "Testamnt", those fourteen lines of which Mr. Oman says that they "contain all the principles on which the Scots, when well advised, acted for the next two hundred and fifty years".

"On fut suld be all Scottis weire, By hyll and mosse themselff to reare. Lat woods for wallis be bow and speire, That innymeis do them na deire. In strait placis gar keip all store, And byrnen ye planeland thaim before. Thane sall thai pass away in haist When that thai find na thing but waist. With wyles and waykings of the nyght And mekill noyis maid on hytht, Thaim sall ye turnen with gret affrai, As thai ware chassit with swerd away. This is the consall and intent Of gud King Robert's testiment."

[287] Reg. Priv. Coun., vol. i, p. 62.

[288] "Victual" is the old Scots term for grain of any kind.

[289] Reg. Priv. Coun., sub. ann. cit.

[290] Reg. Priv. Coun., sub. ann. cit.

—THE "LONG-TAIL" MYTH—

[291] Sir James Melville's Memoirs, pp. 171-2.

[292] Communicated by Professor Wattenbach, of Berlin, to the Anzeiger fÜr Kunde der Deutschen Vorzeit, 1874.

[293]

Anglicus a tergo caudam gerit: est pecus ergo; Cum tibi dicit "Ave", sicut ab hoste cave.

[294] La diversitÉ des contrÉes excitait entre eux des dissensions, des haines et des animositÉs virulentes, et ils se faisaient impudemment les uns aux autres toutes sortes d'affronts et d'insultes. Ils affirmaient que les Anglais Étaient buveurs et couÉs.—Jacques de Vitry, Traduction Guizot, p. 292.

[295] Mirum est quomodo non erubescunt fieri similes jumentis insipientibus, ut videantur animalia caudata; nec sufficit eis honor creacionis, quod est quod inter cetera animalia eas Deus fecit sine cauda. In hoc caudatae contumeliam Deo faciunt, cujus opus imperfectum et insufficiens, quantum in ipsis est ostendunt, dum creacioni suae caudas addunt. Item, mirum est quod non erubescunt esse caudatae, cum Anglici erubescunt caudati vocari.—Tractatus de Diversis Materiis praedicalibus, SociÉtÉ de l'Histoire de France, vol. 60, p. 234.

[296] Tota injuriarum de rege Anglorum et caudatis suis ultio quaeritur; Graeculi enim et Siculi omnes hunc regem sequentes Anglos et caudatos nominabant.—Richard of Devizes, English History Society, p. 20.

[297] Richard Coer de Leon, Weber's Metrical Romances, vol. ii, 31.

[298] P. 83.

[299] Ibid.

[300]

. . . la Grifonaille De la vile et la garÇonaille, Gent estraite de Sarazins, Ramponouent noz pelerins; Lor deiz es oilz nos aportouent E chiens pudneis nus apelouent E chascon jor nos laidissouent E nos pelerins mordrissouent E les jetouent es privees Dont les oevres furent provees. —Monument. Germ., vol. xxvii, p. 535.

[301] P. 95.

[302]

Rex in Rupella regnat, et amodo bella Non timet Anglorum, quia caudas fregit eorum.

[303]

Ad nostras caudas Francos, ductos ut alaudas Perstrinxit restis, superest Lincolnia testis.

[304] Fertur etiam comes Atrabatensis super his dixisse cum cachinno, "Nunc bene mundatur magnificorum exercitus Francorum a caudatis".—Matthew Paris, vol. v, 134.

[305] Comes Atrabatensis rapiens verbum ab ore ejus, more Gallico reboans et indecenter jurans, audientibus multis, os in haec convitia resolvit, dicens, "O timidorum caudatorum formidolositas, quam beatus, quam mundus praesens foret exercitus, si a caudis purgaretur et caudatis".—Id., vol. v, p. 151.

[306] Erimus, credo, hodie, ubi non audebis caudam equi attingere.—Ibid.

[307] According to another account, based on Joinville's narrative, Artois "was slain in the town, and his surcoat with the royal French lilies was exhibited to the Moslems as a proof that the King of the Franks had fallen".—Oman, The Art of War in the Middle Ages, p. 346.

[308] The authorities for this incident are:—
(I) Rishanger, "Tunc accesserunt ad Philippum, Regem Franciae, quibus grata fuit regni turbatio; et ejus bilem contra Anglicos commoverunt, dicentes turpe fore sibi, gentique suae, ut a caudatis taliter tractarentur", p. 130-1.
(II) The Chronicle of Lanercost, "Hoc anno orta est guerra in Neustria inter Francos et Anglos, apud Depe, dum cives illius loci inhumane Portuenses nostros caede et rapina afficiunt, occasione unius rudentis, quinimmo elatione sui principis provocati, videlicet, Karoli fratris Regis Franciae, qui odium conceperat gentis nostrae, eo quod non potuit fratrem proprium regno supplantare, Regis Edwardi consilio fulcitum in hoc parte. Nam, ut virus conceptum evidentius evomeret, multas peregrinis et scholasticis irrogavit molestias, quosdam etiam pauperes suspendio trucidavit, et canes vivos, eorum ut reputabat similes, lateribus eorum appendit", p. 150.
(III) Henri Knighton, "Et cum (Normanni) die quadam sex naves anglicanas obvias habuissent, easdem hostiliter aggressi, duas ex ipsis continuo perimerunt, suspendentes homines in navibus ad trabes navium suarum, et sic per mare navigantes, nullam faciebant differentiam inter canem et Anglicum", vol. i, p. 336.

[309]

Hoc quatuor cullos Gallorum tempore pullos Vincent caudati, pro caudis improperati.

[310] Wright, Political Poems and Songs (Rolls Series), vol. i.

[311]

O gens Anglorum, morum flos gesta tuorum, Cur tu Francorum procuras damna bonorum, Servorum Christi, quos tractas crimine tristi? Et servant isti fidem quam bis renuisti; Sub specie casti fraudem tu semper amasti. Scindas annosam caudam quam fers venenosam, Exaudi praesto tu praesul et memor esto: Qui te caudavit Deus ipsum sanctificavit. —Wright, op. cit. vol. ii, p. 127-8.

[312]

Le Roy Engloys se faisoyt appeler Le roy de France, par s'appellation; A voulu hors du pays mener Les bons FranÇoys horz de leur natyon. Or est il mort À Sainct Fiacre en Brye. Du pays de France ils sont tous deboutez: Il n'est plus mot de ces Engloys couez. Mauldicte en soyt tres toute la lignye. —Chanson xiv, Edit. L. Du Bois, p. 173.

[313] "ArriÉre, Englois couÉs, arriÉre." The poem was discovered by M. Paul Meyer, and published in Romania, 1892, p. 51.

[314]

(Les Anglais) s'en alÉrent À Rouen par eaue et par terre. Et a leur dÉpartement, firent lesdiz Parisiens grand huÉe, en criant: "A la Keuwe!"—Chap. 198: De l'an 1436.

[315]

Le noble roy me voulut bailler garde, Pour me garder que point ne fusse prise, Que refusay, disant que n'avoye guarde, Et que j'avois guect et arriÉre garde, Pour desrompre des couez l'entreprise. —Arch. du Nord de la France, nouv. ser., i, 376.

[316]

Incontinant vous gaignerez la guerre Contre le roy couÉ, vostre adversaire. —PoÉs. fr. des XV^e et XVI^e SiÉcles, vol. ii, p. 80.

[317]

Allez, infectz, gloutons, puans, punais, Godons couez, que jamais ne vous voye. —Ibid., p. 82.

[318]

Car leur grandeur est droite orribletÉ Quant on les voit aler par le chemin, Mais leur queue mettent comme un mastin Soubz leur jambes, que rumeur leur commande. —Œuvres complÉtes (SociÉtÉ des Anciens Textes), vol. v, p. 20.

[319]

RONDEL (Les Anglais out une queue)

Certres plus fors sont les AnglÉs Que les FranÇoiz communement.

Les FranÇoiz portent petit fÉs; Certres plus fors sont les AnglÉs.

Car deux tonneaux portent adÉs Et une queue proprement.

Certres plus fort sont les AnglÉs Que les FranÇoiz communement. —Œuvres, vol. iv, p. 130.

[320] Œuvres, vol. v, p. 48.

[321] Œuvres, vol. v, p. 80.

[322]

HÉ! cuidez vous que je me joue, Et que je voulsisse aller En Engleterre demourer? Ils ont une longue coue.—Chanson xviii, p. 177.

[323]

Ce Cat nonne vient de Calais, Sa mÉre fut Cathau la Bleue; C'est du lignage des Anglois, Car il porte trÉs longue queue.

—Du Cange, sub voce caudatus.

[324]

Si acquerrez loz, Rides, angelotz, L'or, la chair, et l'os Des Angloys couez.

[325] Je scay que je suis monstrÉ au doigt par les rues depuis que je chargeay si bien les Anglois couez qui descendoient et prenoient terre À Dieppe.
—Act II, sc. 6.

[326]

Les goÎtres et les Écrouelles, AprÉs que des Anglois quouez Nos corbeaux furent engouez, Ont ÉtÉ mis par rouelles. —Rome Rid., st. xcvi.

[327] La plupart des Anglais ont le bout de l'os sacrum, que l'on nomme coccyx, qui leur avance, ce qui fait une espÉce de queue.—Quoted by Godefroy sub voce coÉ.

[328]

Sunt praedicti clerici nuncii caudati, De terra perfidiae falsa procreati.—Lib. ix, cap. 32.

[329] Venit exercitus multus a rege Scotorum missus, mille quingenti equitantium et XL millia peditum, per clivum montis descendens ex opposito de Dunbar, praeparatus ad bellum per turmas suas. Quod cum vidissent novi castrenses, et ex visione tali jam laeti effecti, mox eorum vexilla in propugnasculis castri erexerunt, clamantes ad nostras et eos probrose vocantes canes caudatos et talia quaeque, insuper comminantes in mortem et caudarum abscisionem.
—Hemingburgh, II, 103.

[330] Cumque venissent in mora juxta Anandiam, ecce incolae ejusdem provinciae adunati venientes improperabant eis, vocantes eos canes caudatos, et prae paucitate eos contemnentes, eo quod pedestres sui longe fuerant ab eis separati.
—Id., II, 146-7.

[331] (Scoti) quasi securi, non posuerunt de nocte vigiles, sed cum jocunditate vinum bibentes, propter paucitatem partis adversae eam parvipendio habuerunt, depromentes cantus et dicentes quod—

Anglici caudati pro caudis vituperati.

De caudis eorum, ut dixerunt, funes sibi facerent ad seipsos Anglos in crastino vinciendos.—Bower, II, 304-5. The Book of Pluscarden represents the Scots as saying "quod Anglicos caudatos per eorum caudas ad suspendium traherent".—Lib. ix. cxxvii.

[332] Bower, loc. cit.

[333]

Caude causantur, regnarunt, apocopantur, Privantur caude, fas fandi, "Scotia plaude". —Wright, Political Songs, p. 375.

[334] Ross, The Book of Scottish Poems, vol. i, p. 173.

[335]

Anglicus a tergo caudam gerit; est pecus ergo. Anglice caudate, cape caudam, ne cadat a te. Ex causa caudae manet Anglica gens sine laude.

[336] Skelton, vol. iii, p. 186 et seq.

[337] See above, p. 262.

[338] Illo tempore baronibus illuxerat dies sanctificatus, ibi quicunque fugerat Anglicus est caudatus, plenus versutiis, fallax et instabilis et exanimatus.—P. 223.

[339] See above, p. 266.

[340] Anglici enim, sicut ingratissimi homines, ... consuetam trahentes caudam, et villam dictam spoliare cupientes et sibi resistentes trucidare, eam in quatuor locis, quasi in quatuor angulis, incenderunt, ut sic Gandenses nitentes ignem exstinguere, circa custodiam bonorum suorum essent minus cauti.—P. 7.

[341] Prostrati sunt autem omnes Scotti et per undique sparsi ac desolati, decollati, incarcerati, suspensi, distracti, destructi, membratim separati, nisi ille solus fugitivus Robertus le Bruys, qui in latibulis circumvagat, sicut latro vel vispilio. Rex vero de eo nihil curans ipsum permittit errare ubicumque melius vitam suam possit salvare, quia cauda sua penitus amputatur.—Vol. iii, p. 191.

[342] As Goscelin is the first writer in whom there occurs mention of the insult offered to St. Augustine and of its punishment, and as it consequently seems to be with him that the "tail" myth originated, both his versions of the incident are here given:—"Hinc divertens dux verbi Domini, successit tandem cuidam profanae villulae in Provincia quae dicitur Dorseta; ubi daemoniaca plebicola Sanctos Dei omnibus opprobriis ac ludibriis dedecoravere; adeo ut (quod etiam referri injuria est) productas piscium caudas ingererent. Unde indignatus Spiritus Domini in hujus auctores sceleris et in omnem progeniem illorum suum dedecus per os Augustini vatis perpetualiter sententiavit; et pravis propriam ignominiam, Sanctis vero perennem gloriam refudit" (Anglia Sacra, II, p. 67).—"Cumque (Augustinus) provinciam quae Dorsete appellatur, attigisset, et ubique ut Angelus Domini reciperetur, simulque auditorum fide quos pasceret pasceretur, incidit in quamdam villam, velut in tartaream Plutonis sedem. Ibi plebs impia, tenebris suis excaecata, et divinam lucem exosa, non solum audire nequibat vivifica documenta, verum tota ludibriorum et opprobriorum tempestate in Sanctos Dei debacchata, longe proturbat eos ab omni possessione sua; nec manu pepercisse creditur effraenis audacia. At Dei nuntius, juxta Dominicum praeceptum et apostolorum exemplum, excusso etiam pulvere pedum in eos, dignam suis meritis sententiam (non maledicentis voto, quia omnium salutem optabat; sed divino judicio et Eliae typo) atrocibus injecit, quatenus Sanctorum contemptores tam in ipsis quam in omnibus posteris suis, debita poena redargueret, qui vitae mandata repulissent. Fama est, illos effulminandos, prominentes marinorum piscium caudas Sanctis appendisse; et illis quidem gloriam sempiternam peperisse, in se vero ignominiam perennem retorsisse, ut hoc dedecus degeneranti generi, non innocenti et generosae imputetur patriae" (Bollandists, Acta Sanctorum, vol. for May, p. 375).

[343] "Aggrediuntur ergo virum et sotios furiatis mentibus incolae, et magnis dehonestatum injuriis, ita ut etiam caudas racharum vestibus ejus affigerent, impellunt, propellunt, expellunt. Patienter ille et modeste gaudensque pro nomine Jhesu contumeliam tulit, et, ne magis miserorum irritaret insaniam, excusso pedum in eos pulvere, longe quasi miliariis tribus recessit."
—De Gestis Pontificum, lib. ii, § 84.

[344]

Sains Augustins les sermona Et la loi Deu lor preeÇa. Cil furent de male nature Que de lor sermon n'orent qure. La ou li sains lor sermonoit Et la loi Deu lor anonÇoit, A ses dras de tries lor pendoient Keues de raies qu'il avoient; Od les keues l'on envoiÉrent Et bien longement le cachiÉrent. Et il proia nostre signor Que d'icele grant deshonor Et de cele grant avilance Ait en ax s'ire et demostrance. Et il si orent voirement Et aront pardurablement, Car trestot cil qui l'escarnirent Et qui les keues li pendirent Furent coË et coËs orent, Ne onques puis perdre ne's porent. Tot cil ont puis estÉ coÉ, Qui furent de tel parentÉ; Keues ont de tries en la car, En ramanbrance de l'escar Qu'il firent al Deu ami Qui des keues l'orent laidi. —Wace, Brut, ll. 14165 et seq., B. M. copy, vol. ii, p. 251.

[345] The obnoxious tail appears to have been passed on to Cornwall. In his Curious Myths of the Middle Ages, Mr. Baring Gould states that, as a child, he firmly believed, on the authority of his nurse, that all Cornishmen were born with tails. It required the solemn assurance of a native to convince him of the contrary.

[346] Lines 29,544 et seq.

[347] Early English Text Society, Part I, p. 97.

[348] Lines 15,193-15,212.

[349] Printed by Wright in his Reliquiae Antiquae.

[350] "Cumque de civitate in civitatem praedicando transiret, contigit ut in civitate quae Roucestria dicitur semel praedicaret. Ipso autem praedicante, concives civitatis accesserunt, et verba ejus mendacia reputantes, multa ei obprobria intulerunt. Post multorum vere obprobriorum angustiam, caudas porcorum et vaccarum fimbreis vestimentorum ejus alligantes, in faciemque ejus conspuentes, ipsum de civitate ejicerunt."

[351] "Volens igitur Deus de obprobrio sibi servoque suo illato
vindictam assumere, instituit ut omnes qui ex tunc in civitate Roucestriae nascerentur caudas ad
modum porcorum haberent.... Non tamen potuit auferri quin caudas haberent; ex tunc enim et adhuc et in aeternum existent caudati.... Quod autem univoce homines non sunt, ex quo caudas habent manifestum est.... Cum igitur caudas habent, contigit ut cum irascuntur caudas erigunt, quapropter cum irascuntur sedere nequeunt."

[352]

I' nol vidi, ma tanto mi fu nova Cosa ad udir, e per tutti si avvera, Che di notar, come l'udii, mi giova, Che fra le altre una isoletta v'era, Dove con coda la gente vi nasce Corta, qual l'ha un cervo o simil fera. —Lib. iv, cap. 23.

[353] Quoted by Godefroy, Dictionnaire de l'ancienne langue franÇaise, from Boccace, Nobles malh., vi, 9, f. 153, ed. 1515.

[354] The Lyf of Saynt Austyn, Golden Legende, clxxxiiii, ed. 1483.

[355] "Cum apud occidentales Saxones, in pago Dorsetensi, beatus Augustinus verbum vitae gentilibus praedicaret, venit in vicum quendam, ubi eum nemo suscipere vel ejus praedicationem audire voluit. Sed cÙm in omnibus ei rebelles existerent, et cunctis quae ab eo dicebantur contradicerent, et omnia sinistrÂ interpretatione obnubilare conarentur, quod dictu nefandum est, caudas piscium in ejus vestibus suere et supendere non timuerunt. Sed quod ipsi in Sancti patris injuriam facere crediderunt, sibi et suis posteris in dedecus sempiternum, et innocenti patriae verterunt in opprobrium. Nam percussit eos in posteriora, opprobrium sempiternum dans illis, ita ut in partibus pudendis, tam in ipsis quÀm eorum successoribus, similes caudae nascerentur. Vocatur autem hujusmodi cauda ab indigenis patriÂ linguÂ Mughel; unde et villa, in qua beato Augustino hujusmodi irrogata est injuria, nomen sortita est Muglington, id est villa Muglingorum, usque in praesentem diem. Fertur etiam quÒd, eorum exemplo, in provincia Merciorum, in villa quae Thamewyth dicitur, beato viro ab incolis loci simile dedecus factum fuerit; sed non impune: quia tam ipsi quam eorum posteri, sicut omnibus notum est, pari poena et opprobrio verecundati sunt. Simile postea accidit tempore exilii beati Thomae primatis Angliae, quod ad ejus opprobrium, ut aestimabant, sed mentita est iniquitas sibi, illi de Rocestria deturpaverunt et absciderunt caudam caballi ejus; unde et posteri eorum illic nati inventi sunt caudati."—Joannis Forduni Scotichronicon cum Supplementis et Continuatione Walteri Boweri, lib. ix, cap. 32; ed. Edin., 1747.

[356] Ralph de Diceto, i, 342; Roger de Hoveden, ii, 14; Gervase of Canterbury, i, 225; William of Canterbury, Materials for History of Thomas Becket, i, 130.

[357] Jumentum in nominis mei contemptum, tanquam in diminutione bestiae dehonestari possim, cauda truncatum est.

[358] B. ii, c. ix.

[359] "En l'an cinq cens iiii^xxxix, Sainct Augustin fut par Saint GrÉgoire, lors pape de Romme, envoyÉ en Angleterre pour prescher et publier la foy de Jesu-christ, et À sa prÉdication se firent baptizer Eldret, roy d'Angleterre, et sa gent. Et advint que ledit Sainct Augustin alla pour prescher en ung territoire qu'on appelle Dorocestre, auquel lieu les gens d'icelluy territoire, par mocquerie et dÉrision luy attachÉrent À ses habillemens des raynes ou grenouilles. Et depuis ce temps, par pugnition divine, ceulx qui naissoient audit territoire out des queues par derriÉre comme bestes brutes, et les appelle on Anglois couez."—Les trÉs ÉlÉgantes et copieuses Annales ... des Gaules; ed. 1531, fol. 27.

[360] Bellenden's Boece, B. ix, c. 17.

[361] Dunbar's Poems, ii, p. 15.

[362] "Cum Augustinus juxta Dorocaestriam predicaret, gentes illius loci caudas Rariarum vestibus illius appendebant. Hinc ipsi et eorum posteri caudas sicut pecudes referuntur habuisse."—Ed. 1609, B. M. copy.

[363] "Nit unbillich wirt der selbig lib heilig (Sant Thomas von Candlwerg) wert gehalten, zu dem das man in seiner heiligen legend, lumpartica historia, wie eins reines sÄligen lebens er gewesen, hat er auch ein merklich zaichen, das vielleicht bis an den jÜngsten tag wert, hinter im verlassen; den in seinem leben reit er auf ein zeit als ein gerechter, frommer man, auf seinem eslein, auf ein dorf zu essen. In dem spotteten die baurn seiner reuterei und schnitten seinem esl den schwanz ab. Darumb beklagt sich der lib heilig, das noch auf den heutigen tag alle die knaben, die in dem dorf geboren werden, schwenzlein, das sie zegelein nennen, ob dem hindern an der wurzln an die welt bringen. Daraus ist das sprichwort entsprungen, das die Englosen hoch vertreust: Engelman, den sterz her! Und ich wolt den fraidigen gern sehen, der in dem selben dorf 'Englsterz' schreien dÖrft. Er mÜst sich kurz austreen, wolt er nit erschlagen werden. WÖlicher frauen aber, der lust oder zeit in irer geberung wirdet, das sie nit mer, dan Über das wasser, in das ander dorflein kumbt, gebÜrt ir kint an (ohne) schwanz."—Die Geschichten und Taten Wilwolts von Schaumburg, in the Publications of the Stuttgart Literary Society, vol. for 1859, p. 78.

[364] "Haec et talia eiusmodi ita regem Henricum moverunt, ut ira vehementer accensus, aliquando exclamavit: 'Me miserum, non possum in meo regno pacem cum uno sacerdoti habere? Nec quisquam meorum omnium est, qui hac molestia liberare velit?' Ex huiusmodi vocibus, fuerunt improbi nonnulli, quibus visa est occulta voluntas regis esse, ut Thomas É medio tolleretur, qui propterca velut hostis regis habitus, jam tum coepit sic vulgo negligi, contemni, ac odio haberi, ut cum venisset aliquando Strodum, qui vicus situs est ad ripam Medueiae fluminis, quod flumen Rocestriam alluit, eius loci incolae cupidi bonum patrem ita despectum ignominia aliqua afficiendi, non dubitarint amputare caudam equi, quem ille equitaret, seipsos perpetuo probro obligantes; nam postea, nutu Dei, ita accidit, ut omnes ex eo hominum genere, qui id facinus fecissent, nati sint instar brutorum animalium caudati. Sed ea infamiae nota jampridem una cum gente illa eorum hominum, qui peccarint, deleta est."—Ed. 1610, p. 214.

[365] "Anglos quosdam caudatos esse. Suspicabar quod de Anglorum caudis traditur, nugatorium esse, nec hoc meminissem loco, nisi ipsi Anglicarum rerum conditores id serio traderent: nasci videlicet homines, instar brutorum animalium caudatos apud Strodum Angliae vicum, ad ripam fluvii Medueiae, qui Roffensem, sive Rocestrensem agrum alluit. Narrantque ejus vici incolas, jumento quod D. Thomas Canthuariensis episcopus insideret, per ludibrium caudam amputasse, ob idque divina ultione adnatas incolis ejus loci caudas, ut in hos fatidici regis carmen torqueri possit: 'Percussit eos (inquit) in posteriora eorum, opprobrium sempiternum dedit illis'. De hujusmodi caudis quidam in hunc modum lusit:—

Fertur equo Thomae caudam obtruncasse Britannos, Hinc Anglos caudas constat habere breveis."

—Angliae Descriptionis Compendium, per Gulielmum Paradinum Cuiselliensem, 1545, p. 69.

[366] Ed. 1546, pp. 29-30.

[367] Pp. 76-77.

[368] Ed. 1576.

[369] P. 91.

[370] Song 23.

[371] Church History, p. 67.

[372] P. 63.

[373] Itinerary, vol. iii, p. 53.

[374] As bearing out this opinion, the following passage from Tylor's Primitive Culture may be quoted: "But these apparently silly myths have often a real ethnological significance. When an ethnologist meets, in any district, with the story of tailed men, he ought to look for a despised tribe of aborigines, outcasts, or heretics, living near or among a dominant population who look upon them as beasts, and furnish them with tails accordingly.... The outcast race of Cagots, about the Pyrenees, were said to be born with tails; and in Spain the medieval superstition still survives, that the Jews have tails, like the devil, as they say. In England the notion was turned to theological profit by being claimed as a judgment on wretches who insulted St. Augustine and St. Thomas of Canterbury."—Vol. i, pp. 346-7.

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