  [II-1] A general view of South American antiquities is given in another chapter of this volume. [II-2] I might except a Roman coin of the time of CÆsar Augustus, and a buried ship, or galley, of antique model, said to have been discovered in early times by the Spaniards in the vicinity of PanamÁ, and which figured somewhat largely in early speculations on the question of American origin. I need not say that the evidence for the authenticity of such a discovery is extremely unsatisfactory. See: GarcÍa, OrÍgen de los Ind., p. 174, with quotation from Marineo, Sumario, (Toledo, 1546,) fol. 19—apparently the original authority in the matter—and a reference to other editions and works; SolÓrzano Pereyra, De Ind. Jure, tom. i., p. 93; Id. PolÍtica Ind., tom. i., p. 22; Horn, Orig. Amer., p. 13; Simon, Noticias Historiales, (CuenÇa, 1626,) lib. i., cap. x. [II-3] Authorities on the Isthmian antiquities are not numerous. Mr Berthold Seemann claims to have been the first to discover stone sculptures near David in 1848, and he read a paper on them before the ArchÆological Institute of London in 1851. He also briefly mentions them in his Voy. Herald, vol. i., pp. 312-13, for which work drawings were prepared but not published. Some of the drawings were, however, afterwards printed in Bollaert's Antiq. Researches in N. Granada, (Lond., 1860,) and a few cuts of inscribed figures also inserted with farther description by Seemann in Pim and Seemann's Dottings, pp. 25-32. It is stated in the last-named work that M. Zeltner, French Consul at PanamÁ, whose private collection contained specimens from ChiriquÍ, published photographs of some of them with descriptive letter-press. Bollaert also wrote a paper on 'The Ancient Tombs of ChiriquÍ,' in Amer. Ethno. Soc., Transact., vol. ii., pp. 151, 159. On various occasions from 1859 to 1865, travelers or residents on the Isthmus, chiefly parties connected with the PanamÁ railway, sent specimens, drawings, and descriptions to New York, where they were presented to the American Ethnological Society, or exhibited before and discussed by that body at its monthly meetings, an account of which may be found in the Hist. Mag., vol. iii., p. 240, vol. iv., pp. 47-8, 113, 144, 176-7, 239-41, 274, 338, vol. v., pp. 50-2, vol. vi., pp. 119, 154, vol. ix., p. 158. A report on the ChiriquÍ antiquities by Dr Merritt was printed by the same society. The above, with slight mentions in Cullen's Darien, p. 38, from Whiting and Shuman's Report on Coal Formations, April 1, 1851, and in Bidwell's Isthmus, pp. 37-8, from Hay's Report, in Powles' N. Granada, are the only sources of information on the subject with which I am acquainted. [II-4] Pim and Seemann's Dottings, pp. 25, 28-31; Seemann's Voy. Herald, vol. i., pp. 312-13; Hist. Mag., vol. iv., p. 338. [II-5] Hist. Mag., vol. ix., p. 158. [II-6] Id., vol. iii., p. 240, vol. iv., pp. 47-8, 239-40. [II-7] Three statues presented by Messrs Totten and Center in 1860 were about two feet high, of a dark, hard stone, in human form with features and limbs distorted. Two of them had square tapering pedestals apparently intended to support the figures upright in the ground. Id., vol. iv., p. 144. [II-8] Id., vol. iv., pp. 239-40, 274. [II-9] Hist. Mag., vol. iv., pp. 144, 177, 240-1, 274. [II-10] Seemann's Voy. Herald, vol. i., p. 314. [II-11] Cullen's Darien, p. 38. [II-12] Pim and Seemann's Dottings, pp. 25-32; Tate's Ancient British Sculptured Rocks. [II-13] Bidwell's Isthmus, p. 37; Hist. Mag., vol. iv., p. 176. [II-14] 'A much higher antiquity must be assigned to these hieroglyphics than to the other monuments of America.' Voy. Herald, vol. i., p. 313. [II-15] Hist. Mag., vol. v., p. 50. [II-16] Vol. i., chap. vii. of this work. [II-17] Merritt and Davis, in Hist. Mag., vol. iv., pp. 176, 274. [II-18] In a work which I have not seen. That author's Coup d'Œuil sur la RÉpublique de Costa Rica, and Memoir on the Boundary Question, furnish no information on the subject. [II-19] Wagner and Scherzer, Costa Rica, pp. 465-6, 471, 522-4, 561. [II-20] Squier's Nicaragua, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., pp. 338-9, and plate. [II-21] Boyle's Ride, vol. ii., p. 86; Hist. Mag., vol. vi., p. 119. [II-22] Boyle's Ride, vol. i., pp. 25-6. [II-23] Meagher, in Harper's Mag., vol. xx., p. 317. [II-24] Reichardt, Cent. Amer., pp. 121-2. [II-25] Squier's Nicaragua, p. 511. [II-26] Pownal, in ArchÆologia, vol. v., p. 318, pl. xxvi.; Humboldt, Vues, tom. ii., p. 205, pl. xiii.; (Ed. in folio, pl. xxxix.); Id., in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 27-8, tom. ii., suppl. pl. vii., fig. xi. [II-27] Colon, Carta, in Navarrete, Col. de Viages, tom. i., p. 307; Helps' Span. Conq., vol. ii., p. 138. [II-28] Boyle's Ride, vol. i., pp. 296-9; Pim and Seemann's Dottings, p. 401. [II-29] Bard's (E. G. Squier) Waikna, or Adventures on the Mosquito Shore, pp. 216-17, 254, 258-60. The 'King of the Mosquitos' somewhat severely criticised the work, in which, by the way, His Royal Highness is not very reverently spoken of, as 'a pack of lies, especially when it was notorious that the author had never visited the Mosquito Coast.' Pim and Seemann's Dottings, p. 271. 'Le dÉsert qui s'Étend le long de la cÔte de la mer des Antilles, depuis le golfe Dulce jusqu'À l'isthme de Darien, n'a pas offert jusqu'À prÉsent de vestiges indiquant que le peuple auquel on doit les monuments de PalenquÈ, de Quiragua, de Copan, ait ÉmigrÉ au sud de l'isthme.' Friederichsthal, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1841, tom. xcii., p. 301. [II-30] Squier's Nicaragua; Boyle's Ride Across a Continent. Mr E. G. Squier resided in Nicaragua as ChargÉ d'Affaires of the United States during the year 1849-50. On account of his position he was afforded facilities for research not enjoyed by other foreigners, and which his well-known antiquarian tastes and abilities prompted and enabled him to use to the best advantage during the limited time left from official duties. Besides the several editions of the work mentioned, Mr Squier's accounts or fragments thereof have been published in periodicals in different languages; while other authors have made up almost wholly from his writings their brief descriptions of Nicaraguan antiquities. See WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 341; Sivers, Mittelamerika, pp. 128-35; Tiedemann, in Heidelberger Yahrb., 1851, pp. 81, 91, 170; MÜller, Amerikanische Urreligionen, pp. 463, 484, 498, 544; Andree, in Westland, tom. ii., pp. 3, 251; Heine, Wanderbilder, p. 181; Holinski, La Californie, p. 252; Baldwin's Anc. Amer., p. 124. Frederick Boyle, F.R.G.S., visited the country in 1865-6, with the examination of antiquities as his main object. Both works are illustrated with plates and cuts; and both authors brought away interesting specimens which were deposited by the American in the Smithsonian Institution, and by the Englishman in the British Museum. 'J'avoue n'avoir rien rencontrÉ d'important dans mes lectures, en ce qui touche les États de Costa Rica et de Nicaragua.' Dally, Races Indig., p. 12. [II-31] 'Nicht ... von abgesonderten Steinen umgeben, sondern fanden sich, in einer Tiefe von drei Fuss, unregelmÄssig Über die Ebene zerstreut.' Friederichsthal, in Sivers, Mittelamerika, p. 128; 'Les Îles du lac, notamment OmÉtÉpÉ semblent avoir servi de sÉpultures À la population des villes environnantes, ... car on y rencontre de vastes nÉcropoles ou villes des morts, ressemblant par leur caractÈre À celles des anciens Mexicains.' Id. in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1841, tom. xcii., p. 297; in Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 100; Woeniger, in Squier's Nicaragua, pp. 509-10; Boyle's Ride, vol. ii., p. 86. [II-32] Plan showing their relative position, in Squier's Nicaragua, p. 477. [II-33] 'On y trouve (sur les Îles du lac) encore un grand nombre de dÉbris de constructions antiques.' Brasseur de Bourbourg, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1855, tom. cxlvii., p. 135. [II-34] Boyle's Ride, vol. ii., p. 42. [II-35] Squier's Nicaragua, pp. 439-41. [II-36] Boyle's Ride, vol. ii., pp. 10-11. [II-37] Id., vol. ii., pp. 161-2; Squier's Nicaragua, p. 396. [II-38] 'Ils montrent avec effroi les dÉbris de la citÉ maudite, encore visibles sous la surface des eaux.' Brasseur de Bourbourg, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1855, tom. cxlvii., p. 149. [II-39] Belcher's Voyage, vol. i., p. 171; Squier's Nicaragua, p. 299. [II-40] Squier's Nicaragua, pp. 306-8; Id., (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 335. [II-41] Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 100; Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1811, tom. xcii., p. 297; Squier's Nicaragua, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 335. [II-42] Boyle's Ride, vol. i., pp. 159-61, 195-212, 291; Pim and Seemann's Dottings, p. 126; On the buildings of the ancient Nicaraguans, see vols. ii. and iii. of this work; also Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., p. 114; Peter Martyr, dec. vi., lib. v.; Squier's Nicaragua, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., pp. 335-6. [II-43] Boyle's Ride, vol. i., pp. 154-5. [II-44] Froebel, Aus Amer., tom. i., pp. 379-80; Id., Cent. Amer., pp. 119-20. [II-45] Livingston, in Squier's Nicaragua, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., pp. 334-5. [II-46] Boyle's Ride, vol. i., p. 212. [II-47] Heine, Wanderbilder, p. 181. [II-48] Squier's Nicaragua, pp. 435-41; 'Sur les parois du rocher on voit encore des dessins bizarres gravÉs et peints en rouge, tels que les donne M. Squier.' Brasseur de Bourbourg, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1855, tom. cxlvii., p. 147. [II-49] Mr Boyle found the cliff-paintings to have suffered much since Mr Squier's visit, thirteen years before; so much so that none could be made out except the winged snake and red hand. He also states that yellow as well as red pictures are here to be seen. Boyle's Ride, vol. ii., pp. 160-1; Squier's Nicaragua, pp. 391-6. In a letter, a fragment of which is published in the Annual of Scientific Discovery, 1850, p. 364, Mr Squier declares the paintings precisely in the style of the Mexican and Guatemalan MSS., closely resembling, some of the figures indeed identical with, those of the Dresden MS. Pim and Seemann, Dottings, p. 401, also noted the 'coiled-up lizard' and other pictures, calling the locality Asososca Lake. Scherzer, Wanderungen, p. 72, and Trav., vol. i., p. 77, mentions also sculptured figures on this crater-wall. [II-50] Boyle's Ride, vol. ii., pp. 142-3. [II-51] Squier's Nicaragua, pp. 510-17. There were formerly many idols resembling those of Zapatero, but they have been buried or broken up. A group is reported still to be found near the foot of Mt Madeira, but not seen. Woeniger, in Id., p. 509. Froebel, Aus Amer., tom. i., p. 261. [II-52] Squier's Nicaragua, pp. 180, 470-90, 496; Id., (ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 336; Id., in Annual Scien. Discov., 1851, p. 388. 'L'Île de Zapatero a fourni des idoles qui sont comme des imitations grossiÈres du fameux colosse de Memnon, type connu de cette impassibilitÉ rÉflÉchie que les Égyptiens donnaient À leurs dieux.' Holinski, La Californie, p. 252. 'There still exist on its surface some large stone idols.' Scherzer's Trav., vol. i., p. 31. 'Statues d'hommes et d'animaux d'un effet grandiose, mais d'un travail qui annonce une civilisation moins avancÉe que celle de l'Yucatan ou du GuatÉmala.' Brasseur de Bourbourg, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1855, tom. cxlvii., p. 135; Boyle's Ride, vol. ii., p. 122. [II-53] Boyle's Ride, vol. ii., pp. 42-7; Friederichsthal, in Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 100; Id., in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1841, tom. xcii., p. 297. [II-54] Squier's Nicaragua, pp. 448-57. The head of fig. 1 is the Mexican sign tochtli. The animal in fig. 2 may be intended for an alligator. Id., in Annual Scien. Discov., 1851, p. 387. [II-55] Squier's Nicaragua, pp. 285-7, 295-301, 402; Id., in Annual Scien. Discov., 1850, p. 363; WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 341. [II-56] Belcher's Voyage, vol. i., p. 172; Squier's Nicaragua, pp. 179, 402. [II-57] Squier's Nicaragua, pp. 264-5, 301-7: 'Some of the statues have the same elaborate head-dresses with others of Copan; one bears a shield upon his arm; another has a girdle, to which is suspended a head.' Id., in Annual Scien. Discov., 1850, p. 363. [II-58] If idols, to Mr Boyle they indicate a worship of ancestors, of which, however, there seems to be no historical evidence. Mr Pim suggests that the idols of mild expression may be those worshiped before, and those of more ferocious aspect after, the coming of the Aztecs. [II-59] The other Chontal statues more or less fully described are the following: A huge monolith, of which twelve feet six inches were unearthed, having a cross on the breast with two triangles, and the arms and legs doubled back; a head four feet eight inches in circumference, and one foot ten inches high; an idol four feet eight inches high, wearing on its head an ornamented coronet, resembling a circlet of overlapping oyster-shells, with a cross on the left shoulder and a richly carved belt; a stone woman thirty-seven inches high, having the left corner of the mouth drawn up so as to leave a round hole between the lips, and the arms crossed at right angles from the elbows; a very rude idol with pointed cap, holes for eyes, and a slit for a mouth, whose modern use is to grind corn; and lastly, a statue with beard and whiskers. Boyle's Ride, vol. i., pp. 147-9, 158-64, 210-12, 242, 290-5; Pim and Seemann's Dottings, pp. 126-8. [II-60] Boyle's Ride, vol. i., pp. 290-1, vol. ii., pp. 97, 144-5; Squier's Nicaragua, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 339; Pim and Seemann's Dottings, pp. 126-7. [II-61] Boyle's Ride, vol. i., pp. 200-2, 209, vol. ii., pp. 45-6; Squier's Nicaragua, pp. 515, 521; cut of the leg of a stone vase, Id., (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 339. [II-62] Squier's Nicaragua, pp. 256-7. [II-63] Boyle's Ride, vol. i., pp. 150-2, 159, vol. ii., pp. 43, 98; Squier's Nicaragua, pp. 521-2; Pim and Seemann's Dottings, pp. 126-7. [II-64] Squier's Nicaragua, pp. 307-8, 476, 488; Pim and Seemann's Dottings, p. 128. [II-65] Boyle's Ride, vol. i., pp. 150-1, 201, 209, vol. ii., pp. 45, 86, 90-7; Squier's Nicaragua, pp. 299, 490, 509-10; Id., (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., pp. 335-8, 362; Pim and Seemann's Dottings, p. 126; Sivers, Mittelamerika, pp. 128-9. [II-66] Boyle's Ride, vol. i., pp. 150-1, vol. ii., p. 87; Squier's Nicaragua, pp. 509-11. [III-1] Squier's Cent. Amer., p. 341; Baldwin's Anc. Amer., pp. 123-4. [III-2] 'Hier sollen sich gleichfalls noch ununtersuchte interessante indianische Monumente finden.' Reichardt, Cent. Amer., p. 83. 'Nothing positive is known concerning them.' Squier's Cent. Amer., p. 341. Hassel says they are the remains of the old Indian town of Zacualpa. Mex. Guat., p. 368. [III-3] Squier's Nicaragua, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 335. [III-4] Young's Narrative, p. 48. Mr Young also saw, but does not describe, several 'curious things' besides these chairs where once the antiguos seated, perhaps, their gods of stone. [III-5] Sivers, Mittelamerika, p. 182. 'I understand the adjacent island, Roatan, exhibits yet more proofs of having been inhabited by an uncivilized race.' Young's Narrative, p. 48. 'Jusqu'À ce jour on n'y a dÉcouvert aucune ruine importante; mais les dÉbris de poterie et de pierre sculptÉe qu'on a trouvÉs ensevelis dans ses forÊts, suffisent pour prouver qu'elle n'Était pas plus que les autres rÉgions environnantes privÉe des bienfaits de la civilisation.' Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iv., pp. 612-3. [III-6] Wells' Explor. Hond., p. 553. Sivers, Mittelamerika, pp. 166-7, without reference to any particular locality, mentions pottery as frequently found in graves and among ruins, including pipe-heads, cigar-holders, drinking-cups, sacrificial vessels, and jugs. [III-7] Squier's Cent. Amer., pp. 132-3; Scherzer's Trav., vol. ii., p. 95; Id., Wanderungen, p. 371; WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 310; Harper's Mag., vol. xix., p. 610, with a cut of the mastodon's tooth. [III-8] Visit to the Guajiquero Ind., in Harper's Mag., vol. xix., pp. 608-11. For account of the Dresden MS., see vol. ii. of this work. [III-9] Squier's Cent. Amer., pp. 134-9; Scherzer's Trav., vol. ii., pp. 95; Id., Wanderungen, p. 371; WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 310. [III-10] Atlantic Monthly, vol. vi., p. 49. Las Casas has the following on the province of Honduras at the time of the conquest: 'Tenia Pueblos innumerables, y una vega de treinta leguas y mas, toda muy poblada ... la ciudad de Naco que tenia sobre dos cientas mil animas, y muchos edificios de piedra, en especial los templos en que adoraban.' Hist. ApologÉtica, MS., cap. lii. [III-11] On the north bank of the Copan, in latitude 14° 45´, longitude 90° 52´, four leagues east of the Guatemalan line, twenty leagues above the junction of the Motagua, which is sixty-five leagues from the bay. Galindo, in Amer. Antiq. Soc., Transact., vol. ii., pp. 547-50. Latitude 14° 39´, longitude 91° 13´ west of Paris; six hundred and forty mÈtres above the sea level; forty-five leagues from San Salvador, fifty-eight leagues from Guatemala. Id., in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 76. 'Thirty miles east of Chiquimula.' Cyclopedia. Three hundred miles from the sea, (perhaps by the windings of the stream). By reason of accidental injury to the instruments the latitude and longitude could not be obtained. Situated on the east bank of the stream according to plan. Stephens' Cent. Amer., vol. i., p. 132. 'Until lately erroneously located in Guatemala, are many miles within the boundaries of Honduras, and but a few days' travel from the original landing-place of the Spanish discoverers.' Wells' Explor. Hond., p. 552. Not to be confounded with Coban, metropolis of Vera Paz, one hundred and fifty miles west of Copan. Gallatin, in Amer. Ethnol. Soc., Transact., vol. i., p. 5. [III-12] 'Copan was a colony of Tultecos.' 'The Spaniards found Copan inhabited, and in the summit of its perfection.' Galindo, in Amer. Antiq. Soc., Transact., vol. ii., pp. 546, 549. On the expedition of CortÉs referred to, see Alaman, Disertaciones, tom. i., pp. 203-25; Cogolludo, Hist. Yucathan, pp. 45-58; CortÉs, Cartas, pp. 396-492; Gomara, Conq. Mex., fol. 245-74; Herrera, Hist. Gen., dec. iii., lib. vii., cap. viii., to lib. viii., cap. vii.; Peter Martyr, dec. viii., lib. x.; Prescott's Mex., vol. iii., pp. 278-99; Torquemada, Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 588; Villagutierre, Hist. Conq. Itza, pp. 39-50; Helps' Span. Conq., vol. iii., pp. 33-57. Stephens seems to be in some doubt as to the identity of ancient and modern Copan, there being 'circumstances which seem to indicate that the city referred to was inferior in strength and solidity of construction, and of more modern origin.' Cent. Amer., vol. i., pp. 99-101. 'The ruins of the city of that name and their position do not at all agree with the localities of the severe battle which decided the contest.' 'There is every appearance of these places (Copan and Quirigua) having been abandoned long before the Spanish conquest.' Gallatin, in Amer. Ethno. Soc., Transact., vol. i., p. 171. 'Whatever doubts may have existed on the Subject, and as regards the high antiquity of the Ruins of Copan ... they are set at Rest by this Account of Palacio. They were evidently very nearly in their present Condition, at the Time he wrote, three hundred Years ago.' Squier's Pref. to Palacio, Carta, p. 9. 'Certain it is that the latter was a ruin long before the arrival of the Spaniards.' Squier's Cent. Amer., p. 345. [III-13] The Licenciado Diego GarcÍa de Palacio, Oidor (Justice, not Auditor) of the Real Audiencia of Guatemala, in accordance with the duties of his office, traveled extensively in Guatemala and adjoining provinces, embodying the results of his observations on countries and peoples visited in a relation to King Felipe II. of Spain, dated March 8, 1576, which document is preserved in the celebrated MuÑoz collection of MSS. It contains a description of the ruins of Copan which exists in print as follows; Palacio, Relacion, in Pacheco, Col. Doc. InÉd., tom. vi., pp. 37-9; Palacio, Carta dirijida al Rey, Albany, 1860, pp. 88-96, including an English translation by E. G. Squier; Palacios, Description, in Ternaux-Compans, Recueil de Doc., pp. 42-4, which is a somewhat faulty French translation; Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1843, tom. xcvii., pp. 38-40; Squier's Cent. Amer., pp. 242-4; and it is mentioned by SeÑor J. B. MuÑoz in a report on American antiquities, written as early as 1785, of which a translation is given in Brasseur de Bourbourg, PalenquÉ, pp. 7-8; Herrera, Hist. Gen., quotes, or rather takes from, Palacio's relation extensively, but omits the portion touching Copan. This first account of the ruins is by no means the worst that has been written. Although naturally incomplete, it is evidently a bona-fide description by an actual visitor, written at a time when the ruins were very nearly in their present condition, and their origin wrapped in mystery, although the stirring events of 1530 were yet comparatively fresh in the memory of the natives. The next account is that in Fuentes y Guzman, Recopilacion FlÓrida de la Historia del Reino de Guatemala, MS., 1689. This work was never printed, although said to be in preparation for the press in 1856. Ximenez, Hist. Ind. Guat., p. vii. Fuentes' description of Copan was, however, given to the public in 1808, in Juarros, Compendio de la Hist. de la Ciudad de Guatemala, a work translated into English in 1823, under the title of A Statistical and Commercial Hist. of the Kingdom of Guatemala. From Juarros the account is taken by many writers, none, so far as I know, having quoted Fuentes in the original. Where the latter obtained his information is not known. His account is brief, and justly termed by Brasseur de Bourbourg, PalenquÉ, p. 14., 'la description menteuse de Fuentes,' since nothing like the relics therein mentioned have been found in later times. Yet it is possible that the original was mutilated in passing through Juarros' hands. This description, given in full in my text, is repeated more or less fully in Stephens' Cent. Amer., vol. i., p. 131; Warden, Recherches, p. 71; Conder's Mex. Guat., vol. ii., pp. 299-300; Malte-Brun, PrÉcis de la GÉog., tom. vi., pp. 470-1; Humboldt, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1827, tom. xxxv., p. 329; Hassel, Mex. Guat., pp. 385-6; CortÉs, Adventuras, p. 321, and in many other works mentioned in connection with matter from later sources. Next we have the exploration of Colonel Juan Galindo, an officer in the Central American service, sometime governor of the province of Peten, made in April, 1835. An account of his observations was forwarded to the SociÉtÉ de GÉographie of Paris, and published in the Bulletin of that Society, and also in the Literary Gazette of London. A communication on the subject was also published in Amer. Antiq. Soc., Transact., vol. ii., pp. 545-50; and the information furnished to the French Geographical Society was published en rÉsumÉ in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 73, 76. Ten drawings accompanied Galindo's report, but have never been published, although the author announced the intention of the Central American government to publish his report in full with plates. He says, 'je suis le seul qui ait examinÉ les ruines de Copan, et qui en ait fait la relation,' but he knew nothing of Palacio's visit. 'Not being an artist, his account is necessarily unsatisfactory and imperfect, but it is not exaggerated.' Stephens' Cent. Amer., vol. i., p. 132. 'Had an enquiring mind, but a very superficial Education.' Squier's Pref. to Palacio, Carta, p. 8. Most of Galindo's account is also given with that of Juarros, in Bradford's Amer. Antiq., pp. 96-9; also some information from the same source in Brownell's Ind. Races, p. 52, and in LarenaudiÈre, Mex. et Guat., p. 267. In 1839 Messrs Stephens and Catherwood visited Copan. Mr Stephens, as I find by a careful examination of his book, spent thirteen days in his survey, namely, from November 17 to 30; while Mr Catherwood spent the larger part of another month in completing his drawings. The results of their labors appeared in 1841 and 1844 under the titles:—Stephens' Incidents of Travel in Central America, vol. i., pp. 95-160, with twenty-one plates and seven cuts; Catherwood's Views of Ancient Monuments in Central America, in folio, with large lithographic plates. Slight descriptions of the ruins, made up chiefly from Stephens, may be found as follows:—Helps' Span. Conq., vol. iii., pp. 54-5; Willson's Amer. Hist., pp. 76-9, with plan and cut; Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1841, tom. xcii., pp. 64-74, 57, with plan and plates; Jones' Hist. Anc. Amer., pp. 57-69, 116; Davis' Antiq. Amer., pp. 4-5; Id., (Ed. 1847,) p. 30; Dally, Races Indig., pp. 12-13; Baldwin's Anc. Amer., pp. 111-14, with cut; WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 308; Tiedemann, Heidelb. Yahrb., 1851, p. 85; LarenaudiÈre, Mex. et Guat., pl. 9-12, the text being from Galindo and Juarros; Reichardt, Cent. Amer., pp. 91-2; AmÉrique Centrale, Colonization, pt. ii., p. 68; MÜller, Amerikanische Urreligionen, pp. 462-4, 483; Macgregor's Progress of Amer., pp. 877-8; Frost's Great Cities of the World, pp. 279-82, with cut. Dr Scherzer in 1856 started to explore Copan, but, owing to the political state of the country at the time, was unable to get nearer than Santa Rosa, where the padre said moreover that recent land-slides had much injured the effect of the ruins. This author gives, however, a brief account made up from Stephens, Galindo, and Juarros. Scherzer's Trav., vol. ii., pp. 41, 86-7, 94-5. Id., Wanderungen, pp. 332, 366, 371. In September, 1856, the Jesuit Padre Cornette is said to have visited the ruins; M. CÉsar Daly, at a date not mentioned, prepared on the spot plans and drawings of the different structures which he intended to publish in the Revue GÉnÉrale de l'Architecture, but whether or not they have ever appeared, I know not; the AbbÉ Brasseur de Bourbourg made two visits to Copan in 1863 and 1866; some slight additional information on the subject was communicated by Mr Center, on authority not given, at a meeting of the American Ethnological Society in February, 1860; and Mr Hardcastle, who had spent several weeks in exploring the ruins, furnished some farther notes at a meeting of the same society in April, 1862; and, finally, photographs were made of the ruins by M. Ellerly, director of the Alotepeque silver-mines. But these later explorations have not as yet afforded the public much information, except that the photographs mentioned, when compared by Brasseur de Bourbourg with Catherwood's plates, show the latter as well as Stephens' descriptions to be strictly accurate. Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 96, tom. ii., p. 493; Id., PalenquÉ, pp. 8, 17; Hist. Mag., vol. v., p. 114, vol. vi., p. 154. [III-14] The only unfavorable criticism of Mr Stephens' work within my knowledge, is that 'the Soul of History is wanting!' 'The Promethean spark by which the flame of historic truth should illuminate his work, and be viewed as a gleaming beacon from afar, to direct wanderers through the dark night of wonders, has found no spot to rest upon and to vivify!' Jones' Hist. Anc. Amer., p. 55. And we may thank heaven for the fault when we consider the effects of the said 'Promethean spark' in the work of the immortal Jones. [III-15] Juarros' Hist. Guat., pp. 56-7. That any such structure as the rocking hammock ever existed here is in the highest degree improbable; yet the padre at Gualan told Stephens that he had seen it, and an Indian had heard it spoken of by his grandfather. Stephens' Cent. Amer., vol. i., p. 144. [III-16] 'The extent along the river, ascertained by monuments still found, is more than two miles.' 'Beyond the wall of enclosure were walls, terraces, and pyramidal elevations running off into the forest.' Stephens' Cent. Amer., vol. i., pp. 133, 139, 146-7. 'Extended along the bank of its river a length of two miles, as evidenced by the remains of its fallen edifices.' 'Mounts of stone, formed by fallen edifices, are found throughout the neighbouring country.' Galindo, in Amer. Antiq. Soc., Transact., vol. ii., pp. 547, 549-50. 'La carriÈre ... est À 2000 mÈtres au nord.' 'LÀ se trouve beaucoup de bois de sapin pÉtrifiÉ.' Id., in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 76. 'The ground, being covered with ruins for many square miles, and much overgrown by a rank vegetation, would require months for a thorough examination.' 'No remains whatever on the opposite side of the river.' Hardcastle, in Hist. Mag., vol. vi., p. 154. 'Les plaines de Chapulco s'Étendent entre Copan et le pied des montagnes de Chiquimula. Elles sont couvertes de magnifiques ruines.' Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., p. 105. [III-17] Plan in Stephens' Cent. Amer., vol. i., p. 133, reproduced in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1841, tom. xcii., p. 57; and in Willson's Amer. Hist., p. 76. Galindo's drawings also included a plan. By reason of the disagreement between Stephens' plan and text in the matter of dimensions, I have omitted the scale as useless. The southern wall of the enclosure, to accommodate the size of my page, I have placed some two hundred feet north of its true position. Those portions of the temple shaded by cross-lines are the portions still standing according to the survey. [III-18] The southern wall in one place rises 30 or 40 feet in steps. Stephens' Cent. Amer., vol. i., p. 134. 'One wall eighty feet high and fifty feet thick for half its height, or more, and then sloping like a roof, was formed of stones often six feet by three or four, with mortar in the interstices.' Hardcastle, in Hist. Mag., vol. vi., p. 154. Mr Center 'mentioned a Cyclopean wall ... undescribed in any publication, but reported to him by most credible witnesses, about 800 feet long, 40 feet high, —— feet thick, formed of immense hewn stone.' Hist. Mag., vol. v., p. 114. Stones 'cut into blocks.' Galindo, in Amer. Antiq. Soc., Transact., vol. ii., p. 549. Before reaching the ruins 'estÁ seÑal de paredes gruesas.' Palacio, in Pacheco, Col. Doc. InÉd., tom. vi., p. 37. [III-19] According to Stephens' text, which states that the river or west side is 624 feet, and the whole line of survey, which cannot in this case mean anything but the circumference, is 2866 feet, thus leaving 809 feet each for the northern and southern sides. His plan, and consequently my own, makes the dimensions about 790 feet north and south by 600 east and west, the circuit being thus 2780 feet. 'Not so large as the base of the great Pyramid of Ghizeh.' Stephens' Cent. Amer., vol. i., pp. 133. Galindo, Amer. Antiq. Soc., Transact., vol. ii., p. 547, makes the dimensions 750 feet east and west (He calls it north and south, but on the supposition that the ruins are on the north bank of the river instead of the east) by 600 feet north and south, a circumference of 2700 feet; or if his measurements be understood to be Spanish, their English equivalent would be about 690 by 552 feet, circuit 2484 feet. The same author, Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 76, gives 653 by 524, and 2354 feet; or if French measure be understood, its equivalent is 696 by 588, and 2568 feet. As large as Saint Peter's at Rome. Davis' Antiq. of Amer., pp. 4-5. [III-20] 'Broad terrace one hundred feet high, overlooking the river, and supported by the wall which we had seen from the opposite bank,' cut showing a view of this wall from across the river. Stephens' Cent. Amer., vol. i., pp. 104, 95-6, 139. Same cut in Baldwin's Anc. Amer., p. 112. 'Built perpendicularly from the bank of the river, to a height, as it at present exists, of more than forty yards.' Galindo, in Amer. Antiq. Soc., Transact., vol. ii., p. 547. 'Una torre Ó terrapleno alto, que cae sobre el rio que por allÉ pasa.' 'Hay una escalera que baja hasta el rio por muchas gradas.' Palacio, in Pacheco, Col. Doc. InÉd., tom. vi., p. 38. 'The city-wall on the river-side, with its raised bank, ... must then have ranged from one hundred and thirty to one hundred and fifty feet in height' in imitation of ancient Tyre, the only city of antiquity with so high a wall on a river-bank. Jones' Hist. Anc. Amer., pp. 63, 161-2. [III-21] At the south-west corner a recess is mentioned which Mr Stephens believes to have been occupied by some large monument now fallen and washed away. Cent. Amer., vol. i., p. 134. [III-22] This court may have been Fuentes' circus, although the latter is represented as having been circular. The terrace between it and the river is stated by Stephens to be only 20 feet wide; according to the plan it is at least 50 feet. Stephens' Cent. Amer., vol. i., pp. 142-4, 133, 140. The pavement of the court is 20 yards above the river; the gallery through the terrace is 4 feet high and 2½ feet wide; the vault below the court is 5½ by 10 by 6 feet, its length running north and south with 9° variation of the compass. Galindo, in Amer. Antiq. Soc., Transact., vol. ii., p. 547. 'Una plaza muy bien fecha, con sus gradas Á la forma que escriben del Coliseo romano, y por algunas partes tiene ochenta gradas, enlosada, y labrada por cierto en partes de muy buena piedra É con harto primor.' The river-wall 'hÁse caido y derrumbado un gran pedazo, y en lo caido se descubrieron dos cuevas debajo del dicho edificio,' a statement that may possibly refer to the gallery and vault. Palacio, in Pacheco, Col. Doc. InÉd., tom. vi., pp. 37-8. [III-23] 'There was no entire pyramid, but, at most, two or three pyramidal sides, and these joined on to terraces or other structures of the same kind.' Stephens' Cent. Amer., vol. i., p. 139. The author intends to speak perhaps of the Temple only, but Mr Jones applies the words to Copan in general, and considers them a flat contradiction of the statement respecting the three detached pyramids. Hist. Anc. Amer., p. 63. 'Les Édifices sont tous tombÉs et ne montrent plus que des monceaux de pierres.' Galindo, in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 73. 'Several hills, thirty or forty feet in height, and supporting ruins, appeared to have been themselves entirely built of stone.' Hardcastle, in Hist. Mag., vol. vi., p. 154. 'Unas ruinas y vestigios de gran poblazon, y de soberbios edificios.' 'Hay montes que parecen haber sido fechos Á manos.' Palacio, in Pacheco, Col. Doc. InÉd., tom. vi., p. 37. The latter sentence is incorrectly translated by M. Ternaux-Compans, 'il y a des arbres que paraissent avoir ÉtÉ plantÉs de main d'homme.' Recueil de Doc., p. 42. Mr Squier makes the same error: 'Trees which appear to have been planted by the hands of men.' Translation of Palacio, Carta, p. 91. [III-24] See Stephens' Cent. Amer., vol. i., pp. 140, 138, 136-7, 134, 149, 158, 157, 156, 155, 153, 152, 150, 151, for description of the statues in their order from 1 to 14, with plates of all but 4, 6, and 12, showing the altars of 7, 10, and 13. Plates of 3, 5, 10, and 13 are copied from Stephens in LarenaudiÈre, Mex. et Guat., pl. ix-xi.; and of No. 13, from the same source, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1841, tom. xcii., p. 57. We have already seen the idea of Fuentes respecting these statues, clad in Spanish habits; that of the Licenciado Palacio is as follows: 'Una estÁtua grande, de mÁs que quatro varas de alto, labrada como un obispo vestido de pontificial, con su mitra bien labrada y anillos en las manos.' In the plaza, which would seem to be the court A, where no statues were found by Stephens, were 'seis estÁtuas grandÍsimas, las tres de hombres armados Á lo mosÁico, con liga gambas, É sembradas muchas labores por las armas; y las otras dos de mujeres con buen ropaje largo y tocaduras Á lo romano; la otra, es de obispo, que parece tener en las manos un bulto, como cofrecito; decian ser de idolos, porque delante de cada una dellas habia una piedra grande, que tenia fecha una pileta con su sumidero, donde degollaban los sacrificados y corria la sangre.' Palacio, in Pacheco, Col. Doc. InÉd., tom. vi., pp. 37-8. Galindo says 'there are seven obelisks still standing and entire, in the temple and its immediate vicinity; and there are numerous others, fallen and destroyed, throughout the ruins of the city. These stone columns are ten or eleven feet high, and about three broad, with a less thickness; on one side were worked, in basso-relievo, (Stephens states, on the contrary, that all are cut in alto-relievo) human figures, standing square to the front, with their hands resting on their breast; they are dressed with caps on their heads, and sandals on their feet, and clothed in highly adorned garments, generally reaching half way down the thigh, but sometimes in long pantaloons. Opposite this figure, at a distance of three or four yards, was commonly placed a stone table or altar. The back and sides of the obelisk generally contain phonetic hieroglyphics in squares. Hard and fine stones are inserted (naturally?) in many obelisks, as they, as well as the rest of the works in the ruins, are of a species of soft stone, which is found in a neighbouring and most extensive quarry.' Galindo, in Amer. Antiq. Soc., Transact., vol. ii., p. 548; and in Bradford's Amer. Antiq., p. 97. A bust 1m., 68 high, belonging to a statue fifteen to twenty feet high. Galindo, in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 76. Pillars so loaded with attributes that some scrutiny is required to discover from the head in the centre that they represent a human form. An altar not infrequently found beside them would, if necessary, show their use. They are sun-pillars, such as are found everywhere in connection with an ancient sun-religion. MÜller, Amerikanische Urreligionen, p. 464. [III-25] Galindo, in Amer. Antiq. Soc., Transact., vol. ii., pp. 547-8; Id., in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 73, supplementary pl. vii., fig. 14. This head bears a remarkable resemblance to one given by Humboldt as coming from New Granada, shown in fig. 13, of the same plate. Stephens, Cent. Amer., vol. i., p. 144, gives the dimensions of the two niches as 1 foot 8 in. by 1 foot 9 in. by 2 feet 5 in.; the relics having been removed before his visit. [III-26] Stephens' Cent. Amer., vol. i., pp. 103-4, 142-3, with cut. Cut also in LarenaudiÈre, Mex. et Guat., pl. x. [III-27] Stephens' Cent. Amer., vol. i., pp. 140-2, with plates; Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1841, tom. xcii., pp. 57, 67-8. Plate. Mention of the altar with a comparison of the cross-legged chiefs to certain ornaments of Xochicalco. Tylor's Anahuac, p. 190. The altar is described by Galindo as a very remarkable stone table in the temple, 'two feet four inches high, and four feet ten inches square; its top contains forty-nine square tablets of hieroglyphics; and its four sides are occupied by sixteen human figures in basso-relievo, sitting cross-legged, on cushions carved in the stone, and bearing each in their hands something like a fan or flapper.' Amer. Antiq. Soc., Transact., vol. ii., p. 548. To Mr Jones, possessed as that gentleman is with the 'Soul of History,' this altar is the 'Rosetta-stone' of American antiquity. The four supporting stones are eggs; serpents occur in the ornaments; the objects held in the hands of the lesser personages of the sides are spiral shells; the figures are seated cross-legged, or in the oriental style; one chief holds a sceptre, the other none. Now these interpretations are important to the author, since he claims that the serpent was the good demon of the Tyrians; a serpent entwining an egg is seen on Tyrian coins; the spiral shell was also put on Tyrian medals in honor of the discovery of the famous purple; the style of sitting is one practiced in Tyre; the chief representing Tyre holds no sceptre, because Tyre had ceased to be a nation at the time of the event designed to commemorate. The conclusion is clear: the altar was built in commemoration of an act of friendship between Tyre and Sidon, by which act the people of the former nation were enabled to migrate to America! Jones' Hist. Anc. Amer., pp. 65-6, 156-62. More of this in a future treatise on origin. [III-28] Stephens' Cent. Amer., vol. i., pp. 134-9, 156; Galindo, in Amer. Antiq. Soc., Transact., vol. ii., pp. 548-9; Id., in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 76; Davis' Antiq. Amer., pp. 4-5; Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., pp. 68-9. Palacio's miscellaneous relics are, a large stone in the form of an eagle with a tablet of hieroglyphics a vara long on its breast; a stone cross three palms high, with a broken arm; and a supposed baptismal font in the plaza. Relacion, in Pacheco, Col. Doc. InÉd., tom. vi., p. 38. [III-29] Jones' Hist. Anc. Amer., p. 67; Stephens' Cent. Amer., vol. i., p. 142; Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, p. 197. [III-30] Cent. Amer., vol. i., pp. 102-3, 151. 'La sculpture monumentale des ruines de Copan peut rivaliser avec quelques produits similaires de l'Orient et de l'Occident europÉens. Mais la conception de ces monuments, l'originalitÉ de leur ornementation suffit À plus d'un esprit pour Éloigner toute idÉe d'origine commune.' Dally, Races Indig., p. 13. [III-31] 'We have this type of skull delineated by artists who had the skill to portray the features of their race. These artists would not select the most holy of places as the groundwork of their caricatures. This form, then, pertained to the most exalted personages.' Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, pp. 302, 338-9. [III-32] 'The hieroglyphics displayed upon the walls of Copan, in horizontal or perpendicular rows, would indicate a written language in which the pictorial significance had largely disappeared, and a kind of word-writing had become predominant. Intermingled with the pictorial devices are apparently purely arbitrary characters which may be alphabetic.' Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, p. 322. They are conjectured to recount the adventures of Topiltzin-Acxitl, a Toltec king who came from AnÁhuac and founded an empire in Honduras, or Tlapallan, at the end of the eleventh century. Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., pp. 101-2. Like those of Palenque, and some characters of the Dresden MS. Squier's Pref. to Palacio, Carta, p. 10. 'No he hallado libros de sus antigÜedades, ni creo que en todo este distrito hay mÁs que uno, que yo tengo.' Palacio, in Pacheco, Col. Doc. InÉd., tom. vi., p. 39. I have no idea what this one book spoken of may have been. The characters are apparently hieroglyphics, 'but to us they are altogether unintelligible.' Gallatin, in Amer. Ethno. Soc., Transact., vol. i., pp. 55-6, 66. [IV-1] About five miles down the river from El Pozo de los Amates on the main road from Guatemala to Yzabal, in a forest of cedar and mahogany, about a mile from the left bank of the river, on the estate of the SeÑores Payes. Stephens' Cent. Amer., vol. ii., pp. 118-23. Stephens' map locates Quirigua, however, on the south bank of the river. 'Quirigua, village guatÉmalien, situÉ sur la route et À huit lieues environ du port de l'Isabal; les ruines qui en portent le nom existent À deux lieues de lÀ sur la rive gauche du fleuve Motagua.' Brasseur de Bourbourg, PalenquÉ, introd., p. 22. 'Sur la rive gauche de la riviÈre de Motagua, À milles vares environ de cette riviÈre.' Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1840, tom. lxxxviii., pp. 376-7. 'Liegen in der NÄhe des kleinen Dorfes Los Amates, 2 Stunden unterhalb Encuentros, am linken Ufer des Motagua, ¾ Stunde vom Flusse entfernt, mitten im Walde. Der Weg von Yzabal fÜhrt in einer Entfernung von 3 Stunden an dem Orte vorbei.' Reichardt, Cent. Amer., p. 69. 'Eine der unbekanntesten und merkwÜrdigsten RuinenstÄtten Central-Amerika's, nahe dem See von Isabal, in einer schwer zugÄnglichen Wildniss.' Wagner and Scherzer, Costa Rica, p. x. 'QuirigÜa, c'est le nom d'une ville considÉrable, bÂtie par les AztÈques À l'Époque oÙ florissait la magnifique Anahuac. Ses ruines mystÉrieuses sont aujourd'hui ensevelies À environ trois lieues du triste village qui porte son nom.' Sue, Henri le Chancelier, pp. 110-11. Nearly two English miles from the river-bank. Scherzer, QuiriguÁ, p. 5. Mention in WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 276; Hesse, in Sivers, Mittelamerika, p. 256. [IV-2] Stephens' Cent. Amer., vol. ii., pp. 118-24, with two plates. An account made up from Catherwood's notes was, however, inserted in the Guatemalan newspaper El Tiempo by the proprietors of the Quirigua estate, and translated into French in Le Moniteur Parisien, from which it was reprinted in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1840, tom. lxxxviii., pp. 376-7; and in AmÉrique Cent., pt. ii., pp. 68-9, both French and Spanish text is given. The same description is also given in Valois, Mexique, pp. 202-3. Scherzer's pamphlet on the subject bears the title Ein Besuch bei den Ruinen von QuiriguÁ im Staate Guatemala in Central-Amerika, (Wien, 1855,) and I have not found it quoted elsewhere. Baily's Cent. Amer., pp. 65-6, also contains a brief account from a source not stated, and this is quoted nearly in full in Helps' Span. Conq., vol. ii., pp. 138-9. The ruins are slightly mentioned in Macgregor's Progress of Amer., vol. i., pp. 878-9, and in Baldwin's Anc. Amer., pp. 114-17, where it is incorrectly stated that Mr Stephens personally visited Quirigua. Brasseur de Bourbourg says: 'Nous les avons visitÉes en 1863, et nous possÉdons les dessins des plusieurs des monolithes qu'on y voit, faits par M. William Baily, d'Izabal.' PalenquÉ, introd., p. 22. See also the additional references in Note 1. [IV-3] The French version of Catherwood's notes has it, 'Au centre du cirque, dans lequel on descend par des degrÉs trÈs-Étroits, il y a une grande pierre arrondie, dont le contour prÉsente beaucoup d'hiÉroglyphes et d'inscriptions; deux tÊtes d'homme, de proportion plus grande que nature, parraissent soutenir cette table, laquelle est couverte de vÉgÉtation dans la plus grande partie.' Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1840, tom. lxxxviii., p. 377. [IV-4] 'Wahrscheinlich benutzten die Erbauer einen hier schon vorhandenen grossen Felsblock zu ihren Zwecken, denn der Transport eines Steines von solcher GrÖsse und Umfang mit den bewegenden KrÄften welche diesen VÖlkern muthmasslich zu Gebote standen, wÄre sonst kaum begreiflich.' Scherzer, QuiriguÁ, p. 7. [IV-5] 'Plus inclinÉe que la tour de Pise.' Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1840, tom. lxxxviii., p. 376. [IV-6] Stephens' text, Cent. Amer., vol. ii., p. 122, leaves it uncertain whether it is the statue or the altar afterwards mentioned which rests on the elevation. The French text, however, indicates that it is the former. [IV-8] Baily, Cent. Amer., pp. 65-6, sums up all the relics at Quirigua as follows: seven quadrilateral columns, twelve to twenty-five feet high, three to five feet at base; four pieces of an irregular oval shape, twelve by ten or eleven feet, not unlike sarcophagi; two large square slabs seven and a half by three feet and over three feet thick; all except the slabs being covered on all sides with elaborately wrought and well-defined sculptured figures of men, women, animals, foliage, and fanciful representations. All the columns are moreover of a single piece of stone. [IV-9] Yet Scherzer thinks that 'es ist nicht ganz unwahrscheinlich, dass die Monumente von QuiriguÁ noch zur Zeit der spanischen Invasion ihrer religiÖsen Bestimmung dienten, und dass auch eine Stadt in der NÄhe noch bewohnt war.' QuiriguÁ, p. 15, although there is no record of such a place in the annals of the conquest. [IV-10] Although Baily, Cent. Amer., p. 66, says 'they do not resemble in sculpture those of Palenque ... nor are they similar to those of Copan.... They suggest the idea of having been designed for historical records rather than mere ornament.' [IV-11] The sculpture presents no old-world affinities whatever. A certain coarseness of execution, implying inferior tools, distinguishes them from the coarsest Egyptian carvings. Both grouping and execution indicate a still "barbaric state of art, with no advanced idea of beauty, the patience and industry of the workmen being more remarkable than their ideas or skill." Scherzer, QuiriguÁ, p. 11-12. [IV-12] Hesse, in Sivers, Mittelamerika, p. 256. [IV-13] Palacio, Carta, pp. 62. [IV-14] Padre Urrutia published an account of his investigations at Cinaca-Mecallo in the Gaceta de Guatemala, according to Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., p. 81. The most complete description, however, he gave in a letter to E. G. Squier, who published the same in his Cent. Amer., pp. 342-4. The substance of the letter may be found in Baldwin's Anc. Amer., p. 124; and a French version in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1857, tom. cliii., pp. 182-6. [IV-15] Juarros' Hist. Guat., pp. 45, 308-9, taking the information from Fuentes, Recopilacion Florida, MS., tom. ii., lib. iv., cap. ii. Of course no importance is to be attached to these and similar reports. [IV-16] Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., pp. 43-4. [IV-17] Valois, Mexique, pp. 430-1. [IV-18] Dupaix, Rel. 3me ExpÉd., p. 9, in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. i., tom. iii., pl. vii., fig. 12, and in Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. v., p. 290, vol. vi., p. 470, vol. iv., pl. viii., fig. 12. Kingsborough's translation incorrectly represents this relic as having been found at Palenque, although the original reads 'lo encontrÓ en Guatemala' and the French 'l'a trouvÉe À Guatemala.' M. Lenoir, ParallÈle, p. 72, thinks the engraved device may show some analogy with the astronomical traditions of the ancients, the serpent of the pole, the dragon, the constellation Ophis, the apples of the Hesperides, etc.; and the reverse may be the Mexican tradition of the creation, the Python, or the serpent killed by Cadmus!! Cabrera, Teatro CrÍtico, pp. 53-5, pl. i., who was the bearer of one of the medals to the king of Spain, speaks of it as made of brass, and pronounces it to be 'a concise history of the primitive population of this part of North America.' The bird, in his opinion, is an eagle with a serpent in its beak and claws. His application of this relic to history will be more appropriate when I come to treat of the origin of the Americans. [IV-19] Hist. Mag., vol. vi., pp. 57-8. [IV-20] Juarros' Hist. Guat., pp. 488-9. The ruins are situated on a rock commanding the junction of the rivers Pixcayatl and Motagua. Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., p. 524. Ruins of the ancient capital of the Cakchiquel kings. Hassel, Mex. Guat., pp. 333, 335. 'Remarquable par les ruines de l'ancienne forteresse du mÊme nom.' LarenaudiÈre, Mex. et Guat., p. 266; Malte-Brun, PrÉcis de la GÉog., tom. vi., p. 470. [IV-21] Juarros' Hist. Guat., pp. 487-8; Hassel, Mex. Guat., p. 333. [IV-22] Hesse, in Sivers, Mittelamerika, p. 257. [IV-23] Fuentes, in Juarros' Hist. Guat., p. 492; Hassel, Mex. Guat., p. 327. [IV-24] WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 281. [IV-25] Hesse, in Sivers, Mittelamerika, p. 257. [IV-26] Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., p. 507. [IV-27] Reichardt, Cent. Amer., p. 72. [IV-28] The distance is stated to be one fourth of a mile, one mile and a half, one league, and one league and a half by different writers. [IV-29] Juarros' Hist. Guat., pp. 382-4; his authority being Fuentes, Recopilacion, MS., tom. i., lib. iii., cap. i., and lib. xv., cap. v.; Stephens' Cent. Amer., vol. ii., pp. 147, 149-53. Juarros' account is also given in Conder's Mex. Guat., vol. ii., pp. 270-1, in Bradford's Amer. Antiq., p. 90, and in Stephens' Cent. Amer., loc. cit. It is also used with that of Stephens to make up the description in Sivers, Mittelamerika, pp. 199-200. Slight mention also in WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 284; Brasseur de Bourbourg, PalenquÉ, p. 33; Id., Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., pp. 152, 493, 526. According to Brasseur's statement, M. Daly made drawings at Patinamit, seen by the AbbÉ, and to be published. [IV-30] Stephens' Cent. Amer., vol. ii., p. 146. [IV-31] 'In the province of Quezaltenango, there are still to be met with the vestiges and foundations of many large fortresses, among which is the celebrated one of Parrazquin, situated on the confines of Totonicapan and Quezaltenango; and the citadel of Olintepeque, formed with all the intricacies of a labyrinth, and which was the chief defence of the important city of Xelahuh.' Juarros' Hist. Guat., pp. 485, 379. Slight mention also, probably resting on no other authority than the paragraph above quoted, in WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 247; Hassel, Mex. Guat., p. 341. [IV-32] Stephens' Cent. Amer., vol. ii., pp. 171, 182-8. Mr Stephens gives, besides the engravings I have copied, and one of the other terra-cotta heads mentioned, a view of El Sacrificatorio, a ground plan showing the relative positions of the plateau, the barranca, and the projecting fortress, together with a view of El Resguardo and the other ruins in the distance. I do not reproduce them because they show no details not included in the description, which, moreover, is easily comprehended without the aid of cuts. A thorough exploration of Utatlan was made by Don Miguel Rivera y Maestre, a commissioner sent for the purpose by the Guatemalan government in 1834. His MS. report to the state authorities was seen by Mr Stephens and is described as being very full and accurate, but not containing any details outside of Stephens' account. He does not state that his plans and views were obtained from Rivera y Maestre. Juarros, Hist. Guat., pp. 86-8, 487, follows Fuentes, who described the city chiefly from historical accounts of its original condition, although it seems that he also visited the ruins. Las Casas, Hist. ApologÉtica, MS., cap. lii., speaks of Utatlan's 'maravillosos edificios de cal y canto, de los cuales yo vide muchos.' Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., pp. 493, 120, tom. i., p. 124, speaks of Rivera y Maestre's plans in Stephens' work as incorrect, but rejoices in the prospect that M. CÉsar Daly will publish correct drawings. 'Un des palais des rois de QuichÉ a 728 pas gÉomÉtriques de longueur et 376 de largeur.' Humboldt, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1827, tom. xxxv., p. 329. 'En Utlatan habia muchos y muy grandes cues Ó templos de sus Idolos, de maravillosos edificios, y yo vi algunos aunque muy arruinados.' Zurita, in Palacio, Carta, pp. 123-4. See also accounts of these ruins made up from Stephens and Juarros, in WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 286, and Reichardt, Cent. Amer., p. 72; also mention in Malte-Brun, PrÉcis de la GÉog., tom. vi., p. 470; LarenaudiÈre, Mex. et Guat., pp. 266, 274; Galindo, in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 73-8; Revue AmÉr., 1826, tom. i., pp. 353-5; MÜller, Amerikanische Urreligionen, p. 462. [IV-33] Stephens' Cent. Amer., vol. ii., p. 192. [IV-34] See p. 63 of this volume. [IV-35] Stephens' Cent. Amer., vol. ii., pp. 228-32, with figures of two vases found at Huehuetenango in addition to those represented above. 'On trouve un plan des plus incorrects dans le MS. de Fuentes.' Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., pp. 119, 504. Mention of the ruins in Id., PalenquÉ, p. 34. Huehuetenango, in Lat. 15° 28´ 15´´, Long. 91° 36´ 50´´. WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 288. Engravings of four vases copied from Stephens, in LarenaudiÈre, Mex. et Guat., p. 379, pl. 14. [IV-36] 'J'ai moi-mÊme visitÉ les ruines d'un grande nombre de ces villes et chÂteaux, dont les positions sont admirablement choisies pour la dÉfense; il en existe sur presque toutes les hauteurs qui environnent la plaine de Rabinal. Elles sont, du reste, trÈs-nombreuses dans toutes les provinces guatÉmaliennes et sont une preuve de l'Étendue de leur antique population.' The chief one is one league west of Rabinal. Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., p. 125. Ruins of Cawinal, Id., p. 149. Mention of tumuli, Id., tom. i., p. 15. Mention of ruins of Tzuruya, Tzutum, Nimpokom, Cakyug, Zamaneb, and Salama. Id., tom. ii., pp. 479, 505-6. Mention of Nebah, Uspantan, Rabinal, Cavinal, Xeocok, and Nimpokom. WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., pp. 288, 291. The ruins located by Sonnenstern, Mapa de Guat., 1859, proceeding from west to east, are as follows: Xolacul, Nebak, Hatzal, Suizul, Balbitz, Cavinal, Pacalay, Xokoc, Beleh Trak, Pikek, Xozintun, Trak Pocoma, Cakyug, Chocotoy, Chotocoy, Talam, Xubabal. [IV-37] Annual Scien. Discov., 1850, pp. 363-4. [IV-38] Stephens' Cent. Amer., vol. ii., p. 193. [IV-39] Pontelli's account with some plates was published in the Correo de Ultramar, Paris, 1860. I have not seen the original, but what purports to be a translation of it in the California Farmer, Nov. 7, 1862, is the veriest trash, containing nothing definite respecting the location or description of the pretended discoveries. [IV-40] Stephens' Cent. Amer., vol. ii., pp. 195-7; Id., Yuc., vol. ii., p. 201. 'Quant À l'existence d'une citÉ mystÉrieuse, habituÉ par des indigÈnes, qui vivraient au centre du PetÉn dans les mÊmes conditions d'autrefois, c'est une croyance qu'il faut relÉguer parmi les fantaisies de l'imagination. Ce conte a pris naissance au Yucatan, et les voyageurs en le recueillant, lui ont donnÉ trop d'importance.' Morelet, Voyage, tom. ii., p. 68. Mr Otis, on the authority of a late English explorer, believes the city to be a limestone formation which has misled. Hist. Mag., vol. vi., p. 120. 'We must reject the notion of great cities existing here.' Squier, in Id., vol. iv., p. 67. Its existence not improbable. Mayer's Mex. as it Was, p. 263. Such reports unfounded. Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 37. [IV-41] Morelet, Voyage, tom. ii., pp. 65-8, 26. M. Morelet, by reason of sickness, was unable to make any personal explorations in Peten beyond the island. He has preserved, however, some native reports respecting the antiquities of the region. 'On trouve dans tout ce pays des ruines d'anciens Édifices, comme dans le Yucathan, et des idoles en pierre.' Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1843, tom. xcvii., p. 51. 'Por aquellos montes ay muchos edificios antiguos grandiosos (como lo que oy se ven en YucathÀn) y en ellos muy grandes Idolos de piedra.' Cogolludo, Hist. Yuc., p. 700. 'It is doubtful if any monuments of note exist in the district, except on the islands, or in the immediate neighborhood of the lakes.' Squier's Cent. Amer., pp. 543-5. Mention in WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 295; Humboldt, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1827, tom. xxxv., p. 329. 'Il n'existe dans cette Île aucuns vestiges d'idoles ni de temples.' Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., pp. 69-70. Many relics and remains of idols still to be found on the island. Hassel, Mex. Guat., p. 359; Malte-Brun, PrÉcis de la GÉog., tom. vi., p. 470; Morelet's Trav., pp. 240-2; Gondra, in Prescott, Mex., tom. iii., p. 98. [IV-42] 'Les Indiens, on le sait, se montrent trÈs rÉservÉs sur tout ce qui touche À leur ancienne nationalitÉ: quoique ces ruines fussent connues d'un grand nombre d'entre eux, pas un n'avait trahi le secret de leur existence.' Morelet, Voyage, tom. ii., pp. 66-7; Id., Trav., pp. 241-2; Squier, in Hist. Mag., vol. iv., p. 66; WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 295. [IV-43] Galindo, in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 68; Squier, in Hist. Mag., vol. iv., p. 66. Mr Squier says the tower is 22 feet square at the base, instead of 22 paces as Galindo gives it. He does not state the authority on which his description rests; it seems, however, in other respects to be simply a reproduction of Galindo's account, which is also repeated in Squier's Cent. Amer., pp. 544-5. Slight mention in Morelet, Voyage, tom. ii., p. 66; Id., Trav., p. 240; WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 295. [IV-44] Col. Mendez, whom Gov. Tut preceded at Tikal by a day or two only, visited the ruins as commissioner of the Guatemalan government, to which, after a stay of four days, he made a report. This report, so far as I know, was never published in the original Spanish; but the MS. fell into the hands of Mr Hesse, Prussian envoy to the Central American governments, and was by him translated into German and published with the plates in the Zeitschrift fÜr Allgemeine Erdkunde, 1853, tom. i., pt. iii., pp. 162-8. This translation, without the plates, and with some slight omissions of unimportant details respecting the journey, was also published in Sivers, Mittelamerika, pp. 247-54, 304-8, with notes by Messrs Hesse and Sivers. This is the source of my information. Mendez revisited Tikal in 1852, without obtaining any additional information of value so far as I know. The ruins are mentioned and more or less fully described, always from the same source, in MÜller, Amerikanische Urreligionen, pp. 460-2; Buschmann, Ortsnamen, pp. 115-17; Ritter, in Gumprecht, tom. i., p. 3; WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., pp. 247, 295. [IV-45] Hesse, in Sivers, Mittelamerika, pp. 254-5, 308-9; Buschmann, Ortsnamen, pp. 115-16; WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 295; MÜller, Amerikanische Urreligionen, p. 460. [IV-46] Henderson's Honduras, pp. 52-3; repeated in Squier's Cent. Amer., pp. 596-7. [IV-47] Froebel's Cent. Amer., p. 167. [V-1] 'Le sol de l'Yucatan est encore, aujourd'hui, parsemÉ d'innombrables ruines, dont la magnificence et l'Étendue frappent d'Étonnement les voyageurs; de toutes parts, ce ne sont que collines pyramidales, surmontÉes d'Édifices superbes, des villes dont la grandeur Éblouit l'imagination, tant elles sont multipliÉes et se touchent de prÈs, sur les chemins publics: enfin on ne saurait faire un pas sans rencontrer des dÉbris qui attestent À la fois l'immensitÉ de la population antique du Maya et la longue prospÉritÉ dont cette contrÉe jouit sous ses rois.' 'Nulle terre au monde ne prÉsente aujourd'hui un champ si fÉcond aux recherches de l'archÉologue et du voyageur.' Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., pp. 20, 24. 'A peine y a-t-il dans l'Yucatan une ville, une bourgade, une maison de campagne qui n'offre dans ses constructions des restes de pierres sculptÉes qui ont ÉtÉ enlevÉes d'un ancien Édifice. On peut compter plus de douze emplacements couverts de vastes ruines.' Friederichsthal, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1841, tom. xcii., pp. 300-1. 'Elle est, pour ainsi dire, jonchÉe de ruines. Partout, dans cette partie de l'AmÉrique, la poÉsie des souvenirs parle À l'imagination.' LarenaudiÈre, Mex. et Guat., p. 320. [V-2] The earliest modern account of Yucatan Antiquities with which I am acquainted is that written by Sr Lorenzo de Zavala, Ambassador of the Mexican Government in France, and published in AntiquitÉs Mexicaines, tom. i., div. ii., pp. 33-5. Sr Zavala visited Uxmal several years before 1834. His communication gives a tolerably good general idea of the ruins, but it is brief, unaccompanied by drawings, and relates only to one city. It is, therefore, of little value when compared with later and more extensive works on the subject, and is mentioned in this note only as being the earliest account extant. Yet long before Zavala's visit, Padre Thomas de Soza, a Franciscan friar of the convent of MÉrida, had observed the ruins during his frequent trips through the province, and he gave a slight account of them to Antonio del Rio, who mentioned it in his Descrip. of an Ancient City, pp. 6-8. M. FrÉdÉric de Waldeck, a French artist, visited Uxmal in 1835 during a short tour in the peninsula, and published the result of his labors in his Voyage Pittoresque et ArchÉologique dans la Province d'Yucatan, Paris, 1838, large folio, with 22 steel plates and lithographic illustrations. M. de Waldeck became in some way obnoxious to the Mexican Government, which threw some obstacles in his way, and finally confiscated his drawings, of which he had fortunately made copies. Waldeck in his turn abuses the government and the people, and has consequently been unfavorably criticised. His drawings and descriptions, however, tested by the work of later visitors under better auspices, are remarkable for their accuracy so far as they relate to antiquities. The few errors discoverable in his work may be attributed to the difficulty of exploring alone and unaided ruins enveloped in a dense tropical forest. 'Supplied with pecuniary aid by a munificent and learned Irish peer.' (Lord Kingsborough.) Foreign Quar. Rev., vol. xviii., p. 251. 'Waldeck, aumentando Ó disminuyendo antojadiza y caprichosamente sus obras, las hace participar, en todos sentidos, de las no muy acreditadas cualidades de verÍdico, imparcial y concienzudo que aquÍ le conocieron.' M. F. P., in Registro Yucateco, tom. i., p. 362. Mr. John L. Stephens, accompanied by Fred. Catherwood, artist, at the end of an antiquarian expedition through Central America, arrived at Uxmal in 1840, and began the work of surveying the city, but the sickness of Mr Catherwood compelled them to abandon the survey when but little progress had been made and return abruptly to New York. The results of their incomplete work were published in Stephens' Cent. Amer., N. Y., 1841, vol. ii. Mr B. M. Norman, a resident of New Orleans, made a flying visit to Yucatan from December to March, 1841-2, and published as a result Rambles in Yucatan, N. Y., 1843, illustrated with cuts and lithographs. According to the Registro Yucateco, tom. i., p. 372, this trip was merely a successful speculation on the part of Norman, who collected his material in haste from all available sources, in order to take advantage of the public interest excited by Stephens' travels. However this may be, the work is not without value in connection with the other authorities. 'The result of a hasty visit.' Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 172. The work 'n'est qu'une compilation sans mÉrite et sans intÉrÊt.' Morelet, Voyage, tom. i., p. 150. 'A valuable work.' Davis' Antiq. Amer., p. 12. 'By which the public were again astonished and delighted.' Frost's Pict. Hist. Mex., p. 77. Norman's work is very highly spoken of and reviewed at length, with numerous quotations and two plates, in the Democratic Review, vol. xi., pp. 529-38. Mr Stephens arrived in New York on his return from his Central American tour in July, 1840, having left Yucatan in June. 'About a year' after his return he again sailed for Yucatan on October 9th and remained until the following June. This is all the information the author vouchsafes touching the date of his voyage, which was probably in 1841-2, Stephens and Norman being therefore in the country at the same time; the latter states, indeed, that they were only a month apart at Zayi. Stephens' work is called Incidents of Travel in Yucatan, N. Y., 1843. (?) (Ed. quoted in this work, N. Y., 1858.) The drawings of this and of the previous expedition were published, with a descriptive text by Stephens, under the title of Catherwood's Views of Ancient Monuments in Central America, N. Y., 1844, large folio, with 25 colored lithographic plates. Stephens' account was noticed, with quotations, by nearly all the reviews at the time of its appearance, and has been the chief source from which all subsequent writers, including myself, have drawn their information. His collection of movable Yucatan relics was unfortunately destroyed by fire with Mr Catherwood's panorama in New York. Critics are almost unanimous in praise of the work. 'MalgrÉ quelques imperfections, le livre restera toujours un ouvrage de premier ordre pour les voyageurs et les savants.' Brasseur de Bourbourg, Esquisses, p. 7. 'Stephens y Catherwood, por ejemplo, sin separarse de la verdad de los originales, los cÓpia el uno, y los describe el otro con exactitud, criterio y buena fÉ,' M. F. P., in Registro Yucateco, tom. i., p. 362. 'Ce que M. Stephens a montrÉ talent, de science et de modestie dans ses narrations est au-dessus de toute apprÉciation.' Dally, Races Indig., p. 14. Jones, Hist. Anc. Amer., criticises Stephens' conclusions, and his criticisms will be somewhat noticed in their proper place. See also p. 82, note 14, of this volume. The Baron von Friederichsthal, an attachÉ of the Austrian Legation, spent several months in an examination of Yucatan ruins, confining his attention to Chichen Itza and Uxmal. He had with him a daguerreotype apparatus, and with its aid prepared many careful drawings. As to the date of his visit it probably preceded those of Norman and Stephens, since a letter by him, written while on his return to Europe, is dated April 21, 1841. This letter is printed in the Registro Yucateco, tom. ii., pp. 437-43, and in the Dicc. Univ., tom. x., pp. 290-3. It contains a very slight general account of the ruins, which are spoken of as 'hasta hoy desconocidas,' with much rambling speculation on their origin. On his arrival in Europe Friederichsthal was introduced by Humboldt to the AcadÉmie Royale des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, before which society he read a paper on his discoveries on October 1, 1841, which paper was furnished by the author for the Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1841, tom. xcii., pp. 297-314, where it was published under the title of Les Monuments de l'Yucatan. The author proceeded to Vienna where he intended to publish a large work with his drawings, a work that so far as I know has never seen the light. 'M. de Friederichsthal a souvent ÉtÉ inquiÉtÉ dans ses recherches; les ignorants, les superstitieux, les niais les regardaient comme dangereuses au pays.' Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1841, tom. xcii., p. 304. In 1858 M. DÉsirÉ Charnay visited Izamal, Chichen Itza, and Uxmal, taking with him a photographic apparatus. He succeeded in obtaining perfect views of many of the buildings, which were published under the title CitÉs et Ruines AmÉricaines, Paris, 1863, in large folio. The text of the work is in octavo form and includes a long introduction by M. Viollet-le-Duc, French Government Architect, occupied chiefly with speculation and theories rather than descriptions. Charnay's part of the text, although a most interesting journal of travels, is very brief in its descriptions, the author wisely referring the reader to the photographs, which are invaluable as tests of the correctness of drawings made by other artists both in Yucatan and elsewhere. See also a general notice of the ruins in Cogolludo, Hist. Yuc., pp. 176-7, and in Gottfriedt, Newe Welt, p. 611; full account in Baldwin's Anc. Amer., pp. 125-50, from Stephens; and brief accounts, made up from the modern explorers, in Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., pp. 171-3, with cut of an idol from Catherwood; Prichard's Researches, vol. v., pp. 346-8; Morelet, Voyage, tom. i., pp. 147, 191-5, 269-72; Dally, Races Indig., pp. 14-15; Warden, Recherches, pp. 68-9; Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1843, tom. xcvii., pp. 36-50, from old Spanish authorities; MÜller, Amerikanische Urreligionen, pp. 460, 462; MÜhlenpfordt, Mejico, tom. ii., pt. i., p. 12; Hassel, Mex. Guat., p. 267; WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., pp. 144, 247; Baril, Mexique, pp. 128-30; Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., pp. 20-31; Davis' Antiq. Amer., pp. 512-30; Id., Ed. 1847, p. 31; LarenaudiÈre, Mex. et Guat., pp. 320-8; Mex. in 1842, p. 75; Sivers, Mittelamerika, pp. 227, 242-7, 303-4. [V-3] The best map of Yucatan, showing not only the country's geographical features, but the location of all its ruins, is the Carte du Yucatan et des rÉgions voisines, compiled by M. Malte-Brun from the works of Owen, Barnett, Lawrence, Kiepert, GarcÍa y Cubas, Stephens, and Waldeck, and published in Brasseur de Bourbourg, PalenquÉ, Paris, 1866, pl. i., ii. [V-4] Fray Diego Lopez Cogolludo visited Uxmal at some time before the middle of the seventeenth century, and describes the ruins to some extent in his Historia de Yucathan, Mad., 1688, pp. 176-7, 193-4, 197-8. Padre Thomas de Soza, about 1786, reported to Antonio del Rio stone edifices covered with stucco ornaments, known by the natives as Oxmutal, with statues of men beating drums and dancing with palms in their hands, which he had seen in his travels in Yucatan, and which are thought to be perhaps identical with Uxmal, although the monuments are reported as being located twenty leagues south of MÉrida and may be quite as reasonably identified with some other group. Rio's Description, pp. 6-7. Zavala's visit to Uxmal at some date previous to 1834 has already been spoken of in note 2. His account is called Notice sur les Monuments d'Ushmal, in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 33-5. M. de Waldeck left MÉrida for Uxmal on May 6, 1835, arrived at the ruins on May 12, where he spent some eight days, and was interrupted in his work by the rainy season. Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., pp. 67-74, 93-104, and plates. Mr Stephens had Waldeck's work with him at the time of his second visit. He says, Yucatan, vol. i., p. 297, 'It will be found that our plans and drawings differ materially from his, but Mr Waldeck was not an architectural draughtsman;' yet the difference is only to be noted in a few plates, and is not so material as Mr Stephens' words would imply. Still, where differences exist, I give Mr Stephens the preference, because, having his predecessor's drawings, his attention would naturally be called to all the points of Waldeck's survey. Mr Stephens says further, 'It is proper to say, moreover, that Mr Waldeck had much greater difficulties to encounter than we, ... besides, he is justly entitled to the full credit of being the first stranger who visited these ruins and brought them to the notice of the public.' Mr Stephens' first visit was in June, 1840, during which he visited the ruins from the hacienda three times, on June 20, 21, and 22, while Mr Catherwood spent one day, the 21st, in making sketches. It was unfortunate that he was forced by Mr Catherwood's illness to leave Uxmal, for at this time the ground had been cleared of the forest and was planted with corn; the occasion was therefore most favorable for a thorough examination. Stephens' Cent. Amer., vol. ii., pp. 413-35, with 3 plates. Mr Norman, according to his journal, reached the ruins, where he took up his abode, on February 25, 1842, and remained until March 4, devoting thus seven days or thereabouts to his survey. His account is accompanied by several lithographic illustrations. Norman's Rambles in Yuc., pp. 154-67. Messrs Stephens and Catherwood arrived on their second visit on November 15, 1841, and remained until January 1, 1842, Mr Stephens meanwhile making two short trips away, one in search of ruins, the other to get rid of fever and ague. It is remarkable that they found no traces of Mr Friederichsthal's visit, (Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1841, tom. xcii., pp. 306-9,) which was probably in the same year. Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., pp. 163-325, vol. ii., pp. 264-73, with many plates and cuts. Padre Carrillo, cura of Ticul, with D. Vicente GarcÍa Rejon, and D. JosÉ MarÍa Fajardo, visited the ruins in March, 1845, and an account of the visit, embodying but little information, was published by L. G., in Registro Yuc., tom. i., pp. 275-9. Another account of a visit in the same year was published by M. F. P., in Id., pp. 361-70. Mr Carl Bartholomaeus Heller spent two or three days at Uxmal, April 6 to 9, 1847. His account is found in Heller, Reisen, pp. 256-65. M. Charnay's visit was in 1858, and his efforts to obtain photographic negatives and to fight the insects which finally drove him away, lasted eight days. Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., pp. 362-80, pl. xxxv-xlix. M. Brasseur de Bourbourg was at Uxmal in 1865, and made a report, accompanied by a plan, which was published in the Archives de la Com. Scien. du Mex., tom. ii., pp. 234, 254, as the author states in his PalenquÉ, Introd., p. 24. See further on Uxmal: Description quoted from Stephens with unlimited criticisms, italics, capitals, and exclamation points, in Jones' Hist. Anc. Amer., pp. 86-105, 120; description from Waldeck and Stephens, with remarks on the city's original state, in Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., pp. 21-3, 585; and also slight accounts made up from one or more of the authorities already cited as follows: MÜller, Amerikanische Urreligionen, pp. 462, 483; Bradford's Amer. Antiq., pp. 99-103, from Waldeck; Baril, Mexique, pp. 129-30, from Del Rio; Sivers, Mittelamerika, pp. 237-41; Morelet, Voyage, tom. i., pp. 149-50, 193; Frost's Great Cities, pp. 268-81; Id., Pict. Hist. Mex., p. 80; Album, Mex., tom. i., pp. 203-4, the last three including a moonlight view of the ruins, from Norman; LarenaudiÈre, Mex. et Guat., pp. 321-8, with plates from Waldeck; Baldwin's Anc. Amer., pp. 131-7, with cuts, from Stephens; Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, pp. 208, 212-13, 302, 330, 398-9, from Stephens; Willson's Amer. Hist., pp. 82-6, with cuts, from Stephens; Armin, Das Heutige Mex., pp. 91-6, with cuts, from Stephens; Id., Das Alte Mex., p. 97; WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 144; MÜhlenpfordt, Mejico, tom. ii., pt. i., p. 12; Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 51; Hermosa, Enciclopedia, Paris, 1857, pp. 176-7; Prescott's Mex., vol. iii., pp. 412-13; Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1843, tom. xcvii., pp. 36-7, 44. [V-5] Pronounced ooshmahl. [V-6] Cogolludo sometimes writes the name Uxumual. 'Il nous a ÉtÉ impossible de trouver une Étymologie raisonnable À ce nom.' Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., p. 21. 'Le nom d'Uxmal signifie du temps passÉ. Il ne s'applique aux ruines que parce que celles-ci sont situÉes sur le terrain de la hacienda d'Uxmal.' Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., p. 68; Sivers, Mittelamerika, p. 237. Possibly derived from ox and mal, meaning 'three passages' in Maya. Heller, Reisen, p. 255. 'It was an existing inhabited aboriginal town' in 1556. Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., p. 272. Called Oxmutal by Soza, in Rio's Description, p. 7. [V-7] Lat. 30° 22´ 86´´ (!), Long. 4´ 33´´ west of MÉrida. 'Une couche trÈs mince d'une terre ferrugineuse recouvre le sol, mais disparaÎt dans les environs oÙ l'on n'aperÇoit que du sable.' Friederichsthal, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1841, tom. xcii., p. 306. 2 miles (German) west of Jalacho, which lies near MaxcanÚ, on the road from MÉrida to Campeche. WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 144. 20 leagues from MÉrida, occupying an extent of several leagues. MÜhlenpfordt, Mejico, tom. ii., pt. i., p. 12. 'A huit lieues de Mayapan ... dans une plaine lÉgÈrement ondulÉe.' Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., p. 21. 'Le terrain d'Uxmal est plat dans toute l'Étendue du plateau.' 'Sur le plateau d'une haute montagne.' Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., pp. 68, 70. [V-8] 'Sur un diamÈtre d'une lieue, le sol est couvert de dÉbris, dont quelques-uns recouvrent des intÉrieurs fort bien conservÉs.' Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., p. 363. [V-9] In the plan I have followed Stephens, Yucatan, vol. i., p. 165, who determined the position of all the structures by actual measurement, cutting roads through the undergrowth for this express purpose, and the accuracy of whose survey cannot be called in question. His plan is reproduced on a reduced scale in Willson's Amer. Hist., p. 83. Plans are also given in Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., pl. viii.; Norman's Rambles in Yuc., p. 155; and Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., introd. by Viollet-le-Duc, p. 62. These all differ very materially both from that of Stephens, and from each other; they are moreover very incomplete, and bear marks of having been carelessly or hastily prepared. 'DisposÉe en Échiquier, oÙ se dÉployaient, À la suite les uns des autres, les palais et les temples.' Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., p. 21. Besides the plans, general views of the ruins from nearly the same point (q on the plan looking southward) are given by Stephens, Yucatan, vol. i., p. 305, and by Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., phot. 49. Norman, Rambles in Yuc., frontispiece, gives a general view of the ruins by moonlight from a point and in a direction impossible to fix, which is copied in the Album Mex., tom. i., p. 203, in Frost's Great Cities, p. 269, and in Id., Pict. Hist. Mex., p. 80. It makes a very pretty frontispiece, which is about all that can be said in its favor, except that it might serve equally well to illustrate any other group of American or old-world antiquities. [V-10] Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., phot. 49. [V-11] 'No habiendo tradicion alguna que testifique los nombres propios, que en un principio tuvieron los diferentes edificios que denuncian estas ruinas, es preciso creer que los que hoy llevan, son enteramente gratuitos.' L. G., in Registro Yuc., tom. i., p. 275. Mr Jones is positive this must have been a temple rather than a palace. 'Mr Stephens appears to be so strict a Spartan Republican, that every large, or magnificent building in the Ruined Cities, he considers to be a Palace,—he seems to have thought less of mind, than of matter.' Hist. Anc. Amer., p. 96; Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., p. 97, calls it the Temple of Fire. [V-12] In stating the dimensions of this mound, as I shall generally do in describing Uxmal, I have followed Stephens' text. His plan and both plans and text of all the other visitors vary more or less respecting each dimension. I had prepared tables of dimensions for each building from all the authorities, but upon reflection have thought it not worth while to insert them. Such tables would not enable the reader to ascertain the exact measurements, and moreover differences of a few feet cannot be considered practically important in this and similar cases. All the authorities agree on the general form and extent of this pyramidal mound. Most of them, however, refer only to the eastern front, and no one but Stephens notes the western irregularities. In giving the dimensions of the respective terraces some also refer to their bases, and others probably to their summits. Norman, Rambles in Yuc., pp. 156-7, states that the second and third terraces are each thirty feet high, while Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., pp. 372-3, makes the same fifteen and ten feet respectively. Waldeck's plan makes the summit platform about 240 feet long. [V-13] Jones, Hist. Anc. Amer., p. 120, says there was a stairway in the centre of each side. [V-14] Norman's dimensions are 36×272 feet; Heller's, 40×320 feet; Friederichsthal's, 38×407 feet; and Waldeck's, about 65×195 feet. [V-15] Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., p. 175, reproduced in Baldwin's Anc. Amer., p. 132, and Willson's Amer. Hist., p. 84. The author speaks of the number of rooms as being 18, although the plan shows 24. He probably does not count the four small rooms corresponding with the recesses on the front and rear, as he also does not include their doors in his count. How he gets rid of the other two does not appear. Norman says 24 rooms, Charnay 21, and Stephens indicates 22 in the plan in Cent. Amer., vol. ii., p. 428. [V-16] Friederichsthal, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1841, tom. xcii., p. 309, speaking of the Uxmal structures in general, says the blocks are usually 5×12 inches; Zavala, in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 34, pronounces them from 25 to 28 centimÈtres in length, width, and thickness. [V-17] This beam was taken to N. Y., where it shared the fate of Stephens' other relics. [V-18] Stephens favors the former theory, Waldeck and Charnay the latter, insisting that the hammock is consequently an American invention. Norman goes so far as to say that the grooves worn by the hammock-ropes are still to be seen on some of these timbers. [V-19] Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., p. 97, speaks of real or false doors made of a single stone in connection with this building, but his examination of it was very slight. Cogolludo, Hist. Yuc., p. 177, speaks of interior decorations as follows: 'Ay vn lienÇo en lo interior de la fabrica, que (aunque es muy dilatado) À poco mas de medio estado de vn hombre, corre por todo Èl vna cornisa de piedra muy tersa, que haze vna esquina delicadissima, igual, y muy perfecta, donde (me acuerdo) avia sacado de la misma piedra, y quedado en ella vn anillo tan delgado, y vistoso, como puede ser vno de oro obrado con todo primor.' [V-20] From Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., p. 174; also in Baldwin's Anc. Amer., p. 132. Charnay's photograph 48 shows the opposite or northern end in connection with another building. [V-21] From Stephens; one of them also in Baldwin's Anc. Amer. [V-22] A cut of this hook is also given by Norman, and by Waldeck, who, Voy. Pitt., p. 74, attempts to prove its identity with an elephant's trunk, and that it was not molded from a tapir's snout. [V-23] Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., phot. 46, shows the whole eastern faÇade. Photograph 47 gives a view on a larger scale of the portion over the principal doorway. Stephens, Yucatan, vol. i., frontispiece, represents the same front in a large plate, and in his Cent. Amer., vol. ii., p. 434, is a plate showing a part of the same. Norman gives a lithograph of the front. Rambles in Yuc., p. 158. His enlarged portion of the front from Waldeck does not belong to the Governor's House at all. 'Couvert de bas-reliefs, exÉcutÉs avec une rare perfection, formant une suite de mÉandres et arabesques d'un travail non moins capricieux que bizarre.' Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., p. 23. Decorated with 'gros serpents entrelacÉs et d'anneaux en pierre.' Friederichsthal, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1841, tom. xcii., p. 308. 'Chiefly the meander, or the Grecian square border, used in the embroidery of the mantles and robes of Attica.' Jones' Hist. Anc. Amer., p. 98. 'The length of the upper platform (in English feet!!) is seen to correspond nearly with the number of days in the year, and the mysterious emblem of eternity, the serpent, is found extending its portentous length around the building.' Frost's Great Cities, p. 271. 'Du haut de ses trois Étages de pyramides, il se dresse comme un roi, dans un isolement plein de majestueuse grandeur.' 'L'ornementation se compose d'une guirlande en forme de trapÈzes rÉguliers, de ces Énormes tÊtes dÉjÀ dÉcrites, courant du haut en bas de la faÇade, et servant de ligne enveloppante À des grecques d'un relief trÈs-saillant, reliÉes entre elles par une ligne de petites pierres en carrÉ diversement sculptÉes; le tout sur un fond plat de treillis de pierre. Le dessus des ouvertures Était enrichi de piÈces importantes, que divers voyageurs ont eu le soin d'enlever. Quatre niches, placÉes rÉguliÈrement, contenaient des statues, absentes aujourd'hui.' Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., pp. 372-3. 'One solid mass of rich, complicated elaborately sculptured ornaments forming a sort of arabesque.' 'Perhaps it may with propriety be called a species of sculptured mosaic; and I have no doubt that all these ornaments have a symbolical meaning; that each stone is part of a history, allegory, or fable.' Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., pp. 166, 173. 'The ornaments were composed of small square pieces of stone, shaped with infinite skill, and inserted between the mortar and stone with the greatest care and precision. About two-thirds of the ornaments are still remaining upon the faÇade.... The ground-work of the ornaments is chiefly composed of raised lines, running diagonally, forming diamond or lattice-work, over which are rosettes and stars; and, in bold relief, the beautiful Chinese border.' Norman's Rambles in Yuc., pp. 158-9. 'A travers ces grands mÉandres formÉs par l'appareil se montrent, ici encore, la tradition des constructions de bois par empilages, en encorbellement et le treillis. Cette construction est une des plus soignÉes parmi celles d'Uxmal.' Viollet-le-Duc, in Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., p. 70. [V-23] 'La dÉcoration du parement de cet Édifice ne consiste qu'en une imitation de palissade formÉe de rondins de bois. Sur la frise supÉrieure, des tortues saillantes rompent seules les lignes horizontales.' Viollet-le-Duc, in Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., p. 69. Photograph 48 shows the north front of the Casa de Tortugas. Stephens, Yucatan, vol. i., p. 184, gives a plate showing the southern front. Waldeck's plan would make this building's dimensions about 60×185 feet. The column structure will be illustrated by engravings in connection with the ruins of Zayi and others. [V-24] Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., p. 181; Norman's Rambles in Yuc., p. 156. From this rather meagre information Mr Jones proves, in a manner entirely satisfactory to himself, that the whole platform was surrounded in its original condition by a double row of columns, 230 in number, placed 10 feet apart, each 18 inches in diameter and 12 feet high, with a grand central column, 6 feet in diameter, and 60 feet high. Hist. Anc. Amer., p. 119. [V-25] 'A shaft of gray limestone in an inclined position, measuring twelve feet in circumference and eight in height; bearing upon its surface no marks of form or ornament by which it might be distinguished from a natural piece.' Norman's Rambles in Yuc., p. 156. 'Une espÈce de colonne dite pierre du chÂtiment, oÙ les coupables devaient recevoir la punition de leurs fautes.' Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., p. 372. 'Una enorme columna de piedra, cuya forma semicÓnica le da el aire de un obelisco, aunque de base circular y sin adornos.' M. F. P., in Registro Yuc., tom. i., p. 364. [V-26] 'Double-headed cat or lynx,' cut from Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., p. 183; and Baldwin's Anc. Amer., p. 133. 'Un autel, au centre, soutenait un tigre À deux tÊtes, dont les corps reliÉs au ventre figurent une double chimÈre.' Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., p. 372. 'Rude carving of a tiger with two heads.' Norman's Rambles in Yuc., p. 156. 'En un mismo cuerpo contiene dos cabezas de tigre de tamaÑo regular, vueltas hÁcia fuera: su actitud es la misma que la en que generalmente se representa la esfinge de la fÁbula; y si su excavacion no fuera tan reciente, probablemente habria corrido la suerte de otras estÁtuas y objetos preciosos, que À nuestra vista y paciencia han sido sacados del pais para figurar en los museos extranjeros.' M. F. P., in Registro Yuc., tom. i., pp. 364-5. Mr Heller, Reisen, p. 259, confounds this monument with the picote. [V-27] Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i. pp. 229-32. Sr Peon, proprietor of Uxmal, believed that these excavations were originally used as granaries, not deeming the plaster sufficiently hard to resist water. 'Excavations ... with level curbings and smoothly finished inside.' Norman's Rambles in Yuc., p. 156. [V-28] Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., pp. 253-6, with a view in the frontispiece. Although Stephens says the pyramid is only sixty-five feet high, it is noticeable that in Catherwood's drawing it towers high above the roof of the Casa del Gobernador, which is at least sixty-eight feet in height. Norman, Rambles in Yuc., p. 157, calls this a pile of loose stones, about two hundred feet square at the base, and one hundred feet high, and covered on the sides and top with dÉbris of edifices. Friederichsthal, Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1841, tom. xcii., p. 308, says the summit platform is seventy-seven feet square. [V-29] Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., p. 319. A distant view of this pyramid is included in Stephens' general view, p. 305, and in Charnay's photograph 49. Norman, in both plan and text, unites this pyramid at the base with that at E, and makes its height eighty feet. Rambles in Yuc., p. 157. [V-30] Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., pp. 318-19, with view of the Casa de Palomas; cut also in Id., Cent. Amer., vol. ii., p. 426. 'Une muraille dentelÉe de pignons assez ÉlevÉs, percÉs d'une multitude de petites ouvertures, qui donnent À chacun la physionomie d'un colombier.' Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., pp. 371-2, phot. 49. 'A wall of two hundred feet remains standing upon a foundation of ten feet. Its width is twenty-five feet; having ranges of rooms in both sides, only parts of which remain. This wall has an acute-angled arch doorway through the centre.... The top of this wall has numerous square apertures through it, which give it the appearance of pigeon-holes; and its edge is formed like the gable-end of a house, uniformly notched.' Norman's Rambles in Yuc., p. 165, with plate showing one of the peaks of the wall. [V-31] Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., p. 320; Norman, Rambles in Yuc., p. 165, speaks of this part of the ruin as 'an immense court or square, enclosed by stone walls, leading to the Nun's House,' C of the plan. He says, also, that some of the scattered mounds in this direction have been excavated and seem to have been intended originally for sepulchres. [V-32] Mr Stephens, Yucatan, vol. i., p. 320, refers to his appendix for a mention of some of the relics found in this group. The reference is probably to a note on vestiges of the phallic worship on p. 434, which from motives of modesty the author gives in Latin. [V-33] Mr Norman's statements, Rambles in Yuc., p. 166, differ materially from those of Stephens, Yucatan, vol. i., pp. 298-9. He states that the walls are only twelve feet apart, that the eastern faÇade only has the entwined serpents, that the western is covered with hieroglyphics, that the structure contains rooms on a level with the ground, and implies that the western ring was still perfect at the time of his visit. This building is called by Charnay the CÁrcel, or Prison. [V-34] In these dimensions I have followed Mr Stephens' text, as usual in Uxmal, as far as possible. Although the Casa de Monjas has received more attention than any of the other structures, yet, strangely enough, no visitor gives all the dimensions of the buildings and terraces; hardly any two authors agree on any one dimension; and no author's text agrees exactly with his plans. Yet the figures of my text may be considered approximately correct. I append, however, in this instance a table of variations as a curiosity. Respecting the height of the buildings, except the northern, we have no figures from any reliable authority; but we know that both eastern and western are lower than the northern building and higher than the southern, whose rooms are 17 feet high on the inside, and moreover that the eastern is higher than the western.
[V-35] M. Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., pl. xii., presents a drawing of four of these turtles. 'Covered with square blocks of stone.' Norman's Rambles in Yuc., p. 163. 'Each tortoise is in a square, and in the two external angles of each square is an Egg. The tortoise and the egg, are both National emblems.' Jones' Hist. Anc. Amer., p. 94. [V-36] Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., pp. 364, 368; Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., pp. 301, 308. [V-37] Plan in Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., p. 301; reproduced in Baldwin's Anc. Amer., p. 136. Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., pl. xii., also gives a ground plan, which, so far as the arrangement of rooms and doorways is concerned, differs very widely from that of Stephens, and must be regarded as very incorrect. M. Waldeck, during his short stay in Yucatan, seems to have devoted his chief attention to sketching the sculptured faÇades, a work which he accomplished accurately, but to have constructed his plans from memory and imagination after leaving the country. In the preparation of the present plan he had, to aid his fancy, the supposed occupation of these buildings in former times by nuns, and he has arranged the rooms with an eye to the convenience of the priests in keeping a proper watch and guard over the movements of those erratic demoiselles. [V-38] Cut from Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., p. 309. For some reason the sculpture is not shown. Waldeck's pl. xii. contains also a section showing the form of the arches and ceilings. [V-39] 'Les linteux des portes sont en bois, comme partout À Uxmal.' 'Les intÉrieurs, de dimensions variÉes suivant la grandeur des Édifices ... deux murailles parallÈles, puis obliquant, pour se relier par une dalle.' 'Les salles Étaient enduites d'une couche de plÂtre fin qui existe encore.' 'On remarque de chaque cÔtÉ de l'ouverture, À Égale distance du sol et du linteau de la porte, plantÉs dans la muraille de chaque cÔtÉ des supports, quatre crochets en pierre.' Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., pp. 364-6. M. Waldeck speaks of the door-tops of the western building as being composed of nine pieces of stone, perpendicular on the outside, or visible, portions, but beveled and secured by a keystone within. 'Fait de neuf pierres À coupe perpendiculaire, et point du tout À clef: je parle ici de l'aspect de cette partie du monument À l'extÉrieur; mais À l'intÉrieur, ces neuf pierres sont À clef, ce que l'absence d'enduit m'a permis de constater.' Voy. Pitt., p. 100. 'The height of the ceiling is uniform throughout.' Norman's Rambles in Yuc., p. 161. Heller, Reisen, p. 257, gives the botanical name of the zapote-wood used for lintels as cavanilla, achras sapota. Waldeck calls the wood jovillo. Voy. Pitt., p. 97. Norman spells it zuporte. [V-40] 'J'ai parlÉ, dans le texte du prÉsent ouvrage, des prÉtendues colonnes trouvÉes dans l'Yucatan. Les trois balustres qu'on voit dans cette planche peuvent, dÉplacÉs comme ils l'Étaient, avoir donnÉ lieu À cette erreur. En effet, en divisant ces ornements en plusieurs morceaux, on y trouvera un fÛt droit et une espÈce de chapiteau que, d'aprÈs des idÉes relatives assurÉment fort naturelles, on place volontiers À l'extrÉmitÉ supÉrieure du fÛt, au lieu de le mettre au milieu.' Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., p. 103. 'C'est un ensemble de colonnettes nouÉes dans le milieu trois par trois, sÉparÉes par des parties de pierres plates et les treillis qu'on rencontre si souvent; ce bÂtiment est d'une simplicitÉ relative, comparÉ À la richesse des trois autres.' Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., p. 368. [V-41] My engravings are taken from Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., pl. xv., xvii. They are reproduced in LarenaudiÈre, Mex. et Guat., p. 323, pl. 3, 6. The perfect accuracy of the engravings—except the seated statues—is proved by Charnay's photographs 42, 49, which show the same front, as does the view in Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., p. 305. The southern front of this building is only shown in general views in Stephens' Cent. Amer., vol. ii., p. 420; repeated in Armin, Das Heutige Mex., p. 92; and in Norman's Rambles in Yuc., p. 160, which give no details. [V-42] 'La dÉcoration se compose d'une espÈce de trophÉe en forme d'Éventail, qui part du bas de la frise en s'Élargissant jusqu'au sommet du bÂtiment. Ce trophÉe est un ensemble de barres parallÈles terminÉes par des tÊtes de monstres. Au milieu de la partie supÉrieure, et touchant À la corniche, se trouve une Énorme tÊte humaine, encadrÉe À l'Égyptienne, avec une corne de chaque cÔtÉ. Ces trophÉes sont sÉparÉs par des treillis de pierre qui donnent À l'Édifice une grande richesse d'effet. Les coins ont toujours cette ornementation bizarre, composÉe de grandes figures d'idoles superposÉes, avec un nez disproportionnÉ, tordu et relevÉ, qui fait songer À la maniÈre chinoise.' Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., pp. 366-7. The first of my engravings I take from Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., p. 306; the same front being shown also in Charnay's photograph 38, in Waldeck's pl. xv., and in LarenaudiÈre, Mex. et Guat., pl. 3. The second engraving is from Waldeck's pl. xvi., given also in LarenaudiÈre, Mex. et Guat., pl. 5, in Norman's Rambles in Yuc., p. 156—where it is incorrectly stated to represent a portion of the Casa del Gobernador,—and corresponding with Charnay's photograph 39. The third cut is from Viollet-le-Duc, in Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., p. 65. M. Viollet-le-Duc explains the cut as follows: 'Supposons des piles ou murs de refend A; si l'on pose À la tÊte des piles les premiers patins B, sur lesquels, À angle droit, on embrÉvera les traverses C, puis les secondes piÈces B', les deuxiÈmes traverses C' en encorbellement Égalemente embÉrvÉes, et ainsi de suite, on obtient, au droit des tÊtes de piles ou murs de refend, des parois verticales, et, dans le sens des ouvertures, des parois inclinÉes arrivant À porter les filiÈres D avec potelets intercalÉs. Si, d'une pile À l'autre, on pose les linteaux E en arriÈre du nu des piÈces BB', et que sur ces linteaux on Établisse des treillis, on obtiendra une construction de bois primitive, qui est Évidemment le principe de la dÉcoration de la faÇade de pierre du bÂtiment.' This faÇade is 'the most chaste and simple in design and ornament, and it was always refreshing to turn from the gorgeous and elaborate masses on the other faÇades to this curious and pleasing combination.' Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., p. 306. 'The eastern faÇade is filled with elaborate ornaments, differing entirely from the others, and better finished.' Norman's Rambles in Yuc., pp. 161-2. 'Les huit Échelons dont la sÉrie forme un cÔne renversÉ, sont ornÉs, À chacune de leurs extrÉmitÉs, d'une tÊte symbolique de serpent ou de dragon. La tÊte du Soleil qui touche À la corniche et repose sur le troisiÈme Échelon, offre deux rayons ascendants, indÉpendemment de ceux qui flamboient autour du masque, dont je n'ai pu deviner la signification. Les trois rayons qui se voient au dessus de la tÊte ont peut-Être quelques rapports avec le mÉridien, celui du milieu indiquant le parfait Équilibre.' 'Des sept masques solaires, un seul Était intact.' 'L'ensemble de cette faÇade offre À l'heure de midi un caractÈre de grandeur dont il serait difficile de donner une idÉe.' Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., pp. 102-3. [V-43] Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., p. 307, with plate; Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., phot. 43. [V-44] The illustrations of the Serpent front are in Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., pl. xiii., xviii., which latter shows some of the detached faces, or masks; Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., phot. 40, 41, 44; and Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., pp. 302-3. Rattlesnakes are common in this region. The proprietor proposed to build this serpent's head into a house in MÉrida as a memorial of Uxmal. 'Toward the south end the head and tail of the serpents corresponded in design and position with the portion still existing at the other.' Id., vol. i., pp. 302-3. 'The remains of two great serpents, however, are still quite perfect; their heads turned back, and entwining each other, they extend the whole length of the faÇade, through a chaste ground-work of ornamental lines, interspersed with various rosettes. They are put together by small blocks of stone, exquisitely worked, and arranged with the nicest skill and precision. The heads of the serpents are adorned with ppluming feathers and tassels.' Norman's Rambles in Yuc., p. 162. 'Son nom lui vient d'un immense serpent À sonnettes courant sur toute la faÇade, dont le corps, se roulant en entrelacs, va servir de cadre À des panneaux divers. Il n'existe plus qu'un seul de ces panneaux: c'est une grecque, que surmontent six croisillons, avec rosace À l'intÉrieur; une statue d'Indien s'avance en relief de la faÇade, il tient À la main un sceptre; on remarque au-dessus de sa tÊte un ornement figurant une couronne.' Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., p. 367. 'Un ornement, imitÉ d'une sorte de pompon en passementerie terminÉ par une frange, se voit au-dessus de la queue du reptile. On dÉcouvre Également dans la frise ces rosettes frangÉes comme celles signalÉes dans le bÂtiment de l'est.' Viollet-le-Duc, in Id., p. 69. 'En voyant pour la premiÈre fois ce superbe Édifice, je ne pus retenir un cri de surprise et d'admiration, tant les choses originales et nouvelles Émeuvent l'imagination et les sens de l'artiste. J'ai cherchÉ À rendre, dans ce qu'on vient de lire, mes premiÈres impressions. Pourquoi n'avouerais-je pas qu'il s'y mÊle un peu de vanitÉ? Un pareil sentiment n'est-il pas excusable chez le voyageur qui rÉvÈle au monde civilisÉ des trÉsors archÉologiques si longtemps ignorÉs, un style nouveau d'architecture, et une source abondante oÙ d'autres, plus savants que lui, iront puiser un jour?' Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., p. 100. [V-45] Cut of one of these projecting curves in Norman's Rambles in Yuc., p. 162. [V-46] 'The whole, loaded as it is with ornament, conveys the idea of vastness and magnificence rather than that of taste and refinement.' Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., p. 304. 'The northern front, no doubt, was the principal one, as I judge from the remains, as well as from the fact, that it is more elevated than the others.' Norman's Rambles in Yuc., p. 161. Norman's general view of the Nunnery includes a view of this northern front, but the decorations are omitted and the turrets also. 'Chaque porte, de deux en deux, est surmontÉe d'une niche merveilleusement ouvragÉe que devaient occuper des statues diverses. Quant À la frise elle-mÊme, c'est un ensemble extraordinaire de pavillons, oÙ de curieuses figures d'idoles superposÉes ressortent comme par hasard de l'arrangement des pierres, et rappellent les tÊtes Énormes sculptÉes sur les palais de Chichen-Itza. Des mÉandres de pierres finement travaillÉes leur servent de cadre et donnent une vague idÉe de caractÈres hiÉroglyphiques: puis viennent une succession de grecques de grande dimension, alternÉes, aux angles, de carrÉs et de petites rosaces d'un fini admirable. Le caprice de l'architecte avait jetÉ ÇÀ et lÀ, comme des dÉmentis À la parfaite rÉgularitÉ du dessin, des statues dans les positions les plus diverses. La plupart ont disparu, et les tÊtes ont ÉtÉ enlevÉes À celles qui restent encore.' Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., pp. 364-5, phot. 36-7. 'Les grosses tÊtes forment la principale dÉcoration des dessus de portes; les treillis sont historiÉs, les encorbellements empilÉs supprimÉs.' Viollet-le-Duc, in Id., p. 67. [V-47] I append a few general quotations concerning the Nunnery: The court faÇades 'ornamented from one end to the other with the richest and most intricate carving known in the art of the builders of Uxmal; presenting a scene of strange magnificence, surpassing any that is now to be seen among its ruins.' Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., p. 300. 'All these faÇades were painted; the traces of the colour are still visible, and the reader may imagine what the effect must have been when all this building was entire, and according to its supposed design, in its now desolate doorways stood noble Maya maidens, like the vestal virgins of the Romans, to cherish and keep alive the sacred fire burning in the temples.' Id., p. 307. The bottoms of the caissons of the diamond lattice-work are painted red. The paint is believed to be a mixture in equal parts of carmine and vermilion, probably vegetable colors. Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., pp. 200-1; Zavala, in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 33-4, describes a building supposed to be the Nunnery on account of the serpent ornament, which, however, is stated to be on the exterior front of the building. Cogolludo, Hist. Yuc., p. 177, describes the court and surrounding edifices, stating that the serpent surrounds all four sides. 'Vn gran patio con muchos aposentos separados en forma de claustro donde viuian estas doncellas. Es fabrica digna de admiracion, porque lo exterior de las paredes es todo de piedra labrada, donde estÀn sacadas de medio relieue figuras de hombres armados, diuersidad de animales, pajaros, y otras cosas.' 'Todos los quatro lienÇos de aquel gran patio (que se puede llamar plaÇa) los ciÑe vna culebra labrada en la misma piedra de las paredes, que termina la cola por debaxo de la cabeÇa, y tiene toda ella en circuito quatrocientos pies.' Jones, Hist. Anc. Amer., p. 93, accounts for the superiority of the sculpture on the court faÇades by supposing that it was executed at a later date; its protection from the weather would also tend to its better preservation. [V-48] Although Zavala says, speaking of the Uxmal ruins in general: 'Celles qui forment l'arÊte À partir de laquelle les plans des murs convergent pour dÉterminer la voÛte prismatique dont j'ai dÉjÀ parlÉ, sont taillÉes en forme de coude dont l'angle est obtus.' Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 34. 'In the rear of, and within a few feet of the eastern range, are the remains of a similar range, which is now almost in total ruins. There appear to have been connecting walls, or walks, from this range to the Pyramid near by, as I judged from the rubbish and stones that can be traced from one to the other.' Norman's Rambles in Yuc., p. 162. Cuts from Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., pp. 311, 430; one of them reproduced in Baldwin's Anc. Amer. [V-49] So say Stephens' text and plan, Viollet-le-Duc, and Charnay's plan; but Stephens' views, except that in Cent. Amer., Charnay's photographs, and Waldeck's plan and drawings, do not indicate an oval form. I am inclined to believe that the corners are simply rounded somewhat more than in the other Uxmal structures, and that the oval form indicated in the plan is not correct. [V-50] M. Viollet-le-Duc says it is 'entiÈrement composÉ d'un blocage de maÇonnerie revÊtu de gros moellons parementÉs,' in Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., p. 70. [V-51] Cogolludo, Hist. Yuc., p. 193. 'La subida principal estÁ Á la parte del oriente y se practica por medio de una grada, que Á la altura referida, guarda, segun mi cÁlculo, el muy escaso declive de treinta pies Á lo mas: esta circunstancia, como se deja entender, la hace en extremo pendiente y peligrosa. Si no me engaÑo, la grada Á que me refiero, tiene de 95 Á 100 escaloncitos de piedra labrada, pero tan angostos, que apÉnas pueden recibir la mitad del piÉ: la cubren muchos troncos de Árboles, espinos, y, lo que es peor, una multitud de yerba, resbaladiza.' The author, however, climbed the stairway barefooted. L. G., in Registro de Yuc., tom. i., p. 278. 'Les cÔtÉs de la pyramide sont tellement lisses qu'on ne peut y monter mÊme À l'aide des arbres et des broussailles qui poussent dans les interstices des pierres.' Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., p. 95. The eastern slope 70°, and the western 80°. Heller, Reisen, p. 256. Stairway has 180 steps, each 12 to 15 centimetres wide and high. Zavala, in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 33. 100 steps, each 5 inches wide. Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., p. 71. 100 steps, each 6 inches wide. Norman's Rambles in Yuc., p. 163. About 130 steps, 8 or 9 inches high. Stephens' Cent. Amer., vol. ii., p. 421. [V-52] 'Une espÈce de petite chapelle en contre-bas tournÉe À l'ouest; ce petit morceau est fouillÉ comme un bijou; une inscription parait avoir ÉtÉ gravÉe, formant ceinture au-dessus de la porte.' Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., p. 368. 'Loaded with ornaments more rich, elaborate, and carefully executed, than those of any other edifice in Uxmal.' Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., p. 313. [V-53] In the matter of dimensions, the Casa del Adivino presents the same variations as the other structures—Stephens, Yucatan, being the authority followed. Waldeck makes the platform 45 by 91 feet 8 inches, and the building 81 feet 8 inches by 14 feet 8 inches. Zavala calls the building 8 metres square. According to Norman the pyramid measures 500 feet at the base, and is 100 feet high, the platform being 21 by 72 feet, and the building 12 by 60, and 20 feet high. Charnay pronounces the pyramid 75 to 80 feet high. Stephens, Cent. Amer., vol. ii., pp. 421-2, gives the dimensions as follows: Pyramid, 120 by 240 feet at base; platform, 4½ feet wide outside the building; building, 68 feet long; rooms, 9 feet wide, 18, 18, and 34 feet long. Friederichsthal's dimensions: Pyramid, 120 by 192 feet and 25½ feet high; platform, 23? by 89 feet; building, 12 by 73 feet, and 19¼ feet high. Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1841, tom. xcii., p. 307. Heller's dimensions: Pyramid, 135 by 225 feet, and 105 feet high; platform, 20 by 70 feet; building, 12 by 60 feet, and 20 feet high. [V-54] 'Il est À remarquer que le pÉnis des statues Était en Érection, et que toutes ces figures Étaient plus particuliÈrement mutilÉes dans cette partie du corps.' Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., pp. 95-6. Plate xi. shows the statue and accompanying portion of the wall. 'The emblems of life and death appear on the wall in close juxtaposition, confirming the belief in the existence of that worship practiced by the Egyptians, and all other eastern nations, and before referred to as prevalent among the people of Uxmal.' Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., p. 314. 'The western faÇade is ornamented with human figures similar to caryatides, finely sculptured in stone with great art.' Norman's Rambles in Yuc., p. 164. It is astonishing how easy the meaning of these sculptures may be deciphered when the right person undertakes the task. For instance: 'The translation of the above Sculpture seems as easy as if a Daniel had already read the handwriting on the wall! as thus—The human figure, in full life and maturity, together with the sex, presents mortality; over the figure the cross-bones are placed, portraying the figure's earthly death; while the skull supported by expanding wings (and this Sculpture being placed above those of life and death,) presents the immortal Soul ascending on the wings of Time, above all earthly life, or the corruption of the grave!' Jones' Hist. Anc. Amer., p. 103. [V-55] Stephens, Yucatan, vol. i., pp. 312, 316, gives views of the east and west fronts, the former of which I have inserted in my description; and in Cent. Amer., vol. ii., p. 420, a view from the south, which is copied in Armin, Das Heutige Mex., p. 92, which last authority also gives what seems to be a restoration of the pyramid from Waldeck. Waldeck's plates, ix., x., xi., relate to this structure; plate ix. is a view from a point above the whole and directly over the centre, including a ground plan of the summit building; plate x. is the western elevation of the pyramid and building with the eastern elevation of the latter; and plate xi. is a view of one of the statues as already mentioned. Charnay's photograph 35 gives a western view of the whole, which is also included in photograph 38; it is to be noted that his plan places the Casa del Adivino considerably south of the Nunnery. Norman, Rambles in Yuc., p. 162, gives an altogether imaginary view of the pyramid and building, perhaps intended for the western front. 'La base de la colline factice est revÊtue d'un parement vertical avec une frise dans laquelle on retrouve l'imitation des rondins de bois, surmontÉs d'une sorte de balustrade presque entiÈrement dÉtruite.' Viollet-le-Duc, in Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., p. 70. On the east front of the building are 'deux portes carrÉes et deux petits pavillons couverts d'une espÈce de toit reposant sur des pilastres.' 'Tel est ce monument, chef-d'oeuvre d'art et d'ÉlÉgance. Si j'Étais arrivÉ un an plus tard À Uxmal, je n'aurais pas pu en donner un dessin complet; le centre avait ÉtÉ dÉgradÉ par suite de l'extraction de quelques pierres nÉcessaires À la soliditÉ de cette partie de l'Édifice.' Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., p. 96. Yet if the structure was as perfect and his examination as complete as he claims, it is very strange, to say the least, that he did not discover the apartments in the western projections. Zavala, in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 33, says that the interior walls of this building are plastered. Stephens, Charnay, and Brasseur, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., pp. 578-88, give the tradition of the Dwarf, which gives this temple one of its names. 'The construction of these ornaments is not less peculiar and striking than the general effect. There were no tablets or single stones, each representing separately and by itself an entire subject; but every ornament or combination is made up of separate stones, on each of which part of the subject was carved, and which was then set in its place in the wall.' 'Perhaps it may, with propriety, be called a species of sculptured mosaic.' Stephens' Cent. Amer., vol. ii., p. 422. [V-54] Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., pp. 248-51, 227-8; Norman's Rambles in Yuc., pp. 166, 157; Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., p. 74; Friederichsthal, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1841, tom. xcii., pp. 307-8; Zavala, in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 35; Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 51. [V-55] Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., pp. 188, 221-2. [V-56] Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., p. 122, with plate showing front of one building. [V-57] On Xcoch and Nohpat see Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., pp. 348-58, 362-8, with cut of the pyramid, beside those given in the text. Cut of former ruin reproduced in Baldwin's Anc. Amer., pp. 144-5. 'Una infinita multitud de edificios enteramente arruinados, esparcidos sobre toda la extension del terreno que puede abrazar la vista. Esta como cadena de ruinas que desde Uxmal se prolonga con direccion al S.E. por mas de 4 millas, induce Á creer que es la continuacion de esa inmensa ciudad.' 'Muchos edificios colosales enteramente arruinados, que, aunque compartidos casi del mismo modo que en Uxmal, indican, sin embargo, mayor antigÜedad; porque siendo construidos con iguales materias, y con no menor solidez, las injurias del tiempo son mas evidentes sobre cuantos objetos se presentan Á la vista. AÚn se nota la configuracion y trazo de las rÁmpas, Átrios y plazas, donde andan, como diseminados en grupos, restos de altares, multitud de piedras escuadradas talladas en medios relievos representando calaveras y canillas, trozos de columnas, y cornizas y estÁtuas caprichosas Ó simbÓlicas.' This visitor describes most of the monuments mentioned by Stephens. The picote, or phallus, together with a sculptured head, he brought away with him. M. F. P., in Registro Yuc., tom. i., pp. 365-7. [V-58] 'The cornice running over the doorways, tried by the severest rules of art recognised among us, would embellish the architecture of any known era, and amid a mass of barbarism, of rude and uncouth conceptions, it stands as an offering by American builders worthy of the acceptance of a polished people.' Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., pp. 387-95, with plates of the whole front, an enlarged portion of the same, and the interior of the room mentioned. Norman, Rambles in Yuc., p. 149, devotes a few lines to this building, but furnishes no details. [V-59] The front is as usual decorated with sculpture, but it is much fallen. Plate showing the front in Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., p. 397. [V-60] Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., pp. 398-400, with cuts of the Casa de Justicia and of the Arch; the latter being also in Baldwin's Anc. Amer., p. 139. [V-61] Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., pp. 386-7, 402-14, with cuts and plates. Norman, Rambles in Yuc., pp. 148-9, thus describes these sculptured jambs, which he found where Stephens left them placed against the walls of the room: 'They are about six feet high and two wide; the front facings of which are deeply cut, representing a caÇique, or other dignitary, in full dress, (apparently a rich Indian costume,) with a profusion of feathers in his head-dress. He is represented with his arms uplifted, holding a whip; a boy before him in a kneeling position, with his hands extended in supplication; underneath are hieroglyphics. The room is small, with the ceiling slightly curved.' [V-62] LarenaudiÈre, Mex. et Guat., p. 321; Baril, Mexique, p. 129; WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 144. 'Autour de cette grande ville (Uxmal), dans un rayon de plusieurs lieues, l'oeil admirait les citÉs puissantes de Nohcacab, de Chetulul, de Kabah, de Tanchi, de Bokal et plus tard de Nohpat, dont les nobles omules se dÉcoupaient dans l'azur foncÉ du ciel, comme autant de fleurons dans la couronne d'Uxmal.' Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., p. 21. [V-63] Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., pp. 30-8, 41-6, 124-6. [V-64] Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., pp. 16-28, with two plates in addition to the cuts I have given. Armin, Das Heutige Mex., pp. 79-80, with two cuts, from Stephens. 'The summits of the neighboring hills are capped with gray broken walls for many miles around.' Norman's Rambles in Yuc., pp. 150-3, with view of front, copied in Democratic Review, vol. xi., pp. 536-7; Frost's Pict. Hist. Mex., pp. 78-9; and Id., Great Cities, pp. 291-5. [V-65] Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., pp. 40-65, with plates. The cut given in the text is also given by Baldwin, Anc. Amer., as a frontispiece. Willson's Amer. Hist., p. 86. [V-66] Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., pp. 72-8, with two plates, and cut of painting. Willson's Amer. Hist., pp. 86-7. [V-67] Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., pp. 83-4, 87-94. [V-68] Id., vol. ii., pp. 235-43. [V-69] Un Curioso, in Registro Yuc., tom. i., pp. 207-8, 351. [V-70] Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., pp. 249, 258-61, 130-5, with four plates illustrating the ruins of Chunhuhu. At Mani 'a pillory of a conical shape, built of stones, and to the southward rises a very ancient palace.' Soza, in Rio's Description, p. 7. 'On voit encore prÈs de Mani les restes d'un Édifice construit sur une colline. On appelle cette ruine le temple de las monjas del fuego.' Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., p. 48. [V-71] Authorities on Chichen Itza. Landa, Relacion, pp. 340-7,—Landa describing the ruins from personal observation, having been bishop of MÉrida for several years, and died in the country in 1579; Friederichsthal, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1841, tom. xcii., pp. 300, 302, 304-6,—this author having visited Chichen in 1840, directed thereto by the advice of Mr Stephens, who had heard rumors of the existence of extensive remains; Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., pp. 282-324,—whose visit was from March 11 to 29, 1842, and whose description, as usual, is much more complete than that of other explorers; Norman's Rambles in Yuc., pp. 104-28,—the corresponding survey having lasted from February 10 to 14, 1842; Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., pp. 339-46, phot. 26-34,—from an exploration in 1858. Thomas Lopez Medel is also mentioned in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1843, tom. xcvii., pp. 38, 43, as having visited Chichen by authority of the Guatemalan government. Other authors who publish accounts of Chichen, made up from the works of the preceding actual explorers, are as follows: Armin, Das Heutige Mex., pp. 80-3; Baldwin's Anc. Amer., pp. 140-4; Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., p. 15; Frost's Great Cities, pp. 282-91; Morelet, Voyage, tom. i., pp. 186, 193; Willson's Amer. Hist., pp. 79-82; Davis' Antiq. Amer., p. 6; WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 144; Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 179, cut; Democratic Review, vol. xi., pp. 534-6; Gallatin, in Amer. Ethno. Soc., Transact., vol. i., p. 174; Schott, in Smithsonian Rept., 1871, pp. 423-4. [V-72] Plan from Stephens. The only other plan is that given by Norman, which, in distances and the arrangement of the buildings with respect to each other, presents not the slightest similarity with the probably accurate drawings of Stephens and Catherwood. 'The ruins of Chichen lie on a hacienda, called by the name of the ancient city.' 'The first stranger who ever visited them was a native of New-York,' Mr John Burke. First brought to the notice of the world by Friederichsthal. 'The plan is made from bearings taken with the compass, and the distances were all measured with a line. The buildings are laid down on the plan according to their exterior form. All now standing are comprehended, and the whole circumference occupied by them is about two miles ... though ruined buildings appear beyond these limits.' 'In all the buildings, from some cause not easily accounted for, while one varies ten degrees one way, that immediately adjoining varies twelve or thirteen degrees in another;' still the plan shows no such arrangement. Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., pp. 282-3, 290, 312. The modern church 'entiÈrement composÉe de pierres enlevÉes aux temples et aux palais dont j'allais Étudier les ruines.' The proprietor 'me proposa la cession de sa propriÉtÉ et des ruines pour la somme de deux mille piastres.' Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., pp. 336, 344-5. 'A city which, I hazard little in saying, must have been one of the largest the world has ever seen. I beheld before me, for a circuit of many miles in diameter, the walls of palaces and temples and pyramids, more or less dilapidated.' 'No marks of human footsteps, no signs of previous visitors, were discernible; nor is there good reason to believe that any person, whose testimony of the fact has been given to the world, had ever before broken the silence which reigns over these sacred tombs of a departed civilization.' Norman's Rambles in Yuc., pp. 108-9. Thirty-three leagues from Valladolid, and twenty-five from MÉrida. 'Une grotte offre, À une profondeur de 52 pieds, un petit Étang d'eau douce, auquel on descend par des degrÉs taillÉs dans le roc, et se prolongeant au-dessous de la surface de l'eau.' Friederichsthal, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1841, tom. xcii., pp. 304-6. [V-73] 'Le bijou de Chichen pour la richesse des sculptures.' Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., p. 342. 'The most strange and incomprehensible pile of architecture that my eyes ever beheld—elaborate, elegant, stupendous.' Norman's Rambles in Yuc., p. 119. Norman calls the building House of the Caciques. [V-74] 'L'Édifice appelÉ la casa de las Monjas (la maison des nonnes) est long de 157 pieds, large de 86, haut de 47. Dans la partie infÉrieure, il n'y a pas de trace d'ouverture. L'Étage supÉrieur a des chambres nombreuses; les linteaux des portes sont ornÉs d'hiÉroglyphes.' Friederichsthal, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1841, tom. xcii., p. 305. 'La porte (east front), surmontÉe de l'inscription du palais, possÈde en outre une ornementation de clochetons de pierre qui rappellent, comme ceux des coins de plusieurs Édifices, la maniÈre chinoise ou japonaise. Au-dessus, se trouve un magnifique mÉdaillon reprÉsentant un chef la tÊte ceinte d'un diadÈme de plumes; quant À la vaste frise qui entoure le palais, elle est composÉe d'une foule de tÊtes Énormes reprÉsentant des idoles, dont le nez est lui-mÊme enrichi d'une figure parfaitement dessinÉe. Ces tÊtes sont sÉparÉes par des panneaux de mosaÏque en croix, assez communs dans le Yucatan.' 'Le dÉveloppement du palais et de la pyramide est d'environ soixante-quinze mÈtres.' Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., pp. 342-3. Photograph 30 shows the eastern front, and 29 the northern, of the wing; 26 the north side of the building a; 27 the eastern, and 28 the southern front of the Iglesia, b. 'La faÇade (eastern) est mÊme d'un beau caractÈre, et la composition de la porte avec le bas-relief qui la surmonte est pleine d'une grandeur sauvage, d'un effet saisissant. Mieux traitÉs que dans les exemples prÉcÉdents, l'appareil des parements est plus rÉgulier, et il prÉsente cette particularitÉ trÈs-remarquable, qu'il s'accorde exactement avec la dÉcoration.' Viollet-le-Duc, in Id., p. 60. East wing 32 by 50 feet, and 20 feet high. 'Over the door-way ... is a heavy lintel of stone, containing two double rows of hieroglyphics, with a sculptured ornament intervening. Above these are the remains of hooks carved in stone, with raised lines of drapery running through them ... over which, surrounded by a variety of chaste and beautifully executed borders, encircled within a wreath, is a female figure in a sitting posture, in basso-relievo, having a head-dress of feathers, cords, and tassels, and the neck ornamented.' Building a, 10×35×20 feet; building b, 13×22×36 feet. Main platform 75×100 feet. 'On the eastern end of these rooms (in 1st story over the solid basement) is a hall running transversely, four feet wide ... one side of which is filled with a variety of sculptured work, principally rosettes and borders, with rows of small pilasters; having three square recesses.' Norman's Rambles in Yuc., pp. 169-73, with view of eastern front of wing, and of north front of the whole structure. 'Over the doorway (eastern front) are twenty small cartouches of hieroglyphics in four rows, five in a row.' Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., p. 293, with plates of eastern front, northern front, and the Iglesia. [V-75] Akab-Tzib and not Akatzeeb, as Stephens spells it. Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., p. 12; Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., pp. 291-2, with plate of front and of the sculptured lintel. 'Those (rooms) fronting the south are the most remarkable, the inner doorways having each a stone lintel of an unusually large size, measuring thirty-two inches wide, forty-eight long, and twelve deep; having on its inner side a sculptured figure of an Indian in full dress, with cap and feathers, sitting upon a cushioned seat, finely worked; having before him a vase containing flowers, with his right hand extended over it, his left resting upon the side of the cushion—the whole bordered with hieroglyphics. The front part of this lintel contains two rows of hieroglyphics. 43×150×20 feet, walls 3 feet thick. Norman's Rambles in Yuc., pp. 123-4. 'Un Énorme bÂtiment prÈs des Nonnes, mais totalemente dÉnuÉ de sculptures.' Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., p. 344. [V-76] Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., pp. 311-17, with plates of north front of the castle and its pyramid, and the interior of the room, besides the cut of the monsters' heads given in my text. Bishop Landa gives a description probably intended for this edifice and even gives a plan of it. His account, except in mentioning four stairways, agrees very well with that of later visitors, and is as follows: 'This edifice has four stairways facing the four parts of the world; they are 33 feet wide, each having 91 steps, very difficult of ascent. The steps have the same height and width as ours. Each stairway has two low balustrades, two feet wide, of good stonework like all the building. The edifice is not sharp-cornered, because from the ground upward between the balustrades the cubic blocks are rounded, ascending by degrees and elegantly narrowing the building. There was, when I saw it, at the foot of each balustrade a fierce serpent's mouth very strangely worked. Above the stairways there is on the summit a small level platform in which is an edifice of four rooms. Three of them extend round without interruption, each having a door in the middle and being covered with an arch. The northern room is of peculiar form, and has a corridor of great pillars. The middle one, which must have been a kind of little court between the rooms, has a door which leads to the northern corridor and is closed with wood at the top, and served for burning perfumes. In the entrance of this door or corridor is a kind of coat of arms sculptured in stone, which I could not well understand.' Landa, Relacion, pp. 342-4. 550 feet in circumference at the base, its sides facing the cardinal points. 'The angles and sides were beautifully laid with stones of an immense size, gradually lessening, as the work approached the summit.' Stairways on north and east 30 feet wide and narrowing toward the top. The south and west slopes also mount in steps, each four feet high. Monsters' heads at foot of eastern stairway. Slope 100 feet; building 42 feet square; stone door-jambs have holes drilled through their inner angles; interior walls are plastered and painted with figures now very dim; roof perfectly flat and covered with soil. This author in his whole description evidently confounds the north with the east front. Norman's Rambles in Yuc., pp. 115-17, with view of pyramid. Charnay's phot. 32 gives a view of the Chateau. 120 feet high, 159 feet square at base; platform 60 feet square; 80 steps in the stairway. Friederichsthal, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1841, tom. xcii., p. 304. [V-77] 'Tenia delante la escalera del corte (of the castle) algo aparte dos teatros de canteria pequeÑos de a quatro escaleras, y enlosados por arriba en que dizen representavan las farsas y comedias para solaz del pueblo.' Landa, Relacion, p. 344. [V-78] Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., pp. 303-11. Plates giving a general view of the Gymnasium, the front of the building on the eastern wall, and the painted and sculptured figures. 'Le monument se composait autrefois de deux pyramides perpendiculaires et parallÈles, d'un dÉveloppement de cent dix mÈtres environ, avec plate-forme disposÉe pour les spectateurs. Aux extrÉmitÉs deux petits Édifices semblables, sur une esplanade de six mÊtres de hauteur, devaient servir aux juges, ou d'habitation aux guardiens du gymnase.' Of the two chambers on the eastern wall, 'la seconde, entiÈre aujourd'hui, est couverte de peintures. Ce sont des guerriers et des prÊtres, quelques-uns avec barbe noire et drapÉs dans de vastes tuniques, la tÊte ornÉe de coiffures diverses. Les couleurs employÉes sont le noir, le jaune, le rouge, et le blanc.... Dans le bas et en dehors du monument se trouve la salle dont nous donnons les bas-reliefs, qui sont certainement ce qu'il y a de plus curieux À Chichen-Itza. Toutes les figures en bas-relief, sculptÉes sur les murailles de cette salle, ont conservÉ le type de la race indienne existante.' Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., pp. 140-1. Phot. 33 and 34 show the sculptured procession of tigers and that of human figures, of which I have given a portion in my text. 'On observera que les joints des pierres ne sont pas coupÉs conformÉment À l'habitude des constructeurs d'appareils, mais que les pierres, ne formant pas liaison, prÉsentent plusieurs joints les uns au-dessus des autres, et ne tiennent que par l'adhÉrence des mortiers, qui les rÉunit au blocage intÉrieur. Par le fait, ces parements ne sont autre chose qu'une dÉcoration, un revÊtement collÉ devant un massif.' Viollet-le-Duc, in Id., pp. 48-9. Walls stand on foundations about 16 feet high; columns two feet in diameter; walls 250×16×26 feet and 130 feet apart; building of southern wall (eastern, Norman having completely lost his reckoning at Chichen in the points of the compass) 24 feet high; rings two feet thick; line of rubbish in form of a curve connecting main and end walls (c and d). General view of the Temple and cut of the ring. Norman's Rambles in Yuc., pp. 111-15. Walls 262×18×27 feet. Friederichsthal, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1841, tom. xcii., p. 305. [V-79] Cuts from Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., pp. 300-1. Terrace 55 by 62 feet; stairway 20 feet wide; building 23 by 43. Ib. 'Foundations of about twenty feet in height, which were surrounded and sustained by well-cemented walls of hewn stone with curved angles' 240 feet in circumference. Building 21 by 40 feet. 'Across these halls were beams of wood, creased as if they had been worn by hammock-ropes.' Norman's Rambles in Yuc., pp. 124-5. Foundation only two mÈtres high, but photograph 31 shows this to be an error. Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., p. 344. 'Deux petits temples (E and D), ayant leur faÇade au sud et À l'est; le vestibule du premier est ornÉ d'hiÉroglyphes.' Friederichsthal, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1841, tom. xcii., p. 305. [V-80] Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., pp. 298-300, with view of the building. This author is at fault so far as dimensions are concerned, since 4 and 5 feet, the width of the corridors, and 3¾ feet, half the diameter of the solid central mass, exceed 11 feet, half the diameter of the whole building, to say nothing of the two walls. 'BÂti en maniÈre de mur À limaÇon.' Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., p. 344. Top of first terrace, 30 feet high, 125 feet square; second terrace 50 feet square and 12 feet high; on this terrace is a pyramidical square 50 feet high, divided into rooms; on the centre of this square is the Dome—'three conic structures, one within the other, a space of six feet intervening; each cone communicating with the others by doorways, the inner one forming the shaft. At the height of about ten feet, the cones are united by means of transoms of zuporte. Around these cones are evidences of spiral stairs, leading to the summit.' It is clear that either Stephens' description or that of Norman is very incorrect. Norman compares this Dome to a 'Greenan Temple' in Donegal, Ireland. Rambles in Yuc., pp. 118-19, with a cut which agrees with Stephens' cut and text. Tower 50 feet high, 36 feet in diameter; surrounding wall 756 feet in circumference and twenty-five feet high. Friederichsthal, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1841, tom. xcii., p. 305. [V-81] Four hundred and eighty bases of overthrown columns. 'Des colonnades qui, bien que d'une construction lourde, surprennent par leur Étendue.' Friederichsthal, loc. cit., pp. 302, 300; Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., pp. 317-18, and view. [V-82] 'Had the Spaniards selected this for the site of their city of Valladolid, a few leagues distant, it is highly probable that not a vestige of the ancient edifices would now be seen.' Gallatin, in Amer. Ethno. Soc., Transact., vol. i., p. 174. 'Lieu qui offre beaucoup l'apparence d'une ville sainte.' Friederichsthal, loc. cit., p. 300. Dr Arthur Schott discourses, in the Smithsonian Rept., 1871, pp. 423-5, on a face, or mask, of 'semiagatized xyolite, still bearing the marks of silicified coniferous wood, a fossil probably foreign to the soil of the peninsula.' It was found at Chichen, and the Doctor thinks it may have some deep mythologic meaning, which he generously leaves to some other ethnologist to decipher. Norman, Rambles in Yuc., p. 127, states that the hewn blocks of stone at Chichen are uniformly 12 by 6 inches. M. Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., p. 47, speaks of a reported silver collar bearing an inscription in Greek, Hebrew, and Phoenician letters, found in the 'grottes cristallines de Chixhen.' But even this enthusiastic antiquarian looks at this report with much distrust. [V-83] WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 144; Norman's Rambles in Yuc., p. 87; Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., pp. 340-4. [V-84] Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., pp. 272-85; Norman's Rambles in Yuc., pp. 146-7; Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., pp. 22, 70, 73, 102-3, 111; Bradford's Amer. Antiq., p. 103; WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 144. [V-85] Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., pp. 130-9, with cuts; Baldwin's Anc. Amer., pp. 127-9, with cuts. Near the village of Telchaquillo. WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 144. Surrounded by a ditch that can be traced for three miles. Morelet, Voyage, tom. i., pp. 194-5. 'Se dice que Mayapan ... estaba murada, pero fuÉ demolida hasta sus cimientos, y Únicamente los grandes montones de piedras indican que fuÉ una gran poblacion.' Un Curioso, in Registro Yuc., tom. i., p. 206. [V-86] 'Los espaÑoles poblaron aqui una ciudad, y llamaronla MÉrida, por la estraÑeza y grandeza de los edificios.' As to the size of the pyramid mentioned it is 'mas de dos carreras de caballo'—that is twice as far as a horse can run without taking breath—in extent. The cement is made with the juice of the bark of a certain tree, 'El primero edificio de los quatro quartos nos dio el adelantado Montejo a nosotros hecho un monte aspero, limpiamosle y emos hecho en el con su propria piedra un razonable monesterio todo de piedra y una buena yglesia que llamamos la Madre de Dios.' Landa, Relacion, pp. 330-8, with cut. 'Entre aquel cerro, y otro como Èl hecho À mano, que estÀ À la parte Oriental de la Ciudad; se determinÒ fuesse fundada, y eran tan grandes, que con la piedra que auia en el que estaban, se obraron quantos edificios ay en la Ciudad, con que quedÒ todo el sitio llano, que es la PlaÇa mayor oy, y sus quadras en contorno, y con la del de la parte Oriental, se edifico nuestro Conuento por caerle cercano, despues se han hecho muchas casas, y todo el Conuento, y Iglesia de la Mejorada, que tambien es nuestro, y tiene material para otros muy muchos.' Cogolludo, Hist. Yuc., p. 138. 'Auia junto adonde estÀ aora la PlaÇa entre otros cerros, vno que llamaban el grande de los Kues, adoratorio que era de Idolos lleno de arboleda.' Id., p. 149. Tihoo was built by the Tutul-Xius, and had a celebrated temple to Baklum-Chaam, the Maya Priapus. Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., pp. 8-9. 'En el pÁtio del convento de S. Francisco estÁ una cruz.... En la huerta del mismo convento se ven aun algunas piedras curiosamente labradas con cotas y morreones Á la antigua romana, y pÚnica.' Alegre, Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. ii., p. 112. The buildings were 'construits en pierres de taille fort grandes. On ignore qui les a bÂtis; il paraÎt que ce fut avant la naissance de JÉsus-Christ, car il y avait au-dessus des arbres aussi gros que ceux qui croissaient au pied. Ces bÂtiments ont cinq toises de hauteur, et sont construits en pierres sÈches; au sommet de ces Édifices sont quatre appartements divisÉs en cellules comme celles des moines; ils ont vingt pieds de long et dix de large; les jambages des portes sont d'un seul morceau, et le haut est voÛtÉ.' Bienvenida, Lettre, in Ternaux-Compans, Voy., sÉrie i., tom. x., pp. 310-11. 'In different parts of the city are the remains of Indian buildings.' Stephens' Cent. Amer., vol. ii., p. 398. Montanus, Nieuwe Weereld, p. 259, says that MÉrida is built on the ruins of Mayapan. Malte-Brun, PrÉcis de la GÉog., tom. vi., p. 465, confounds MÉrida with the ruins farther south, mentioned by Padre Soza. See mention in Norman's Rambles in Yuc., pp. 45-8; Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., pp. 23, 55-6; Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1843, tom. xcvii., p. 37; Gallatin, in Amer. Ethno. Soc., Transact., vol. i., p. 174; Sivers, Mittelamerika, pp. 243-4; Morelet, Voyage, tom. i., p. 269; Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., pp. 94-8. [V-87] Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., p. 440-4, vol. i., p. 127, with plate; WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 144. 'Les monuments les plus anciens, dont les restes sont composÉs d'Énormes blocs de pierres brutes, posÉs quelquefois les uns sur les autres, sans aucun ciment qui les unisse. Tels sont les Édifices d'un lieu voisin de l'hacienda d'AkÉ, situÉe À 27 milles À l'est-sud-est de MÉrida.' Friederichsthal, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1841, tom. xcii., p. 300. [V-88] Stephens speaks of the 'sternness and harshness of expression' of the cara gigantesca. 'A stone one foot six inches long protrudes from the chin, intended, perhaps, for burning copal on, as a sort of altar.' Yucatan, vol. ii., pp. 434-6, with plate. 'Les alentours sont parsemÉs de pyramides artificielles, et deux, entre autres, sont les plus considÉrables de la pÉninsule.' M. Charnay finds fault with Catherwood for representing the colossal head as in a desert with a raging tiger and savages armed with bows and arrows in the foreground. 'A force de vouloir faire de la couleur locale, on fausse l'histoire, et on dÉroute la science.' He pronounces the face 'd'un genre cyclopÉen. Ce sont de vastes entailles, espÈces de modelages en ciment.' Ruines AmÉr., pp. 319-22, phot. 23-5. 'C'est une sorte de gros blocage dont les moellons, posÉs avec art par le sculpteur au milieu d'un mortier trÈs-dur, ont formÉ les joues, la bouche, le nez, les yeux. Cette tÊte colossale est rÉellement une bÂtisse enduite.' 'Les traits sont beaux, la bouche est bien faite, les yeux grands sans Être saillants, le front, couvert d'un ornement, ne semble point fuyant. Cette tÊte Était peinte comme toute l'architecture mexicaine.' Viollet-le-Duc, in Id., pp. 46-7. Dr Schott pronounces Mr Stephens' description unsatisfactory, especially his calling the face harsh and stern in expression. The features are feminine in their cast, and of the narrow rather than of the broad type. 'The whole face exhibits a very remarkable regularity and conforms strictly to the universally accepted principles of beauty.' 'The head-dress in the shape of a mitre is encircled just above the forehead by a band, which is fastened in front by a triple locket or tassel.' This author identities the face as that of Itzamatul, the semi-divine founder of Izamal, and explains the signification of each particular feature. His treatise is perhaps as intelligible and rational as most speculation on such topics, but it is to be noted that the Dr founds his conclusions on Clavigero's description of the Toltecs! It would be hard to prove that the cara gigantesca does not represent this particular hero, and that the large ears are not emblems of wisdom. Dr Schott pronounces it 'hazardous' to attempt to connect this face with any other than Itzamatul, and I prefer to run no risks. Smithsonian Rept., 1869, pp. 389-93. Norman, Rambles in Yuc., p. 79, speaks of a well on the platform of one of the pyramids. 'Dans ses flancs, la colline sacrÉe recÉlait de vastes appartements, des galeries et un temple souterrain, destinÉs, dit-on, aux mystÈres de la religion et À servir de nÉcropole aux cadavres des prÊtres et des princes.' The grave of ZamnÁ was here, and his followers erected the pyramid. Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 79. History of the pyramids, see Id., tom. ii., pp. 47-8. 'On trouva dans un Édifice en dÉmolition une grande urne À trois anses, recouverte d'ornements argentÉs extÉrieurement, au fond duquel il y avait des cendres provenant d'un corps brÛlÉ, parmi lesquelles nous trouvÂmes des objets d'art en pierre.' 'Statues en demi-bosse, modelÉes en ciment que je dis se trouver dans les contreforts, et qui sont d'hommes de haute taille.' Landa, Relacion, pp. 326-30, with plan. 'Ay en este pueblo de Ytzamal cinco cuyos Ó cerros muy altos, todos levantados de piedra seca, con sus fuerÇas y reparos, que ayudan Á levantar la piedra en alto, y no se ven edificios enteros oy, mas los seÑales y vestigios estÁn patentes en uno dellos de la parte de mediodia.' One altar was in honor of their king or false god Ytzmat-ul, and had on it the figure of a hand, being called Kab-ul, or 'working hand.' Another mound and temple in the northern part of the city, the highest now standing, was called Kinich-KakmÓ, or 'sun with fiery rayed face.' Another, on which the convent is founded, is Ppapp-Hol-Chac, 'house of heads and lightnings.' Another in the south called Hunpictok, 'captain with an army of 8000 flints.' Lizana, Devocionario, 1663, in Landa, Relacion, pp. 348-64. [V-89] Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., pp. 137-232, with plates and cuts; WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 144; Baldwin's Anc. Amer., pp. 101, 146-7; Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., pp. 20-3. [V-90] On these east coast buildings seen by CÓrdova, Grijalva, and CortÉs, see Diaz, ItinÉraire, in Ternaux-Compans, Voy., sÉrie i., tom. x., pp. 5-9; and in Icazbalceta, Col. de Doc., tom. i., pp. 282-6; CortÉs, Vida, in Id., p. 339; Oviedo, Hist. Gen., tom. i., pp. 497, 505-7; Torquemada, Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 352; Herrera, Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. iii., cap. i.; Gomara, Conq. Mex., fol. 22-4; Id., Hist. Ind., fol. 60; Peter Martyr, dec. iv., lib. iii.; Cogolludo, Hist. Yuc., p. 4; Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iv., p. 41; Morelet, Voyage, tom. i., p. 181; Sivers, Mittelamerika, pp. 241-4; Folsom, in CortÉs, Despatches, p. 20. [V-91] Voy. Pitt., p. 102. [V-92] Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., pp. 387-409, with plates and cuts. [V-93] 'They founde auncient towers there, and the ruines of such as hadde beene broken downe and destroyed, seeming very auncient: but one aboue the rest, whereto they ascended by 18 steppes or staires, as they ascende to famous, and renowned temples.' Peter Martyr, dec. iv., lib. iii. Grijalva found a tower 'xviii gradi de altura et tutta massiza al pede et tenia a torno clxxx piedi, et incima de essa era una torre piccola la quale era de statura de homini doi uno sopra laltro.' Diaz, Itinerario, in Icazbalceta, Col. de Doc., tom. i., pp. 284, 287. See also the authorities referred to in note 89. Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., pp. 362-80, with cut; LarenaudiÈre, Mex. et Guat., p. 321; Gondra, in Album Mex., tom. i., p. 239; Mayer's Mex., Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 169; Baril, Mexique, p. 129; WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 145. [V-94] CÓrdova found here in 1517 'torres de piedra con grados y capillas cubiertas de madera y paja en que por gentil orden estauan puestos muchos idolos, que parecian mugeres.' Gomara, Hist. Ind., fol. 60; CortÉs, Vida, in Icazbalceta, Col. de Doc., tom. i., p. 339; Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., pp. 415-17, with plate. [V-95] Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., p. 102. 'Une ville entiÈre offre ses ruines aux investigations des archÉologues.' Baril, Mexique, p. 129; LarenaudiÈre, Mex. et Guat., p. 321. [V-96] Dampier's Voyages, vol. ii., pt. ii., pp. 10-11; Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., p. 418. [V-97] 'Tout prÈs du rio Lagarto se voient deux pyramides, au sommet desquelles croissent maintenant des arbres ÉlevÉs et touffus.' Baril, Mexique, p. 129; Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., p. 102. [V-98] Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., pp. 427-30, with plate. [V-99] Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., pp. 189, 199-220; WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 144. [V-100] 'The whole of Campeachy rests upon a subterraneous cavern of the ancient Mayas. It is now difficult to ascertain whether these quarries or galleries, which, according to the traditions of the country, are understood to be immense, served for the abode of the people who executed the work. Nothing reveals the marks of man's sojournings here; not even the traces of smoke upon the vaults were visible. It is more probable that the greater part of this excavation was used as a depository for their dead. This supposition has been strengthened by the discovery of many openings of seven feet deep by twenty inches in breadth, dug horizontally in the walls of the caverns. These excavations, however, are few; and the galleries have been but little investigated and less understood.' Mr Norman sent some of the skeletons discovered here to Dr Morton, who pronounced them to present many of the characteristics of the natives at the present time. Norman's Rambles in Yuc., pp. 211-18, with plates. Sr Gondra, in Prescott, Hist. Conq. Mex. (Mex. 1846) tom. iii., pp. 95-8, pl. xviii., gives engravings of four of these idols in Norman's collection, erroneously stating that they are from Stephens' work. 'I have seen some of his (Norman's) remarkable antiquities, as Penates, hieroglyphics,' etc. Davis' Antiq. Amer., p. 12. The above notice, given by Mr Norman is an almost literal translation of Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., p. 10; as is also the account by I. R. Gondra, in Album Mex., tom. i., p. 162. Mention of the Champoton ruins in Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., p. 102; LarenaudiÈre, Mex. et Guat., p. 321; Baril, Mexique, p. 128. CÓrdova in 1517 saw at Campeche 'vn torrejoncillo de piedra quadrado y gradado, en lo alto del qual estaua vn ydolo con dos fieros animales alas hijadas, como que lo comian. Y vna sierpe de quarenta y siete pies larga, y gorda quanto vn buey, hecha de piedra como el ydolo.' Gomara, Hist. Ind., fol. 61. 'On ne rencontre ni dans l'Île de Carmen ni sur les bords de la Lagune aucun tumulus, aucune ruine, aucun vestige enfin de l'industrie des temps passÉs.' Description of the Camacho collection in Campeche, consisting of 'figurines et des vases d'argile portant encore des traces de peinture et de vernis, des instruments de musique, de menus objets de parure, des haches, des fers de lance en silex ou en obsidienne.' Morelet, Voyage, tom. i., pp. 226, 167-8. The Camacho Museum contains 'Una numerosa colleccion de Ídolos de barro y piedra.... Una urna cineraria que contiene los restos de un hombre.... Una coleccion de vasos, jarros, cÁntaros y fuentes de piedra y barro, adornados, muchos de ellos, con geroglÍficos y con pinturas vivas, frescas y bien conservadas. Una colleccion de lanzas, flechas, dardos y demas instrumentos de guerra.... Casi todos estos instrumentos son de pedernal. Otra coleccion de flautas y otros instrumentos mÚsicos, de barro. Otra id. de zarcillos, cuentas y adornos de piedra.... Otra id. de lozas sepulcrales.... Una multitud de fragmentos arquitectÓnicos.' Registro Yuc., tom. i., pp. 373-4. 'Le canton qui s'Étend de la cÔte de la lagune de Jerm, vers le nord-est, offre sur-tout une suite presque continue de monticules et de villes, jusqu'au point oÙ il atteint le sanctuaire de l'Île de Cozumel.' Friederichsthal, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1841, tom. xcii., pp. 299-300. 'Une foule de ruines d'une grande importance.' Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 67. [V-101] Cogolludo, Hist. Yuc., p. 193; Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., pp. 341, 122, vol. i., p. 415; Landa, Relacion, pp. 344, 330; Lizana, in Id., p. 358; Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., pp. 321-2; Registro Yuc., tom. i., p. 366. [V-102] 'La piedra margosa de que estÁn formados tales edificios, es ademas generalmente considerada como un material muy inferior para la construccion.' Friederichsthal, in Dicc. Univ., tom. x., p. 292. The blocks 'ont une transparence troublÉe comme celle du gypse. Il est probable ... que c'est du vÉritable carbonate calcaire.' Zavala, in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 34. 'A soft coralline limestone of a comparatively recent geological formation, probably of the Tertiary period.' Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, p. 398. [V-103] 'La poca mezcla que se advierte en ellos, es fina, tersa y tan compacta por su particular beneficio, que tomada entre los dedos una pastilla, cuyo grueso es poco mayor que el de un peso fuerte, da sumo trabajo quebrantarla.' L. G., in Registro Yuc., tom. i., p. 277. 'Ces mortiers sont faits avec une chaux hydraulique presque pure, et ont une si complÈte adhÉrence, soit dans les massifs, soit mÊme lorsqu'ils sont appliquÉs comme enduits, comme À PalenquÉ, qu'À peine si le marteau peut les entamer.' Viollet-le-Duc, in Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., pp. 59-60. [V-104] Jones says 'The term "triangular Arch" cannot be admitted by the language of Architecture; he (Mr Stephens) might as well have written triangular semicircle, terms distinctly opposed to each other.' Hist. Anc. Amer., p. 100. 'Los techos, sin variacion alguna entre sÍ, representan una figura ojiva, muy conocida de los Árabes, y repetidamente citada por el recomendable Victor Hugo en su obra de Nuestra Sra. de Paris.' L. G., in Registro Yuc., tom. i., p. 277. 'On dit en espagnol de boveda, qui n'exprime aucunement cette architecture toute particuliÈre; boveda veut dire voÛte, et ces intÉrieurs n'y ressemblent nullement; ce sont deux murs parallÈles jusqu'À une hauteur de trois mÈtres, obliquant alors l'un vers l'autre, et terminÉs par une dalle de trente centimÈtres.' Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., pp. 342-3. [V-105] Friederichsthal erroneously says the wooden lintels are always sculptured, and that each room has air-holes above the cornice, both square and round, from 3 to 5 inches in diameter. Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1841, tom. xcii., p. 311. [V-106] Mr Jones believes that the ornaments on the Maya faÇades must have been sculptured after the stones in a rough state had been put in place, and not before, as Mr Stephens thinks. Hist. Anc. Amer., p. 92. The following is Mr Waldeck's not very clear explanation of the mode of decorating these faÇades. 'Voulaient-ils couvrir une faÇade d'ornements ou de figures symboliques, ils commenÇaient par peindre la muraille toute entiÈre de la couleur qu'ils avaient choisie; presque toujours c'Était le rouge qui formait le fond.... Cette premiÈre opÉration terminÉe, on posait sur le mur peint la marqueterie en pierre qui devait servir d'ornement et on la badigeonnait avec plus de soin que le fond. Le bleu Était employÉ dans ce travail.' Voy. Pitt., pp. 72-3. 'In the Mayan delineations of the human countenance the contracted facial angle is as remarkable as in the paintings of the Aztecs.' Prichard's Researches, vol. v., p. 346. See Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, p. 302. 'On retrouve chez quelques-uns de ces Indiens les traits bien accentuÉs de la race au front fuyant et au nez busquÉ, qui construisit les palais d'Uxmal, de Palenque, et de Chichen-Itza. Je fus frappÉ de cette analogie, quoique la similitude soit loin d'Être parfaite, les artistes nationaux ayant exagÉrÉ vraisemblablement certains caractÈres qui constituaient alors l'idÉal de la beautÉ.' Morelet, Voyage, tom. i., p. 147. [V-107] Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, pp. 212-13. [V-108] 'Depuis le cap Catoche jusqu'au pied de la CordillÈre centrale, analogie frappante dans le caractÈre, l'ensemble et les proportions des diverses parties des ouvrages.' 'Quant À l'impression que fait Éprouver l'examen de l'architecture de tous ces Édifices, je dois ajouter que les idÉes fines de l'artiste ont Évidemment ÉtÉ exÉcutÉes d'une maniÈre qui ne les rend nullement.' 'Toutefois on rencontre, notamment À Uxmal, des preuves suffisantes qu'ils Étaient parvenus À plus de dextÉritÉ dans quelques-unes de leurs sculptures. On reconnaÎt leur addresse À reprÉsenter les formes humaines, dans les idoles et les figures en argile.... Ces ouvrages sont supÉrieurs, sous tous les rapports de l'art, À tout ce que cette nation a produit.' Friederichsthal, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1841, tom. xcii., pp. 303, 312. 'Esa bella y elegante arquitectura, esos soberbios É imponentes adornos, superiores Á todo lo que hasta hoy ha podido verse y concebirse.' 'Ruinas soberbias, que agobian la imaginacion y oprimen el entendimiento.' Id., in Dicc. Univ., tom. x., p. 291. 'The splendid temples and palaces still standing attest the power of the priests and of the nobles; no trace remains of the huts in which dwelt the mass of the nation.' Gallatin, in Amer. Ethno. Soc., Transact., vol. i., p. 174. Uxmal 'the American Palmyra.' WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 144. 'El primer golpe de vista de su conjunto, es grandioso, es imponente. Examinandolos luego en detall, causa admiracion el distinto Órden de arquitectura que se nota en cada edificio, la elegancia caprichosa de sus formas, la abundancia y riqueza del material que interior y exteriormente es todo de piedra de sillerÍa, el lujo prodigioso de los adornos variados hasta lo infinito de un modo raro, original y nunca visto, y la perfeccion y maestrÍa con que todo ha sido ejecutado.' 'NÓtase en Uxmal ... la infancia del arte en punto Á estatuaria.' M. F. P., in Registro Yuc., tom. i., pp. 363, 365. 'En somme, les ruines d'Uxmal nous paraissent Être la derniÈre expression de la civilisation amÉricaine; nulle part un tel assemblage de ruines, maisons particuliÈres, temples et palais.' Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., p. 374. 'La arquitectura de Uxmal brillante en su perspectiva, es complicada y simÉtrica en sus dibujos, robusta en sus cimientos y terraplenes, simbÓlica en sus geroglÍficos y figuras humanas ... y bastante delicada en sus cornizas y molduras.' L. G., in Registro Yuc., tom. i., p. 277. 'The sculpture at Uxmal is not only as fine, but distinctly of a Grecian character.' Jones' Hist. Anc. Amer., p. 107. 'Plusieurs de ces constructions ne laissent rien À dÉsirer au point de vue du bon goÛt et des rÈgles de l'art.' Morelet, Voyage, tom. i., p. 193. M. Viollet-le-Duc's conclusions and speculations are mostly directed to prove that the builders were of mixed race, white and yellow, Aryan and Turanian. He supports his theory by a study of the faces among the sculptured decorations, and by pointing out in the buildings traditions of structures in wood, and also the use of mortar, the use of wood and mortar being peculiar, as he claims, to different races. Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., introd. 'These antiquities show that this section of the continent was anciently occupied by a people admirably skilled in the arts of masonry, building, and architectural decoration.' Baldwin's Anc. Amer., p. 101. 'The builders of the ruins of the city of Chi-Chen and Uxmal excelled in the mechanic and fine arts. It is obvious that they were a cultivated, and doubtless a very numerous people.' Norman's Rambles in Yuc., p. 175. 'Ohne Zweifel zu den herrlichsten Amerikas gehÖren.—Welch riesenhafte Bauten fÜr eine Nation, die alles mit steinernen Instrumenten arbeitete!' Heller, Reisen, p. 260. [V-109] Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., pp. 93-9, 140, 274, 322-5, 413, vol. ii., pp. 264-73, 306, 343, 406. [V-110] 'Dilato la fundacion de Uxmal Á 150 Ó 200 aÑos Ántes del de 1535, en que tuvo efecto la conquista del pais por los espaÑoles.' L. G., in Registro Yuc., tom. i., p. 276. 'Aunque el mar de conjeturas que las cubre sea muy ancho, y de libre navegacion para todo el mundo, creo, sin embargo, que lo mÉnos ridÍculo y mas acertado es no engolfarse en Él.' M. F. P., in Id., p. 363. Cogolludo found in the Casa del Adivino at Uxmal traces of recent sacrificial offerings. Hist. Yuc., p. 193. 'Fassen wir nun diess alles zusammmen, so haben wir in den Ruinen Uxmals echte DenkmÄler tultekischer Kunst von einem Alter von ungefÄhr 800 Jahren.' Heller, Reisen, p. 264. 'Elles paraissent, en majeure partie, appartenir À l'architecture toltÈque et dater d'au moins mille ans.' Baril, Mexique, p. 128,. Friederichsthal, in Registro Yuc., tom. ii., pp. 437-43, and many others regard the Yucatan and other Central American ruins as the work of the Toltecs. See vol. ii., cap. ii., and vol. v. of this work on this point. Uxmal generally regarded as having been founded by Ahcuitok Tutul-Xiu between 870 and 894 A. D. Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., p. 22. Chichen seems older than the other ruins. The Maya MS. places its discovery between 360 and 432 A. D. Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., p. 323. 'Uxmal is placed by us as the last built of all the Ancient Cities as yet discovered on the Western Continent.' Jones' Hist. Anc. Amer., pp. 104, 101. 'Evidently the city of Chi-Chen was an antiquity when the foundations of the Parthenon at Athens, and the Cloaca Maxima at Rome, were being laid.' The ruins of Yucatan 'belong to the remotest antiquity. Their age is not to be measured by hundreds, but by thousands of years.' Norman's Rambles in Yuc., pp. 177-8. See Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., pp. 71, 97-8; Prescott's Mex., vol. iii., pp. 412-13; Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, p. 398. [VI-1] The physical features and natural beauties of this region are perhaps more vividly and eloquently described by the French traveler Morelet than by any other visitor. Voyage, tom. i., pp. 245-85; Travels, pp. 65-111. M. Morelet visited Palenque from the Laguna de Terminos, passing up the Usumacinta and its branches, while other visitors approached for the most part from the opposite direction. He gives, moreover, much closer attention to nature in its varied aspects than to artificial monuments of the past. 'L'esprit est frappÉ par le rÊve biblique de l'Éden, et l'oeil cherche vainement l'Ève et l'Adam de ce jardin des merveilles: nul Être humain n'y planta sa tente; sept lieues durant ces perspectives dÉlicieuses se succÈdent, sept lieues de ces magnifiques solitudes que bornent de trois cÔtÉs les horizons bleus de la CordillÈre.' Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., p. 412. 'La nature toujours prodigue de ses dons, dans ce climat enchanteur, lui assurait en profusion, avec une Éternelle fertilitÉ, et une salubritÉ ÉprouvÉe durant une longue suite de siÈcles, tout ce qu'un sol fÉcond, sous un ciel admirable, peut fournir spontanÉment de productions nÉcessaires À l'entretien et au repos de la vie.' Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 82. [VI-2] In 1746, while Padre Antonio de Solis was temporarily residing at Santo Domingo, a part of his curacy, the ruins were accidentally found by his nephews; although Stephens, Cent. Amer., vol. ii., p. 294, gives a report without naming his authority—probably Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. i., p. v., or Juarros, Hist. Guat., p. 18., where the date is given as the middle of the century—which he does not credit, that they were found by a party of Spaniards in 1750. From one of the nephews, Ramon OrdoÑez, then a schoolboy at San CristÓval, first heard of the ruins in which he took so deep an interest in later years. In 1773 OrdoÑez sent his brother with one Gutierrez de la Torre and others to make explorations, and from their report wrote an account—probably the Memoria relativa À las ruinas de la Ciudad descubierta en las inmediaciones del pueblo de Palenque, a MS. in Brasseur's collection, (Bib. Mex. Guat., p. 113,) from which these facts were gathered—which was forwarded in 1784 to Estacheria, President of the Guatemalan Audiencia Real. President Estacheria, by an order dated Nov. 28, 1784,—Expediente sobre el descubrimiento de una gran ciudad, etc., MS., in the Archives of the Royal Hist. Acad. of Madrid,—instructed JosÉ Antonio Calderon, Lieut. Alcalde Mayor of Santo Domingo, to make further explorations. Calderon's report,—Informe de D. J. A. Calderon, etc., translated in substance in Brasseur, PalenquÉ, Introd., pp. 5-7,—is dated Dec. 15, 1764, so that the survey must have been very actively pushed, to bring to light as was claimed, over 200 ruined edifices in so short a time. Some drawings accompanied this report, but they have never been published. In Jan. 1785 Antonio Bernasconi, royal architect in Guatemala, was ordered to continue the survey, which he did between Feb. 25 and June 13, when he handed in his report, accompanied by drawings never published so far as I know. Bernasconi's report with all those preceding it was sent to Spain, and from the information thus given, J. B. MuÑoz, Royal Historiographer, made a report on American antiquities by order of the king. In accordance with a royal cedula of March 15, 1786, Antonio del Rio was ordered by Estacheria to complete the investigations. With the aid of seventy-nine natives Del Rio proceeded to fall the trees and to clear the site of the ancient city by a general conflagration. His examination lasted from May 18 to June 2, and his report with many drawings was sent to Spain. Copies were, however, retained in Guatemala and Mexico, and one of these copies was in Brasseur's collection under the title of Descripcion del terreno y poblacion antigua, etc. Another copy was found, part in Guatemala and the rest in Mexico, by a Dr M'Quy. It was taken to England, translated, and published by Henry Berthoud, together with a commentary by Paul Felix Cabrera, entitled Teatro CrÍtico Americano, all under the general title of Description of an Ancient City, etc., London, 1822. The work was illustrated with eighteen lithographic plates, by M. FrÉd. Waldeck, ostensibly from Del Rio's drawings; but it is elsewhere stated, Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. i., p. vi., that Del Rio's drawings did not accompany the work at all. If this be true, the published plates must probably have been taken from the Latour-Allard copies of CastaÑeda's drawings, of which I shall speak presently, and indeed a comparison with Kingsborough's plates shows almost conclusively that such was in some cases at least their origin. Humboldt speaks of the Latour-Allard plate of the cross as differing entirely from that of Del Rio. This difference does not appear in my copies. It is possible that the plates in my copy of Del Rio's work, the only one I have ever seen, are not the ones which originally appeared with the book. A French translation by M. Warden was published by the SociÉtÉ de GÉographie, with a part of the plates; and a German translation by J. H. von Minutoli, with an additional commentary by the translator, appeared in Berlin, 1832, as Beschreibung einer alten Stadt, etc. This contained the plates, together with many additional ones illustrating Mexican antiquities from various sources. The German editor says that the whole English edition, except two copies of proof-sheets, was destroyed; but this would seem an error, since the work is often referred to by different writers, and the price paid for the copy consulted by me does not indicate great rarity. Stephens, Cent. Amer., vol. ii., p. 296, speaks of this as 'the first notice in Europe of the discovery of these ruins,'—incorrectly, unless we understand printed notice, and even then it must be noticed that Juarros, Hist. Guat., 1808-18, pp. 18-19, gave a brief account of Palenque. Del Rio, in Brasseur's opinion, was neither artist nor architect, and his exploration was less complete than those of Calderon and Bernasconi, whose reports he probably saw, notwithstanding the greater force at his disposal. 'Sin embargo de sus distinguidas circunstancias, carecia de noticias historiales para lo que pedia la materia, y de actividad para lograr un perfecto descubrimiento.' Registro Yuc., tom. i., p. 320. The original Spanish of Del Rio's report, dated June 24, 1787 (?),—Informe dado par D. Antonio del Rio al brigadier D. JosÉ Estacheria, etc.—was published in 1855, in the Diccionario Univ. de Geog. etc., tom. viii., pp. 528-33. See also an extract from the same in Mosaico Mex., tom. ii., pp. 330-4. In Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 76, it is stated that Julio Garrido wrote a work on Palenque about 1805, which was not published. That is all I know of it. From 1805 to 1808 Capt. Guillaume Dupaix, in company with Luciano CastaÑeda, draughtsman, and a company of Mexican soldiers, by order of Carlos IV., King of Spain, made three expeditions to explore the antiquities of southern Mexico. Dupaix's MS. report, and 145 drawings by CastaÑeda, were deposited in the Mexican archives to be sent to Spain; but the revolution breaking out soon after, they were for some years forgotten. Copies of most of the drawings were obtained by M. Latour-Allard of Paris, passed through the hands of Humboldt, who did not publish them, and later into English hands. They were engraved in London, 1823, without any accompanying explanation, and M. Warden reproduced a part of them in a memoire to the French Geographical Society. These are certainly the plates in my copy of Del Rio, and I have but little doubt that they are the only ones that ever accompanied his published work. Bullock, Six Months' Residence in Mex., p. 330, says he copied CastaÑeda's drawings in Mexico, 1823, but he published none of them. In 1831, copies of the Latour-Allard copies, made by the artist Aglio, were published by Lord Kingsborough, in vol. iv. of his Mexican Antiquities, together with the Spanish text of Dupaix's report, obtained from I know not what source, in vol. v., and a carelessly made English translation of the same in vol. vi. of the same work. In 1828, the original text and drawings were delivered by the Mexican authorities to M. BaradÈre—at least Sr Icaza, curator of the Mexican Museum, certified them to be the originals; but Sr Gondra, afterwards curator of the same institution, assured Brasseur that these also were only copies,—and were published—the text in Spanish and French—in 1843, in AntiquitÉs Mexicaines. The faithfulness with which the descriptions and drawings of Dupaix and CastaÑeda were made, has never been called in question; but CastaÑeda was not a very skilful artist, as is admitted by M. Farcy in his introduction to Antiq. Mex., and many of his faults of perspective were corrected in the plates of that work. M. Farcy states that all previous copies of the plates were very faulty, including those of Kingsborough, although Humboldt, in a letter to M. Latour-Allard, testifies to the accuracy of the latter. A comparison of the two sets of plates shows much difference in the details of a few of them, and those of the official edition are doubtless superior. The French editors, while criticising Kingsborough's plates more severely, as it seems, than they deserve, say nothing whatever of his text; yet both in the Spanish and translation it varies widely from the other, showing numerous omissions and not a few evident blunders. Stephens, seconded by Brasseur, objects to the slighting tone with which Dupaix's editors speak of Del Rio's report; also to their claim that only by government aid can such explorations be carried on. M. Waldeck says, PalenquÉ, p. vii., that he tried to prevent the publication of the plates in Kingsborough's work on account of their inaccuracy, although how he could at that date pretend to be a judge in the matter does not appear. It is true that CastaÑeda's drawings are not equal to those of Waldeck and Stephens, but they nevertheless give an excellent idea of the general features of all ruins visited. Morelet says of Dupaix's report: 'Ce document est encore aujourd'hui le plus curieux et le plus intÉressant que nous possÉdons sur les ruines de Palenque.' Voyage, tom. i., p. 268; Travels, p. 90. It was during the third expedition, begun in December, 1807, that Dupaix visited Palenque with a force of natives. His survey lasted several months. The results may be found as follows: Dupaix, 3Ème expÉd., in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. i., pp. 13-36, tom. iii., pl. xi.-xlvi., with an explanation by M. Lenoir, tom. ii., div. i., pp. 73-81; Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. v., pp. 294-339, vol. vi., pp. 473-83, vol. iv., pl. xii.-xlv. To economize space I shall refer to these works by the simple names of Dupaix, and Kingsborough, with the number of page or plate; and I shall, moreover, refer directly to Kingsborough only when differences may appear in text or plates. Dr F. Corroy, a French physician of Tabasco, lived 20 years in the country and made several visits to Palenque, claiming to know more about the ruins than anyone else. An inscription on one of the entrances of the Palace, shown in Waldeck, pl. ix., reads 'FranÇois Corroy de tercer viage en estas ruinas los dias 25 de Agosto. Unico historiador de hellos. Con su Esposa y Ija.' He furnished some information from 1829 to 1832 to the French Geographical Society, and speaks of 14 drawings and a MS. history in his possession. Soc. GÉog., Bulletin, tom. ix., No. 60, 1828, p. 198; Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 76. Col. Juan Galindo, at one time connected with the British Central American service, also Governor of Peten, and corresponding member of the London Geographical Society, sent much information, with maps, plans, and sketches to the French SociÉtÉ de GÉographie. His letter dated April 27, 1831, describing the Palenque ruins, is printed in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 67-72, also an English translation in the Literary Gazette, No. 769, London, 1831, which was reprinted in the Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. iii., pp. 60-2. Lafond, Voyages, tom. i., p. 142, states that Nebel visited Palenque, and MÜller, Urreligionen, p. 459-60, also implies that this traveler explored the ruins; but this is probably erroneous. On April 12, 1832, M. FrÉderic de Waldeck, the most indefatigable and successful explorer of Palenque, arrived at the ruined city, illustrative plates of which he had engraved ten years before for Del Rio's work. This veteran artist—64 years of age at that time, according to Brasseur's statement, PalenquÉ, p. vi., but 67 if we may credit the current report in the newspapers that he celebrated his 109th birthday in Paris on Dec. 7, 1874, being still hale and hearty—built a cabin among the ruins and spent two whole years in their examination,—Brasseur, PalenquÉ, p. vi., incorrectly says three years. 'Deux ans de sÉjour sur les lieux,' Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., p. 68, translated 'in a sojourn of twelve years,' Bradford's Amer. Antiq., p. 86,—his expenses being paid by a subscription which was headed by the Mexican Government. More than 200 drawings in water and oil colors were the result of his labors, and these drawings, more fortunate than those made the next year in Yucatan—see p. 145 of this volume—escaped confiscation, although Stephens erroneously states the contrary, and were brought to France. Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., p. vi. For various reasons Waldeck was unable to publish his proposed work, and over 30 years elapsed before the result of his labors was made public, except through communications dated Aug. 28, and Nov. 1, 1832, sent to the Geographical Society at Paris. Lafond, Voyages, tom. i., p. 142. I shall speak again of his work. Mr Friederichsthal visited Palenque in his Central American travels before 1841, but neither his text nor plates, so far as I know, have ever been published. Brasseur de Bourbourg, PalenquÉ, introd., p. 14. See pp. 146-7 of this vol. In 1840, Messrs Stephens and Catherwood, after their exploration of the antiquities of Honduras and Guatemala, reached Palenque on May 9, remaining until June 4. Such are the dates given by Brasseur,—the only antiquarian except myself who has ever had the hardihood to explore Stephens' writings for dates,—but the actual examination of the ruins lasted only from May 11 to June 1. The results are found in Stephens' Yuc., vol. ii., pp. 280-365, with 31 plates and cuts from Catherwood's drawings; and in Catherwood's Views of Anc. Mon., N. York, 1844, 25 colored lithographs, with text by Mr Stephens. A French translation of Stephens' description of Palenque is given in Brasseur de Bourbourg, PalenquÉ, pp. 14-27. Respecting the ability of these explorers, and the faithfulness of their text and drawings, there can be but one opinion. Their work in Chiapas is excelled only by that of the same gentlemen in Yucatan.—See p. 146 of this vol.—Without aid from any government, they accomplished in 20 days, at the height of the rainy season, the most unfavorable for such work, more satisfactory results, as Stephens justly claims, Cent. Amer., vol. ii., p. 299, than any of their predecessors—except Waldeck, whose drawings had not then been published. An anonymous account of the ruins appeared in 1845 in the Registro Yucateco, tom. i., pp. 318-22. M. Morelet, of whom I have already spoken, spent a fortnight here in 1846. Voyages, tom. i., pp. 264-84; Travels, pp. 64-111, with cuts from other sources. In 1858, M. DÉsirÉ Charnay, 'ChargÉ d'une mission par le ministre d'État, À l'effet d'explorer les ruines amÉricaines,' visited Palenque; but his photographic efforts were less successful here than elsewhere, and of the four views published in his Atlas, only one, that of the tablet of the cross, is of great value in testing the accuracy of preceding artists. His description, however, is interesting and valuable as showing the effects of time on the ruins since Stephens' visit. Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., Paris, 1863, pp. 411-41, phot. 19-22; Remarks by M. Viollet-le-Duc, pp. 72-3. In 1860, a commission appointed by the French government examined and reported upon Waldeck's collection, which was found to contain ninety-one drawings relating exclusively to Palenque, and ninety-seven representing objects from other localities. The Palenque drawings were reported to be far superior to any others in existence, a somewhat too decided penchant aux restaurations being the only defect;—a defect, however, which is to a greater or less extent observable in the works of all antiquarians, several of Catherwood's plates being confessedly restorations. In accordance with the report of the commission, the whole collection was purchased, and a sub-commission appointed to select a portion of the plates for publication. It was decided, however, to substitute for M. Waldeck's proposed text some introductory matter to be written by the AbbÉ Brasseur, a man eminently qualified for the task, although at the time he had never personally visited Palenque. He afterwards, however, passed a part of the month of January, 1871, among the ruins. The work finally appeared in 1866, under the general title Monuments Anciens du Mexique, in large folio, with complicated sub-titles. It is made up as follows:—I. Avant Propos, pp. i.-xxiii., containing a brief notice of some of the writers on American Antiquities, and a complete account of the circumstances which led to the publication of this work; II. Introduction aux Ruines de PalenquÉ, pp. 1-27, a historical sketch of explorations, with translations of different reports, including that of Stephens nearly in full; III. Recherches sur les Ruines, etc., pp. 29-83, being for the most part speculations on the origin of American civilization, with which I have nothing to do at present; IV. Description des Ruines, etc., by M. Waldeck, pp. i.-viii; V. Fifty-six large lithographic plates, of which Nos. i., v.-xlii., and l., relate to Palenque, including a fine map of Yucatan and Chiapas. I shall refer to the plates simply by the name Waldeck and the number of the plate. By the preceding list of contents it will be seen that this is by far the most important and complete work on the subject ever published. The publishers probably acted wisely in rejecting Waldeck's text as a whole, since his archÆological speculations are always more or less absurd; but it would have been better to give his descriptive matter more in full; and fault may be justly found with the confused arrangement of the matter, the constant references to numbers not found in the plates, and with the absence of scales of measurement; the latter, although generally useless in the illustrations of an octavo volume, are always valuable in larger plates. In addition to the preceding standard authorities on Palenque, there are brief accounts, made up from one or more of those mentioned, and which I shall have little or no occasion to refer to in my description, as follows: Baldwin's Anc. Amer., pp. 104-11; Priest's Amer. Antiq., pp. 246-7; Conder's Mex. Guat., vol. ii., pp. 157-69; McCulloh's Researches in Amer., pp. 294-303; Klemm, Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., pp. 160-3; Armin, Das Heutige Mex., pp. 73, 85-91; WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 148; Nott and Gliddon's Indig. Races, pp. 184-5; D'Orbigny, Voyage, pp. 354, 356, plate, restoration from Dupaix; Fossey, Mexique, pp. 373, 564-6; same account in Escalera and Llana, Mej. Hist. Descrip., pp. 332-6; Lafond, Voyages, tom. i., pp. 139-44; Bradford's Amer. Antiq., pp. 86-9; Democratic Review, vol. i., p. 38; Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., pp. 82-94; Davis' Anc. Amer., pp. 4-8; Malte-Brun, PrÉcis de la GÉog., tom. vi., pp. 464-5; Frost's Pict. Hist., pp. 71-7; Willson's Amer. Hist., pp. 74-6; Jones' Hist. Anc. Amer., pp. 69-86, 127; MÜller, Amerikanische Urreligionen, pp. 462, 498; Mosaico Mex., tom. ii., p. 330, cut, restoration from Dupaix; MÜhlenpfordt, Mejico, tom. ii., p. 21; Revista Mex., tom. i., p. 498; Buschmann, Ortsnamen, pp. 117-20, 181; Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 180, cut, erroneously said to be a Yucatan altar; Littera, Taschenbuch der Deutschen, in Russland, pp. 54-5; Foreign Quar. Review, vol. xviii., pp. 250-51; LarenaudiÈre, Mex. Guat., pp. 308-20, with plates from Stephens; Norman's Rambles in Yuc., pp. 284-92. [VI-3] 'Une enceinte de bois et de pallisades.' Brasseur de Bourbourg, PalenquÉ, p. 32; see also the Spanish dictionaries. 'Tal vez es corrupcion de la palabra (aztec) palanqui, cosa podrida,' Orozco y Berra, GeografÍa, p. 84. 'Means lists for fighting.' Davis' Anc. Amer., p. 5. I remember also to have seen it stated somewhere that palenque is the name applied to the poles by which boatmen propel their boats on the waters of the tierra caliente. [VI-4] Humboldt, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., tom. xxxv., p. 327; Fossey, Mexique, p. 373; Malte-Brun, PrÉcis de la GÉog., tom. vi., p. 464; Juarros, Hist. Guat., p. 19; D'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 354; Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 69. Brasseur, however, changed his mind about the name in later works. PalenquÉ, p. 32. Domenech, Deserts, vol. i., p. 18, calls the name Pachan, probably by a typographical error. [VI-5] Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 111; Id., Popol Vuh, and Ximenez, Hist. Ind. Guat., passim. [VI-6] 'Je prouve, en effet, dans mon ouvrage sur ces cÉlÈbres ruines, que ce sont les dÉbris de la ville d'Ototiun.' Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., p. 111. 'Otolum, c'est À dire Terre des pierres qui s'Écroulent. C'est le nom de la petite riviÈre qui traverse les ruines. M. Waldeck, lisant ce nom de travers, en fait Ototiun, qui ne signifie rien.' Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 69. 'I have restored to them the true name of Otolum, which is yet the name of the stream running through the ruins.' Raffinesque, quoted in Priest's Amer. Antiq., p. 246. [VI-7] Brasseur de Bourbourg, PalenquÉ, p. 32; Baril, Mexique, p. 27. [VI-8] Calderon gives a list of 206 buildings more or less in ruins. Bernasconi gives the city a circumference of 6 leagues and 1000 varas. Del Rio, Descrip., p. 4, gives the ruins an extent of 7 or 8 leagues from east to west, along the foot of a mountain range, but speaks of only 14 buildings in which traces of rooms were yet visible. According to Galindo the city extends 20 miles on the summit of the chain. Lond. Geog. Soc., vol. iii., p. 60. Waldeck, p. iii., says that the area is less than one square league. Mr Stephens, vol. ii., p. 355, pronounces the site not larger than the Park in New York city. [VI-9] Descrip., p. 3. [VI-10] Stephens says eight miles, vol. ii., p. 287; Dupaix, a little over two leagues, p. 14; Morelet, Voyage, tom. i., p. 245, two and a half leagues—Travels, p. 64, two leagues; Charnay, p. 416, twelve kilometres. The maps represent the distance as somewhat less than eight miles. [VI-11] 'Built on the slope of the hills at the entrance of the steep mountains of the chain of Tumbala,' on the Otolum, which flows into the Michol, and that into the CatasahÀ, or Chacamal, and that into the Usumacinta three or four leagues from Las Playas, which was formerly the shore of the great lake that covered the plain. 'Les rues suivaient irrÉguliÈrement le cours des ruisseaux qui en descendant, fournissaient en abondance de l'eau À toutes les habitations.' Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., pp. 82-84. 'Mide al suroeste del pueblo dos leguas largas de extension.' Dupaix, p. 14, translated in Kingsborough, vol. vi., p. 473, 'occupied a space of ground seven miles and a half in extent.' 'Au nord-ouest du village indien de Santo Domingo de PalenquÉ, dans la ci-devant province de Tzendales.' Humboldt, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., tom. xxxv., pp. 327-8. Galindo, Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 69, describes the location as on the summit of the range, and reached by stairways from the valley below. On a plain eight leagues long, which extends along the foot of the highest mountain chain. MÜhlenpfordt, Mejico, tom. ii., p. 21. Petrifactions of marine shells from the ruins preserved in the Mexican Museum. Gondra, in Prescott, Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., p. 6. [VI-12] Waldeck, pl. vi. Stephens' plan, vol. ii., p. 337, agrees in the main with this but is much less complete. Dupaix, p. 18, found only confused and scattered ruins, and declared it impossible to make a correct plan. [VI-13] 'Tous les monuments de PalenquÉ sont orientÉs aux quatre points cardinaux, avec une variation de 12°.' Waldeck, p. iii. 'OrientÉ comme toutes les ruines que nous avons visitÉes.' Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., p. 424. Others, without having made any accurate observations, speak of them as facing the cardinal points. See Morelet, Voyage, tom. i., p. 276, etc., for the experience of that traveler in getting lost near the ruins. [VI-14] Dimensions from Stephens, vol. ii., p. 310. It is not likely that they are to be regarded as anything more than approximations to the original extent; the state of the pyramid rendering strictly accurate measurements impracticable. The authorities differ considerably. 273 feet long, 60 feet high. Waldeck, p. ii. 1080 feet in circumference, 60 feet high. Dupaix, p. 14. 20 yards high. Del Rio, Descrip., p. 4. 100×70 mÈtres and not over 15 feet high. Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., p. 424. Circumference 1080 feet, height 60 feet, steps one foot high. Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 85. 20 mÈtres high, area 3840 sq. mÈtres. Morelet, Voyage, tom. i., p. 267; 20 feet high. Id. Travels, p. 88. Over 340 mÈtres long. Lafond, Voyages, tom. i., pp. 143-4. Waldeck, p. iii., is the only one who found traces of a northern stairway, and none of the general views show such traces. Charnay, p. 425, thought the eastern stairway was double, being divided by a perpendicular wall. Brasseur, PalenquÉ, p. 17, in a note to his translation of Stephens, says that author represents a stairway in his plate but does not speak of it in his text—an error, as may be seen on the following page of the translation or on p. 312 of the original. The translation 'qui y montent de la tÉrasse' for 'leading up to it on the terrace' may account for the error. [VI-15] Stephens, vol. ii., p. 316; Waldeck, p. vi.; Charnay, p. 425, phot. 22. Dupaix's plate xiii., fig. 20, showing a section of the whole, indicates that the interior may be filled with earth and small stones. [VI-16] Stephens, vol. ii., p. 310, except the height, which he gives at 25 feet. 144×240×36 feet. Dupaix, p. 15. 324 varas in circumference and 30 varas high. Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 296. 145×240×36 feet. Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 86. [VI-17] Waldeck thinks, on the contrary, that the principal entrance was originally on the north. General views are found in Stephens, vol. ii., p. 309; Dupaix, pl. xii., fig. 19; Kingsborough, pl. xii.; Waldeck, pl. viii.; Charnay, phot. 22. All but the last two are, more or less, restorations, but not—except CastaÑeda's in a few respects—calculated to mislead. Stephens says that this cut is less accurate than others in his work, and Charnay calls his photograph a failure, although I have already made important use of the latter. Concerning the lintels, see Charnay, p. 427, and Del Rio, Descrip., pp. 9-11. Brasseur, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 86, says the outside doors are 6 feet high. Doorways 4½ to 12 ft high, 1½ to 15 ft wide. Dupaix, p. 15. [VI-18] Descriptions and drawings of the bas-reliefs. Dupaix, pp. 20, 37, 75-6, pl. xix-xxii. Kingsborough, vol. iv., pl. xxvi., shows one damaged group not given in Antiq. Mex.; Del Rio, Descrip., pp. 9-11, pl. viii., x., xi., xv., xvi. (as they are arranged in my copy—they are not numbered); Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 311, 316-17; Waldeck, p. v., pl. xii., xiii. See Charnay, p. 426, and this vol., p. 246. Morelet, Voyage, tom. i., pp. 274, 282, implies that all the stucco work had disappeared at the time of his visit; and he mentions a shell-fish common in the region which furnishes good lime and was probably used by the ancients. Waldeck concludes that the supposed elephant's head may be that of a tapir, 'quoiqu'il existe parmi ces mÊmes ruines des figures de tapir bien plus ressemblantes.' Voy. Pitt., p. 37. [VI-19] The plan is reduced from Waldeck, pl. vii. Ground plans are also given in Stephens, vol. ii., p. 310, copied in Willson's Amer. Hist., p. 75; Dupaix, pl. xi.; Kingsborough, vol. iv., pl. xiii.; and in Del Rio, Descrip., the latter being only a rough imperfect sketch. It is understood that a large portion of the outer and southern walls have fallen, so that the visitors differ somewhat in their location of doorways and some other unimportant details. Stephens' plan makes the whole number of exterior doorways 50 instead of 40, and many doorways in the fallen walls he does not attempt to locate. I give the preference to Waldeck simply on account of his superior facilities. [VI-20] Plates illustrating the corridors may be found as follows: Waldeck, pl. ix., view of doorway c from b, showing two of the medallions, one of which is filled up with a portrait in stucco, and is probably a restoration; the view extends through the doorways c and d, across the court to the building C. The same plate gives also a view of the outer corridor lengthwise looking northward. Pl. x. gives an elevation of the east side of the inner corridor, and a section of both corridors. Pl. xi., fig. 1, shows the details of one of the T shaped niches. Stephens, vol. ii., p. 313—sketch corresponding to Waldeck's pl. ix., copied in Morelet's Travels, and taken from the latter for my work. Dupaix, pl. xviii., fig. 25, shows the different forms of niches and windows found in the Palace, all of which are given in my cut. 'A double gallery of eighty yards in length, sustained by massive pillars, opened before us.' Morelet, Voyage, tom. i., pp. 265-6; Travels, p. 87. The square niches with their cylinders are spoken of by Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., pp. 71-2, as 'gonds de pierre.' 'Quant aux ouvertures servant de fenÊtres, elles sont petites et gÉnÉralement d'une forme capricieuse, environnÉes, À l'intÉrieur des Édifices, d'arabesques et de dessins en bas-relief, parfois fort gracieux.' Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 92. Principal walls 4 feet thick, others less. Dupaix, p. 15. [VI-21] Paint the same as at Uxmal. Some was taken for analysis, but lost. Probably a mixture in equal parts of carmine and vermilion. Probably extracted from a fungus found on dead trees in this region, and which gives the same color. Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., pp. 100-1. [VI-22] Waldeck is the only authority for this narrow stairway, and his plan for the northern broad stairway. [VI-23] Dupaix, p. 21, says that the stone is granite, the figures 11 feet high, and the sculpture in high relief. 'PeuplÉe de simulacres gigantesques À demi voilÉs par la vÉgÉtation sauvage.' Morelet, Voyage, tom. i., p. 266. These figures, with the eastern side of the court, are represented in Dupaix, pl. xxiii-iv., fig. 29; Waldeck, pl. xiv-xvi. (according to a seated native on the steps, each step is at least 2 feet high); Stephens, pp. 314-15; Charnay, phot. xix., xx. My cut is a reduction from Waldeck. [VI-24] Waldeck, pl. xiv-v.; Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 314-15. One of the small sculptured pilasters in Dupaix, pl. xxv., fig. 32. [VI-25] The only plate that shows any portion of the court 2, is Waldeck, pl. xviii., a view from the point n looking south-eastward. Two of the reliefs are shown, representing each a human figure sitting cross-legged on a low stool. [VI-26] Del Rio, p. 11, calls the height 16 yards in four stories, also plate in frontispiece. Galindo, in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 70, says it is somewhat fallen, but still 100 feet high. Id., in Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. iii., p. 61. Dupaix, p. 16, says 75 feet in four stories, and his pl. xv-vi., fig. 22, make it 93 feet in three stories. Kingsborough's text mentions no height, but his plates xvii-xviii., fig. 24, make it 108 feet in four stories. The other authorities mention no height, but from their plates the height would seem not far from 50 feet. See Waldeck, pl. xviii-xix., and all the general views of the Palace. Waldeck, p. iii., severely criticises Dupaix's drawings. 'Une tour de huit Étages, dont l'escalier, en plusieurs endroits est soutenu sur des voÛtes cintrÉes.' Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., pp. 86-7. 'En el pÁtio occidental estÁ la torre de tres cuerpos y medio: en el primero tiene cuatro puertas cerradas, y una que se abriÓ cuando el desmonte del capitan Rio, y se hallÓ ser un retrete de poco mas de tres cuartas y lumbreras que se abrieron entÓnces.' Registro Yucateco, tom. i., pp. 319-20. 'DominÉe par une tour quadrangulaire, dont il subsistait trois Étages, separÉs l'un de l'autre par autant de corniches.' Morelet, Voy., tom. i., p. 266. 'It would seem to have been used as a modern oriental minaret, from which the priests summoned the people to prayer.' Jones, p. 83. [VI-27] Waldeck, p. iii. One of the figures in pl. xi. purports to be a cornice of this room, but may probably belong to the outer walls, since no other author speaks of interior cornices. Stephens, vol. ii., p. 315. [VI-28] Stephens, vol. ii., p. 316; Waldeck, pl. xv., fig. 2, a cross-section of this building, showing a T shaped niche in the end wall. [VI-29] View of the building from the south-west, representing it as a detached structure, in Dupaix, pl. xiv., fig. 21. This author speaks of a peculiar method of construction in this building: 'Su construccion varia algo del primero, pues el miembro que llamaremos arquitrabe es de una hechura muy particular, se forma de unas lajas grandÍsimas de un grueso proporcionado É inclinadas, formando con la muralla un angulo agudo.' The plate indicates a high steep roof, or rather second story. It also shows a Tshaped window and two steps on this side. For plates and descriptions of the tablet see Stephens, vol. ii., p. 318; Waldeck, pp. iv., vi., pl. xvii.; Dupaix, pp. 16, 23, pl. xviii., fig. 26, pl. xxvi., fig. 33; Del Rio, p. 13, pl. xv.-xvii.; Galindo, in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 70. Waldeck's pl. xvi., fig. 3, is a ground plan showing more detail than the general plan; and pl. xi., fig. 3, is a study of the cornices (?) in the interior. The sculptured tablet probably represents Cuculkan, or Quetzalcoatl. Morelet's Travels, p. 97. No doubt the medallion represented a sun, and the table beneath was an altar to the sun. Jones' Hist. Anc. Amer., p. 83. [VI-30] Stephens, vol. ii., p. 319; Dupaix, pl. xxvii., fig. 34; Del Rio, pl. iv. [VI-31] Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 316, 318-19. Plan of galleries in Dupaix, pl. xvii., fig. 24. Stucco ornaments, pl. xxv., fig. 30, 31. Hieroglyphic tablet, pl. xxxix., fig. 41. Description, p. 28. Niche in the wall of the gallery, Waldeck, p. iv., pl. xi., fig. 2. Decoration over doorway (copied above), Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., p. 105, pl. xxii.; also in Del Rio, pl. xiv. [VI-32] Cut from Armin, Das Heutige Mex., p. 73. [VI-33] Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 339-43, with the cuts which I have given, and also plates of the four stucco reliefs, and the hieroglyphic tablets. Waldeck, pl. xxxiii.-xl., illustrating the same subjects as Catherwood's plates, and giving also a transverse section of the building in pl. xxiii., fig. 4. Waldeck's ground plan represents the building as fronting the north. Dupaix, pp. 24-5, pl. xxviii.-xxxii., including view of north front, ground plan, and the stucco reliefs, which latter M. Lenoir, Antiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., p. 78, incorrectly states to be sculptured in stone. CastaÑeda did not attempt to sketch the hieroglyphics, through want of ability and patience, as Stephens suggests. See Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., p. 424; Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 89; Baldwin, Anc. Amer., p. 107; Del Rio, Descrip., p. 16; Galindo, in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 71. It is to be noticed that Stephens' plan locates this temple nearer the Palace than the one I have copied. Dupaix states the distance to be 200 paces. [VI-34] Stephens, vol. ii., p. 355, giving view, section, ground plan, and what remained of the Beau Relief. Waldeck, p. iii., pl. xli.-ii., with ground plans, sections, and Beau Relief as given above, and which the artist pronounces 'digne d'Être comparÉe aux plus beaux ouvrages du siÉcle d'Auguste.' Drawings of the relief also in Dupaix, pl. xxxiii., fig. 37; Del Rio, Descrip., pl. ii.; Kingsborough, pl. xxxvi., fig. 37. [VI-35] Del Rio, Descrip., p. 17, says this pyramid is one of three which form a triangle, each supporting a square building 11×18 yards. Charnay locates this temple 300 mÈtres to the right of the Palace. Ruines AmÉr., p. 417. Waldeck, pl. xx., is a fine view of this temple and its pyramid as seen from the main entrance of the Palace. But according to this plate the structure on the roof is at least 10 feet wide instead of 2 feet 10 inches as Stephens gives it, and narrows slightly towards the top. This plate also shows two T shaped windows in the west end. Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 344-8, elevation and ground plan as given in my text from Baldwin's Anc. Amer., p. 106, and some rough sketches of parts of the interior. Dupaix, pl. xxxv., fig. 39, exterior view and ground plan. The view omits altogether the superstructure and locates the temple on a natural rocky cliff. Galindo, in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 71, speaks of the top walls as 80 feet from the ground and pierced with square openings. [VI-36] Waldeck, p. vii., pl. xxiii-iv.; Stephens, vol. ii., p. 352; Dupaix, pp. 24-5, pl. xxxvii-viii.; Galindo, in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 71. [VI-37] Dupaix, pp. 25-6, pl. xxxvi., fig. 40; Waldeck, p. vii., pl. xxi.-ii.; Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 345-7; Charnay, p. 419, phot. xxi., showing only the central stone. 'Upon the top of the cross is seated a sacred bird, which has two strings of beads around its neck, from which is suspended something in the shape of a hand, probably intended to denote the manitas. This curious flower was the production of the tree called by the Mexicans macphalxochitl, or "flower of the hand."' Bradford's Amer. Antiq., p. 89. 'Une grande croix latine, surmontÉe d'un coq, et portant au milieu une croix plus petite, dont les trois branches supÉrieures sont ornÉes d'une fleur de lotus.' Baril, Mex., pp. 28-9. 'Un examen approfondi de cette question m'a conduit À penser avec certitude que la croix n'Était, chez les PalenquÉens, qu'un signe astronomique.' Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., p. 24. [VI-38] Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 344, 349; Waldeck, pl. xxv. 'From the engraving, Egypt, or her Tyrian neighbour, would instantly claim it.' Jones' Hist. Anc. Amer., p. 127. Copy of the statue from Stephens, in Squier's Nicaragua, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 337. [VI-39] Waldeck's plate xx. shows the pyramid No. 6 and indicates that his location of it on the plan is correct. Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., pp. 420-1, places No. 5 'À quelque distance de ce premier (Palace) Édifice, presque sur la mÊme ligne.' Waldeck, pl. xxvi., front elevation; pl. xxvii., elevation of central chamber; pl. xxviii., central wall, roof structure (as given above), ground plan, sections; pl. xxix-xxx, Tablet of the Sun; pl. xxxi-ii, lateral stone tablets. Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 351-4, and frontispiece, gives elevation and ground plan as above, and also elevation of central chamber, a view of a corridor, and the Tablet of the Sun. Dupaix, p. 25, pl. xxxiv., fig. 38, describes a two storied building 10 by 19 varas, 12 varas high, standing on a low pyramid, which may probably be identical with this temple. [VI-40] Stephens, vol. ii., p. 321; Waldeck, p. ii.; Brasseur de Bourbourg, PalenquÉ, introd., p. 7; Del Rio, Descrip., p. 5; Dupaix, p. 29, pl. xlvi., fig. 48; Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 310, pl. xlv., fig. 45; Galindo, in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 71; Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., p. 429. [VI-41] Waldeck, p. ii. [VI-42] Dupaix, p. 18; Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., p. 424. [VI-43] Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 320-1; Waldeck, p. iii. Plate xx. also gives a view of the mountain from the Palace. A 'monument qui paraÎtrait avoir servi de temple et de citadelle, et dont les constructions altiÈres commandaient au loin la contrÉe jusqu'aux rivages de l'Atlantique.' Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 84. [VI-44] Dupaix, p. 28, pl. xliv., fig. 46; Kingsborough, p. 310, pl. xliv., fig. 43. The latter plate does not show any curve in the sides. Galindo, in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 68; Id., in Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. iii., p. 64. [VI-45] BibliothÈque Mexico-GuatÉmalienne, p. xxvii. [VI-46] Waldeck, p. ii. [VI-47] Galindo, in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 68. [VI-48] OrdoÑez, MS., in Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 92. [VI-49] Del Rio, Descrip., pp. 18-20. [VI-50] Waldeck, PalenquÉ, p. iv., pl. l.; Id., Voy. Pitt., p. 104, pl. xviii., fig. 3. [VI-51] Galindo, in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 70-2; Dupaix, pp. 28-9, pl. xlii-iii., xlv., fig. 44-5, 47. [VI-52] Hist. Mag., vol. iii., p. 100, quoted from AthenÆum; Davis' Anc. Amer., p. 5. [VI-53] See this vol. p. 118; Melgar, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da Época, tom. iii., pp. 109-18. [VI-54] Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 255-61; Dupaix, pp. 10-13, pl. viii.-x.; Kingsborough, vol. v., pp. 291-4, vol. vi., pp. 470-2, vol. iv., pl. ix.-x.; Lenoir, in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 23, 72-3; Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., pp. 46-7, 104, pl. xix.-xxi.; Id., PalenquÉ, p. viii., pl. liv.; Brasseur, PalenquÉ, introd., pp. 2, 14, 15—he writes the name ToninÀ. Juarros, Hist. Guat., pp. 18-19, mere mention. Other authorities, containing no original information, are as follows: MÜhlenpfordt, Mejico, tom. ii., p. 21; Malte-Brun, PrÉcis de la GÉog., tom. vi., p. 465; Baril, Mexique, p. 27; Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 20; WappÄus, Mex. Guat., p. 147; MÜller, Amerikanische Urreligionen, p. 461; LarenaudiÈre, Mex. Guat., p. 320; Morelet's Trav., pp. 97-8; Warden, in Antiq. Mex., tom. ii., p. 71. [VI-55] Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 256, 258; Dupaix, pp. 10-12, pl. viii.-ix., fig. 13-16; Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., pp. 46-7. [VI-56] Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., pp. 46, 104, pl. xix-xxi. 'Les figures de terre cuite qu'on trouve de temps À autre dans les champs voisins de ces ruines, sont bien modelÉes, et d'un style qui rÉvÈle un sentiment artistique assez ÉlevÉ.' [VI-57] Morelet's Travels, pp. 97-8, cuts probably from Catherwood's drawings. Warden, in Antiq. Mex., tom. ii., p. 71. [VI-58] Dupaix, pp. 12-13, pl. x., fig. 17. [VI-59] Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 258-62. Elevation, section, and ground plan, with fragment of the stucco ornament. The latter copied in Brasseur, PalenquÉ, introd., pp. 14-15. Waldeck, PalenquÉ, p. viii., pl. liv. 'Dans l'intÉrieur de ses monuments, un caractÈre d'architecture assez semblable À celui des doubles galeries de PalenquÉ; seulement, j'ai remarquÉ que les combles Étaient coniques et À angles saillants, comme des assises renversÉes.' Id., Voy. Pitt., p. 46. Shows higher degree of art than Palenque. Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 88. [VI-60] Pineda, Descrip. Geog., in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. iii., pp. 346, 406-7. [VI-61] Pineda, ubi sup.; Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 74; Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 21. [VI-62] Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iv., p. 633, tom. i., p. 75; WappÄus, Mex. Guat., p. 147; MÜhlenpfordt, Mejico, tom. ii., p. 20; Dupaix, 3d Exped., p. 8, pl. vii. [VI-63] Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 96; Id., PalenquÉ, p. 33; Hermosa, Manual Geog., pp. 88-9; Galindo, in Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. iii., p. 60; Id., in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 68; Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1857, tom. clv., pp. 221-2. [VI-64] Galindo, in Amer. Antiq. Soc., Transact., vol. ii., p. 549. The stones that cover the arches in the Palace corridors, are three feet long; those of the court stairways are one and a half feet high and wide. Oxide of iron is mixed with the mortar. 'No es decible la excelencia de este yeso que yo llamo estuco natural, pues no se indaga visiblemente en su composicion Ó masa, arena Ó mÁrmol molido. A mas de su dureza y finura tiene un blanco hermoso.' Quarries were seen one and a half leagues west of ruins. Dupaix, pp. 15-17, 20. Red, blue, yellow, black, and white, the colors used. Stephens, vol. ii., p. 311. [VI-65] Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 87, following CastaÑeda, speaks of regular semi-circular arches at Palenque, and states that he has himself seen several such arches in other American ruins. It is very certain that no such arches exist at Palenque. Indeed, Dupaix himself, notwithstanding CastaÑeda's drawings, says, p. 17, that semi-circular arches were not used, and Lenoir, Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 74, repeats the statement; although the latter on the same page speaks of the 'voÛtes cintrÉes' as appearing among the ruins. Brasseur's statement about arches in other ruins would be more satisfactory if he had seen fit to give further particulars. 'This original mode of construction, which discloses the principle of the arch, was not wanting in grandeur or boldness of design, although the architects did not understand the science of curves, and stopped short, so to speak, on the verge of the discovery.' Morelet's Travels, p. 88; Id., Voyage, tom. i., pp. 265-6. [VI-66] Hieroglyphics at Palenque are the same as those at Copan and Quirigua, although the intermediate country is now occupied by races of many different languages. Stephens, vol. ii., p. 343; but, as Brasseur says, PalenquÉ, introd., p. 22, 'Toutes les langues qui se parlent dans les rÉgions existant entre Copan et PalenquÉ ont la mÊme origine; ... À l'aide du maya et du quichÉ, je crois qu'on les entendrait toutes, avec quelque travail.' Id., Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 89; Jones' Hist. Anc. Amer., p. 102. See also this work, vol. ii., chap, xxiv., vol. iii., Languages, chap. xi. [VI-67] 'Il serait facile de dÉmontrer, par une comparaison raisonnÉe des ruines du Yucatan et de celles de Palenque, que les monuments dont elles perpÉtuent le souvenir avaient un mÊme caractÈre architectonique; qu'ils Étaient ordonnÉs selon les mÊmes principes et construits d'aprÈs les mÊmes rÈgles de l'art.' Morelet, Voyage, tom. i., p. 270. Brasseur, PalenquÉ, introd., pp. 20, 24, notes a striking similarity between the arrangement of buildings at Palenque and Yucatan. He also speaks of a remarkable inferiority in the ruins of Palenque, compared to Chichen, Zayi, and Uxmal. Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 88. Viollet-le-Duc, in Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., pp. 72-3, says the ruins do not resemble those of Yucatan, either in plan, construction, or decoration; and that the face of the priest in the Temple of the Cross is of a different race from the sculptured heads in Yucatan. 'La sculpture ... indique un art plus savant qu'au Yucatan; si les proportions du corps humain sont observÉes avec plus de soin et d'exactitude, on s'aperÇoit que le faire est mou, rond, et qu'il accuse plutÔt une pÉriode de dÉcadence que l'ÂpretÉ des premiers temps d'un art.' Id., p. 74, 'Le caractÈre de la sculpture À PalenquÉ est loin d'avoir l'Énergie de celle que nous voyons dans des Édifices de l'Yucatan.' Id., p. 97. 'A pesar de tanta desnudez, no hemos reparado una postura, un gesto, Ó algunas de aquellas del cuerpo, al descubierto que el pudor procura ocultar,' Dupaix, p. 21. Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., p. 72, thinks the tau-shaped figures may have been symbols of the phallic worship. Friederichsthal, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., tom. xcii., pp. 300-3, says of the Yucatan ruins that 'elles portent indubitablement des traces d'une identitÉ d'origine avec les ruines de PalenquÉ,' but remarks a difference in the sculptured and molded heads. Sivers, Mittelamerika, p. 238, says that the stone reliefs of Uxmal belong to a ruder primitive art; and that stucco was used at Palenque for want of suitable stone, and for the same reason greater attention was paid to the stone tablets at the latter ruins. See also Reichardt, Centro-Amerika, pp. 26-9; Prichard's Researches, vol. v., pp. 345-6; Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, p. 197. [VI-68] M. Viollet-le-Duc, judging from the nature and degree of art displayed in the ruins, concludes that the civilized nations of America were of a mixed race, Turanian or yellow from the north-west, and Aryan or white from the north-east, the former being the larger and the earlier element. Stucco work implies a predominance of Turanian blood in the artists; traces of wooden structures in architecture belong rather to the white races. Therefore he believes that Palenque was built during the continuance of the Empire of Xibalba, probably some centuries before Christ, by a people in which yellow blood predominated, although with some Aryan intermixture; but that the Yucatan cities owe their foundation to the same people at a later epoch and under a much stronger influence of the white races. In Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., pp. 32, 45, 97, 103, etc. 'Here were the remains of a cultivated, polished, and peculiar people, who had passed through all the stages incident to the rise and fall of nations; reached their golden age, and perished, entirely unknown. The links which connected them with the human family were severed and lost, and these were the only memorials of their footsteps upon earth.' Arguments against an extinct race and Egyptian resemblances. Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 356-7, 436-57. Dupaix believes in a flat-headed race that has become extinct, p. 29. After writing his narrative he made up his mind that Palenque was antediluvian, or at least that a flood had covered it. Lenoir, p. 76. M. Lenoir says that according to all voyagers and students the ruins are not less than 3000 years old. Id., p. 73. 'Catlin, Revue des Deux Mondes, March, 1867, p. 154, asserts that the ruined cities of Palenque and Uxmal have within themselves the evidences that the ocean has been their bed for thousands of years,' but the material is soft limestone and presents no water lines. Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, pp. 398-9. The work of an extinct race. Escalera and Llana, MÉj. Hist. Descrip., p. 333; Valois, Mexique, p. 197; WappÄus, Mex. Guat., p. 247. Judging by decay since discovery, bright paint, comparison with German ruins, etc., they cannot date back of the Conquest. Sivers, Mittelamerika, pp. 237-47. 'All of them were the Work of the same People, or of Nations of the same Race, dating from a high antiquity, and in blood and language precisely the same Race, ... that was found in Occupation of the Country by the Spaniards, and who still constitute the great Bulk of the Population.' Squier, in Palacio, Carta, pp. 9-10. Copan and Quirigua preceded Palenque and Ococingo as the latter preceded the cities of Yucatan. Ib. 'The sculptures and temples of Central America are the work of the ancestors of the present Indians,' Tylor's Researches, pp. 189, 184. In age the ruins rank as follows: Copan, Utatlan, Uxmal, Mitla, Palenque. Edinburgh Review, July, 1867. 'Una antiguedad no mÉnos que antediluviana.' Registro Yuc., tom. i., p. 322, 'Approximative calculations, amounting to all but certainty ... would carry its origin as far back as twenty centuries at least.' Dem. Review, vol. i., p. 38. 'Ces ruines Étaient dÉjÀ fort anciennes avant mÊme que les ToltÈques songeassent À quitter Tula.' Fossey, Mexique, p. 566. Founded by the Toltecs after they left Anahuac in the 11th century. They afterwards went to Yucatan. Morelet, Voyage, tom. i., pp. 269-70. Palenque much older than Yucatan according to the Katunes. Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., pp. 22-3, 103. Waldeck found a tree whose rings indicated an age of nearly 2000 years. Id., PalenquÉ, p. v. 'Il est probable qu'elles appartiennent À la premiÈre pÉriode de la civilization amÉricaine.' Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., pp. 85, 87, 89. Copan built first, Palenque second, and Uxmal third. Jones' Hist. Anc. Amer., pp. 80, 72, 76. Humboldt, Vues, tom. ii., p. 284, thinks it improbable that the foundation of Palenque dates back further than the 13th or 14th century; but he never saw the ruins and does not pretend to have any means of accurately determining their age. [VI-69] 'PalenquÉ, dans quelques bas-reliefs, a des intentions assyriennes.' Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., p. iii. 'The writing of the inscriptions ... has no more relatedness to the Phoenician than to the Chinese writing;' nor is there any resemblance in the architecture. Baldwin's Anc. Amer., p. 174. Long arguments against any resemblance of the Central American cities to Egyptian monuments. Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 436-57; which Jones, Hist. Anc. Amer., pp. 106-37, labors to refute. No resemblance to Egyptian pyramids, except in being used as sepulchres. Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, pp. 186-7. 'The Palenque architecture has little to remind us of the Egyptian, or of the Oriental. It is, indeed, more conformable, in the perpendicular elevation of the walls, the moderate size of the stones, and the general arrangement of the parts, to the European. It must be admitted, however, to have a character of originality peculiar to itself.' Prescott's Mex., vol. iii., pp. 407-8. 'Un bas-relief reprÉsentant un enfant consacrÉ À une croix, les tÊtes singuliÈres À grands nez et À fronts rejetÉs en arriÈre, les bottines ou caligulÆ À la romaine servant de chaussure; la ressemblance frappante des figures avec les divinitÉs indiennes assises, les jambes croisÉes, et ces figures un peu roides, mais dessinÉes dans des proportions exactes, doivent inspirer un vif intÉrÊt À quiconque s'occupe de l'histoire primitive du genre humain.' Humboldt, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., tom. xxxv., p. 328. See also Juarros, Hist. Guat., p. 19; Dupaix, p. 32, and elsewhere; LarenaudiÈre, Mex. Guat., pp. 326-9; Scherzer, QuiriguÁ, p. 11. [VI-70] Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, pp. 338-9, 302. [VI-71] Klemm, Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., pp. 161-3. [VI-72] Morelet, Voyage, tom. i., pp. 273, 264. [VI-73] Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 172; Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 85. [VI-74] Prescott's Mex., vol. iii., pp. 408-9. [VII-1] See vol. ii., chap. ii., of this work. [VII-2] Arias, AntigÜedades Zapotecas, in Museo Mex., tom. i., pp. 246-8, MÜller, Reisen, tom. ii., pp. 356-7; Hutchings' Cal. Mag., vol. ii., pp. 395; 539-41; Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 359, with reference to Carriedo, Estudios hist. y estad. del Estado OaxaqueÑo, tom. ii., append. i.; Garay, Reconocimiento, p. 110; Id., Survey, pp. 112-13; Id., Acct., pp. 79-81. [VII-3] Dupaix, 3d exped., pp. 6-7, pl. iii.-v., fig. 6-9; Kingsborough, vol. vi., p. 469, vol. iv., pl. iii.-v., fig. 6-9; LarenaudiÈre, Mex. Guat., pl. viii., from Dupaix, showing second pyramid; Mayer's Observations, pp. 25-6, with cut of the first altar representing its successive platforms as forming a spiral ascent. [VII-4] Dupaix, 3d exped., p. 6, pl. ii., fig. 5; cut of same lance-head in Gondra, in Prescott, Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., p. 85, pl. xiv.; Museo Mexicano, tom. i., pp. 248-9, tom. iii., pp. 135-7; Hist. Mag., vol. iii., p. 240. [VII-5] Brasseur de Bourbourg, Voy. Tehuan., pp. 122-5. [VII-6] Burgoa, Geog. Descrip., tom. ii., cap. lxxii.; Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., pp. 9-10. [VII-7] Lafond, Voyage, tom. i., p. 139. [VII-8] Museo Mex., tom. i., p. 248. [VII-9] Dupaix, 3d exped., p. 8, pl. vi., fig. 10; Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 289, vol. vi., p. 469, vol. iv., pl. vi., fig. 10; Lenoir, pp. 16, 71. Kingsborough calls the name of the locality of these remains Chilmitlan. His plate shows regular quadrilateral openings in the parapets, while in CastaÑeda's plate they appear of irregular form, as if made by the removal of stones. [VII-10] Garay, Reconocimiento, pp. 110-12; Id., Survey, pp. 113-15; Id., Acct., pp. 79-81. [VII-11] Burgoa, Geog. Descrip., tom. ii., p. 298; Florencia, Hist. Comp. Jesus, pp. 233-6, Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., pp. 39, 286, tom. i., p. 146. [VII-12] Besides remains attributed to particular localities, see Museo Mex., tom. iii., p. 135, cuts and descriptions of four earthen idols found in this state; Burgoa, Geog. Descrip., tom. i., fol. 160, 166, 170, 197, tom. ii., fol. 275, 298, 319-21, 330, 344-5, 363, mention and slight description of burial places, caves, temples, etc., of the natives, some of them seen by the author; MÜhlenpfordt, Mej., tom. ii., pp. 186, 195, 200, 206, 212, 215, slight mention of scattered relics; Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 218, cuts of three heads in PeÑasco collection, said to have come from Oajaca. [VII-13] Dupaix, 2d exped., pp. 28-9. [VII-14] MÜller, Reisen, tom. ii., p. 282, with cut of the ring. [VII-15] Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 47. [VII-16] Gondra, in Prescott, Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., p. 91. [VII-17] Museo Mex., tom. i., p. 249. [VII-18] Dupaix, 3d exped., p. 6, pl. ii., 2d exped., p. 51. [VII-19] Fossey, Mexique, pp. 375-6. No authority is given, and M. Fossey was not himself an antiquarian explorer. [VII-20] Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., pp. 249-51. [VII-21] Dupaix, 2d exped., pp. 17-23, pl. xxi-viii., fig. 64-77; Kingsborough, vol. v., pp. 247-51, vol. vi., pp. 444-6, vol. iv., pl. xix-xxv., fig. 64-77; Lenoir, pp. 16, 22, 49-51. Carriedo's Atlas de una Fortaleza Zapoteca, etc., mentioned by Gondra, in Prescott, Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., p. 94, and in Museo Mex., tom. i., p. 246. The editors of the latter magazine announced their intention to publish the drawings as soon as the plates could be engraved, but I have not seen the volume in which their purpose was carried out, if indeed it was ever carried out. GarcÍa's report in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. vii., pp. 270-1, with plates; MÜller, Reisen, tom. ii., pp. 270-1, with plates; Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., pp. 250-3; Viollet-le-Duc, in Id., pp. 25-6, with cut. Other references to slight notices of Monte Alban, containing no original information are;—LarenaudiÈre, Mex. Guat., pl. i., from Dupaix; Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 340; Fossey, Mexique, pp. 370-1. This writer locates the ruins ¼ of a league from the city. Escalera and Llana, Mej., p. 332; Baldwin's Anc. Amer., p. 91. [VII-22] See authorities in preceding note. [VII-23] Plate showing the stones in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. vii., p. 270. [VII-24] Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., pp. 339-40. [VII-25] 'Elle reprÉsente un dieu dont les attributs caractÉrisent le principe actif de la nature qui produit les grains et les fruits. C'est le dieu qui crÉe, conserve et est en hostilitÉ permanente avec le GÉnie destructeur qui gouverne aussi le monde. Son casque ou son diadÈme, ombragÉ d'un panache considÉrable et qui atteste son importance, est ornÉ de la Grande couleuvre, nommÉe aussi par les astronomes modernes le serpent d'Ève, dont la prÉsence dans le ciel annonce la saison des rÉcoltes.' Lenoir, in Antiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., pp. 57-8. Cut also in Mayer's Obs., p. 32, pl. iii., from the original which is preserved in Mexico. [VII-26] Plate also in Gondra, in Prescott, Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., pp. 64-5, pl. xi. [VII-27] Copies of plates in Mayer's Obs., p. 32, pl. iii.; Id., Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., pp. 218-19. [VII-28] Dupaix says of this image: 'Elle participe un peu du style Égyptien. Elle est couverte de trois vÊtements qui croisent l'un sur l'autre symÉtriquement, et qui sont bordÉs de franges. La tÊte est ornÉe de tresses qui font deviner le sexe; les oreilles et le cou sont parÉs de bijoux; enfin toute cette figure est Étrange.' 2d exped., p. 49. This image in the opinion of M. Lenoir, Antiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., pp. 60-1, represents the Mexican goddess Toci, and the preceding one the god of war, Huitzilopochtli. These images are now in the Mexican Museum, and plates of them were published by Sr Gondra, in Prescott, Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., pp. 90-5, pl. xvii., who by no means agrees with Lenoir's conclusions identifying them with Aztec deities, although he agrees with Dupaix respecting their probable use as chandeliers. [VII-29] Authorities on antiquities of Zachila. Dupaix, 2d exped., pp. 44-51, pl. xlvii., fig. 95-116; Kingsborough, vol. v., pp. 269-78, vol. vi., pp. 458-63, vol. iv., pl. xlvii.-li., fig. 96-117. Kingsborough also attributes fig. 118-19 to Zachila, but according to the official edition the relics represented by those numbers came from Tizatlan in Tlascala. Lenoir, in Antiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., pp. 57-63. The aboriginal name of the place was Zaachillatloo. Dupaix, pp. 44-5. Brasseur, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 47, speaks of a fortress visited by several travelers, built by Zaachila, the great Zapotec conqueror, on the top of a lofty rock 25 leagues east of Oajaca. Mention of ruins and two cuts of figures in Ilustracion Mej., tom. iii., pp. 367-8, 480; Escalera and Llana, Mej. Hist. Descrip., p. 226. [VII-30] Escalera and Llana, Mej. Hist. Descrip., p. 226; Fossey, Mex., p. 376. [VII-31] LiubÁ, 'Sepultura;' Miquitlan, 'infierno Ó lugar de tristeza.' Dupaix, 2d exped., p. 30. Leoba, or Luiva, 'sÉpulture;' Miguitlan, 'lieu de dÉsolation, lieu de tristesse.' Humboldt, Vues, tom. ii., pp. 278-9. Yopaa, Lyoba, or Yobaa, 'terre des tombes;' Mictlan, 'sÉjour des Morts.' Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., pp. 304-5, tom. iii., p. 9. LiobÁÁ, 'place of rest.' Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. vii., p. 170. [VII-32] 'Uno, llamado Mictlan, que quiere decir infierno Ó lugar de muertos, Á do hubo en tiempos pasados, (segun hallaron las muestras) edificios mas notables y de ver que en otra parte de la Nueva EspaÑa. Hubo un templo del demonio y aposentos de sus ministros, maravillosa cosa Á la vista, en especial una sala como de artesones, y la obra era labrada de piedra de muchos lazos y labores.' Mendieta, Hist. Ecles., pp. 395-6; Burgoa, Descrip. Geog., tom. ii., fol. 259, etc. [VII-33] 'Du haut de la forteresse de Mitla, la vue plonge dans la vallÉe et se repose avec tristesse sur des roches pelÉes et des solitudes arides, image de destruction propre À relever l'effet des palais de Liobaa. Un torrent d'eau salÉe (?), qui se gonfle avec la tempÊte, coule au milieu des sables poudreux qu'il entraÎne avec lui. Les rives sont sÈches et sans ombrages; À peine voit-on de distance en distance quelques nopals nains, ou quelques poivriers du PÉrou, aussi maigres que le terrain oÙ ils ont pris racine. Seulement, du cÔtÉ du village, la verdure sombre des magueys et des cactus donne au tableau l'aspect d'un jardin d'hiver plantÉ de buis et de sapins.' Fossey, Mexique, p. 371. [VII-34] Humboldt, Vues, tom. ii., pp. 278-85, pl. xvii-viii., fol. ed., pl. xlix-l; Id., in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 28-30, supl. pl. viii.; Id., Essai Pol., pp. 263-5. Humboldt speaks of Martin as 'un architecte mexicain trÈs-distinguÉ.' Dupaix, 2d exped., pp. 30-44, pl. xxix-xlvi., fig. 78-93; Kingsborough, vol. v., pp. 255-68, vol. vi., pp. 447-56, vol. iv., pl. xxvii-xli., fig. 81-95; Lenoir, in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 16, 23-4, 52-7. MÜhlenpfordt, Mejico, tom. i., pref., p. 5, claims to have been for some time Director of road-construction in the state of Oajaca, and states his intention of publishing at some future time 18 or 20 large copper-plate engravings illustrating the antiquities of Mitla and others. These plates, so far as I know, have never been given to the public. Carriedo accompanied MÜhlenpfordt, or Mihelenpforott as he writes the name, and published some of the drawings, perhaps all, in the Ilustracion Mejicana, tom. ii., pp. 493-8. Some of the German artists' descriptive text is also quoted from I know not what source. Tempsky's Mitla, pp. 250-3, with plates which must have been made up for the most part from other sources than the author's own observations. GarcÍa's visit, Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. vii., pp. 271-2. Sawkin's exploration, in Mayer's Observations, p. 28, et seq., with plates. It will be shown later that Mr Sawkins' drawings are without value to the archÆological student. Fossey's account, Mexique, pp. 365-70; Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., pp. 261-9, phot. ii-xviii.; Viollet-le-Duc, in Id., pp. 74-104, with cuts. After Charnay had completed, as he thought, the work of photographing the ruins, all his negatives were spoiled for want of proper varnish. He was therefore compelled to return alone, since he had exhausted the somewhat limited patience of his native assistants, and to work day and night to take a new set of pictures. MÜller, Reisen, tom. ii., pp. 279-81, seems also to have made a personal exploration. Other references for Mitla containing no original information are as follows:—Baldwin's Anc. Amer., pp. 117-22, with two cuts from Charnay and two from Tempsky, all given in my text. Gallatin, in Amer. Ethno. Soc., Transact., vol. i., p. 173; Bradford's Amer. Antiq., pp. 85-6; LarenaudiÈre, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., tom. xxxiv., pp. 121-2; Gondra, in Prescott, Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., pp. 90-5, pl. xvii.; Mayer's Mex. as it Was, pp. 251-3; Id., Mex. Aztec, vol. ii., pp. 213-16; Klemm, Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., pp. 157-60; Morelet, Voyage, tom. i., pp. 270-1; Id., Travels, p. 92; MÜller, Amerikanische Urreligionen, p. 462; Prescott's Mex., vol. i., p. 14, vol. iii., pp. 404-6; Malte-Brun, PrÉcis de la GÉog., tom. vi., p. 463; Mexicanische ZustÄnde, tom. i., pp. 403-4; WappÄus, Mex. Guat., p. 162; LempriÈre, Mexique, p. 144; Hassel, Mex. Guat., p. 255; Hermosa, Manual Geog., p. 135; Escalera and Llana, Mex., pp. 327-32, 225, same as in Fossey; Lafond, Voyages, tom. i., p. 139; Bonnycastle's Span. Amer., vol. i., p. 154, vol. ii., p. 233; D'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 356; Conder's Mex. Guat., vol. ii., pp. 130-4; Dally, Races Indig., pp. 16-17; Macgillivray's Life Humboldt, pp. 314-15; Mills' Hist. Mex., p. 158; Mexico in 1842, p. 77; Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., p. 105; LarenaudiÈre, Mex. Guat., pl. ii-vi., from Dupaix; Delafield's Antiq. Amer., pp. 55, 59-60. [VII-35] Charnay, phot. xvii., gives a general view of the ruins, from which, however, no clear idea can be formed of the arrangement of the structures. The buildings are named or numbered as follows by the different authors; Dupaix numbers them as they are marked on my plan; Carriedo and MÜhlenpfordt unite Nos. 1 and 2 under the name of 1st Palace, making No. 3 No. 2, and No. 4 No. 3; Charnay's 1st or grand palace is the northern building of No. 1; his 2d is the eastern building of the same; his 3d and 4th are the northern and western buildings respectively of No. 2. My No. 3 is called by him the House of the Curate, and No. 4 is only mentioned by him without name or number. [VII-36] At the Conquest the ruins covered an immense area, but they now consist of six palaces and three ruined pyramids. Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., p. 261. [VII-37] Dupaix's ground plan, pl. xxix., fig. 78, represents such a southern building and mound, although very slight, if any, traces remained of the former at the time of his visit. Martin's plan, given by Humboldt, shows two shorter mounds without buildings; while Carriedo's plan locates no structure whatever south of the court, and I have omitted it in my plan. [VII-38] The dimensions are very nearly those of the plans of Martin and CastaÑeda, who differ only very slightly. The dimensions given by the different authorities are as follows: A. 12½×47½ varas, CastaÑeda; 13¼×46½ varas, Martin, in Humboldt; 40 mÈtres long, Charnay; 180 feet long, Tempsky; 132 feet long, Fossey. C. 22×22 varas, CastaÑeda and Martin; d, 7×35½ varas, CastaÑeda; 7½×34½ varas, Martin. Walls 1½ to 3½ varas thick, CastaÑeda; 1½ varas, Martin. Height 5 to 6 mÈtres, Humboldt; 14 feet, Fossey. The height of the inner columns, to be spoken of later, shows something respecting the original height of the walls. [VII-39] Charnay, p. 264, describes the material of this filling as 'terre battue, mÊlÉe de gros cailloux.' His photographs of walls where the facing has fallen show in some places a mass of large irregular stones, even laid with some regularity in a few instances; in other parts of the ruins there seem to be very few stones, but only a mass of earth or clay; and in still other parts the wall has every appearance of regular adobes. Dupaix, p. 35, says that sand and lime are mixed with the earth. 'El macizo, Ó grueso de las paredes se compone de una tierra mezclada y beneficiada con arena y cal.' 'De tierra preparada, hollada Ó beneficiada cuando fresca y pastosa.' Tempsky, p. 251, declares the material to be rough boulders in cement. Humboldt, Vues, tom. ii., p. 283, speaks of 'une masse d'argile qui paroÎt remplir l'intÉrieur des murs.' [VII-40] 'Los compartimientos divididos por unos tableros cuadrilongos, terminados por unas molduras cuadradas que sobresalen Á la linea de la muralla, contienen en sus planos unas grecas de alto relieve de una bella invencion, pues sus dibujos presentan unos enlaces complicados arreglados Á una exactisima geometrÍa, con una grande union entre las piedras que los componen, las que son de varios gruesos, y configuraciones; ademas se advierte una perfecta nivelacion en toda esta admirable ensambladura.' Dupaix, 2d exped., p. 31. A mosaic of soft sandstone cut in blocks 7×2?×1 inches, and all forming a smooth exterior surface. Tempsky's Mitla, pp. 251-2, with a very faulty cut. The statement about the smooth surface is certainly erroneous, as is probably that respecting the size of the blocks. 'Ces arabesques forment une sorte de mosaÏque, composÉe de petites pierres carrÉes, qui sont placÉes avec beaucoup d'art, les unes À cÔtÉ des autres.' Humboldt, Vues, tom. ii., p. 283; with cuts of three styles of this mosaic from Martin. 'Briquettes de diffÉrentes grandeurs.' The modern church is built of stone from the ruins. The natives carry away the blocks of mosaic in the belief that they will turn to gold. Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., p. 252, 263-5. Phot. v-vi., view of southern faÇade. 22 different styles of grecques on this front. Fossey, Mexique, pp. 367-8. Cuts of 16 different styles in Ilustracion Mej., tom. ii., p. 501. [VII-41] An Indian woman was reported to have one of the heads from these holes, built into the walls of her house, but it could not be found. Dupaix, 2d exped., p. 31. [VII-42] Besides the photograph copied above, Charnay's photographs, vii.-viii., present views from the east and west, showing that the same style of construction and ornamentation extends completely round the building. Dupaix's plate xxx. represents this faÇade, but shows only a small portion of the stone-work. Kingsborough gives in its place a magnificent plate, 1×5 feet, showing the whole front restored in all its details; he gives also the plate from Antiq. Mex., but refers it to the palace No. 2. pl. xxxi., fig. 85. See description of the walls quoted from Burgoa, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. vii., pp. 170-3. [VII-43] 5.8 mÈtres high; one third of the height buried in the ground. Humboldt, Vues, tom. ii., p. 282. 4 varas above surface, 2 varas below, 1 vara diameter. Id., in Antiq. Mex., suppl. pl. viii. Of the material, Humboldt says: 'Quelques personnes, trÈs-instruites en minÉralogie, m'ont dit que la pierre est un beau porphyre amphibolique; d'autres m'ont assurÉ que c'est un granite porphyritique.' 12 feet high, 9½ feet in circumference. Fossey, Mex., pp. 367-8. About 14 feet high, Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., p. 263; 5½ varas high, 1 vara in diameter, material granite, Dupaix, p. 31. Over 5 varas high. Burgoa, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. vii., p. 171. 12 feet high, 4 feet diameter. Tempsky's Mitla, p. 253. 10 feet 10½ inches above ground, over 6 feet below, 3? varas in circumference; material porphyry. Ilustracion Mej., tom. ii., pp. 495-6. So large that two men can hardly reach round them, 5 fathoms high. Mendieta, Hist. Ecles., pp. 395-6. Material a porous limestone. Viollet-le-Duc, in Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., p. 78. [VII-44] See Charnay, phot. x. [VII-45] Charnay, phot. vii.-viii. [VII-46] Charnay, phot. xi. Plate in Tempsky's Mitla, pp. 252-3, very incorrect, as are nearly all of this author's illustrations. [VII-47] Charnay, phot. ix. [VII-48] See p. 257 of this volume. [VII-49] Murguia, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. vii., pp. 170-3. 'De grandes dalles, de plus de deux pieds d'Épaisseur, reposant sur des piliers d'une hauteur de trois mÈtres, formaient le plafond de ces palais: au-dessus on voyait une corniche saillante ornÉe de sculptures capricieuses, dont l'ensemble formait comme une sorte de diadÈme posÉ sur le sommet de l'Édifice.' Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 26, Burgoa. [VII-50] As quoted in Ilustracion Mej., tom. ii., p. 496. [VII-51] Viollet-le-Duc, in Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., pp. 78-9. [VII-52] Charnay, phot. xii., p. 264; Dupaix, pp. 31-2, pl. xxxi., fig. 80. [VII-53] In the preceding pages it will be noticed that I have paid no attention to the plates and description by Mr J. G. Sawkins, from an exploration in 1837, as given by Col. Brantz Mayer in his Observations on Mexican History and ArchÆology, published among the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. My reasons for disregarding Sawkins' authority are, that the said descriptions and plates are just sufficiently accurate to identify palace No. 1 with the one referred to, but otherwise constitute one of the most bare-faced frauds recorded in the annals of antiquarian exploration in America. The following points are more than sufficient to substantiate what I have said:—1st. Sawkins reverses the cardinal points, respecting which the other authorities agree, placing the principal building on the east of the court instead of the north, etc. To avoid repetition and confusion, I shall in the following remarks, however, correct this error and speak of each building in its proper location. 2d. Sawkins found five standing columns in the eastern building, d, four of which supported parts of a wall, while the other standing apart was taller than the rest; now the columns supporting the wall may have been the piers between the doorways—but only three of these were standing in 1806 (see Dupaix, pl. xxxi.); and the taller column standing apart agrees well enough with the truth, except that there were two of them standing in 1859. (See Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., phot. xii.) On the west our explorer correctly found everything obliterated, and the 'crumbling and indistinct walls' which he found on the south may have been part of palace No. 2. 3d. Coming now to the northern building, Sawkins found in the front 4 doorways, so narrow and low that only one person at a time could enter, and that only by stooping; during the next 20 years these doorways grew remarkably in size, and decreased in number, since Charnay's photograph shows 3 doorways with standing human figures in two of them, not obliged to stoop or much pressed for elbow room, as may be seen in the copy I have given. 4th. Sawkins found all the adornments removed from this faÇade; they were perhaps replaced before Charnay's visit. 5th. In the interior, A of the plan, Sawkins found niches in the end walls not seen by any other visitor. 6th. The six columns represented by Martin and Dupaix as standing in the centre of this apartment, had all been removed (!) at the time of Sawkins' visit. It was a strange freak of the camera to picture them all in place 20 years later. 7th. But Charnay's photographic apparatus had yet other repairs to make, for in the northern wing, C, the walls of the interior apartments had all disappeared, and even the interior surface of the outer walls, which enclosed the quadrangle, had no mosaic work, but the panels presented only 9 long recesses in three tiers on each side. Mr Sawkins' plates are two in number; one of them presents a general view of this palace from the west, and although faulty, indicates that the artist may have actually visited Mitla; the other is a rear view of the northern building, gives a tolerably correct idea of the construction of the walls, and may possibly have been made up from the large plate in Kingsborough's work. I have no more space to devote to Sawkins. He may have been already 'shown up' by some critic whose writings have escaped my notice. It is proper to add that as Col. Mayer apparently consulted only Humboldt's description of Mitla, it is not at all strange that this zealous investigator and usually correct writer was deceived by a pretended explorer. [VII-54] Dupaix, pl. xxxii., fig. 81, where the dimensions are 6½×33½ varas. Carriedo's, or MÜhlenpfordt's, plan, pl. ii., makes the court 114×135 feet, and the western building 128.9 feet on the inside; on page 495, and on another plan, it is implied that the eastern mound never bore any building. [VII-55] Ilustracion Mej., tom. ii., p. 495. [VII-56] MÜller, Reisen, tom. ii., p. 280. [VII-57] Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., phot. xiii.-xvi.; Dupaix, p. 33, pl. xxxiii., fig. 82-3; Kingsborough, vol. v., pp. 258-9, vol. vi., pp. 450-1, vol. iv., pl. xxx., fig. 84; Lenoir, in Antiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., pp. 53, 16; MÜhlenpfordt, in Ilustracion Mej., p. 500, pl. vi.; Tempsky's Mitla, pp. 250-1. [VII-58] Dupaix, 2d exped., pp. 32-3, pl. xxxiv.-v., fig. 82; Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 259, vol. vi., p. 451, vol. iv., pl. xxxii.-iii., fig. 86-7, ground plan, and section showing mosaic work; Ilustracion Mej., tom. ii., pp. 495-500, pl. iv., v., ix. Humboldt, Vues, tom. ii., pp. 278-82, places the gallery erroneously under the northern wing of palace No. 1, with an entrance in the floor of the column chamber. Murguia, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. vii., pp. 170-3, from Burgoa, about the caves on which the palaces were built. MÜller, Reisen, tom. ii., p. 280; Tempsky's Mitla, pp. 250-1; Fossey, Mex., p. 369; Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., pp. 264-5; Mayer's Observations, p. 30, with cuts from Dupaix. Lenoir, in Antiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., p. 53. 'Un appartement souterrain qui a 27 mÈtres de long, et 8 de large.' Humboldt, Essai Pol., p. 264. [VII-59] Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., p. 263, phot. iii.-iv.; Dupaix, 2d exped., pp. 33, 35-6, pl. xxxvi., fig. 83; Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 259, vol. vi., p. 451, vol. iv., pl. xxxiv., fig. 88, this plan differs from the one given above in making the passage d straight. Ilustracion Mej., tom. ii., p. 496. [VII-60] Dupaix, pl. xxxvii., fig. 84; Kingsborough, vol. iv., pl. xxxv., fig. 89. The latter plan represents three doorways in each of the buildings fronting on the northern court, C. See also references of preceding note. [VII-61] Dupaix, pp. 34, 39, pl. xxxlx-xl., xliii-iv., fig. 86-7, 91-2; Kingsborough, vol. v., pp. 260-1, vol. vi., pp. 451-3, vol. iv., pl. xxxvii-ix., fig. 91-4; Lenoir, in Antiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., pp. 55-6; Charnay, p. 263, phot. ii.; MÜhlenpfordt, in Ilustracion Mej., tom. ii., p. 496; Fossey, Mexique, pp. 368-9, locates these pyramidal groups east and north, instead of south and west of palace No. 1. He also mentions a granite block, or altar, 4½ feet long and one foot thick. [VII-62] Dupaix, p. 34, pl. xxxviii., fig. 85; Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 259, vol. vi., p. 451, vol. iv., pl. xxxvi., fig. 90. Kingsborough's plate represents the walls as mostly fallen. Lenoir, in Antiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., p. 53. [VII-63] Dupaix, pp. 40-1, pl. xliv.-v., fig. 93-4, view of hill, and plan copied above. Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 265, vol. vi., p. 455, vol. iv., pl. xl.-i., fig. 95; Lenoir, p. 56. Dupaix's plates are copied in Mosaico Mex., tom. ii., pp. 281-4, and Armin, Alte Mex., p. 290; Fossey, Mex., p. 370. Plate from Sawkins' drawing, different from that of CastaÑeda, but of course unreliable, in Mayer's Observations, p. 32, pl. iv. [VII-64] Dupaix, 2d exped., pp. 41-3; Tylor's Anahuac, p. 139. [VII-65] Dupaix, 2d exped., pp. 37-8, pl. xli.-ii., fig. 88-90; Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 254, vol. vi., p. 447, vol. iv., pl. xxvi., fig. 78-80; Lenoir, in Antiq. Mex., pp. 23-4, 55; Tempsky's Mitla, p. 254. [VII-66] Burgoa, Geog. Descrip., fol. 257-60; Id., in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. vii., p. 170, et seq., pp. 271-2; Id., in Ilustracion Mej., tom. ii., p. 494; Id., in Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., pp. 21-30. Brasseur says that the temple built over a subterranean labyrinth was called Yohopehelichi Pezelao, 'supreme fortress of Pezelao.' Built under Toltec influence. Id., tom. i., pp. 304-5, tom. iii., p. 9. Sacked by the Aztecs about 1494, and the priests carried as captives to Mexico. Id., tom. iii., p. 358; Tylor's Anahuac, p. 139. Buildings of different age. Dupaix, 2d exped., pp. 34-5; Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., pp. 252-3, 265; Humboldt, Vues, tom. ii., p. 279. [VII-67] Humboldt, Vues, tom. ii., pp. 284-5. 'Les palais funÉraires de Mitla reproduisent en certains cas l'ordonnance des demeures chinoises.' Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., p. iii. The ruins of Mitla 'nous paraissent appartenir À la civilisation quichÉe, quoique postÉrieurs À ceux de l'Yucatan. La perfection de l'appareil, les parements verticaux des salles avec leurs Épines de colonnes portant la charpente du comple, l'absence complÈte d'imitation de la construction de bois dans la dÉcoration extÉrieure ou intÉrieure, l'ornementation obtenue seulement par l'assemblage des pierres sans sculpture, donnent aux Édifices de Mitla un caractÈre particulier qui les distingue nettement de ceux de l'Yucatan et qui indiquerait aussi une date plus rÉcente.' Viollet-le-Duc, in Id., pp. 100-1. [VII-68] Lovato's report was published with two of the nine plates which originally accompanied it in the Museo Mex., tom. iii., p. 329-35, and, without the plates in Diccionario Univ., tom. ix., pp. 697-700. MÜller, Reisen, tom. ii., pp. 251-4, gives an account which seems to have been made up mostly from Lovato's report, although he may have personally visited the ruins. A short description, also from the Museo Mex., may be found in Mayer's Mex. Aztec, vol. ii., p. 217, and Id., Observations, pp. 25-6. [VII-69] Museo Mex., tom. i., p. 136. Lovato's exploration was made by the order of Gen. Leon, and the account furnished for publication by Sr J. M. Tornel. In describing the Temple, the three flights of stairs are said to have 10, 8, and 6 steps, respectively, which does not agree with the plate as copied above. MÜller gives the number of small buildings, or dwellings, whose foundations are visible as 120 instead of 130; he also gives in his dimensions mÈtres instead of varas, which would increase them in English feet in the proportion of 92 to 109. He further states that the structures face the cardinal points. [VII-70] Unda, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da Época, tom. i., p. 30; Museo Mex., tom. i., p. 250. [VII-71] Dupaix, 2d exped., p. 14, pl. xix., fig. 55; Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 244, vol. vi., p. 442, vol. iv., pl. xvii., fig. 55; Lenoir, in Antiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., p. 47. [VII-72] Museo Mex., tom. i., pp. 249, 401, with plates of the rings and 7 stone relics. [VII-73] Dupaix, 2d exped., pp. 15-16, pl. xix.-xx., fig. 56-63; Kingsborough, vol. v., pp. 244-5, vol. vi., pp. 442-3, vol. iv., pl. xvii.-xviii., fig. 56-63. Respecting the jasper figures M. Dupaix says: 'Le nombre de celles qu'on trouve dans les sÉpultures de la nation zapotÈque est infini. Elles ont deux À trois pouces de haut; elles sont presque toutes de forme triangulaire, quadrangulaire, ou prismatique, et sont sculptÉes en jaspe vert foncÉ, ayant invariablement la mÊme attitude semblable À celle d'Iris ou d'Osiris, dont les petites idoles Étaient destinÉes À accompagner les momies Égyptiennes.' The hole in the back part of each is drilled in a curved line. Lenoir, in Antiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., pp. 47-8. [VII-74] MuÑoz, EstadÍstica del Distrito de Hidalgo, in Guerrero, Memoria presentada Á la H. Legislatura, por el Gobernador, Fran. O. Arce, 1872, pp. 45, 150, 272. [VIII-1] MÜhlenpfordt, Mejico, tom. ii., p. 32; Mexikanische ZustÄnde, tom. i., p. 31. [VIII-2] Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da Época, tom. i., pp. 292-7, tom. iii., pp. 104-9, with two plates representing the colossal head, and several other relics from some locality not mentioned. [VIII-3] Ottavio, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1833, tom. lix., p. 64. [VIII-4] Waldeck, PalenquÉ, pl. xlix.; Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 230-1. [VIII-5] Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 35. [VIII-6] Mayer's Mex. as it Was, pp. 93-7; Id., Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 272, with 3 cuts; Id., in Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., p. 588, pl. vi., fig. 5, 6, 8, 11, 12; Gondra, in Prescott, Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., pp. 82-4, pl. xv., plate of a vase. [VIII-7] Sartorius, Fortificaciones Antiguas, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da Época, tom. i., pp. 818-27. [VIII-8] Finck, in Smithsonian Rept., 1870, pp. 373-5. Mr Tylor, in traveling northward towards Jalapa, speaks of 'numerous remains of ancient Indian mound-forts or temples which we passed on the road.' Anahuac, p. 312. [VIII-9] Brasseur de Bourbourg, PalenquÉ, p. 33. 'Chalchiuhcuecan, ou le pays des coquilles vertes. On voit encore des dÉbris de la ville de ce nom, sous les eaux qui s'Étendent de la ville de la VÉra Cruz au chÂteau de San-Juan-de-Ulloa.' Id., Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 143. Ruins of the ordinary type are reported outside the triangular area, in the Sierra de Matlaquiahuitl or del Gallego, running south from the Rio Jamapa to San Juan de la Punta. Sartorius, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da Época, tom. i., p. 820. [VIII-10] Dupaix, 1st exped., pp. 7-8, pl. viii., fig. 8; Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 214, vol. vi., p. 425, vol. iv., pl. iv., fig. 10; Lenoir, in Antiq. Mex., p. 28. Kingsborough's text represents this relic as 16 leagues from Orizava instead of CÓrdova. [VIII-11] Dupaix, 1st exped., p. 7, pl. vi., vii., fig. 6, 7; Kingsborough, vol. v., pp. 213-14, vol. vi., pp. 424-5, vol. iv., pl. iv., fig. 8, 9; Lenoir, in Antiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., pp. 22, 27-8. [VIII-12] Dupaix, 1st exped., p. 5, pl. iv-v., fig. 4-5; Kingsborough, vol. v., pp. 212-13, vol. vi., pp. 423-4; vol. iv., pl. iii., fig. 6-7; Lenoir, pp. 18, 22, 26-7. [VIII-13] Historia de Jalapa, Mex. 1869, tom. i., p. 7. [VIII-14] Hakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 453. [VIII-15] Note in CortÉs, Despatches, p. 39; Rivera, Hist. Jalapa, Mex., 1869, tom. i., p. 39. Cempoala is located on some maps on the coast a few leagues north of Vera Cruz; there is also a town of the name in Mexico. [VIII-16] Esteva, in Museo Mex., tom. ii., pp. 465-7, with plan and view. Respecting the circumference of the structure, Esteva's text says: 'la media circunferencia de la base, tomada desde el escalon Ó cuerpo A. B. C., (letters which do not appear in his plate) pues mas abajo no se podia tomar con esactitud, es de ciento cincuenta y seis piÉs castellanos.' I have taken the circumference from the plan. The material Esteva states to be 'cal, arena, y piedras grandes del rio,' but the view indicates that hewn stone is employed, or at least that the whole structure is covered with a smooth coating of cement in perfect preservation. Esteva's account is also published in the Diccionario Univ. de Geog., tom. x., pp. 166-8, and a slight description from the same source in Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., pp. 203-4. [VIII-17] Lyon's Journal, vol. ii., p. 209; Sartorius, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da Época, tom. i., p. 826. MÜhlenpfordt, Mej., tom. ii., p. 89, also mentions the Paso de Ovejas remains. [VIII-18] Iberri, in Museo Mex., tom. iii., p. 23. Gondra's account in Mosaico Mex., tom. ii., pp. 368-72, with two views and a plan. Sartorius' description in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da Época, tom. i., pp. 821-2, tom. ii., p. 148, with two views apparently the same as by Gondra, an additional side and front view of a pyramid, and a plan which bears no likeness to Gondra's, representing perhaps a different part of the ruins. According to this author the ruins were first made known in 1829 or 1830. The two accounts are very perplexing to the student, sometimes resembling each other so closely that one is ready to believe that Sartorius was the explorer from whom Gondra obtained his information and drawings, in other parts so different as to indicate that different ruins are referred to. I am inclined to believe that Gondra's information did in part refer to some other ruin in the same region. Gondra's account is also printed in Diccionario Univ. Geog., tom. ix., pp. 565-8. Brief mention in Rivera, Hist. Jalapa, Mex. 1869, tom. i., pp. 389-90. [VIII-19] Respecting the first narrow pass, the oval table, and the ditch, Sartorius says nothing. He mentions such a ditch, however, in connection with the ruins of Tlacotepec, as we shall see. It is quite possible that the features mentioned do not belong to Centla at all. [VIII-20] 10 varas according to Sartorius; Gondra says 15. [VIII-21] Copied from Sartorius, with the addition of the shading only. [VIII-22] The views given by Gondra and Sartorius are of the pyramid A, from the east, and of the terrace walls at B, from the west. The latter also gives a view of the small pyramid b, from the north. The plan given by Gondra bears no resemblance to the other. It may represent ruins in other parts of the plateau; it may be a faulty representation made up from the explorer's description of the works that have been described; or, what is, I think, more probable, it may refer to some other group of ruins in the vicinity. It represents a collection of pyramids and buildings, bounded on both the east and west by walls, one of which has an entrance close to the brink of the precipice, while the other had no opening till one was made by the modern settlers. [VIII-23] 'Ochenta varas en cuadro.' Perhaps it should read feet instead of varas. The plate makes the front slightly over 24 varas. [VIII-24] Dupaix, 1st exped., pp. 8-9, pl. ix-xi., fig. 9-12; Kingsborough, vol. v., pp. 215-16, vol. vi., pp. 425-6, vol. iv., pl. v-vi., fig. 11-15. The skull is mentioned and sketched only in Kingsborough's edition. Lenoir, pp. 23, 29. Slight mention of these ruins from Dupaix, in Mosaico Mex., tom. ii., pp. 373-4; Klemm, Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., p. 157; Warden, in Antiq. Mex., tom. ii., pp. 67-8. [VIII-25] Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da Época, tom. i., p. 821. [VIII-26] Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 150; Bradford's Amer. Antiq., p. 104. [VIII-27] Museo Mex., tom. iii., p. 23. [VIII-28] Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da Época, tom. i., p. 822; Mosaico Mex., tom. ii., pp. 368, 372; Smithsonian Rept., 1870, p. 374. [VIII-29] This may possibly be the ditch referred to by Gondra in his account of Centla. [VIII-30] Sartorius, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da Época, tom. i., pp. 822-4, with plan and view, the latter giving no information. [VIII-31] Id., p. 824. [VIII-32] Heller, Reisen, pp. 61, 72-3, 76-7, with cut. [VIII-33] Sartorius, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da Época, tom. i., pp. 825-6. [VIII-34] Id., pp. 821, 824-5, with a sketch which amounts to nothing. [VIII-35] Anahuac, p. 297. [VIII-36] Mosaico Mex., tom. i., pp. 102-5. Gondra's account of the location is as follows: 'En la serranÍa al Norte de Jalapa, y distante de aquella ciudad de diez Á once leguas, se encuentra en el canton de Misantla el cerro llamado del Estillero, Á cuya falda se descubre una montaÑa terminada por una meseta muy angosta, de cerca de legua y media de largo, y aislada por barrancos profundos y acantilados, y por despeÑaderos inaccessibles; rodeada por los cerros del Estillero, Magdalenilla, el Chamuscado, el Camaron y el Conejo por la parte del Oeste; por el Monte Real Ácia el Este, y lo restante por la elevada cuesta de Misantla.... La Única parte algo accesible para subir Á la meseta de la montaÑa donde se hallan las ruinas, estÁ Ácia la falda del Estillero.... Al comenzar la meseta, bajando por la falda del cerro del Estillero, lo primero que se observa es un paredon demolido hecho de gruesas piedras,' etc. Gondra's account was reprinted in the Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. ii., p. 220-3. Iberri's account is found in the Museo Mex., tom. iii., pp. 21-4. Respecting the location he says:—'El cerro conocido de la Magdalena, degradando su altura en picos porfirÍticos que afectan figuras cÓnicas Ó piramidales, ... forma un grupo de montaÑas sumamente escabrosas, que se dividen como rÁdios en ramas estrechadas por barrancas profundas y escarpadas de pÓrfido.... En una de estas ramas se hallan las referidas ruinas, cuya entrada estÁ cerrada por un muro,' etc. Account made up from Gondra, with cut probably from same source in Mayer's Mex. Aztec, vol. ii., pp. 200-3; Id., Mex. as it Was, pp. 250-1. Slight mention by MÜhlenpfordt, Mej., tom. ii., p. 88, who thinks the ruin may be identical with that of Tusapan. Same account in Mexicanische ZustÄnde, tom. i., p. 142. [VIII-37] MÜhlenpfordt, Mej., tom. ii., pp. 88-9; Mexikanische ZustÄnde, tom. i., pp. 142-3. [VIII-38] Gaceta de Mexico, July 12, 1785, tom. i., pp. 349-51. Location 'por el rumbo del Poniente de este pueblo, Á dos leguas de distancia, entre un espeso bosque.' This original account was printed later in Diccionario Univ. Geog., tom. x., pp. 120-1; it was also translated into Italian, and printed in Marquez, Due Antichi Monumenti, Rome, 1804, p. 3, also accompanied by the plate. [VIII-39] Humboldt, Vues, tom. i., pp. 102-3; Id., Essai Pol., p. 274; Id., in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 12. Humboldt's account translated by Gondra, in Prescott, Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., pp. 39-40, says it is the forest that is called Tajin, that the ruin was discovered by hunters, and pronounces the plate in the Gaceta very faulty. [VIII-40] Nebel, Viage Pintoresco. The drawing is geometric rather than in perspective, and the author's descriptive text in a few details fails to agree exactly with it. JosÉ M. Bausa gives a slight description in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. v., p. 411, without stating the source of his information. He locates the ruin 2½ leagues south-west of the pueblo. This author states that Carlos M. Bustamante published a good account of the ruin in 1828, in his Revoltijo de Nopalitos. Other accounts of Papantla made up from the preceding sources, are as follows:—Mayer's Mex. Aztec, vol. ii., pp. 196-7, with cut after Nebel; Id., Mex. as it Was, pp. 248-9; Id., in Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., p. 583, pl. xi.; Baldwin's Anc. Amer., pp. 91-2; Conder's Mex. Guat., tom. i., p. 227; Fossey, Mex., pp. 317-18; Hassel, Mex. Guat., pp. 238-9; LarenaudiÈre, Mex. Guat., p. 45; De Bercy, Travels, tom. ii., p. 237; Bradford's Amer. Antiq., pp. 79-80; MÜhlenpfordt, Mejico, tom. ii., p. 88; Mexicanische ZustÄnde, p. 142; Bingley's Trav., pp. 259-60; Amer. Antiq. Soc., Transact., vol. i., p. 256; Armin, Heutige Mex., pp. 96-7, with cut; Malte-Brun, PrÉcis de la GÉog., tom. vi., p. 462; MÜller, Amerikanische Urreligionen, p. 459; Priest's Amer. Antiq., pp. 276-8; WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 154; Wilson's Mex. and its Religion, pp. 246-7. [VIII-41] The dimensions in Nebel's text are, 120 feet square and 85 feet high, which must be an error, since the author says that the stairway in the plate may be used as a scale, each step being a foot; and measuring the structure by that scale it would be something over 90 feet square at the base and about 54 feet high. The Gaceta says that the base is 30 varas (83 English feet) square, and the steps in sight were 57 in number. Humboldt calls the pyramid 25 mÈtres (82 feet) square and 18 mÈtres (59 feet) high, or, in Essai Pol., 16 to 20 mÈtres. Bausa, Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. v., p. 411, calls the height 93 feet, with 53 steps. [VIII-42] Bausa says the pyramid faces the north. The Gaceta account represents the stairway as 10 or 12 varas wide. The plate represents the lateral narrow stairways as single instead of double, and the niches as not extending entirely across the wide central stairway. Only six stories are shown in the plate, terminating in a summit platform on which stand two small altar-like structures at the head of the lateral stairways. Nebel speaks simply of a 'double stairway.' Humboldt agrees with the plate in the Gaceta. [VIII-43] The Gaceta's text says 342, but its own figures correctly added make the number 378 as is pointed out by Marquez; and the plate accompanying the same account makes the number 309. Fossey says 360 niches. Humboldt made the number 378, which he supposed to relate to the signs of the Toltec civil calendar. [VIII-44] Nebel, Viage Pintoresco; Cassel, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1830, tom. xlv., pp. 336-7; Mayer's Mex. Aztec, vol. ii., p. 198; Id., Mex. as it Was, pp. 246-7. [VIII-45] Nebel, Viage Pintoresco; Mayer's Mex. Aztec, vol. ii., pp. 199-200; Id., Mex. as it Was, pp. 247-8; Armin, Alte Mex., p. 43; Bausa, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. v., pp. 411-12, locates Tusapan 14 leagues south-west of Papantla. [VIII-46] The original of this report I have not seen; a translation, however, was published in the San Francisco Evening Bulletin, of Feb. 20, 1866. [VIII-47] Mex., Mem. del Ministro del Fomento, 1865, p. 234, etc. It was also published in a separate pamphlet. Almaraz, Mem. acerca de los Terrenos de Metlaltoyuca, pp. 28-33. Mention by GarcÍa y Cubas, a companion of Almaraz, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da Época, tom. i., p. 37. [VIII-48] Chimalpopoca, in Almaraz, Mem., p. 28; Linares, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 3ra Época, tom. i., p. 103. [VIII-49] The analysis is as follows:—quartzy sand, 31.00; silex, 13.00; aluminia and iron, 2.60; carbonate of lime, 48.00; magnesia, 2.50; moisture, 2.00; loss, 0.90. Almaraz, Mem., p. 30. [VIII-50] 'De las dimensiones que usan hoy para hacer los Árboles de tierra.' I am unable to say what such dimensions amount to in English measurement. [VIII-51] A plate showing these paintings is given by Almaraz. [VIII-52] Burkart, Mexiko, tom. i., p. 51. [VIII-53] Vetch, in Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. vii., pp. 1-11, with plate. [VIII-54] Lyon's Journal, vol. i., pp. 57-61. [VIII-55] Norman's Rambles by Land and Water, pp. 145-51, 164; Mayer's Mex. Aztec, tom. i., pp. 193-6. [VIII-56] Lyon's Journal, vol. i., pp. 61-2; Norman's Rambles, pp. 149-50. Slight mention of relics in this region, in MÜhlenpfordt, Mejico, tom. ii., p. 72; Bradford's Amer. Antiq., pp. 112-13. [IX-1] Dupaix, 2d exped., p. 14, pl. xviii., fig. 53-4; Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 243, vol. vi., p. 442, vol. iv., pl. xvi., fig. 53-4; Lenoir, in Antiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., p. 47. [IX-2] 'No subsisten de Él sino unas grandes ruinas de templo y caserÍas de cal y canto, situadas en ladera de unos cerritos.' Dupaix, 1st exped., p. 5; Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 211, vol. vi., p. 423. [IX-3] Dupaix, 1st exped., p. 4, pl. iii., fig. 3; Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 211, vol. vi., p. 422, vol. iv., pl. ii., fig. 5. 'On y monte, du cÔtÉ de l'ouest, par une rampe tracÉe de gauche À droite pour le premier Étage, de droite À gauche pour le second, et ainsi de suite jusqu'au dernier.' Lenoir, in Antiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., p. 26; Klemm, Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., p. 157. [IX-4] Dupaix, 3d exped., p. 5, pl. i., ii., fig. 1-3; Kingsborough, vol. v., pp. 285-6, vol. vi., p. 467, vol. iv., pl. i., ii., fig. 1-3. According to Dupaix's plate the sides and summit platform are covered with plaster. Kingsborough's plate omits the coating of plaster and shows the remains of a ninth story. A scale attached to the latter plate would indicate that the pyramid has a base of 150 feet and is about 75 feet high. Lenoir, p. 69. [IX-5] Dupaix, 1st exped., pp. 3-4, pl. i.-ii., fig. 1, 2; 2d exped., p. 51, pl. lxi., fig. 117; Kingsborough, vol. v., pp. 209-10, vol. vi., pp. 421-2, vol. iv., pl. i., fig. 1-4; Lenoir, in Antiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., pp. 22, 25-6, 63. [IX-6] Dupaix, 1st exped., p. 10, pl. xii., fig. 13; Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 217, vol. vi., p. 426, vol. iv., pl. vi., fig. 16; Lenoir, p. 30. Kingsborough's plate makes the blocks of stone much smaller than the other, shows no plaster, and represents the walls of the summit building as still standing. Kingsborough also incorrectly translates 'antes de San AndrÉs,' 'formerly San AndrÉs.' Klemm, Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., p. 157. [IX-7] Dupaix, 1st exped., pp. 12-13, pl. xvii-xxii., fig. 19-24; Kingsborough, vol. v., pp. 219-20, vol. vi., pp. 427-8, vol. iv., pl. ix.-xi., fig. 21-4; Lenoir, pp. 31-3. [IX-8] Dupaix, p. 11, pl. xvii., fig. 18, not in Kingsborough. [IX-9] Dupaix, 1st exped., p. 13, pl. xxiii.-iv., fig. 25-6; Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 220, vol. vi., p. 428, vol. iv., pl. xii., fig. 25-6; Lenoir, p. 33. [IX-10] On the building and history of the pyramid, see, among many others, Veytia, Hist. Ant. Mej., tom. i., pp. 18-19, 155-6, 199-205; Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iv., pp. 182-3. [IX-11] Clavigero, Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., pp. 33-4; Humboldt, Essai Pol., pp. 239-40; Id., Vues, tom. i., pp. 96-124, pl. iii. (fol. ed. pl. vii., viii.); Id., in Antiq. Mex., suppl. pl. ii.; Dupaix, 1st exped., p. ii., pl. xvi., fig. 17; Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 218, vol. iv., pl. viii., fig. 20. It is to be noted that there is not the slightest resemblance between the two editions of CastaÑeda's drawing. Nebel, Viage Pintoresco, with large colored plate. Other visitors to Cholula, whose accounts contain more or less original information, are:—Poinsett, 1822, Notes, pp. 57-9; Bullock, 1823, Mexico, pp. 111-15—no plate, although the author made a drawing; Ward, 1825, Mexico, vol. ii., p. 269; Beaufoy, 1826, Mexican Illustr., pp. 193-5, with cuts; Latrobe, 1834, Rambler in Mex., p. 275; Mayer, 1841, Mexico as it Was, p. 26; Mex. Aztec, vol. ii., p. 228, with cut; Id., in Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., p. 582; Thompson, 1842, Recollections of Mex., p. 30; Tylor, 1856, Anahuac, pp. 274-7; Evans, 1869, Our Sister Republic, pp. 428-32, with cut. Still other references on the subject, containing for the most part nothing except what is gathered from the preceding works, are:—Robertson's Hist. Amer. (8vo. ed. 1777), vol. i., p. 268; Gondra, in Prescott, Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., pp. 37-45, pl. vi.; Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 70; Lafond, Voyages, tom. i., pp. 137-8; Armin, Heutige Mex., pp. 63, 68, 72; Wilson's Mex. and her Religion, pp. 95-9; Amer. Antiq. Soc., Transact., vol. i., p. 256, etc., from Humboldt, with cut; Baldwin's Anc. Amer., p. 90; Baril, Mex., p. 193; Beltrami, Mexique, tom. ii., pp. 283-8; DeBercy, L'Europe et L'AmÉr., tom. ii., p. 235, etc.; Brackett's Brigade in Mex., pp. 154-5; Bradford's Amer. Antiq., pp. 76-7; Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 301, et seq.; Calderon de la Barca's Life in Mex., vol. ii., p. 97; Chevalier, Mex., pp. 55-6; Id., Mex. Ancien et Mod., pp. 174-9; Combier, Voyage, pp. 385-6; Dally, Sur les Races Indig., p. 17; Davis' Anc. Amer., p. 9; Donnavan's Adven., p. 98; D'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 331; Fossey, Mex., p. 111; Hassel, Mex. Guat., p. 246; Heller, Reisen, pp. 131-2; Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1835, tom. lxv., pp. 363-4; Delafield's Antiq. Amer., p. 57; Jourdanet, Mexique, p. 20; LarenaudiÈre, Mex. Guat., pp. 24, 45-6, plate from Dupaix; LÖwenstern, Mexique, pp. 48-9; Malte-Brun, PrÉcis de la GÉog., tom. vi., pp. 461-2; Marmier, Voyageurs, tom. iii., pp. 328-9; Mexico, Country, etc., p. 14; Mex. in 1842, pp. 80-1; Mexico, A Trip to, pp. 59-60; Mill's Hist. Mex., p. 140; MÜhlenpfordt, Mejico, tom. ii., pp. 232-3, 236; MÜller, Amerikanische Urreligionen, pp. 458-9, 581; PagÉs, Nouveau Voy., tom. ii., pp. 385-7; Prescott's Mex., vol. i., p. 60, vol. ii., pp. 6-8, 26, vol. iii., p. 380; Shepard's Land of the Aztecs, p. 128; Saturday Mag., vol. v., pp. 175-6; Scherr, Trauerspiel, pp. 29-30; Stapp's Prisoners of Perote, pp. 107-8; ThÜmmel, Mexiko, pp. 261-2; Tudor's Nar., vol. ii., pp. 208-9; Vigneaux, Souv. Mex., p. 531; WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., pp. 32, 36, 180, 182; Warden, Recherches, pp. 66-7; Willson's Amer. Hist., pp. 60-1, 73; Yonge's Mod. Hist., p. 38; Frost's Pict. Hist., pp. 37-8; Hermosa, Manual Geog., pp. 140-1; Taylor's Eldorado, vol. ii., p. 181; Wortley's Trav., pp. 230-1, etc.; McCulloh's Researches in Amer., p. 252; Gemelli Careri, in Churchill, Col. Voy., vol. iv., p. 519; Escalera and Llana, MÉj. Hist. Descrip., pp. 205-6; Klemm, Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., p. 156; Alcedo, Diccionario, tom. i., p. 550; Democratic Review, vol. xxvii., p. 425, vol. xxvi., pp. 546-7, vol. xi., p. 612; Mansfield's Mex. War, p. 207; Macgillivray's Life Humboldt, pp. 292, 312-13; Conder's Mex. Guat., vol. i., pp. 258-9, plate from Humboldt; Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man, vol. ii., p. 509. [IX-12] 'The large mound of earth at Cholula which the Spaniards dignified with the name of temple, still remains, but without any steps by which to ascend, or any facing of stone. It appears now like a natural mount, covered with grass and shrubs, and possibly it was never anything more.' Robertson's Hist. Amer., vol. i., p. 269. 'A le voir de loin, on seroit en effet tentÉ de le prendre pour une colline naturelle couverte de vÉgÉtation.' 'Elle est trÈs-bien conservÉe du cÔte de l'ouest, et c'est la face occidentale que prÉsente la gravure que nous publions.' Humboldt, Vues, tom. i., pp. 104-5. [IX-13] The dimensions of base, height, and summit platform respectively, as given by different authorities, are as follows: 439×54×64¾ mÈtres, Humboldt; 530×66 varas, Nebel; 1069×204×165 feet, Mayer, according to a careful measurement by a U. S. official in 1847; 40 varas square by actual measurement! Dupaix; 1423×177×208 feet, Prescott; 1425×177×175 feet, Latrobe; 1301×162×177 feet, Poinsett; About 200 feet high, Tylor; 1310×205 feet, Wilson; 1335×172 feet, Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, p. 345; 1355×170 feet, AmpÈre, Promenade, tom. ii., pp. 374-80; 1388×170 feet, summit 13285 sq. feet, Heller, Reisen, pp. 131-2; said to cover an area of over 43 acres and to be 179 feet high, but it seems much smaller and higher. Evans' Our Sister Rep., pp. 428-32. [IX-14] Veytia, Hist. Ant. Mej., tom. i., pp. 155-6. [IX-15] Heller, Reisen, pp. 131-2. [IX-16] Humboldt, Vues, tom. i., pp. 127-8. [IX-17] Foster, Pre-Hist. Races, p. 345, believes, on the contrary, that the pyramid was erected with the sole object of enshrining in an interior chamber of stone two corpses, showing that 'the industry of the great mass of the population was at the absolute command of the few.' [IX-18] Wilson's Mex. and its Relig., pp. 95, 99. See a restoration of Cholula, by Mothes, in Armin, Heutige Mex., pp. 63, 68, 72. [IX-19] AmpÈre, Promenade, tom. ii., pp. 373, 380. 'On dÉcouvre encore, du cÔtÉ occidental, vis-a-vis du Cerro de Tecaxete et de Zapoteca, deux masses parfaitement prismatiques. L'une de ces masses porte aujourd'hui le nom d'Alcosac ou d'Istenenetl, l'autre celui du Cerro de la Cruz; la derniÈre, construite en pisÉ, n'est ÉlevÉe que de 15 mÈtres.' Humboldt, Essai Pol., pp. 240-1. [IX-20] Dupaix, 1st exped., pp. 10-11, pl. xiii.-v., fig. 14-16; Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 218; vol. vi., p. 427, vol. iv., pl. viii., fig. 17-18; Lenoir, in Antiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., pp. 23, 30. [IX-21] Dupaix, 2d exped., p. 52. [IX-22] Dupaix, 2d exped., pp. 52-3, pl. lx., lxii., fig. 118-19; Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 279, vol. vi., p. 464, vol. iv., pl. lii., fig. 120-1; Lenoir, in Antiq. Mex., p. 63. [IX-23] Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. ii., pp. 265-6. [IX-24] Dupaix, 2d exped., pp. 53-5, pl. lxii.-vii., fig. 120-8; Kingsborough, vol. v., pp. 279-81, vol. vi., pp. 464-5, vol. iv., pl. lii.-liv., fig. 121-5; Lenoir, in Antiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., pp. 64-6. [IX-25] Dupaix, 2d exped., pp. 55-56, pl. lxviii.-ix., fig. 129-30; Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 282, vol. vi., p. 466, vol. iv., pl. lv., fig. 129-30; Lenoir, in Antiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., pp. 66-7; LarenaudiÈre, Mex. Guat., pl. vii., from Dupaix; Almaraz, Mem. Metlaltoyuca, p. 33, lithograph without description. [IX-26] 'On voit encore beaucoup de restes de cette grande muraille, conservÉs avec d'autant plus de soin qu'il s'y trouve des quartiers de roc de plus de vingt pieds d'Épaisseur.' Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iv., p. 135; Lorenzana, in CortÉs, Hist. N. EspaÑa, pp. vi.-vii.; Bradford's Amer. Antiq., pp. 104-5. Additional references to slight notices of ruins and relics in the region about Tlascala, containing no available information, are as follows: Camargo, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1843, tom. xcviii., pp. 135-7; Helps' Span. Conq., vol. ii., p. 423; MÜhlenpfordt, Mejico, tom. ii., pp. 238, 240. The Historical Magazine, vol. x., pp. 308-10, has an extract from a Mexican newspaper, in which reference is made to an official report of a prefect of the department, announcing the discovery of two magnificent cities. They were probably identical with some of the ruins already described in Vera Cruz. [IX-27] Mex., Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., p. 691. [IX-28] Id., p. 694. [IX-29] Pp. 467-9 of this volume. [IX-30] Respecting the figures within the circle, Dupaix, 1st exped., p. 14, says 'la parte derecha dividida en dos cuarteles. En el superior aparece como un plano de ciudad Á la orilla de un lago (cual puede ser la de Chalco).' 'Au-dessus est une tÊte, que Dupaix dÉsigne comme celle d'un aigle, mais que je crois Être une piÈce d'armure, savoir, un casque ou morion.' Lenoir, Antiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., p. 34. [IX-31] 'Il semble porter, À la partie antÉrieure de l'aÎle, le bÂton augural, ce qui lui donnerait un caractÈre religieux. L'aigle, emblÊme du Mexique, Était affectÉ À Vitzlipuztli, et cette seule circonstance donne de l'importance À cette reprÉsentation, qui a donnÉ son nom au lieu oÙ elle fut trouvÉe: Quautetl ou aigle de pierre. Dans toute l'AntiquitÉ, l'aigle fut mis au rang des oiseaux sacrÉs. Il Était affectÉ, en GrÈce, À Jupiter, et en Égypte, À Osiris. C'Était l'accipiter ou Épervier qui, selon Ælien, Était l'image, du dieu Horus, ou d'Apollon. A ThÈbes, au solstice d'hiver, on plaÇait cet oiseau sur l'autel d'Osiris; il Était richement parÉ, mitrÉ ou courronnÉ du pschent, et portant sur l'Épaule le bÂton pastoral, dans la mÊme position que l'aigle Mexicain que nous avons sous les yeux. Ceci est digne de remarque.' Lenoir, in Antiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., p. 35. On the Cuernavaca sculptures see Dupaix, 1st exped., pp. 13-14, pl. xxvii-xxx., fig. 29-32; Kingsborough, vol. v., pp. 221-2., vol. vi., p. 429, vol. iv., pl. xiii-v., fig. 29-31; Mex., Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., p. 549. [IX-32] Descripcion de las AntigÜedades de Xochicalco, supplement to Gaceta de Literatura, Nov. 1791, also reprint of Id., tom. ii.; also preliminary mention in Id., February 8, 1791, tom. ii., p. 127. Dr Gamarra made a compendium of the MS. before its publication, and sent the same to Italy. An Italian translation of Alzate's account was published with the original plates in Marquez, Due Antichi Monumenti, pp. 14-29, and re-translated from Marquez, in Dupaix, 1st exped., pp. 18-20. [IX-33] Humboldt, Vues, tom. i., pp. 129-37, (fol. ed. pl. ix.); Id., Essai Pol., pp. 189-90; Id., in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 15-17. 'M. Humboldt, ... n'a-t-il pas suivi À la lettre l'inexacte description de la pyramide de Xochicalco par le P. Alzate, et n'a-t-il pas fait dans le dessin qu'il donne de ce monument, une seconde Édition des erreurs de son modÈle?' Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., p. 69; Nebel, Viage Pintoresco, pl. ix.-x., xix.-xx.; Revista Mexicana, tom. i., pp. 539-50, reprinted in Diccionario Univ. Geog., tom. x., pp. 938-42; Dupaix, 1st exped., pp. 14-18, pl. xxxi.-ii., fig. 33-6; Kingsborough, vol. v., pp. 222-4, vol. iv., pl. xv.-vi.; Lenoir, in Antiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., pp. 35-6. Tylor pronounces CastaÑeda's drawings grossly incorrect. Other accounts by visitors, are found in Latrobe's Rambler, pp. 241-3; Mayer's Mex. as it Was, pp. 180-7; Id., Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., pp. 283-5, with cuts; Id., in Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., pp. 583-4, pl. xi.; Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 183-95; LÖwenstern, Mexique, pp. 208-12, 273-81. Other references to compiled accounts are:—Prescott's Mex., vol. iii., pp. 403-4; Carbajal, Hist. Mex., tom. i., pp. 203-4; Armin, Das Heutige Mex., pp. 98-9, cut; Baldwin's Anc. Amer., pp. 89-90; Hartmann, Californien, tom. ii., p. 86; Fossey, Mex., pp. 302-3; Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 329; LarenaudiÈre, Mex. Guat., pp. 46-9, plate; Bradford's Amer. Antiq., pp. 78-9; Malte-Brun, PrÉcis de la GÉog., tom. vi., p. 460; Democratic Review, vol. xi., p. 612; Baril, Mexique, p. 70; CortÉs' Despatches, p. 244; Priest's Amer. Antiq., pp. 276-7; Macgillivray's Life of Humboldt, p. 308; Delafield's Antiq. Amer., p. 58; Frost's Pict. Hist. Mex., pp. 49-53, cut; Norman's Rambles in Yuc., p. 171; Frost's Great Cities, pp. 295-300, cut; Conder's Mex. Guat., vol. i., pp. 339-40; Illustrated London News, June 1, 1867, cut. [IX-34] Xochicalco, 'castle of flowers,' according to Diccionario Univ. Geog., tom. x., p. 938. [IX-35] Alzate's barometrical observations, as reckoned by himself, made the height 289 feet; from the same observations Humboldt makes it 384; 279 feet, Dupaix; 369, Nebel; about 400, Tylor; about 333, Revista Mex. [IX-36] According to the Revista, the gallery leads south 193 feet (a, b, of plan 83 feet), then west 166 feet (not on plan), and terminates in what seems and is said by the natives to be an intentional obstruction. 83 feet from the entrance (a, c, of plan 16½ feet) a branch leads east 138 feet (c, k, of plan 81 feet) to the room. I have no doubt that these dimensions are more accurate than Dupaix's. The Revista account of the room, so far as it is intelligible, agrees well enough with the plan. [IX-37] These are the dimensions given in the Revista, 100 by 87 mÈtres. Dupaix, 1st exped., p. 15, says 89 by 102 varas. [IX-38] Dimensions in English feet—length east and west, width north and south, and height of 1st story, always in the same order—according to different authorities:—64½ by — by 16 feet, Nebel, plate; 69 by 61 by —, Dupaix; — by 43 by 9½, Id., plate; 58 by 69 by 11, Alzate and Humboldt; 63 by 58 by 19, Revista Mex. The side shown in Dupaix's plate as 43 feet may be the northern or southern, instead of the eastern or western, according as the stairway is on the north or west. [IX-39] 'PÓrfido granÍtico,' Revista Mex., p. 548. 'Basalto porfÍrico,' Nebel. Basalt, LÖwenstern, Mex., pp. 209-10. 'La calidad de piedra de esta magnÍfica arquitectura es de piedra vitrificable, y por la mayor parte de aquella piedra con que forman las muelas Ó piedras para moler trigo: tambien hay de color blanquecino, siendo de notar, que en muchas leguas À la redonda no se halla semejante calidad de piedra.' Alzate, p. 8. [IX-40] Kingsborough's edition of CastaÑeda's drawing bears not the slightest likeness to that in the Antiq. Mex., copied above. It is possible that the latter was made up at Paris from Alzate's plate. [IX-41] 'El primer destruidor, comparable al zapatero que quemÓ el templo de Diana Efesina, fuÉ un fulano Estrada; su atrevimiento permanezca en oprobio para con los amantes de la antigÜedad.' Alzate, p. 8. Humboldt, Vues, tom. i., p. 132, gives 1750 as the date when the five stories yet remained in place. [IX-42] London Illustrated News, June 1, 1867. Alzate and Mayer also give restorations. [IX-43] 'A part ce monument, Mexico ne possÈde intact et debout aucun vestige de constructions antiques.' Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., p. 72. 'No se puede poner en duda el destino absolutamente militar de estos trabajos, ni rehusarse Á creer que tuvieron por objeto especial la defensa del monumento que encerraban, cuya importancia puede apreciarse, atendiendo Á los medios empleados para su seguridad.' 'Todos los viageros convienen en la nobleza de la estructura y en la regularidad de proporciones del monumento. La inclinacion de las paredes, la elegancia del friso y la cornisa, son de un efecto notable.' In the sculptures 'se hallan proporciones regulares, y mucha espresion en las cabezas y en el adorno de las figuras; mientras que en las otras (Aztec) no se descubren sino vestÍgios de barbarie. Las estatuas aztecas, informes y desproporcionadas, en nada manifiestan la imitacion de la naturaleza; y si en ellas se observa frecuentemente una ejecucion algo correcta, con mas frecuencia se ven todavia cabezas desmedidas, narices ecsageradas y frentes deprimidas hasta la estravagancia.' Revista Mex., tom. i., pp. 539, 542, 549. 'Les naturels du village voisin de Tetlama possÈdent une carte gÉographique construite avant l'arrivÉe des Espagnols, et À laquelle on a ajoutÉ quelques noms depuis la conquÊte; sur cette carte, À l'endroit oÙ est situÉ le monument de Xochicalco, on trouve la figure de deux guerriers qui combattent avec des massues, et dont l'un est nommÉ Xochicatli, et l'autre Xicatetli. Nous ne suivrons pas ici les antiquaires mexicains dans leurs discussions Étymologiques, pour apprendre si l'un de ces guerriers a donnÉ le nom À la colline de Xochicalco, ou si l'image des deux combattans dÉsigne simplement une bataille entre deux nations voisines, ou enfin si la dÉnomination de Maison des fleurs a ÉtÉ donnÉe au monument pyramidal, parce que les ToltÈques, comme les PÉruviens, n'offroient À la divinitÉ que des fruits, des fleurs et de l'encens.' Humboldt, Vues, tom. i., pp. 135-6. [IX-44] Mex., Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., p. 649. [IX-45] Dupaix, 2d exped., p. 13, pl. xvii., fig. 52; Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 243, vol. vi., p. 442, vol. iv., pl. xv., fig. 52; Lenoir, in Antiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., p. 46. [IX-46] Dupaix, 1st exped., p. 13, pl. xxv.-vi., fig. 27-8; Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 221, vol. vi., pp. 428-9, vol. iv., pl. xii., fig. 27-8; Lenoir, in Antiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., pp. 33-4. [IX-47] Dupaix, 2d exped., pp. 11-13, pl. xv.-vii., fig. 44-51; Kingsborough, vol. v., pp. 241-3, vol. vi., p. 441, vol. iv., pl. xiii.-xv., fig. 44-51; Lenoir, in Antiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., pp. 45-6; Baldwin's Anc. Amer., pp. 122-3—with a remark that 'telescopic tubes' have been found in Mississippi mounds and in Peru. [IX-48] Dupaix, 2d exped., pp. 3-11, pl. i.-xiv., fig. 1-43; Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. v., pp. 228-40, vol. vi., pp. 432-40, vol. iv., pl. i.-xii., fig. 1-43; Lenoir, ParallÈle, pp. 37-45; Mexico, Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., pp. 477, 486, 500, 502, 521; Veytia, Hist. Ant. Mej., tom. i., p. 21; Gondra, in Prescott, Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., pp. 66-9, pl. xii. [IX-49] Leon y Gama, Dos Piedras, pt. ii., p. 80; Lyon's Journal, vol. ii., p. 113; Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iv., p. 11; Montanus, Nieuwe Weereld, p. 268; Prescott's Mex., vol. i., p. 142; ThÜmmel, Mexiko, pp. 124-5; Ward's Mexico, vol. ii., pp. 230-1; Latrobe's Rambler, p. 176. [IX-50] Alzate y Ramirez, Gacetas, Oct. 2, 1792, reprint, tom. ii., pp. 457-9; LÖwenstern, Mexique, pp. 260-5, and scattered remarks, pp. 273-81; Id., in Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 107. [IX-51] Bradford's Amer. Antiq., p. 78, with reference to Latrobe; LÖwenstern, Mexique, pp. 258-60; Baril, Mexique, p. 70. [IX-52] Mexico, Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., pp. 241-2. [IX-53] Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, p. 244. [IX-54] 4 by 4 by 1 mÈtres, circle 3.4 mÈtres in diameter. Humboldt, Vues, tom. ii., p. 85, (or 3.04 mÈtres, 9 feet 6½ inches, according to Antiq. Mex.) 'La nature de cette pierre n'est pas calcaire, comme l'affirme M. Gama, mais de porphyre trappÉn gris-noirÂtre, À base de wacke basaltique. En examinant avec soin des fragments dÉtachÉs, j'y ai reconnu de l'amphibole, beaucoup de cristaux trÈs alongÉs de feldspath vitreux, et, ce qui est assez remarquable, des paillettes de mica. Cette roche, fendillÉe et remplie de petites cavitÉs, est dÉpourvue de quarz, comme presque toutes les roches de la formation de trapp. Comme son poids actuel est encore de plus de quatre cent quatre-vingt-deux quintaux (24,400 kilogrammes).' Id., in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 22, supl. pl. v.; Id., Vues, tom. i., p. 332, et seq., tom. ii., pp. 1, et seq., 84, pl. viii. (fol. ed., pl. xxiii.). 4½ by 4½ by 1 varas, diameter of circle a little over 4 varas. 'La figura de esta piedra debiÓ ser en su orÍgen un paralelepÍpedo rectÁngulo, lo que manifiesta bien (aunque la faltan algunos pedazos considerables, y en otros partes estÁ bastante lastimada) por los Ángulos que aun mantiene, los que demuestran las extremidades que permanecen menos maltratadas.' Leon y Gama, Dos Piedras, pt. i., pp. 92, 2-3; Id., Saggio Astron., Rome, 1804. p. 130. Reply to Alzate's criticism, Id., pt. ii., pp. 24-5. See Alzate y Ramirez, Gacetas, tom. ii., p. 421. Original weight as it came from the quarry nearly 50 tons. Prescott's Mex., vol. i., p. 142. Dug up on Dec. 17, 1790. Gondra, in Prescott, Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., pp. 47-54, pl. viii. 11 feet 8 inches in diameter. Mayer's Mex. as it Was, pp. 126-8. 12 feet in diameter, of porous basalt. Bullock's Mexico, pp. 333-4. 'Basalto porfÍrico,' circle 9 feet in diameter. Nebel, Viaje. 11 feet diameter. Fossey, Mexique, p. 217. 27 feet in circumference. Bradford's Amer. Antiq., p. 109. [IX-55] Charnay, Ruines AmÉr., phot. i. [IX-56] Additional references on the Calendar-Stone:—Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 238-9; Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. i., p. 117, cuts; Id., in Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., p. 590, with plate; Gallatin, in Amer. Ethno. Soc., Transact., vol. i., pp. 70, 94-103, 114. [IX-57] Leon y Gama, Dos Piedras, pt. ii., pp. 46-73. Discovered December 17, 1791; 3 varas, 1 pulgada, 4½ lineas in diameter; 1 vara, 1 pulgada high; material a hard, dark-colored, fine grained stone, which admits of a fine polish. Humboldt gives the dimensions 3 mÈtres diameter, 11 dÉcimÈtres high; he also says the groups are 20 in number. Vues, tom. i., pp. 315-24, (fol. ed. pl. xxi.); Id., in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 20-1, suppl. pl. iv., showing the rim. Nebel, Viaje, gives plates of upper surface,—showing, however, no groove—all the groups on the rim, and one group on a larger scale. He says the material is 'basalto porfÍrico,' and the dimensions 9×3 feet. Bullock, Mexico, pp. 335-6, says, 25 feet in circumference. He also took a plaster cast of this stone. A mass of basalt 9 feet in diameter, and 3 feet high, believed by the author to be in reality a sacrificial stone. Mayer's Mex. as it Was, pp. 119-22; Id., Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. i., pp. 114-15; Id., in Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., p. 586, with plates and cuts in each work. According to Fossey, Mexique, p. 214, the sculptured figures represent a warrior as victorious over 14 champions. 'I think that it is the best specimen of sculpture which I have seen amongst the antiquities of Mexico.' Thompson's Mex., p. 122; Latrobe's Rambler, pp. 171-2; Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. v., p. 340, vol. iv., pl. unnumbered; Tylor's Anahuac, p. 224; Bradford's Amer. Antiq., p. 108; Prescott, Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. i., p. 85, with plate. [IX-58] See vol. iii., pp. 396-402, of this work, for a rÉsumÉ of Gama's remarks on this idol. [IX-59] Respecting the god Huitzilopochtli, see vol. iii., pp. 288-324, of this work. [IX-60] 3.0625 by 2 by 1.83 varas; of sandstone: '156 de las piedras arenarias que describe en su mineralogÍa el SeÑor Valmont de Bomare, dura, compacta, y dificil de extraer fuego de ella con el acero; semejante Á la que se emplea en los molinos.' Leon y Gama, Dos Piedras, pt. i., pp. 1-3, 9-10, 34-44, with 5 plates. Reply to Alzate, Gacetas, tom. ii., p. 416, who pronounced the stone a kind of granite. Id., pt. ii., pp. 8-10. 'Plus de trois mÈtres de hauteur et deux mÈtres de largeur.' 'La pierre qui a servi À ce monument, est une wakke basaltique gris bleuÂtre, fendillÉe et remplie de feldspath vitreux.' 'En jetant les yeux sur l'idole figurÉe ... telle qu'elle se prÉsente ... on pourrait d'abord Être tentÉ de croire que ce monument est un teotetl, pierre divine, une espÈce de bÉtyle, ornÉ de sculptures, une roche sur laquelle sont gravÉs des signes hiÉroglyphiques. Mais, lorsqu'on examine de plus prÈs cette masse informe, on distingue, À la partie supÉrieure, les tÊtes de deux monstres accolÉs; et l'on trouve, À chaque face, deux yeux et une large gueule armÉe de quatre dents. Ces figures monstrueuses n'indiquent peut-Être que des masques: car, chez les Mexicains, on Étoit dans l'usage de masquer les idoles À l'Époque de la maladie d'un roi, et dans toute autre calamitÉ publique. Les bras et les pieds sont cachÉs sous une draperie entourÉe d'Énormes serpents, et que les Mexicains dÉsignoient sous le nom de cohuatlicuye, vÊtement de serpent. Tous ces accessoires, surtout les franges en forme de plumes, sont sculptÉs avec le plus grand soin.' Humboldt, Vues, tom. ii., pp. 148-61, (fol. ed., pl. xxix.); Id., Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 25-7, suppl. pl. vi., fig. 9. 9 feet high. Nebel, Viaje, with large plate. Dug up for Bullock, who made a plaster cast in 1823. Bullock's Mexico, pp. 337-42. Description with plates in Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. i., pp. 108-11; Id., Mex. as it Was, pp. 109-14; Id., in Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., pp. 585-6, pl. viii. 5 feet wide and 3 feet thick. 'The most hideous and deformed that the fancy can paint.' Latrobe's Rambler, pp. 171, 175-6; Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 221-3; Fossey, Mexique, p. 214. [IX-61] Mayer's Mex. as it Was, pp. 123-4; Leon y Gama, Dos Piedras, pt. ii., p. 73-4. [IX-62] Humboldt, Vues, tom. ii., p. 158; Id., in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 27; Leon y Gama, Dos Piedras, pt. i., pp. 11-12, pt. ii., pp. 73-111. [IX-63] Mayer, in Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., p. 589, pl. vi.; Id., Mex. as it Was, pp. 100-1; Id., Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 274; Gondra, in Prescott, Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., pp. 89-90, pl. xvi. [IX-64] Mosaico Mex., tom. iii., pp. 402-3, with plates; Calderon de la Barca's Life in Mex., vol. i., p. 203; Mayer's Mex. as it Was, pp. 85-8, 97; Id., in Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., pl. v., fig. 3. [IX-64] Bullock's Mexico, pp. 326-8. Plates of six other relics, perhaps found in the city. [IX-65] Mayer's Mex. as it Was, pp. 31-2, 85-8. 'Indio triste' also in Mosaico Mex., tom. iii., pp. 165-8. [IX-66] Anahuac, p. 138. [IX-67] Gondra, in Prescott, Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., pp. 103-8, pl. xxi-ii. [IX-68] Chavero, in Gallo, Hombres Ilustres, Mex. 1873, tom. i., p. 151. [IX-69] See vol. iii., pp. 355-7, 413-15, of this work. [IX-70] Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iv., pp. 303-5, speaks of 'les murs gigantesques de ses palais, les statues mutilÉes, À demi enfoncÉs dans le sol, les blocs Énormes de basalte et de porphyre sculptÉs, Épars dans les champs de Tetzcuco.' Bullock, Mexico, pp. 381-7, 399-400, says, 'you pass by the large aqueduct for the supply of the town, still in use, and the ruins of several stone buildings of great strength.... Foundations of ancient buildings of great magnitude.... On entering the gates, to the right are seen those artificial tumuli, the teocalli of unburnt brick so common in most Indian towns.' The site of the palace of the kings of Tezcuco extended 300 feet on sloping terraces with small steps; some terraces are still entire and covered with cement. It must have occupied some acres of ground, and was built of huge blocks of basalt 4 or 5 by 2½ or 3 feet. 'The raised mounds of brick are seen on all sides, mixed with aqueducts, ruins of buildings of enormous strength, and many large square structures nearly entire.... Fragments of sculptured stones constantly occur near the church, the market-place, and palace.' Both Brasseur and Bullock are somewhat given to exaggeration, and they also refer, probably, to other remains in the vicinity yet to be described. 'The ruins of tumuli, and other constructions of unbaked bricks, intermingled with platforms and terraces of considerable extent, are still to be traced; and it is asserted, that many of the Spanish edifices are constructed out of the ruins of the Teocallis.' Latrobe's Rambler, pp. 184-5. Other authorities on Tezcuco: Nebel, Viaje; Mayer's Mex. as it Was, p. 221; Id., Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., pp. 274-6; Id., in Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., pl. v., fig. 7; Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 96, 150, 236, 262-3, with cuts; Bradford's Amer. Antiq., pp. 76, 83, 110; Beaufoy, in Antiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. ii., pp. 70-1; Mexico, Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., pp. 448-9, 719; Willson's Amer. Hist., p. 73; Conder's Mex. Guat., vol. i., p. 332; Hassel, Mex. Guat., p. 132. [IX-71] On Nezahualcoyotl's country palace at Tezcocingo, see vol. ii., pp. 168-73, of this work. [IX-72] Bath 12 by 8 feet, with well in centre 5 feet in diameter and 4 feet deep, surrounded by a parapet 2½ feet high, 'with a throne or chair, such as is represented in ancient pictures to have been used by the kings.' Bullock's Mexico, pp. 390-3. 'His majesty used to spend his afternoons here on the shady side of the hill, apparently sitting up to his middle in water like a frog, if one may judge by the height of the little seat in the bath.' Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 152-3; Beaufoy's Mex. Illustr., pp. 194-5; Id., in Antiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. ii., p. 70. The aqueduct 'is a work very nearly or quite equal in the labor required for its construction to the Croton Aqueduct.' Thompson's Mex., pp. 143-6; Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., pp. 276-8; Id., Mex. as it Was, pp. 86, 233-4, with the cut copied, another of the aqueduct, and a third representing an idol called the 'god of silence;' Ward's Mexico, vol. ii., pp. 296-7; Prescott's Mex., vol. i., pp. 182-4; LÖwenstern, Mexique, pp. 252-3; Vigne's Travels, vol. i., p. 27; Frost's Pict. Hist. Mex., pp. 54-8; Id., Great Cities, pp. 302-4. [IX-73] Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 155-6; Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., pp. 278-9; Latrobe's Rambler, pp. 190-1. [IX-74] Latrobe's Rambler, p. 192. [IX-75] Bullock's Mexico, pp. 395-9. This author also speaks of a 'broad covered way between two huge walls which terminate near a river,' on the road to Tezcuco. Beaufoy's Mex. Illustr., pp. 196-7, cut of idol; Latrobe's Rambler, pp. 184-5; Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 153-4, with cut of bridge; Ward's Mexico, vol. ii., p. 296; Mexico, Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., p. 615; Conder's Mex. Guat., vol. i., p. 335; Aubin, in Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 355; Bradford's Amer. Antiq., pp. 78, 85; Beaufoy, in Antiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. ii., pp. 69-70. [IX-76] Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., pp. 148-51. [IX-77] Almaraz, Apuntes sobre las PirÁmides de San Juan Teotihuacan, in Id., Mem. de los Trabajos ejecutados por la Comision de Pachuca, 1864, pp. 349-58. Linares, Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 3ra Época, tom. i., pp. 103-5, wrote an account which seems to be made up from the preceding. See also: Clavigero, Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., pp. 34-5; Humboldt, Essai Pol., tom. i., pp. 187-9; Id., Vues, tom. i., pp. 100-2; Id., in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 11-12; Bullock's Mexico, pp. 411-18, with pl.; Beaufoy's Mex. Illustr., pp. 189-93, with cut; Ward's Mexico, vol. ii., pp. 214-15, 295; Latrobe's Rambler, pp. 194-217; Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 279; Id., in Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., p. 583; Thompson's Mex., pp. 139-43; Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 96, 141-4; GarcÍa, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. viii., pp. 198-200. The preceding authorities are arranged chronologically: the following are additional references:—Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1831, tom. li., pp. 238-9; Veytia, Hist. Ant. Mej., tom. i., pp. 239-40, 247-9; Fossey, Mexique, pp. 315-16; Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., pp. 15, 148-51, 197-8; Gemelli Careri, in Churchill's Col. Voyages, vol. iv., p. 514; Bullock's Across Mex., pp. 165-6; LÖwenstern, Mexique, pp. 248-50, 272-81; Heller, Reisen, p. 157; Tudor's Nar., vol. ii., pp. 277-9; Gondra, in Prescott, Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., pp. 38-41; Chevalier, Mexique, p. 51; Nebel, Viaje, plates of terra-cotta heads; Amer. Antiq. Soc., Transact., vol. i., pp. 254-5; Bradford's Amer. Antiq., pp. 80-1; Conder's Mex. Guat., vol. i., pp. 336-9; Calderon de la Barca's Life in Mex., vol. i., pp. 236-7; Hassel, Mex. Guat., p. 131; MÜller, Amerikanische Urreligionen, p. 459; Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man, vol. ii., p. 509; Delafield's Antiq. Amer., pp. 56-7; WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 186; McCulloh's Researches in Amer., pp. 252-3; GarcÍa y Cubas, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da Época, tom. i., p. 37; Klemm, Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., p. 155; Frost's Pict. Hist. Mex., pp. 53-4; Id., Great Cities, pp. 298-303; Lafond, Voyages, tom. i., pp. 138-9; LarenaudiÈre, Mex. et Guat., pp. 24, 44-5; Malte-Brun, PrÉcis de la GÉog., tom. vi., p. 460; Willson's Amer. Hist., p. 598; Mexico, Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., pp. 530-1, 719; Baril, Mexique, p. 70; MÜhlenpfordt, Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 269; Beaufoy, in Antiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. ii., pp. 69-70; Shepard's Land of the Aztecs, pp. 103-5; Vigne's Travels, vol. i., p. 28; Album Mex., tom. i., pp. 117-18. [IX-78] These are the dimensions given by Almaraz, except those of the summit platform, which are only an estimate by Beaufoy. The following are the dimensions as given by different authors: 130 by 156 by 42 mÈtres. Almaraz; 44 mÈtres high. Humboldt, according to measurements of Sr Oteyza; 360 by 480 by 150 feet. Gemelli Careri; —— by 645 by 170 feet. Heller; 130 by 156 by 44 mÈtres. Linares. Others take the dimensions generally from Humboldt. [IX-79] 'On les prendrait pour ces turgescences terrestres qu'on trouve dans les lieux jadis bouleversÉs par les feux souterrains.' Fossey, Mexique, p. 315. Veytia, Hist. Ant. Mej., tom. i., pp. 247-9, says the pyramid was round instead of rectangular, and that it had three terraces, although in Boturini's time no traces of them remained. 'It required a particular position whence to behold them, united with some little faith, in order to discover the pyramidal form at all.' Tudor's Nar., vol. ii., p. 277. 'To say the truth, it was nothing but a heap of earth made in steps like the pyramids of Egypt; only that these are of stone.' Gemelli Careri, in Churchill's Col. Voyages, vol. iv., p. 514. 'Ils formoient quatre assises, dont on ne reconnoit aujourd'hui que trois.' 'Un escalier construit en grandes pierres de taille, conduisoit jadis À leur cime.' 'Chacune des quatres assises principales Étoit subdivisÉe en petits gradins d'un mÈtre de haut, dont on distingue encore les arrÊtes.' Humboldt, Essai Pol., tom. i., p. 188. Mayer, Mex. as it Was, p. 223, says that three stories are yet distinctly visible. 'The line from base to summit was broken by three terraces, or perhaps four, running completely round them.' Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 142-3. [IX-80] 'Leur noyau est d'argile mÊlÉe de petites pierres: il est revÊtu d'un mur Épais de tezontli ou amygdaloÏde poreuse.' Humboldt, Vues, tom. i., pp. 101-2. 'On y reconnoÎt, en outre, des traces d'une couche de chaux qui enduit les pierres par dehors.' Id., Essai Pol., tom. i., p. 157. 'In many places, I discovered the remains of the coating of cement with which they were incrusted in the days of their perfection.' Mayer's Mex. as it Was, p. 223. 'Arcilla y piedras,' covered with a conglomerate of tetzontli and mud, and a coating of polished lime, which has a blue tint. Linares, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 3ra Época, tom. i., pp. 103-5. 'En argile ... avec rÉvÊtement en pierre.' Chevalier, Mexique, p. 50. 'No trace of regular stone work or masonry of any kind.' Bullock's Across Mex., p. 165. Originally covered with a white cement bearing inscriptions. Glennie, according to Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1831, tom. li., pp. 238-9. Built of clay and stone. Heller, Reisen, p. 157. Salmon-colored Stucco. Latrobe. Unhewn stones of all shapes and sizes. Thompson. Stones and pebbles, faced with porous stone. GarcÍa. Adobes, stones, clay, and mortar, with a casing of hewn stone and smooth stucco. Tylor. A conglomerate of common volcanic stones and mud mortar with the faces smoothed. Beaufoy. Masses of falling stone and masonry, red cement, 8 or 10 inches thick, of lime and pebbles. Bullock. 'It is true, that on many parts of the ascent masses of stone and other materials, strongly cemented together, announce the devices and workmanship of man; but on penetrating this exterior coating nothing further was perceptible than a natural structure of earth' like any natural hill with many loose stones. An American engineer who had made excavations confirmed the idea that the pyramids were natural, although artificially shaped. Tudor's Nar., vol. ii., p. 278. [IX-81] Humboldt's dimensions, according to Oteyza's measurements are, 208 mÈtres (682 feet) long and 55 mÈtres (180 feet) high. 645 feet square, Bullock; 480 by 600 feet, Beaufoy; 182 feet square, GarcÍa; 221 feet high, Mayer; 221 feet high, Thompson. Round, 297 varas in diameter, 270 varas (745 feet!) high, Veytia, according to Boturini's measurements; 60 mÈtres high, LÖwenstern; 720 by 480 by 185 feet, Gemelli Careri. [IX-82] See pp. 74, 380, of this volume. [IX-83] Linares, Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 3ra Época, tom. i., pp. 103-5, calls it Mijcahotle. Brasseur, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., pp. 148-51, applies the name to the whole plain, called by the Spaniards Llano de los Cues. [IX-84] Almaraz, Apuntes, pp. 354-5, with plate. [IX-85] 'It is certain, that where they stand, there was formerly a great city, as appears by the vast ruins about it, and by the grots or dens, as well artificial as natural.' Gemelli Careri, in Churchill's Col. Voyages, vol. iv., p. 514. Ruins of streets and plazas. Linares, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 3ra Época, tom. i., p. 104. [IX-86] Mayer's Mex. as it Was, pp. 222-5, with cut. Thompson, Mex., p. 140, alluding probably to the same monument, locates it 'a few hundred yards from the pyramids, in a secluded spot, shut closely in by two small hillocks,' pronounces it undoubtedly a sacrificial stone, and estimates the weight at 25 tons. Beaufoy also speaks of an unsculptured sacrificial stone 11 by 4 by 4 feet. 'Une fort grande pierre semblable À une tombe, couverte d'hiÉroglyphes.' Fossey, Mexique, p. 316. 'A massive stone column half buried in the ground.' Bullock's Across Mex., p. 166. [IX-87] Veytia, Hist. Ant. Mej., tom. i., pp. 239-40, 247-9; Gondra, in Prescott, Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., p. 39; Gemelli Careri, p. 514. Bullock, Across Mex., p. 165, says he saw as late as 1864, on the summit of the House of the Moon, an altar of two blocks, covered with white plaster evidently recent, with an aperture in the centre of the upper block, supposed to have carried off the blood of victims. [IX-88] Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. vii., p. 10. 'One may shut his eyes and drop a dollar from his hand, and the chances are at least equal that it will fall upon something of the kind.' Thompson's Mex., p. 140. Plates of 12 terra-cotta heads in Nebel, Viaje. Cuts of 8 heads, some the same as Nebel's, in Mayer's Mex. as it Was, p. 227. [IX-89] Sr Antonio GarcÍa y Cubas, a member of the commission whose description of Teotihuacan I have used as my chief authority, has since published an Ensayo de un Estudio comparativo entre las PirÁmides EgÍpcias y Mexicanas, Mexico, 1871, which I have received since writing the preceding pages. He gives the same plan and view that I have used, also a plan of the Egyptian pyramids in the plain of Ghizeh, and a plate representing part of a human face in stone from Teotihuacan. The author made some additional observations subsequently to the exploration of the commission, and gives the following dimensions, which vary somewhat from those I have given, especially the height: Sun—232 by 220 by 66 mÈtres; summit, 18 by 32 mÈtres; slope, north and south 31° 3´, east and west 36°; direction, E. to W. southern side, 83° N.W.; direction, N. to S. eastern side, 7° N.E. Direction, 'road of the dead' 8° 45´ N.E.; line through centres of the two pyramids, 10° N.W. Moon—156 by 130 by 46 mÈtres; eastern slope, 31° 30, southern slope, 36°; summit, 6 by 6 mÈtres; direction, north side, 88° 30´ N.W., east side, 1° 30´ N.E. The author thinks the difference in height may result from the fact that the ground on which the pyramids stand slopes towards the south, and the altitude was taken in one case on the south, in the other on the north. The following quotation contains the most important opinion advanced in the essay in question:—'The pyramids of Teotihuacan, as they exist to-day, are not in their primitive state. There is now a mass of loose stones, whose interstices covered with vegetable earth, have caused to spring up the multitude of plants and flowers with which the faces of the pyramids are now covered. This mass of stones differs from the plan of construction followed in the body of the monuments, and besides, the falling of these stones, which has taken place chiefly on the eastern face of the Moon, has laid bare an inclined plane perfectly smooth, which seems to be the true face of the pyramid. This isolated observation would not give so much force to my argument if it were not accompanied by the same circumstances in all the monuments.' The slope of these regular smooth surfaces of the Moon is 47°, differing from the slope of the outer surface. The same inner smooth faces the author claims to have found not only in the pyramids, but in the tlalteles, or smaller mounds. Sr GarcÍa y Cubas thinks that the Toltecs, the descendants of the civilized people that built the pyramids, covered up these tombs and sanctuaries, in fear of the depredations of the savage races that came after them. Respecting miscellaneous remains at Teotihuacan the author says, 'The river empties into Lake Tezcuco, with great freshets in the rainy season, its current becoming at such times very impetuous. Its waters have laid bare throughout an immense extent of territory, foundations of buildings and horizontal layers of a very fine mortar as hard as rock, all of which indicates the remains of an immense town, perhaps the Memphis of these regions. Throughout a great extent of territory about the pyramids, for a radius of over a league are seen the foundations of a multitude of edifices; at the banks of the river and on both sides of the roads are found the horizontal layers of lime; others of earth and mud, of tetzontli and of volcanic tufa, showing the same method of construction; on the roads between the pyramids and San Juan are distinctly seen traces of walls which cross each other at right angles.' He also found excavations which seem to have furnished the material for all the structures. As to the chief purpose for which the ensayo was written, the author claims the following analogies between Teotihuacan and the Egyptian pyramids: 1. The site chosen is the same. 2. The structures are oriented with slight variation. 3. The line through the centres of the pyramids is in the 'astronomical meridian.' 4. The construction in grades and steps is the same. 5. In both cases the larger pyramids are dedicated to the sun. 6. The Nile has a 'valley of the dead,' as in Teotihuacan there is a 'street of the dead.' 7. Some monuments of each class have the nature of fortifications. 8. The smaller mounds are of the same nature and for the same purpose. 9. Both pyramids have a small mound joined to one of their faces. 10. The openings discovered in the Moon are also found in some Egyptian pyramids. 11. The interior arrangement of the pyramids is analogous. [IX-90] Mexico, Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., pp. 382-3; Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 282. [IX-91] Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 258; Veytia, Hist. Ant. Mej., tom. i., pp. 171-5; Chaves, Rapport, in Ternaux-Compans, Voy., sÉrie ii., tom. v., p. 300. [IX-92] Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 96, 100, with cut of a knife or spear-head; Burkart, Mexico, tom. i., pp. 124-5. LÖwenstern speaks of the obsidian mines of Guajolote, which he describes as ditches one or two mÈtres wide, and of varying depth; having only small fragments of the mineral scattered about. Mexique, p. 244. [IX-93] Mexico, Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., p. 277. [IX-94] Burkart, Mexico, tom. i., p. 51. [IX-95] Mexico, Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., pp. 623-4, 719; Huasteca, Noticias, pp. 48-9, 69. [IX-96] Latrobe's Rambler, p. 75. [IX-97] J. F. R. CaÑete, in Alzate y Ramirez, Gaceta de Literatura, Feb. 20, 1790; also in Id., reprint, tom. i., pp. 282-4. Sr Alzate y Ramirez, editor of the Gaceta, had also heard from other sources of ruins in the same vicinity. [IX-98] Prescott's Mex., vol. i., p. 13. [IX-99] Mayer, in Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., p. 588, pl. iii., fig. 1, 2.; Id., Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 268; Id., Mex. as it Was, pp. 107-8. [IX-100] Theatro, tom. i., pp. 86-7. [IX-101] Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 3ra Época, tom. i., pp. 185-7, with 10 fig. [IX-102] Gondra, in Prescott, Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., p. 94. [IX-103] Mexico, Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., p. 263. [IX-104] Id., p. 334. [IX-105] Id., pp. 417, 299-300. [IX-106] Morfi, Viage, in Doc. Hist. Mex., sÉrie iii., tom. iv., pp. 312-14. Alegre, Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. ii., p. 164, also speaks of some small mounds at Pueblito. [IX-107] Mexico, Mem. de la Sec. Justicia, 1873, pp. 216-17, two plates. [IX-108] Id., p. 217. [IX-109] Ballesteros, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da Época, tom. iv., pp. 774-8. [IX-110] Fossey, Mexique, pp. 213-14. [IX-111] Mayer's Mex. as it Was, pp. 31-2, 84-5, 87-106, 272-9; Id., Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., pp. 265-74; Id., in Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., pl. i.-vii. [IX-112] Humboldt, Vues, tom. i., pp. 51-6, plate of front and rear; Id., in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 9-10, suppl., pl. i. Remarks on the statue by Visconti, in Id., p. 32; Plates in LarenaudiÈre, Mex. et Guat., pl. xxviii., p. 48; Prescott, Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. i., p. 389; and Delafield's Antiq. Amer., p. 61. [IX-113] See p. 382, for a cut of a similar article. [IX-114] Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 95-103, 110, 195, 225-6, 235-6. [IX-115] Waldeck, PalenquÉ, p. viii., pl. xliv.; Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 110, 337-9. Mr Tylor notes that in an old work, Aldrovandus, MusÆum Metallicum, Bologna 1648, there were drawings of a knife and wooden mask with mosaic ornamentation, but of a different design. [IX-116] Prescott, Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., p. 70, pl. xiii.; Chavero, in Gallo, Hombres Ilustres, tom. i., pp. 146-7; Gilliam's Trav., pp. 44-5. [IX-117] Prescott, Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., pp. 82, 87, 99, 101, pl. xv.-xx. [IX-118] Soc. GÉog., Bulletin, tom. v., No. 95, p. 116, No. 98, p. 283, et seq.; Warden, in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 36-40. [IX-119] Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. iv., unnumbered plates following those of CastaÑeda; Bullock's Mexico, p. 326; Humboldt, Vues, tom. ii., pp. 207, 146, (fol. ed. pl. xl., xxviii.); Id., in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 25-7, suppl., pl. vii., fig. 10, pl. vi., fig. 8; Nebel, Viaje. [IX-120] Waldeck, PalenquÉ, pl. lvi.; other miscellaneous relics, pl. iii.-v., xliii., xlv.-vi., lv. [IX-121] MÜller, Reisen, tom. ii., p. 292, et seq.; Cabrera, Beschreibung einer alten Stadt, appendix. [IX-122] Lyon's Journal, vol. ii., p. 119. [IX-123] Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. iv. [IX-124] Prescott's Mex., vol. i., p. 143; Amer. Phil. Soc., Transact., vol. iii., p. 510. [IX-125] Ramirez, Notas, in Prescott, Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. ii., suppl., pp. 106-24; Waldeck, PalenquÉ, pl. liii. [IX-126] Bigland's View of the World, vol. v., p. 523. [IX-127] Robertson's Hist. Amer., vol. i., p. 269. [IX-128] AmpÈre, Prom. en AmÉr., tom. ii., pp. 266-7, 287-92; Armin, Das Alte Mex., pp. 47-50; Andrews' Illust. W. Ind., pp. 73-4; Beaufoy's Mex. Illustr., pp. 198-9; Bonnycastle's Span. Amer., vol. i., p. 52; Bradford's Amer. Antiq., pp. 108-13; Brownell's Ind. Races, pp. 50-4; Calderon de la Barca's Life in Mex., vol. i., p. 93, vol. ii., p. 136; Chambers' Jour., 1834, vol. ii., pp. 374-5, 1838, vol. vi., pp. 43-4; Chevalier, Mexique, p. 10; Id., Mex. Ancien et Mod., pp. 50-3, 453-4; Conder's Mex. Guat., vol. i., p. 272; CortÉs' Despatches, pp. 82-3, 265; Democratic Review, vol. xi., pp. 611-13; Davis' Anc. Amer., pp. 6-7; Delafield's Antiq. Amer., pp. 30, 56, 61; Domenech, Jour., pp. 289, 371; D'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 336; Edinburgh Review, July, 1867; Elementos de Geog. Civil, p. 29; Evans' Our Sister Rep., pp. 330-3; Frost's Pict. Hist. Mex., pp. 44-6; Gilliam's Trav., pp. 95-9; Gordon's Hist. and Geog. Mem., pp. 45-6; Id., Ancient Mex., vol. i., pp. 201-8; Gregory's Hist. Mex., p. 17; Grone, Briefe, pp. 91-2, 96-7; Heller, Reisen, pp. 148-50; Helps' Span. Conq., vol. i., pp. 288-90, vol. ii., p. 141; Hazart, Kirchen-Geschichte, tom. ii., p. 499; Hill's Travels, vol. ii., pp. 238-42; Hist. Mag., vol. iv., p. 271; Kendall's Nar., vol. ii., p. 328; Klemm, Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., pp. 5-6, 8, 17-19, 137-43, 153-63; LarenaudiÈre, Mex. et Guat., pp. 30, 44, 46-50, 53, 264, 326-7; Lang's Polynesian Nat., pp. 218-24; Latrobe's Rambler, pp. 168-76; LempriÈre's Notes in Mex., pp. 88-9; Linati, Costumes, pl. 29; LÖwenstern, Mexique, p. 106, et seq., Lyon's Journal, vol. ii., pp. 119-21; Malte-Brun, PrÉcis de la GÉog., tom. vi., pp. 293, 295, 406, 446, 460; McSherry's El Puchero, pp. 154-5; Mexique, Études Hist., p. 7; Mexico, Mem. de la Sec. Estado, 1835, pp. 42-4; Mexikanische ZustÄnde, pp. 372-6; Mexico, Trip to, p. 66; Mexico, Stories of, pp. 87, 105; Mexico in 1842, pp. 86-7; Monglave, RÉsumÉ, pp. 5, 11-13, 57-8; Morton's Crania Amer., p. 149; MoxÓ, Cartas Mej., pp. 86, 90-3, 132, 349-59; Montanus, Nieuwe Weereld, p. 219; MÜhlenpfordt, Mejico, tom. i., p. 229, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 295, 318-19, 352; MÜller, Amerikanische Urreligionen, pp. 45, 457-9, 463-4, 466-8, 498-9, 543-5, 549-62, 642-6; Norman's Rambles in Yuc., pp. 277-80; Id., Rambles by Land and Water, pp. 199-210; Nott and Gliddon's Indig. Races, pp. 184-7; Pimentel, Mem. sobre la Raza IndÍgena, pp. 9-10, 54-5; Prescott's Mex., vol. iii., pp. 402-4; Prichard's Researches, vol. v., pp. 345-8; Poinsett's Notes Mex., pp. 73-6, 111; Priest's Amer. Antiq., pp. 255-7; Ranking's Hist. Researches, pp. 353-62, 401-3; Ruxton's Adven. Mex., p. 47; Id., in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1850, tom. cxxvi., pp. 45-6; Saturday Magazine, vol. vi., p. 42; Simon's Ten Tribes, pp. 155, 157, 196, 283; Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da Época, tom. i., p. 37; Shuck's Cal. Scrap-Book, p. 657; Tayac, in ComitÉ d'Arch. AmÉr., 1866-7, p. 142; Taylor's Eldorado, vol. ii., pp. 159-60; Thompson's Mex., pp. 116-17, 213; ThÜmmel, Mexiko, pp. 134-5, 182-3, 246-7, 330; Tudor's Nar., vol. ii., pp. 239-40, 253-5; Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., p. 72; WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., pp. 186, 188, 192, 196; Wise's Los Gringos, pp. 255-6; Willson's Amer. Hist., pp. 73-4, 87-9; Wortley's Trav., pp. 194-8; Young's Hist. Mex., p. 21. [X-1] Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iv., p. 58. [X-2] Beaumont, CrÓn. Mechoacan, MS., pp. 45-6. Ihuatzio, probably the true name of the town called by Beaumont Ignatzio, 'recuerda por sus antiguedades (la PirÁmide aun no destruida, que les servia de plaza de armas: otras YÁcatas, Ó sepulcros de sus Reyes: las reliquias de una torre que fabricÓ su primer fundador antes venir los EspaÑoles, y la via, calle Ó camino de QuerÉndaro, que comunicaba con la Capital) tristes memorias de la grandeza michuacana.' Michuacan, AnÁlisis Estad., por J. J. L., p. 166. [X-3] Lyon's Journal, vol. ii., pp. 71-2. 'Some relics of the Tarascan architecture are said to be found at this place, but we do not possess any authentic accounts or drawings of them.' Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 291. Mention in MÜhlenpfordt, Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 369; WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 167. [X-4] Villa-SeÑor y Sanchez, Theatro, tom. ii., pp. 70-1; mention in Hassel, Mex. Guat., p. 154. [X-5] Beaufoy's Mex. Illustr., p. 199. [X-6] Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da Época, tom. iv., p. 559. [X-7] Humboldt, in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 30, suppl., pl. vii., fig. 13; Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. viii., p. 558. [X-8] Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da Época, tom. iii., p. 277. [X-9] Gutierrez, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da Época, tom. iii., pp. 277-80. [X-10] Rico, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da Época, tom. iii., p. 183. [X-11] LÖwenstern, Mexique, pp. 265-7, 280, 344; Id., in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1840, tom. lxxxvi., pp. 119-20; Id., in Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 104; Cincinnatus' Travels, p. 259. [X-12] HervÁs, CatÁlogo, tom. i., p. 311. [X-13] Florencia, Origen de los Santuarios, p. 8; Padilla, Conq. N. Galicia, MS., pp. 217-19. [X-14] Acazitli, in Icazbalceta, Col. de Doc., tom. ii., pp. 313-14; Villa-SeÑor y Sanchez, Theatro, tom. ii., pp. 269-70. [X-15] Nat. Hist. Man, vol. ii., p. 515. [X-16] Gil, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. viii., p. 496; Ternaux-Compans, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1842, tom. xcv., p. 295; same account in Mofras, Explor., tom. i., p. 161. [X-17] Retes, in Museo Mex., 2da Época, tom. i., pp. 3-6. [X-18] Id., p. 6. [X-19] Lyon's Journal, vol. i., pp. 322-3. [X-20] Bustamante, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. i., pp. 56-7. [X-21] Castillo, in Id., 2da Época, tom. iv., pp. 107-8. [X-22] Berlandier and Thovel, Diario, p. 25. [X-23] Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da Época, tom. iii., pp. 278-9, preceded by an account quoted from Torquemada. [X-24] Lyon's Journal, vol. i., pp. 225-44. [X-25] Esparza, Informe, pp. 56-8. The same report also published in 1843, in the Museo Mex., tom. i., p. 185, et seq., with some remarks by the editor, who saw the ruins in 1831. The article also includes a quotation from Frejes, Conquista de Zacatecas, an attempt to clear up the origin and history of the ruined city, and a plate reduced from Nebel. [X-26] Burkart, Aufenthalt, tom. ii., pp. 97-105. [X-27] Viaje. His Mexican trip began in 1831, Soc. GÉog., Bulletin, tom. xv., No. 95, p. 141, and Burkart met him in Zacatecas some time before 1834. [X-28] Other accounts containing no additional information, and made up, except one or two, from the authorities already mentioned:—Gil, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. viii., pp. 441-2; Mayer's Mex. as it Was, pp. 240-6; Id., Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., pp. 317-23, Lyon's description and Nebel's plate; Id., in Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., p. 581; Bradford's Amer. Antiq., pp. 90-5; MÜhlenpfordt, Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 492; WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 204; Frost's Pict. Hist. Mex., pp. 58-66; Id., Great Cities, pp. 304-12, cuts; Rio, Beschreib. einer alt. Stadt, appendix, pp. 70-5. [X-29] Tello, Fragmentos, in Icazbalceta, Col. de Doc., tom. ii., p. 344. [X-30] Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. viii., pp. 441-2, 496; Frejes, in Museo Mex., tom. i., pp. 186-9; Lyon's Journal, vol. i., p. 243. [X-31] The explanation of the plan by the lettering given in Nebel's work is as follows: A i., A ii., A iii., A iv. Temples and structures connected therewith. B. Enclosing walls. C. Walls supporting terraces. D. Pyramids in the interior of temples. E. Isolated Pyramids. F. Ruins of dwellings. G. Stairways. H. Ancient roads. J. Kind of a 'plaza de armas.' K. Fortifications. L. Small stairways leading to the court of the temple. M. A small altar. N. Ancient foundations. O. Batteries in the form of flat roofs (azotÉas). P. Modern cross on the summit of the hill. Q. Well. R. Large hall with 11 columns to support the roof. S. Two columns. T. Rock. U. Stream. [X-32] Rivera, pp. 56-8, says that the causeway leading toward the hacienda runs S.E. [X-33] Frejes, in Museo Mex., tom. i., p. 186, speaks of 'tres calzadas de seis varas de ancho que por lÍneas divergentes corren al mediodÍa algunas leguas hasta perderse de vista.' [X-34] Lyon. According to the Museo Mex., tom. i., p. 187, it is 5 or 6 varas high and 10 thick. [X-35] Burkart gives the dimensions as 194 by 232 Rhenish feet, somewhat larger than English feet; Rivera says 35 or 40 varas square. This author also noticed on the slope of the hill before reaching the steepest part, a pyramid about 20 feet high and 11 feet square, now truncated but apparently pointed in its original condition. This was probably the heap of stones mentioned above. [X-36] Burkart implies that the terrace extends entirely round the square, forming a sunken basin 4 or 5 feet deep; and this is probably the case, as it agrees with the plan of some other structures on the hill. [X-37] Lyon says 137 by 154 feet; Rivera, 50 to 60 varas, with walls 8 to 9 varas high. [X-38] Burkart gives the dimensions of the pyramid as 30 feet square and 30 feet high; and of the altar in front as 6 feet square and 6 feet high. [X-39] 'Tiene este pueblo [Teul] por cabeza un cerro al principio cuadrado como de peÑa tajada, y arriba otro cerro redondo, y encima del primero hay tanta capacidad que caben mas de veinte mil indios.... En este monte estaba una sala, en donde estaba su Ídolo, que llamaban el Teotl ... tiene mÁs una pila de losas de junturas de cinco varas de largo y tres de ancho, y mas ancha de arriba que de abajo.... Esta pila tiene dos entradas; la una en la esquina que mira al Norte, con cinco gradas, y la otra que mira en esquina al Sur, con otras cinco: no lejos de esta pila, como dos tiros de arcabuz, estÁn dos montecillos que eran los osarios de los indios que sacrificaban.' Tello, in Icazbalceta, Col. de Doc., tom. ii., pp. 362-4; Id., in Beaumont, CrÓn. Mechoacan, MS., p. 300; description of the temple, Gil, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. viii., p. 497; mention of ruins, Frejes, in Museo Mex., tom. i., p. 186; stone axes, Esparza, Informe, p. 7; concealed temples and idols, Arlegui, ChrÓn. Zacatecas, p. 95. [X-40] Mayer's Mex. as it Was, p. 98; Cabrera, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da Época, tom. iv., p. 24; Annual Scien. Discov., 1850, p. 361. [X-41] Furber's Twelve Months Volunteer, pp. 387-8. [X-42] Lyon's Journal, vol. i., pp. 141-2. [X-43] Norman's Rambles by Land and Water, pp. 169-70. [X-44] Norman's Rambles by Land and Water, pp. 121-37. [X-45] Lyon's Journal, vol. i., pp. 21, 28, 114. Mention of Tamaulipas antiquities from Norman and Lyon, in Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., pp. 207-9; Id., in Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., p. 581. Newspaper account of some relics of Christianity, in Cronise's California, p. 30. [X-46] Berlandier and Thovel, Diario, p. 151. [X-47] Wizlizenus' Tour, pp. 69, 70. This author says the bodies are supposed to belong to the Lipans. MÜhlenpfordt, Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 518; Severn's Journal, vol. xxx., p. 38; Mayer's Mex. as it Was, pp. 239-40; Id., Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 333; Silliman's Jour., vol. xxxvi., p. 200; Cal. Acad. Nat. Sciences, vol. iii., pp. 160-1; Pac. Monthly, vol. xi., p. 783; Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1839, tom. lxxxi., pp. 126-7; LempriÈre's Notes in Mex., p. 135; Avila, in Album Mex., tom. i., pp. 465-8; Alegre, Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. i., p. 418; Ribas, Hist. de los Triumphos, p. 685. [X-48] Donnavan's Adven., pp. 30-1. [X-49] Larios, in Alegre, Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. ii., pp. 54-5; Ribas, Hist. de los Triumphos, p. 583; Orozco y Berra, GeografÍa, p. 318. [X-50] Arlegui, ChrÓn. Zacatecas, pp. 6, 67. [X-51] Ramirez, Noticias Hist. de Durango, pp. 6-9; Id., in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. v., pp. 10-11. [X-52] Doc. Hist. Mex., sÉrie iv., tom. v., pp. 213, 254. [X-53] Clavigero, Storia della Cal., tom. i., pp. 107-9; Doc. Hist. Mex., sÉrie iv., tom. v., pp. 213, 254; Taylor, in Cal. Farmer, Dec. 21, 1860, Nov. 22, 1861, Jan. 10, 1862; Hesperian, vol. iii., p. 530. [X-54] San Francisco Evening Bulletin, July 16, 1864; Cal. Farmer, March 20, 1863, April 4, 1862; Doc. Hist. Mex., sÉrie iii., tom. iv., pp. 626-7. [X-55] Hardy's Trav., p. 467. [X-56] Lamberg, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. iii., p. 25. [X-57] GarcÍa Conde, Ensayo sobre Chihuahua, p. 74. [X-58] Robertson's Hist. Amer., vol. i., p. 269. [X-59] Arlegui, ChrÓn. Zacatecas, pp. 104-5. Same in Padilla, Conq. N. Galicia, MS., pp. 484-5. [X-60] Clavigero, Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. i., p. 159; Heredia y Sarmiento, Sermon, pp. 89-90. [X-61] Escudero, Noticias Estad. del Estado de Chihuahua, pp. 234-5; repeated in GarcÍa Conde, Ensayo sobre Chihuahua, p. 74; Orozco y Berra, GeografÍa, pp. 110-11. [X-62] Album Mex., tom. i., pp. 374-5. [X-63] Hardy's Trav., pp. 465-6. [X-64] Wizlizenus' Tour, pp. 59-60. [X-65] Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., pp. 347-64. Other compiled accounts may be found in Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 339; Armin, Das Heutige Mex., pp. 269-70; MÖllhausen, Tagebuch, pp. 312-13; MÜhlenpfordt, Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 525; ThÜmmel, Mexiko, p. 347; Ranking's Hist. Researches, pp. 282-3; WappÄus, Geog. u. Stat., p. 216; Willson's Amer. Hist., p. 561; Gordon's Ancient Mex., vol. i., p. 105; Gregory's Hist. Mex., p. 71. [X-66] Although the dimensions in the Album are given as 414 by 1380 feet, probably including some structures reckoned by Bartlett as detached. [XI-1] Cal., Past, Pres. and Future, p. 145. [XI-2] Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., pp. 195, 206; Froebel, Aus Amer., tom. ii., p. 468; Id., Cent. Amer., pp. 519-24; Emory's Reconnoissance, pp. 82, 89-91, with plate. [XI-3] CastaÑeda, in Ternaux-Compans, Voy., sÉrie i., tom. ix., pp. 40-1, 161-2. Two other accounts of the trip were written—one by Juan Jaramillo, which may be found in the same volume of Ternaux-Compans' work; and the second by Coronado himself, an Italian translation of which appeared in Ramusio, Navigationi, tom. iii., fol. 359, et seq., and an English translation in Hakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 373, et seq. For an abstract of the trip and discussion about the location of the route, see Gallatin, in Amer. Ethno. Soc., Transact., vol. ii.; Squier, in American Review for November, 1848; Whipple, et al., in Pac. R. R. Repts, vol. iii.; and Simpson, in Smithsonian Rept., 1859, p. 309, et seq. The last is the best article on the subject, and is accompanied by a map. All the accounts mention the fact that the expedition passed through Chichilticale, but only the one quoted describes the building. [XI-4] "Lo apuntÓ en embrion por no haber ido yo Á este descubrimento." Mange, in Doc. Hist. Mex., sÉrie iv., tom. i., pp. 259, 253, 362-4. [XI-5] In Doc. Hist. Mex., sÉrie iv., tom. i., pp. 282-3. Mange's description is as follows:—'One of them is a large edifice, the principal room in the centre being four stories high, and those adjoining it on its four sides, three stories; with walls two varas thick, of strong argamasa y barro [that is, the material of which adobes are made] so smooth on the inside that they resemble planed boards, and so polished that they shine like Puebla pottery. The corners of the windows, which are square, are very straight and without supports or crosspieces of wood, as if made with a mold; the doors are the same, though, narrow, and by this it is known to be the work of Indians; it is 36 paces long by 21 wide, and is well built. At the distance of an arquebuse-shot are seen twelve other buildings half fallen, also with thick walls; and all the roofs burned out except one low room, which has round beams apparently of cedar, or sabino, small and smooth, and over them otates (reeds) of equal size, and a layer of hard mud and mortar, forming a very curious roof or floor. In the vicinity are seen many other ruins and stories, and heaps of rubbish which cover the ground for two leagues; with much broken pottery, plates, and ollas of fine clay painted in various colors and resembling the Guadalajara pottery of New Spain; hence it is inferred that the city was very large and the work of a civilized people under a government. This is verified by a canal which runs from the river over the plain, encircling the settlement, which is in the centre, three leagues in circumference, ten varas wide and four deep, carrying perhaps half the river, and thus serving as a defensive ditch as well as to supply water for the houses and to irrigate the surrounding fields.' [XI-6] Sedelmair, Relacion, in Doc. Hist. Mex., sÉrie iii., tom. iv., p. 847. Orozco y Berra, GeografÍa, pp. 108-10, takes this description from Sedelmair's MS. in the Mexican archives, as being written by one who was 'almost the discoverer,' but it is a literal copy of Mange's diary. Mange's diary, so far as it relates to the Casa Grande, is translated in Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 301; and Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., pp. 281-2. [XI-7] 'Y vimos toda la vivienda del edificio que es muy grande de quatro altos, cuadradas las paredes y muy gruesas como de dos varas de ancho del dicho barro blanco, y aunque estos jentiles lo han quemado distintas veces, se ven los quatro altos, con buenas salas, aposentos y ventanas curiosamente embarradas por dentro y fuera de manera que estÁn las paredes encaladas y lisas con un barro algo colorado, las puertas muy parejas. Tambien hay inmediatas por fuera once casas algo menores fabricadas con la propia curiosidad de la grande y altas ... y en largo distrito se ve mucha losa quebrada y pintada; tambien se vÉ una sequia maestra de diez varas de ancho y quatro de alto, y un bordo muy grueso hecho de la misma tierra que va Á la casa por un llano.' Bernal, in Doc. Hist. Mex., sÉrie iii., tom. iv., p. 804. [XI-8] Padre GarcÉs says, 'on this river is situated the house which they call Moctezuma's, and many other ruins of other edifices with very many fragments of pottery both painted and plain. From what I afterwards saw of the Moqui, I have formed a very different idea from that which I before entertained respecting these buildings,' referring to Padre Font for more details. Doc. Hist. Mex., sÉrie ii., tom. i., p. 242. Font's account is substantially as follows:—'We carefully examined this edifice and its ruins; the echnographical plan of which I here lay down [The plan does not accompany the translation, but I have the same plan in another MS. which I shall presently mention] and the better to understand it I give the following description and explanation. [Here follows an account of the building of the Casa by the Aztecs when the Devil led them through these regions on their way to AnÁhuac]. The site on which this house is built is flat on all sides and at the distance of about one league from the river Gila, and the ruins of the houses which composed the town extend more than a league towards the East and the Cardinal points; and all this land is partially covered with pieces of pots, jugs, plates, &c., some common and others painted of different colours, white, blue, red,' &c., very different from the work of the Pimas. A careful measurement made with a lance showed that 'the house forms an oblong square, facing exactly the four Cardinal points ... and round about it there are ruins indicating a fence or wall which surrounded the house and other buildings, particularly in the corners, where it appears that there has been some edifice like an interior castle or watch-tower, for in the angle which faces towards the S.W. there stands a ruin with its divisions and an upper story. The exterior place [plaza] extends from N. to S. 420 feet and from E. to W. 260 feet. The interior of the house consists of five halls, the three middle ones being of one size and the two extreme ones longer.' The three middle ones are 26 by 10 feet, and the others 38 by 12 feet, and all 11 feet high. The inner doors are of equal size, two by five feet, the outer ones being of double width. The inner walls are four feet thick and well plastered, and the outer walls six feet thick. The house is 70 by 50 feet, the walls sloping somewhat on the outside. 'Before the Eastern doorway, separate from the house there is another building,' 26 by 18 feet, 'without counting the thickness of the walls. The timber, it appears, was of pine, and the nearest mountain bearing pine is at the distance of 25 leagues; it likewise bears some mezquite. All the building is of earth, and according to appearances the walls are built in boxes [moldes] of different sizes. A trench leads from the river at a great distance, by which the town was supplied with water; it is now nearly buried up. Finally, it is perceptible that the Edifice had three stories, and if it be true what the Indians say it had 4, the last being a kind of subterranean vault. For the purpose of giving light to the rooms, nothing is seen but the doors and some round holes in the middle of the walls which face to the East and West, and the Indians said that the Prince whom they call the "bitter man" used to salute the sun through these holes (which are pretty large) at its rising and setting. No signs of stairs remain, and we therefore suppose that they must have been of wood, and that they were destroyed when the building was burnt by the Apaches.' Font's Journal, MS., pp. 8-10; also quoted in Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., pp. 278-80; also French translation in Ternaux-Compans, Voy., sÉrie i., tom. ix., pp. 383-6. [XI-9] Beaumont, CrÓn. Mechoacan, MS., pp. 504-8. See an abridged account from the same source in Padilla, Conq. N. Galicia, MS., p. 125; Arricivita, CrÓnica SerÁfica, pp. 462-3. [XI-10] Sonora, Rudo Ensayo, pp. 18-9; same also in Doc. Hist. Mex., sÉrie iii., tom. iv., pp. 503-4; Velarde, Descrip. de la PimerÍa, in Doc. Hist. Mex., sÉrie iv., tom. i., pp. 362-3. This author speaks of 'algunas paredes de un gran estanque, hecho Á mano de cal y canto.' Similar account in Alegre, Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. ii., pp. 211-12. [XI-11] Emory's Reconnoissance, pp. 81-3; Johnston's Journal, in Id., pp. 567-600; Browne's Apache Country, pp. 114-24; Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., pp. 271-84. Other authorities, containing, I believe, no original information, are as follows: Humboldt, Essai Pol., pp. 297-8; Baldwin's Anc. Amer., p. 82; Mofras, Explor., tom. ii., p. 361; Gondra, in Prescott, Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., p. 19; Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 396, with cut; Id., Observations, p. 15; Id., Mex. as it Was, p. 239; Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., p. 197; Conder's Mex. Guat., vol. ii., pp. 68-9; Buschmann, Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 297; Cutts' Conq. of Cal., pp. 186-8; Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 381-4; MÖllhausen, Tagebuch, pp. 309-14; Lafond, Voyages, tom. i., p. 135; LarenaudiÈre, Mex. et Guat., p. 12; Long's Amer. and W. I., pp. 180-1; Malte-Brun, PrÉcis de la GÉog., tom. vi., pp. 453; Mill's Hist. Mex., pp. 192-3; Monglave, RÉsumÉ, p. 176; MÜhlenpfordt, Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 435-6; MÜller, Amerikanische Urreligionen, p. 532; Gallatin, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 284-6, 261; Froebel, Aus Amer., tom. ii., pp. 451-2; Gordon's Hist. and Geog. Mem., pp. 86-7; Id., Ancient Mex., vol. i., p. 104; Shuck's Cal. Scrap-Book, p. 669; Robinson's Cal., pp. 93-4; Velasco, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. xi., p. 96; ThÜmmel, Mexiko, p. 347; DeBercy, L'Europe et L'AmÉr., pp. 238-9; Ruxton, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1850, tom. cxxvi., pp. 40, 46, 52; San Francisco Chronicle, Jan. 15, 1875; Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., pp. 299-300; Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., p. 219. [XI-12] Adobes are properly sun-dried bricks without any particular reference to the exact quality or proportions of the ingredients, many varieties of earth or clay being employed, according to the locality and the nature of the structure, with or without a mixture of straw or pebbles. But adobe is a very convenient word to indicate the material itself without reference to the form and size of its blocks or the exact nature of its ingredients; and such a use of the word seems allowable. [XI-13] Smithsonian Rept., 1869, p. 326; CastaÑeda, in Ternaux-Compans, Voy., sÉrie i., tom. ix., pp. 41, 161-2. [XI-14] 36 by 21 paces, Mange, in Doc. Hist. Mex., sÉrie iv., tom. i., p. 283; 70 by 50 feet, outer walls 6 feet thick, inner 4 feet, Font's Journal, MS., pp. 8-9; walls between 4 and 5 feet thick, Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., p. 272; 60 feet square, Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 81. [XI-15] Central rooms, 26 by 10 feet; the others 38 by 12 feet. Font's Journal, MS., p. 9. [XI-16] It will be noticed that although Mr Bartlett speaks of an entrance in the centre of each side, his plan shows none in the south. 'Il n'existe point de portes au rez-de-chaussÉe.' Mofras, Explor., tom. ii., p. 361. [XI-17] Mange, Itinerario, in Doc. Hist. Mex., sÉrie iv., tom. i., pp. 282-3. [XI-18] Browne's Apache Country, p. 118. [XI-19] Johnston, in Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 598. [XI-20] Arricivita, CrÓnica SerÁfica, pp. 462-3; Humboldt, Essai Pol., tom. i., p. 297. [XI-21] Johnston, in Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 598. [XI-22] 'Habia tambien seis leguas distante del rio hÁcia el Sur, un algive de agua hecho Á mano mas que cuadrado Ó paralelo, grande de sesenta varas de largo y cuarenta de ancho; sus bordos parecian paredes Ó pretil de argamasa Ó cal y canto, segun lo fuerte y duro del material, y por sus cuatro Ángulos tiene sus puertas por donde se conduce y se recoge el agua llovediza.' Sedelmair, Relacion, in Doc. Hist. Mex., sÉrie iii., tom. iv., p. 848. 'Se ven algunas paredes de un gran estanque, hecho Á mano de cal y canto, y una acequia de los mismos materiales.' Velarde, in Id., sÉrie iv., tom. i., p. 362. [XI-23] 'Paredes muy altas y anchas de mas de una vara, de un gÉnero de barro blanco muy fuerte, cuadrada, y muy grande.' Bernal, in Doc. Hist. Mex., sÉrie iii., tom. iv., p. 801. 'Paredes de dos varas de grueso, como un castillo y otras Á sus contornos, pero todo de fÁbrica antigua.' Mange, Itinerario, in Id., sÉrie iv., tom. i., p. 282; Sonora, Rudo Ensayo, p. 19; Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 83. Whipple, in Pac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 73, speaks of a circular depression in the earth at this point. [XI-24] Johnston, in Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 600. [XI-25] Sedelmair, Relacion, in Doc. Hist. Mex., sÉrie iii., tom. iv., p. 847. There is no foundation whatever for the statement of Mofras that in this region 'en faisant des fouilles on trouve encore des idoles, des poteries, des armes, et des miroirs en pierre poli nommÉes itzli.' Explor., tom. ii., p. 361. [XI-26] Velarde, in Doc. Hist. Mex., sÉrie iv., tom. i., p. 363. [XI-27] Sedelmair, Relacion, in Doc. Hist. Mex., sÉrie iii., tom. iv. p. 847. [XI-28] Velarde, in Doc. Hist. Mex., sÉrie iv., tom. i., pp. 348, 363. 'De otros edificios de mas extencion, arte y simetria, he oido referir al Padre Ygnacio Xavier Keller, aunque no tengo presente en que paraje de sus Apostolicas carreras.' Sonora, Rudo Ensayo, pp. 19-20. [XI-29] Emory's Reconnoissance, pp. 87-8, 134; Johnston, in Id., p. 600; Cincinnatus' Travels, p. 356. [XI-30] Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner, in Pac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 45, 47. [XI-31] Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., pp. 242-8, with a cut of one of the heaps of ruins. MÖllhausen, Tagebuch, pp. 308-9. Cuts of many specimens of pottery from the Gila Valley, in Johnston, in Emory's Reconnoissance, pp. 596, 600. [XI-32] Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner, in Pac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 14-15. [XI-33] Mr Leroux also reported to Bartlett the existence in the Verde valley of heaps of dÉbris like those on the Salado. Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., p. 247. Mention of Verde remains. Warden, Recherches, p. 79; MÖllhausen, Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. ii., pp. 140-2; MÜhlenpfordt, Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 538. Pike, Explor. Trav., p. 336, says very absurdly, "Those walls are of a black cement which encreases in stability with age, and bids defiance to the war of time; the secret of its composition is now entirely lost." [XI-34] Whipple, in Pac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 91-4; MÖllhausen, Tagebuch, pp. 348-9. MÖllhausen was the artist connected with Whipple's expedition. [XI-35] Emory's Reconnoissance, pp. 63-9, 80, 133-4, with cuts and plates; Johnston, in Id., pp. 581-96; Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner, in Pac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 23, with cut illustrating the lines of foundation-stones. Froebel, Aus Amer., tom. ii., p. 421; Id., Cent. Amer., p. 488, with cut of hieroglyphics. Two plates of colored fragments of pottery, in Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., pp. 82-5, vol. vi., p. 68. Respecting the builders of the ruined structures, see GarcÉs, Diario, in Doc. Hist. Mex., sÉrie ii., tom. i., pp. 320, 329; CastaÑeda, in Ternaux-Compans, Voy., sÉrie i., tom. ix., pp. 161-2; Sedelmair, Relacion, in Doc. Hist. Mex., sÉrie iii., tom. iv., p. 847. Other references on Gila remains are: Sonora, Rudo Ensayo, p. 19, with cut of labyrinth; Villa-SeÑor y Sanchez, Theatro, tom. ii., pp. 375-6; Fremont, in Cal., Past, Pres. and Future, p. 144; Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav., p. 46; Prichard's Researches, vol. v., pp. 422-3; Id., Nat. Hist. Man, vol. ii., pp. 514-15, 568; Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 382-3; Cal. Farmer, Feb. 28, 1862; Cincinnatus' Travels, pp. 355-7; Gallatin, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 293-4. I find an account going the rounds of the newspapers of a wonderful group of ruins 'on the Gila some miles east of Florence,' discovered by Lieut. Ward. They consist of very extensive fortifications, and other structures built of hewn stone, the walls being yet twelve feet high, and two towers standing 26 and 31 feet respectively. Copper and stone implements, golden ornaments and stone vases were found here. Finally, the whole account is doubtless a hoax. [XI-36] A writer in the N. Y. Tribune,—see Hist. Mag., vol. x., suppl., p. 95—describes a pyramid on the Colorado River, without giving the locality. It is 104 feet square, 20 feet high, and has at present a summit platform. It seems, however, to have been originally pointed, judging from the dÉbris. The material is hewn stone in blocks from 18 to 36 inches thick, those of the outer facing being out at an angle. This report is perhaps founded on some of the ruins on the Colorado Chiquito yet to be mentioned, or quite as probably it has no foundation whatever. 'Upon the lower part of the Rio Colorado no traces of permanent dwellings have been discovered.' Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner, in Pac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 15. Arizona miners occasionally refer to the ruins of old Indian buildings on the Colorado, 40 miles above La Paz, on the eastern side, similar in character to those of the Gila. On Ehrenberg's Map of Arizona, 1858, they are so located, and that is all that is known of them. San Francisco Evening Bulletin, July 14, 1864. [XI-37] Cal. Farmer, March 27, 1863. [XI-38] MÖllhausen, Tagebuch, p. 376; Whipple, in Pac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 106-7. [XI-39] Sitgreaves' Report, ZuÑi and Colorado Rivers, 1853, pp. 8-9; Whipple, in Pac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 81, 46-50; Ives' Colorado Riv., p. 117, no details; MÖllhausen, Tagebuch, pp. 306-8; Id., Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. ii., pp. 148-50, 164-5, 399-401; Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 253, vol. vi., p. 68, plates of inscriptions; Hay, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da Época, tom. i., p. 29; Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, pp. 146-7. A writer in the San Francisco Evening Bulletin, July 3, 1868, says that the most extensive ruins in Arizona or New Mexico are situated above the high falls of the Little Colorado, 20 miles north of the San Francisco Mountains. They extend for miles along the river, and include well-made walls of hewn stone now standing to the height of six or eight feet. Both streets and irrigating canals may be traced for miles. This writer speaks of the Jesuit inscriptions. According to an article in the San Francisco Herald of 1853, quoted in the Cal. Farmer of June 22, 1860, Capt. Joseph Walker found some remarkable ruins on the Colorado Chiquito in 1850. He speaks of 'a kind of a citadel, around which lay the ruins of a city more than a mile in length.' The streets were still traceable, running at right angles. The buildings were all of stone 'reduced to ruins by the action of some great heat which had evidently passed over the whole country.... All the stones were burnt, some of them almost cindered, others glazed as if melted. This appearance was visible in every ruin he met with. A storm of fire seemed to have swept over the whole country and the inhabitants must have fallen before it.' The central building with walls 15 or 18 feet long and 10 feet high, of hewn stone, stood on a rock 20 or 30 feet high, itself fused by the heat. The ruins seen by Walker were in all probability similar to those described by Sitgreaves, and the Captain, or the writer of this article, drew heavily on his imagination for many of his facts. [XI-40] Whipple, in Pac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 76. [XI-41] MÖllhausen's Journey, vol. ii., p. 121. [XI-42] Whipple, in Pac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 73-4; MÖllhausen, Tagebuch, p. 255. [XI-43] Sitgreaves' ZuÑi Ex., p. 6; Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner, in Pac. R. R. Repts, vol. pp. 71, 39. [XI-44] Whipple, et al., in Pac. R. R. Repts, vol. iii., pp. 69, 39-41, 45-6, with view of ruins; MÖllhausen's Journey, vol. ii., p. 96, cut of altar; Id., Reisen, tom. ii., pp. 196, 402; Id., Tagebuch, pp. 283-4, 278, with cut of altar; Simpson, in Smithsonian Rept., 1869, pp. 329-32; Davis' El Gringo, p. 128; Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 211-13; Barber and Howe's Western States, p. 553; Shuck's Cal. Scrap-Book, pp. 310-12. [XI-45] Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner, in Pac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 45-6. [XI-46] Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 95-7; MÖllhausen's Journey, vol. ii., p. 82; Id., Tagebuch, pp. 275-7; Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner, in Pac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 39. Col. Doniphan found in 1846 on the head-waters of the Piscao (Pescado, ZuÑi?) the ruins of an ancient city, which formed a square surrounded by double walls of stone 14 feet apart. The space between the walls was divided into compartments 14 feet square, opening into the interior. The houses were three stories high, the lower story being partially subterranean. Large quantities of red cedar, apparently cut for firewood, were found in connection with the buildings. Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., pp. 197-8. Simpson explored the stream to its source, and found no ruins except three at Ojo del Pescado, which were probably the same on which Doniphan's report was founded, although there is no resemblance in the descriptions. [XI-47] Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 93-109, pl. 60-1, views of cliff; pl. 65-74, inscriptions; pl. 63, ground plan of building; pl. 64, pottery; cut p. 100, plan of rock. Whipple, et al., in Pac. R. R. Repts, vol. iii., pp. 22, 52, 63-4, with plates; MÖllhausen, Tagebuch, pp. 266-72, pl. of plan and pottery; Id., Journey, vol. ii., pp. 68-79, 52, pl.; Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 208-9, 415-18; Davis' El Gringo, pp. 422-3; Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, p. 147; Barber and Howe's Western States, p. 561. [XI-48] Dominguez and Escalante, Diario, in Doc. Hist. Mex., sÉrie ii., tom. i., pp. 400-2. A correspondent of the San Francisco Evening Bulletin, July 8, 1864, says that the San Juan valley is strewn with ruins for hundreds of miles, some buildings three stories high of solid masonry still standing. Davis, El Gringo, p. 417, had heard of some ruins on the northern bank of the San Juan, but none further north. 'The valleys of the Rio de las Animas and San Juan are strewn with the ruins of cities, many of them of solid masonry. Stone buildings, three stories high, are yet standing, of Aztec architecture.' Baker, in Cal. Farmer, June 19, 1863. [XI-49] Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 74-5, pl. 53-4. Other slight accounts made up from Simpson: Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 201; Annual Scien. Discov., 1850, p. 362; Barber and Howe's Western States, pp. 559-60, with cut. [XI-50] Dr Hammond, a companion of Simpson, describes this room as follows: 'It was in the second of three ranges of rooms, on the north side of the ruins. The door opened at the base of the wall, towards the interior of the building; it had never been more than two feet and a half high, and was filled two-thirds with rubbish. The lintels were of natural sticks of wood, one and a half to two and a half inches in diameter, deprived of the bark, and placed at distances of two or three inches apart; yet their ends were attached to each other by withes of oak with its bark well preserved. The room was in the form of a parallelogram, about twelve feet in length, eight feet high, and the walls, as they stood at the time of observation, seven feet high. The floor was of earth, and the surface irregular. The walls were about two feet thick, and plastered within with a layer of red mud one fourth of an inch thick. The latter, having fallen off in places, showed the material of the wall to be sandstone. The stone was ground into pieces the size of our ordinary bricks, the angles not as perfectly formed, though nearly so, and put up in break-joints, having intervals between them, on every side, of about two inches. The intervals were filled with laminÆ of a dense sandstone, about three lines in thickness, driven firmly in, and broken off even with the general plane of the wall—the whole resembling mosaic work. Niches, varying in size from two inches to two feet and a half square, and two inches to one and a half feet in horizontal depth, were scattered irregularly over the walls, at various heights above the floor. Near the place of the ceiling, the walls were penetrated, and the surfaces of them perpendicular to the length of the beam. They had the appearance of having been sawed off originally, except that there were no marks of the saw left on them; time had slightly disintegrated the surfaces, rounding the edges somewhat here and there. Supporting the floor above were six cylindrical beams, about seven inches in diameter, passing transversely of the room, and at distances of less than two feet apart—the branches of the trees having been hewn off by means of a blunt-edged instrument. Above, and resting on these, running longitudinally with the room, were poles of various lengths, about two inches in diameter, irregularly straight, placed in contact with each other, covering all the top of the room, bound together at irregular and various distances, generally at their ends, by slips apparently of palm-leaf or marquez, and the same material converted into cords about one-fourth of an inch in diameter, formed of two strands, hung from the poles at several points. Above, and resting upon the poles, closing all above, passing transversely of the room, were planks of about seven inches wide, and three-fourths of an inch in thickness. The width of the plank was uniform, and so was the thickness. They were in contact, or nearly so, admitting but little more than the passage of a knife blade between them, by the edges, through the whole of their lengths. They were not jointed; all their surfaces were level, and as smooth as if planed, excepting the ends; the angles as regular and perfect as could be retained by such vegetable matter—they are probably of pine or cedar—exposed to the atmosphere for as long a time as it is probable these have been. The ends of the plank, several of which were in view, terminated in lines perpendicular to the length of the plank, and the plank appears to have been severed by a blunt instrument. The planks—I examined them minutely by the eye and the touch, for the marks of the saw and other instruments—were smooth, and colored brown by time or by smoke. Beyond the plank nothing was distinguishable from within. The room was redolent with the perfume of cedar. Externally, upon the top, was a heap of stone and mud, ruins that have fallen from above, immovable by the instruments that we had along. The beams were probably severed by contusions from a dull instrument, and their surfaces ground plain and smooth by a slab of rock; and the planks, split or hewn from the trees, were, no doubt, rendered smooth by the same means.' Hammond, in Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 131-3. [XI-51] Chaco ruins as discovered by Simpson: Pueblo Pintado, 403 feet circumference, 3 stories, 54 rooms on ground floor, pp. 34-6, pl. 20, 22, 41; view, specimens of masonry, and of pottery. Rock-inscriptions at Camp 9, p. 36, pl. 23-5. Pueblo Weje-gi, 13 miles from Pueblo Pintado, 700 feet in circumference, 99 rooms, walls 25 feet high, pp. 36-7, pl. 26-7; view and ground plan. Pueblo Una Vida, 15½ miles from Pueblo Pintado, circumference 994 feet, height 15 feet, 2 stories, 4 estufas, pp. 37-8, pl. 28-9; view and ground plan. Pueblo Hungo Pavie, 872 feet circumference, 30 feet high, 4 stories, 72 rooms, 1 estufa, p. 38, pl. 30-2; plan, pottery, and restoration (all copied above). Pueblo Chettro Kettle, circumference 1300 feet, 4 stories, 124 rooms, 6 estufas, pp. 38-40, pl. 33-5; plan, interior, hieroglyphics. Pueblo Bonito, circumference 1300 feet, 4 stories, 139 rooms traceable, 4 estufas, pp. 40-2, 131-3, pl. 36-38, 40-41; view, plan, interior, pottery, specimen of masonry. Pueblo Arroyo, 100 feet circumference, 2 undescribed ruins near it, p. 42. Pueblo PeÑasco Blanco, on south side of river, 1700 feet circumference, 112 rooms, 3 stories, 7 estufas, pp. 42-3, pl. 41, fig. 2; specimen of masonry. Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 34-43, 131-3. Slight account from Simpson, in Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 199-200, 379-81, 385; Annual Scien. Discov., 1850, pp. 362-3; Baldwin's Anc. Amer., pp. 86-9, cut; Barber and Howe's Western States, pp. 556-9, cuts; ThÜmmel, Mexiko, pp. 347-8. A newspaper report of a ruin discovered by one Roberts may be as well mentioned here as elsewhere, although the locality given is 90 miles within the Arizona line, while the Chaco remains are in New Mexico. This city was built on a mesa with precipitous sides, and covered an area of 3 square miles, being enclosed by a wall of hewn sandstone, still standing in places 6 or 8 feet high. No remains of timber were found in the city, which must have contained originally 20,000 inhabitants. It was laid out in plazas and streets, and the walls bore sculptured hieroglyphics. San Francisco Chronicle, Dec. 12, 1872. See also Alta California, June 26, 1874. I give but few of these newspaper reports as specimens; a volume might be filled with them, without much profit. [XI-52] Davis' list of Pueblo towns is as follows:—Taos, Picoris, NambÉ, Tezuque, Pojuaque, San Juan, San Yldefonso, Santo Domingo, San Felipe, Santa Ana, Cochiti, Isleta, Silla, Laguna, Acoma, Jemez, ZuÑi, Sandia, Santa Clara. El Gringo, p. 115. Barreiro, Ojeada, p. 15, adds Pecos, and omits San Juan. Simpson, Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 114, says that Cebolleta, Covero, and Moquino, are not properly Indian pueblos, but ordinary Mexican towns. [XI-53] See vol. i., pp. 533-8. [XI-54] Abert's New Mex., in Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 457; Davis' El Gringo, pp. 141-2. See also Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., pp. 276-7. This author says there is a similar edifice in the pueblo of Picuris. Edwards' Campaign, pp. 43-4; Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 191-2. On the Arroyo Hondo 10 miles north of Taos, Mr Peters, Life of Carson, p. 437, speaks of the remains of the largest Aztec settlement in New Mexico, consisting of small cobble-stones in mud, pottery, arrow-heads, stone pipes, and rude tools. [XI-55] Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 114. [XI-56] Abert's New Mex., in Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 470-1, with 3 views. The most ancient and extraordinary of all the Pueblos, on a table of 60 acres, 360 feet above the plain. Identical with Coronado's Acuco. Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 202-3; Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., pp. 277-8. [XI-57] Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., p. 277; Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 121; view of San Felipe, in Abert's New Mex., in Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 461. [XI-58] Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 13-4. 'The houses of this town are built in blocks.' 'To enter, you ascend to this platform by the means of ladders;' windows in the upper part of the lower story. Abert's New Mex., in Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 462, with view; MÖllhausen's Journey, p. 231, with view; Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 197. [XI-59] Meline's Two Thousand Miles, pp. 206-7. [XI-60] Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 90-3. 'It is divided into four solid squares, having but two streets, crossing its centre at right angles. All the buildings are two stories high, composed of sun-dried brick. The first story presents a solid wall to the street, and is so constructed, that each house joins, until one fourth of the city may be said to be one building. The second stories rise from this vast, solid structure, so as to designate each house, leaving room to walk upon the roof of the first story between each building.' Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., p. 195; see also Whipple, in Pac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 67-8, with view; MÖllhausen's Journey, p. 97. [XI-61] Ives' Colorado Riv., pp. 119-24, with plates. [XI-62] 'Each pueblo contains an estufa, which is used both as a council-chamber and a place of worship, where they practice such of their heathen rites as still exist among them. It is built partly under ground, and is considered a consecrated and holy place. Here they hold all their deliberations upon public affairs, and transact the necessary business of the village.' Davis' El Gringo, p. 142. 'In the west end of the town [S. Domingo] is an estuffa, or public building, in which the people hold their religious and political meetings. The structure, which is built of adobes, is circular in plan, about nine feet in elevation, and thirty-five feet in diameter, and, with no doors or windows laterally, has a small trap-door in the terrace or flat roof by which admission is gained.' Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 62. Estufa at Jemez, with plates of paintings. Id., pp. 21-2, pl. 7-11. [XI-63] Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 30, with plate; Abert's New Mex., in Id., pp. 446-7, 483, with plate; Davis' El Gringo, p. 55; Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., pp. 74-5; Meline's Two Thousand Miles, pp. 255-8; Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., pp. 270-3; MÖllhausen, Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. ii., pp. 293-8; Cutt's Conq. of Cal., p. 79; Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 164-5, Baldwin's Anc. Amer., p. 79, with cut. [XI-64] Gage's New Survey, p. 162; Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., pp. 164-5; Davis' El Gringo, pp. 70, 123-7; Abert's New Mex., in Emory's Reconnoissance, pp. 488-9; Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 182-3; Wizlizenus' Tour, p. 25; Carleton's Ruins of AbÓ, in Smithsonian Rept., 1854, pp. 300-15; MÖllhausen, FlÜchtling, tom. i., pp. 718-25, 229, 239, 267-72; Id., Reisen, tom. ii., pp. 296, 405-6; Froebel's Cent. Amer., p. 301; Id., Aus Amer., tom. ii., pp. 150-2; Gallatin, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 298-9. Abert, in Emory's Reconnoissance, pp. 466-7, 484, tells us that at Tezique the ruins of the ancient Indian town are partially covered with the buildings of the modern; also that at Poblazon, on the Puerco River, the principal ruins of stone are arranged in a square with sides of 200 yards, but other remains are scattered in the vicinity, including a circular and one elliptical enclosure. According to Gregg, Com. Prairies, vol. ii., p. 71, the inhabitants were driven from Valverde, on the Rio Grande, by the Navajos. MÖllhausen, Journey, vol. ii., p. 55, speaks of ruins on rocky heights two miles from Laguna. 'The ruins of what is usually called Old San Felipe are plainly visible, perched on the edge of the mÉsa, about a mile above the present town, on the west side of the river.' Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 121. [XI-65] Froebel, Aus Amer., tom. ii., pp. 166, 469; Johnston, in Cutts' Conq. of Cal., p. 183; Newberry, in Cal. Farmer, April 10, 1863. [XI-66] Abert, New Mex., in Emory's Reconnoissance, pp. 489-92, identifies CÍbola with Acoma and the six adjoining Pueblo towns; and Morgan, in N. Amer. Review, April, 1869, with the Chaco ruins. [XI-67] See CastaÑeda, in Ternaux-Compans, Voy., sÉrie i., tom. ix., pp. 42, 69-71. 'Veynte y quatro leguas de aqui, hazia el Poniente, dieron con vna Prouincia, que se nombra en lengua de los naturales Zuny, y la llaman los Espannoles Cibola, ay en ella gran cantidad de Indios, en la qual estuuo Francisco Vasquez Coronado, y dexo muchas Cruzes puestas, y otras sennales de Christianidad que siempre se estauan en pie. Hallaron ansi mesmo tres Indios Christianos que se auian quedado de aquella jornada, cuyos nombres eran Andres de Cuyoacan, Gaspar de Mexico, y Antonio de Guadalajara, los quales tenian casi oluidada su mesma lengua, y sabian muy bien la delos naturales, aunque a pocas bueltas que les hablaron se entendieron facilmente.' Espejo, Viaje, in Hakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 387. Hakluyt says the narrative is from Mendoza, Hist. China, Madrid, 1586; but nothing of the kind appears in the Spanish edition of that work, 1596, or in the Italian edition of 1586. [XI-68] Emory's Reconnoissance, pp. 82, 133; Abert's New Mex., in Id., p. 484; Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner, in Pac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 45, 47; Whipple, in Id., pp. 64, 69, 73, 76, 91; Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., pp. 245-7; Browne's Apache Country, p. 118; Cal. Farmer, June 22, 1860. [XI-69] Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner, in Pac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 48-9; also Whipple, in Id., pp. 64-5, 69, 73, 76, 81. Of the cut given above, fig. 2, 5, 8, 9, 11, 13-4, 17, 21, 24, 28, 31-2, are from the Colorado Chiquito; fig. 22, 27, are from ZuÑi, and modern; fig. 34, from the Cosnino caves, the ornaments having been put on after the vessel had hardened; fig. 25, 29, 30, 35, are not painted, but incrusted or indented. 'It is a singular fact, that, although some of the most time-worn carvings upon rocks are of animals and men, ancient pottery contains no such representations. Upon one fragment, indeed, found upon Rio Gila, was pictured a turtle and a piece of pottery picked up near the same place was moulded into the form of a monkey's head. These appeared to be ancient, and afforded exceptions to the rule.' Id., p. 65. Cut of a fragment and comparison with one found in Indiana. Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, pp. 249-50. [XI-70] MÖllhausen's Journey, vol. i., p. 264, vol. ii., p. 52, with pl.; Id., Tagebuch, pp. 168-70; Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., pp. 170-6; Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 161-2, 419-20. [XI-71] See vol. ii., p. 533, et seq. [XI-72] See Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 20-2, pl. 7-11. [XI-73] Froebel's Cent. Amer., p. 521. [XII-1] 'Since the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth Rock, down to the present moment, relics of a lost race have been exhumed from beneath the surface of terra firma in various parts of the continent. While every section of the United States has produced more or less of these ancient remnants, California has, perhaps, yielded more in proportion to the extent of territory, than any other part of the Union.' Carpenter, in Hesperian, vol. v., p. 357. [XII-2] Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 179; San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Feb. 11, 1862; Cal. Farmer, Dec. 14, 1860. [XII-3] Blake, in Pac. R. R. Rept., vol. v., p. 117. [XII-4] San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Feb. 11, 1862. [XII-5] Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner, in Pac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 42. [XII-6] Blake, in Pac. R. R. Rept., vol. v., pp. 56-7; Cal. Farmer, March 28, 1862, Dec. 21, 1860. Also pottery, painted and carved cliff-inscriptions, and lines of large stones on the hill-tops. Alta California, July, 1860. [XII-7] San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Feb. 11, 1862. 'On the South Tule river, twelve miles from the valley, is what is called the Painted Rock—a smooth flat rock horizontally supported by perpendicular walls on either side about seven feet from the ground, with a surface of 200 square feet smooth and level on the walled sides on which is painted in no very artistic style, representations of animals, reptiles, and birds, and rude paintings of men, women, and children. The painting has without doubt been done by the present race of Indians. None of the Indians now living, however, have any knowledge or tradition by whom or when it was done. This rock and the remains of their habitations in many localities on the different streams, are the only indications of their long occupancy of this valley.' Maltby (Indian Agent at Tule River), letter of Aug. 10, 1872, MS. Painted figures in a large cave near the hot springs of Tularcitos hills, east of Monterey; also on headwaters of the San Juan or Estrella creek. Cal. Farmer, April 5, 1860. [XII-8] Schumacher, Some Articles found in Ancient Graves of California, MSS., presented by the author. [XII-9] Taylor's Indianology, in Cal. Farmer, Jan. 17, 1862, March 9, 1860. [XII-10] San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Jan. 22, 1864; Cal. Farmer, May 23, 1862, March 6, 1863; Carvalho's Incid. of Trav., p. 249; Saxon's Golden Gate, p. 126; Wimmel, Californien, p. 13. [XII-11] San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Feb. 11, 1862; Cal. Farmer, March 28, 1862, March 6, 1863. [XII-12] Lord's Nat., vol. i., p. 209. 'A quantity of round stones, evidently from the brook, was found in a passage with a number of skeletons; the destruction of life having been caused undoubtedly by the sudden caving in of the earth, burying the unskilled savages in the midst of their labors.' Pioneer, vol. ii., p. 221. [XII-13] Taylor, in Cal. Farmer, April 20, 1860; Wimmel, Californien, pp. 27-8. [XII-14] 'In 1857, Dr. C. F. Winslow sent to the Boston Natural History Society, the fragment of a human cranium found in the "pay-dirt" in connection with the bones of the mastodon and elephant, one hundred and eighty feet below the surface of Table Mountain, California. Dr. Winslow has described to me all the particulars in reference to this "find," and there is no doubt in his mind, that the remains of man and the great quadrupeds were deposited contemporaneously.' Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, pp. 52-4. [XII-15] Elephant's tusk five or six feet long, found in 1860, ten feet below the surface, and fifteen inches above the ledge in auriferous sand; also, five years before, many human skeletons, one of which was twice the usual size, with stone mortars and pestles. Sonora Democrat, Dec. 1860; Cal. Farmer, Dec. 21, 1860; San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Jan. 22, 1864. [XII-16] Other reported relics in Tuolumne county are as follows:—A tooth of an animal of the elephant specie, twelve feet below surface, under an oak three feet in diameter, at Twist's Ranch, near Mormon Creek, found in 1851. Hutchings' Cal. Mag., vol. ii., p. 248, with cut. 'A tolerably well executed representation of a deer's foot, about six inches long, cut out of slate, and a tube about an inch in diameter, and five inches in length, made of the same material, and a small, flat, rounded piece of some very hard flinty rock, with a square hole in the center. They are all highly polished, and perfectly black with age. What gives a peculiar interest to these relics is the fact that they were found thirty feet below the surface, and over the spot where they were found a huge pine, the growth of centuries, has reared its lofty head.' These relics were found at Don Pedro's Bar in 1861. Cal. Farmer, June 14, 1861, from Columbia Times, May, 1861. 'An Indian arrow-head, made of stone, as at the present day, was lately picked up from the solid cement at Buckeye Hill, at a depth of 80 feet from the surface, and about one foot from the bed-rock.' Taylor, in Cal. Farmer, Nov. 9, 1860; Hist. Mag., vol. v., p. 52; San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Oct. 6, 1864. [XII-17] 'An immense number of skulls were found by Captain Moraga in the vicinity of a creek, which, from that circumstance, was called Calaveras, or the river of skulls. The story was, that the tribes from the Sierras came down to the valley to fish for Salmon. To this the Valley Indians objected, and, as the conflict was irrepressible, a bloody battle was fought, and three thousand dead bodies were left to whiten the banks with their bones. The county in which the river rises assumed its name.' Tuthill's Hist. Cal., p. 303. [XII-18] 1, Black lava, 40 feet; 2, gravel, 3 feet; 3, light lava, 30 feet; 4, gravel, 5 feet; 5, light lava, 15 feet; 6, gravel, 25 feet; 7, dark brown lava, 9 feet; 8, (in which the skull was found) gravel, 5 feet; 9, red lava, 4 feet; 10, red gravel, 17 feet. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sciences, vol. iii., pp. 277-8. 'This skull, admitting its authenticity, carries back the advent of man to the Pliocene Epoch, and is therefore older than the stone implements of the drift-gravel of Abbeville and Amiens, or the relics furnished by the cave-dirt of Belgium and France.' Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, pp. 52-4. [XII-19] 'It was late in the month of August (the 19th), 1849, that the gold diggers at one of the mountain diggings called Murphy's, were surprised, in examining a high barren district of mountain, to find the abandoned site of an antique mine. "It is evidently," says a writer, "the work of ancient times." The shaft discovered is two hundred and ten feet deep. Its mouth is situated on a high mountain. It was several days before preparations could be completed to descend and explore it. The bones of a human skeleton were found at the bottom. There were also found an altar for worship and other evidences of ancient labor.... No evidences have been discovered to denote the era of this ancient work. There has been nothing to determine whether it is to be regarded as the remains of the explorations of the first Spanish adventurers, or of a still earlier period. The occurrence of the remains of an altar, looks like the period of Indian worship.' Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. i., p. 105. [XII-20] Skulls obtained from a cave in Calaveras County, by Prof. Whitney, and sent to the Smithsonian Institute. They showed no differences from the present Indians, who probably used the cave as a burial place. Smithsonian Rept., 1867, p. 406. Petrified mammoth thigh-bone, three and a half feet long, two and a quarter feet in circumference, weighing fifty-four pounds, found at a depth of thirty-five feet, at Murphy's Flat. Cal. Farmer, May 23, 1862, from San AndrÉs Independent. An arrastra or mill, such as is now used in grinding quartz, with a quantity of crushed stone five feet below surface near Porterfield. Id., Nov. 30, 1860, May 16, 1862. At Calaveritas large mortars two or three feet in diameter, with pestles, in the ancient bed of the river; at Vallecito human skulls in post-diluvial strata over fifty feet deep; at Mokelumne Hill obsidian spear-heads; at Murphy's mammoth bones forty feet deep. Pioneer, vol. iii., p. 41; San Francisco Herald, Nov. 24, from Calaveras Chronicle. [XII-21] San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Jan. 22, 1864; Wimmel, Californien, p. 13. [XII-22] 'An ancient skillet, made of lava, hard as iron, circular, with a spout and three legs, was washed out of a deep claim at Forest Hill, a few days since. It will be sent to the State Fair, as a specimen of crockery used in the mines several thousand years ago.' Grass Valley National, Sept. 1861, in San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Jan. 22, 1864. Same implement apparently found at Coloma in 1851, 15 feet below the surface, under an oak-tree not less than 1000 years old. Carpenter, in Hesperian, vol. v., p. 358. [XII-23] 'J. E. Squire, informs me that a strange inscription is found on the rocks a short distance below Meadow Lake. The rocks appear to have been covered with a black coating, and the hieroglyphics or characters cut through the layer and into the rock. This inscription was, probably, not made by the present tribe inhabiting the lower part of Nevada County. It may have been done by Indians from the other side of the mountains, who came to the lake region near the summit to fish; or it may have still a stranger origin.' Directory Nevada, 1857. A human fore-arm bone with crystallized marrow, imbedded in a petrified cedar 63 feet deep, at Red Dog. Grass Valley National, in San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Jan. 22, 1864. [XII-24] Two hand mills (mortars) taken from the bank of the Yuba River at a depth of 16 feet. 'They are all made from a peculiar kind of stone, which has the appearance of a combination of granite and burr-stone.' The pestles are usually of gneiss. Taylor, in Cal. Farmer, Dec. 14, 1860, May 9, 1862. At McGilvary's, Trinity Co., was discovered in 1856, 10 feet below the surface, 'an Indian skull encased in a sea shell, five by eight inches, inside of which were worked figures and representations, both singular and beautiful, inlaid with a material imperishable, resembling gold, which would not, in nice, ingenious workmanship, disgrace the sculptor's art of the present day.' San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Jan. 22, 1864, from Trinity Democrat, 1856. Slate tubes dug up near Oroville. Taylor, in Cal. Farmer, Nov. 2, 1860. A collar-bone taken from the gravel of the 'great blue lead' not less than 1000 feet below the forest-covered surface, in 1857. Hutchings' Cal. Mag., vol. ii., p. 417. Mammoth bones at Columbia, Stanislaus Co., 35 feet deep; and a hyena's tooth at Volcano, Amador Co., at a depth of 60 feet. Pioneer, vol. iii., p. 41. Some 30 different instances of the discovery of fossil remains by miners have been noted in the California papers since 1851. Cal. Farmer, May 23, 1862; also four well-known cases of giant human remains. Id., March 20, 1863. An immense block of porphyry whose sides and top are carved with rude mystic figures, in the Truckee Valley. 'I noticed one cluster of figures in a circle, having in its centre a rude representation of the sun, surrounded by about a dozen other figures, one of which exhibited a quite truthful representation of a crab, another like an anchor with a large ring, and still another representing an arrow passing through a ring.' Marysville Democrat, April, 1861, in Cal. Farmer, June 14, 1861. [XII-25] Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, pp. 54-6. [XII-26] In Cal. Farmer, March 6, 1863. [XII-27] Capron's Hist. Cal., p. 75. [XII-28] Martinez Contra Costa Gazette. [XII-29] Smithsonian Rept., 1869, p. 36. [XII-30] Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, pp. 163-4. [XII-31] San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Oct. 19, 1869. [XII-32] Rae's Westward by Rail, pp. 162-4. [XII-33] Salt Lake Telegraph, quoted in San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Oct. 9, 1868. [XII-34] Remy and Brenchley's Journey, vol. ii., pp. 364-5. [XII-35] Carvalho's Incid. of Trav., pp. 206-7. [XII-36] Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, p. 152. [XII-37] Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 493. [XII-38] Smithsonian Rept., 1867, p. 403. [XII-39] Farnham's Life in Cal., pp. 316-17. [XII-40] Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, p. 152. [XII-41] Taylor, in Cal. Farmer, June 22, 1860. [XII-42] Bulletin of the U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey of the Territories, 2d series, No. 1., Washington, 1875. [XII-43] Ingersoll gives these dimensions as 33 and 22 feet respectively, and speaks of three equi-distant doorways, apparently alluding to the same structure. [XII-44] Doc. Hist. Mex., sÉrie ii., tom. i., pp. 391-2, 434-5, 444-5. [XII-45] Stevens, in Pac. R. R. Rept., vol. xii., p. 150; Id., in Ind. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 222. [XII-46] Pickering's Races, in U. S. Ex. Ex., vol. ix., pp. 41-2. [XII-47] Abbot, in Pac. R. R. Rept., vol. vi., p. 94. [XII-48] Lord's Nat., vol. i., p. 296. [XII-49] Taylor, in Cal. Farmer, March 20, 1863; San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Jan. 22, 1864. [XII-50] Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 369. [XII-51] Lord's Nat., vol. ii., pp. 102-3, 260; Gibbs, in Pac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 411. [XII-52] U. S. Ex. Ex., vol. iv., pp. 334, 441-2; Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, pp. 151-2; Portland Herald, Sept. 27, 1872; San Francisco Morning Call, Sept. 28, 1872. [XII-53] Stevens, in Ind. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 232-3; Id., in Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., pp. 612-13; Gibbs, in Pac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., pp. 408-9; Taylor, in Cal. Farmer, May 8, 1863. [XII-54] Buschmann, Spr. N. Mex. u. der Westseite des b. Nordamer., p. 333; Sutil y Mexicana, Viage, p. 73. [XII-55] 'In such localities, the general feature of the landscape is very similar to many parts of Devonshire, more especially to that on the eastern escarpment of Dartmoor, and the resemblance is rendered the more striking by the numerous stone circles, which lie scattered around.... These stone circles point to a period in ethnological history, which has no longer a place in the memory of man. Scattered in irregular groups of from three or four, to fifty or more, these stone circles are found, crowning the rounded promontories over all the South Eastern end of the Island. Their dimensions vary in diameter from three to eighteen feet; of some, only a simple ring of stones marking the outline now remains. In other instances the circle is not only complete in outline, but is filled in, built up as it were, to a height of three to four feet, with masses of rock and loose stones, collected from amongst the numerous erratic boulders, which cover the surface of the country, and from the gravel of the boulder drift which fills up many of the hollows. These structures are of considerable antiquity, and whatever they may have been intended for, have been long disused, for, through the centre of many, the pine, the oak, and the arbutus have shot up and attained considerable dimensions—a full growth. The Indians when questioned, can give no further account of the matter, than that, "it belonged to the old people," and an examination, by taking some of the largest circles to pieces, and digging beneath, throws no light on the subject. The only explanation to be found, is in the hypothesis, that these were the dwellings of former tribes, who have either entirely disappeared, or whose descendants have changed their mode of living, and this supposition is strengthened by the fact that a certain tribe on the Fraser River, did, till very recently live, in circular beehive shaped houses, built of loose stones, having an aperture in the arched roof for entrance and exit, and that in some localities in upper California the same remains are found, and the same origin assigned to them.' Forbes' Vanc. Isl., p. 3. [XII-56] Cook's Voy. to Pac., vol. ii., p. 521; Neue Nachrichten, p. 33. [XIII-1] The chief authorities consulted for this chapter on the remains of the Mississippi Valley, are the following: Squier and Davis, Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. Washington, 1848. Squier's Antiquities of the State of New York. Id., Observations on Aboriginal Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. New York, 1847. Id., Serpent Symbol. Atwater's Antiquities of Ohio, and other accounts in the Amer. Antiq. Soc., Transactions. Schoolcraft's Archives of Aboriginal Knowledge. Warden, Recherches sur les AntiquitÉs de l'AmÉrique du Nord. Jones' Antiquities of the Southern Indians. Pidgeon's Traditions of Decoodah. Lapham's Antiquities of Wisconsin. Washington, 1853. Whittlesey's Ancient Mining on the Shores of Lake Superior. Bradford's American Antiquities. Foster's Pre-Historic Races. Id., Mississippi Valley. Smithsonian Institution, Reports. Tylor's Researches. American Ethnological Soc., Transactions. Dickeson's Amer. Numismatic Manual. Bancroft, A. A., Antiquities of Licking County, Ohio. MS. The writer of this manuscript, my father, was for fifty years a resident of Licking County, where he has examined more or less carefully about forty enclosures and two hundred mounds. [XIV-1] Rivero and Tschudi, AntigÜedades Peruanas, Viena, 1851, with atlas; Rivero, AntigÜedades Peruanas, Lima, 1841; Rivero and Tschudi's Peruvian Antiquities, N. Y., 1855; this translation is in many instances very faulty; Baldwin's Ancient America, pp. 226-56. Transcriber's Note: Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation in the original document have been preserved. Italics in the footnote citations were inconsistently applied by the typesetter. Footnote IV-31: p. 379 is either out of order or a typographical error. Footnote IV-36 refers to Nebak and Nebah. One of them may be a typographical error. Footnotes V-23 and IX-64 are repeated in the text. Footnote V-39: linteux should possibly be linteaux. Footnote XI-43 is missing a volume number. Footnote VII-57: pp. 53, 16 is a possible typographical error. Footnote XII-24: "McGilvary's" is a possible typographical error. Page 294: to fall the trees should possibly be to fell the trees. 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