Fundamental Philosophy, Vol. 2 (of 2)

Jaime Luciano Balmes

BOOK FOURTH.

BY
REV. JAMES BALMES.

TRANSLATED FROM THE SPANISH
BY
HENRY F. BROWNSON, M.A.

IN TWO VOLUMES.
VOL. II.

New York

D. & J. SADLIER & CO., 164 WILLIAM STREET,
BOSTON:—128 FEDERAL STREET.
MONTREAL:—COR. OF NOTRE DAME AND ST. FRANCIS XAVIER STS.
1856.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1856,
By D. & J. Sadlier & Co.,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern
District of New York.

NEW YORK:
BILLIN & BROTHER, PRINTERS, XX NORTH WILLIAM ST.

CONTENTS OF VOL. II.

BOOK FOURTH.
ON IDEAS.
CHAPTER		PAGE
I.	Cursory View of Sensism	3
II.	Condillac's Statue	6
III.	Difference between Geometrical Ideas and the Sensible Representations which accompany them	12
IV.	The Idea and the Intellectual Act	15
V.	Comparison of Geometrical with Non-Geometrical Ideas	20
VI.	In what the Geometrical Idea consists; and what are its Relations with Sensible Intuition	25
VII.	The Acting Intellect of the Aristotelians	29
VIII.	Kant and the Aristotelians	33
IX.	Historical View of the Value of Pure Ideas	42
X.	Sensible Intuition	50
XI.	Two Cognitions: Intuitive and Discursive	54
XII.	The Sensism of Kant	57
XIII.	Existence of Pure Intellectual Intuition	59
XIV.	Value of Intellectual Conceptions.—Abstraction made from Intellectual Intuition	62
XV.	Illustrations of the Value of General Conceptions	65
XVI.	Value of Principles, independently of Sensible Intuition	68
XVII.	Relations of Intuition with the rank of the Perceptive Being	71
XVIII.	Aspirations of the Human Soul	74
XIX.	Elements and variety of the characters of Sensible Representation	76
XX.	Intermediate Representations between Sensible Intuition and the Intellectual Act	81
XXI.	Determinate and Indeterminate Ideas	84
XXII.	Limits of our Intuition	88
XXIII.	Of the Necessity involved in Ideas	92
XXIV.	Existence of Universal Reason	96
XXV.	In what does Universal Reason consist?	99
XXVI.	Remarks on the Real Foundation of Pure Possibility	102
XXVII.	Individual and Intellectual Phenomena explained by the Universal Subsisting Reason	105
XXVIII.	Observations on the Relation of Language to Ideas	108
XXIX.	Origin and Character of the relation between Language and Ideas	112
XXX.	Innate Ideas	115

BOOK FIFTH.
IDEA OF BEING.
I.	Idea of Being	125
II.	Simplicity and Indeterminateness of the Idea of Being	127
III.	Substantive and Copulative Being	129
IV.	Being, the Object of the Understanding, is not the Possible, Inasmuch as Possible	134
V.	A Difficulty Solved	138
VI.	In what Sense the Idea of Being is the Form of the Understanding	141
VII.	All Science is founded in the Postulate of Existence	143
VIII.	The foundation of Pure Possibility, and the Condition of its Existence	147
IX.	Idea of Negation	150
X.	Identity; Distinction; Unity; Multiplicity	153
XI.	Origin of the Idea of Being	155
XII.	Distinction between Essence and Existence	161
XIII.	Kant's Opinion of Reality and Negation	164
XIV.	Recapitulation and Consequences of the Doctrine concerning the Idea of Being	168

BOOK SIXTH.
UNITY AND NUMBER.
I.	Preliminary Considerations on the Idea of Unity	175
II.	What is Unity?	176
III.	Unity and Simplicity	180
IV.	Origin of the Tendency of our Mind to Unity	183
V.	Generation of the Idea of Number	187
VI.	Connection of the Ideas of Number with their Signs	191
VII.	Analysis of the Idea of Number in Itself and its Relations with Signs	194

BOOK SEVENTH.
ON TIME.
I.	Importance and Difficulty of the Subject	201
II.	Is Time the Measure of Movement?	203
III.	Similarities and Differences between Time and Space	206
IV.	Definition of Time	211
V.	Time is Nothing Absolute	213
VI.	Difficulties in the explanation of Velocity	215
VII.	Fundamental Explanation of Succession	219
VIII.	What is Co-existence?	223
IX.	Present, Past, and Future	226
X.	Application of the preceding Doctrine to several important Questions	231
XI.	The Analysis of the Idea of Time confirms its resemblance to the Idea of Space	234
XII.	Relations of the Idea of Time to Experience	236
XIII.	Kant's Opinion	239
XIV.	Fundamental Explanation of the Objective Possibility and of the Necessity of the Idea of Time	242
XV.	Important Corollaries	243
XVI.	Pure Ideal Time and Empirical Time	245
XVII.	Relations of the Idea of Time and the Principle of Contradiction	247
XVIII.	Summing up	254
XIX.	A glance at the Ideas of Space, Number, and Time	257

BOOK EIGHTH.
THE INFINITE.
I.	Transitory View of the Actual State of Philosophy	263
II.	Importance and Anomaly of the Questions on the Idea of the Infinite	268
III.	Have we the Idea of the Infinite?	269
IV.	The Limit	272
V.	Considerations on the Application of the Idea of the Infinite to continuous quantities, and to Discrete Quantities, in so far as these last are expressed in Series	274
VI.	Origin of the Vagueness and Apparent Contradictions in the Application of the Idea of the Infinite	278
VII.	Fundamental Explanation of the Abstract Idea of the Infinite	281
VIII.	The Definition of Infinity confirmed by Application to Extension	285
IX.	Conception of an Infinite Number	289
X.	Conception of Infinite Extension	292
XI.	Possibility of Infinite Extension	294
XII.	Solution of Various Objections against the Possibility of an Infinite Extension	296
XIII.	Existence of Infinite Extension	302
XIV.	Possibility of an Actual Infinite Number	304
XV.	Idea of Absolutely Infinite Being	311
XVI.	All the Reality contained in Indeterminate Conceptions is affirmed of God	315
XVII.	All that is not contradictory in Intuitive Ideas is affirmed of God	317
XVIII.	Intelligence and the Absolutely Infinite Being	321
XIX.	Summing up	324

BOOK NINTH.
ON SUBSTANCE.
I.	Name and General Idea of Substance	331
II.	Application of the Idea of Substance to Corporeal Objects	333
III.	Definition of Corporeal Substance	338
IV.	Relation of Corporeal Substance to its Accidents	340
V.	Considerations on Corporeal Substance in Itself	344
VI.	Substantiality of the Human Me	347
VII.	Relation of the Proposition, I Think, to the Substantiality of the Me	349
VIII.	Remarks on the Soul's Intuition of Itself	352
IX.	Kant's Opinion of the Arguments proving the Substantiality of the Soul	355
X.	Kant's Opinion of the Argument which he calls Paralogism of Personality	366
XI.	Simplicity of the Soul	377
XII.	Kant's Opinion of the Argument proving the Simplicity of the Soul	381
XIII.	In what manner the Idea of Substance may be applied to God	394
XIV.	An important Remark, and Summary	397
XV.	Pantheism examined in the Order of Ideas	399
XVI.	Pantheism examined in the Order of External Facts	403
XVII.	Pantheism examined in the Order of Internal Facts	406
XVIII.	Fichte's Pantheistic System	409
XIX.	Relations of Fichte's System to the Doctrines of Kant	424
XX.	Contradiction of Pantheism to the Primary Facts of the Human Mind	429
XXI.	Rapid glances at the Principal Arguments of Pantheists	434

BOOK TENTH.
NECESSITY AND CAUSALITY.
I.	Necessity	439
II.	The Unconditioned	442
III.	Immutability of Necessary and Unconditioned Being	445
IV.	Ideas of Cause and Effect	448
V.	Origin of the Notion of Causality	451
VI.	Formula and Demonstration of the Principle of Causality	454
VII.	The Principle of Precedency	457
VIII.	Causality in Itself.—Insufficiency and Error of some Explanations	467
IX.	Necessary and sufficient Conditions of true Absolute Causality	474
X.	Secondary Causality	476
XI.	Fundamental Explanation of the Origin of the Obscurity of Ideas in what relates to Causality	479
XII.	Causality of Pure Clyx.com