EMBRYOLOGY. INTRODUCTION.
OF
FRANCIS MAITLAND BALFOUR.
VOL. II.
Memorial Edition.
Cambridge:
PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY, M.A. AND SON,
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
Memorial Edition.
THE WORKS
OF
FRANCIS MAITLAND BALFOUR,
M.A., LL.D., F.R.S.,
FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE,
AND PROFESSOR OF ANIMAL MORPHOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE.
EDITED BY
M. FOSTER, F.R.S.,
PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE;
AND
ADAM SEDGWICK, M.A.,
FELLOW AND LECTURER OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE.
VOL. II.
A TREATISE ON COMPARATIVE EMBRYOLOGY.
Vol. I. Invertebrata.
London:
MACMILLAN AND CO.
1885
[The Right of Translation is reserved.]
PREFACE.
My aim in writing this work has been to give such an account of the development of animal forms as may prove useful both to students and to those engaged in embryological research. The present volume, save in the introductory chapters, is limited to a description of the development of the Invertebrata: the second and concluding volume will deal with the Vertebrata, and with the special histories of the several organs.
Since the work is, I believe, with the exception of a small but useful volume by Packard, the first attempt to deal in a complete manner with the whole science of Embryology in its recent aspects, and since a large portion of the matter contained in it is not to be found in the ordinary text books, it appeared desirable to give unusually ample references to original sources. I have accordingly placed at the end of each chapter, or in some cases of each section of a chapter, a list of the more important papers referring to the subject dealt with. The papers in each list are numbered continuously, and are referred to in the text by their numbers. These lists are reprinted as an appendix at the end of each volume. It will of course be understood that they do not profess to form a complete bibliography of the subject.
In order to facilitate the use of the work by students I have employed two types. The more general parts of the work are printed in large type; while a smaller type is used for much of the theoretical matter, for the details of various special modes of development, for the histories of the less important forms, and for controversial matter generally. The student, especially when commencing his studies in Embryology, may advantageously confine his attention to the matter in the larger type; it is of course assumed that he already possesses a competent knowledge of Comparative Anatomy.
Since the theory of evolution became accepted as an established doctrine, the important bearings of Embryology on all morphological views have been universally recognised: but the very vigour with which this department of science has been pursued during the last few years has led to the appearance of a large number of incomplete and contradictory observations and theories; and to arrange these into anything like an orderly and systematic exposition has been no easy task. Many Embryologists will indeed probably hold that any attempt to do so at the present time is premature, and therefore doomed to failure. I must leave it to others to decide how far my effort has been justified. That what I have written contains errors and shortcomings is I fear only too certain, but I trust that those who are most capable of detecting them will also be most charitable in excusing them.
The work is fully illustrated, and most of the figures have been especially engraved from original memoirs or from my own papers or drawings by Mr Collings, who has spared no pains to render the woodcuts as clear and intelligible as possible. I trust my readers will not be disappointed with the results. The sources from which the woodcuts are taken have been in all cases acknowledged, and in the cases where no source is given the illustrations are my own.
I take this opportunity of acknowledging my great obligations to Professors Agassiz, Huxley, Gegenbaur, Lankester, Turner, KÖlliker, and Claus, to Sir John Lubbock, Mr Moseley, and Mr P. H. Carpenter, for the use of electrotypes of woodcuts from their works.
I am also under great obligations to numerous friends who have helped me in various ways in the course of my labour. Professor Kleinenberg, of Messina, has read through the whole of the proofs, and has made numerous valuable criticisms. My friend and former pupil, Mr Adam Sedgwick, has been of the greatest assistance to me in correcting the proofs. I have had the benefit of many useful suggestions by Professor Lankester especially in the chapter on the Mollusca, and Mr P. H. Carpenter has kindly revised the chapter on the Echinodermata.
I am also much indebted to Dr Michael Foster, Mr Moseley, and Mr Dew-Smith for aid and advice.
CONTENTS OF VOLUME I.
Introduction. Pp. 1‑16.
Chapter I. The Ovum and Spermatozoon.
General history of the Ovum, pp. 17‑25. Special history of the Ovum in different types, pp. 26‑65. The Spermatozoon, pp. 65‑67.
Chapter II. The Maturation and Impregnation of the Ovum.
Maturation of the Ovum, and formation of the polar bodies, pp. 68‑79. Impregnation of the Ovum, pp. 79‑86. Summary, p. 86.
Chapter III. The Segmentation of the Ovum.
Internal phenomena of Segmentation, pp. 88‑92. External features of Segmentation, pp. 92‑122.
Introduction to Systematic Embryology. Pp. 125‑130.
Chapter IV. DicyemidÆ and OrthonectidÆ. Pp. 131‑137.
Chapter V. Porifera. Pp. 138‑151.
Chapter VI. Coelenterata.
Hydrozoa, pp. 152‑167. Actinozoa, pp. 167‑173. Ctenophora, pp. 173‑178. Summary, etc., pp. 178‑182. Alternations of generations, pp. 182‑187.
Chapter VII. Platyelminthes.
Turbellaria, pp. 189‑196. Nemertea, pp. 196‑204. Trematoda, pp. 205‑210. Cestoda, pp. 210‑218.
Chapter VIII. Rotifera. Pp. 221‑224.
Chapter IX. Mollusca.
Formation of the layers and larval characters, pp. 225‑273. Gasteropoda and Pteropoda, pp. 225‑242. Cephalopoda, pp. 242‑254. Polyplacophora, pp. 254‑257. Scaphopoda, pp. 257, 258. Lamellibranchiata, pp. 258‑269. General review of Molluscan LarvÆ, pp. 270‑273. Development of organs, pp. 273‑288.
Chapter X. Polyzoa.
Entoprocta, pp. 292‑297. Ectoprocta, pp. 297‑305. Summary and general considerations, pp. 305‑308.
Chapter XI. Brachiopoda.
Development of the layers, pp. 311‑313. The history of the larva, pp. 313‑317. Development of organs, p. 317. General observations on the affinities of the Brachiopoda, pp. 317, 318.
Chapter XII. ChÆtopoda.
Formation of the germinal layers, pp. 319‑325. The larval form, pp. 325‑338. Formation of organs, pp. 338‑342. Alternations of generations, pp. 342, 343.
Chapter XIII. Discophora.
Formation of layers, pp. 347‑350. History of larva, pp. 351‑354.
Chapter XIV. Gephyrea.
Gephyrea nuda, pp. 355‑361. Gephyrea tubicola, pp. 361‑364. General considerations, p. 364.
Chapter XV.
ChÆtognatha, pp. 366‑369. Myzostomea, pp. 369, 370. Gastrotricha, p. 370.
Chapter XVI.
Nematelminthes, pp. 370‑379. Acanthocephala, pp. 379‑381.
Chapter XVII. Tracheata.
Prototracheata, pp. 382‑387. Myriapoda, pp. 387‑395. Insecta, pp. 395‑429. Embryonic membranes and the formation of the layers, pp. 400‑406. Formation of the organs, pp. 406‑417. Special types of larvÆ, pp. 417‑419. Metamorphosis and heterogamy, pp. 420‑429. Arachnida, pp. 431‑455. Formation of the layers and general development, pp. 431‑446. Formation of the organs, pp. 446‑455. Formation of the layers and embryonic envelopes in the Tracheata, pp. 456‑458.
Chapter XVIII. Crustacea.
History of larval forms, pp. 459‑511. Branchiopoda, pp. 459‑465. Malacostraca, pp. 465‑487. Copepoda, pp. 487‑492. Cirripedia, pp. 492‑500. Ostracoda, pp. 500‑502. Phylogeny of the Crustacea, pp. 502‑511. The formation of the germinal layers, pp. 511‑521. Comparative development of organs, pp. 521‑529.
Chapter XIX.
Poecilopoda, pp. 534‑538. Pycnogonida, pp. 538, 539. Pentastomida, pp. 539‑541. Tardigrada, p. 541. Summary of Arthropodan Development, pp. 541‑543.
Chapter XX. Echinodermata.
Development of the germinal layers, pp. 544‑553. Development of the larval appendages and metamorphosis, pp. 553‑573. Summary and general considerations, pp. 573‑576.
Chapter XXI. Enteropneusta. Pp. 579‑583.
Index. Pp. 584‑590.
Appendix.
