| B.C. |
| 658. | Byzas founded the city. |
| 479. | Pausanias defeated the Persians at PlatÆa. |
| 450(about). | Xenophon born. |
| A.D. |
| 306-337. | Constantine I, the Great, to whom the city owes its present name. |
| 364-378. | Valens, whose aqueduct still stands. |
| 378-395. | Theodosius I, the Great, who divided the Roman Empire between his sons Arcadius and Honorius. |
| 395-408. | Arcadius, in whose reign the Goths laid waste Greece. |
| 404. | Eudoxia, wife of Arcadius, died. |
| 408-450. | Theodosius II, in whose reign the Theodosian walls were built. The Greeks fought with success against Persians and Varani. Attila appeared before the walls of Constantinople and forced the Emperor to pay him tribute. |
| 457-474. | Leo I. |
| 518-527. | Justin. |
| 527-565. | Justinian I, the Great. Theodora, his wife. |
| 545. | Bertezena established Empire of Turks in Tartary. |
| 558. | Turkish Embassy to Justinian. |
| 610-641. | Heraclius (who executed Phocas and succeeded him). |
| 622. | Heraclius distinguished himself in the Persian War. |
| 626. | Unsuccessful attempt of the Avari on Constantinople. |
| 631-641. | Arabs conquered Phoenicia, Euphrates countries, JudÆa, Syria, and all Egypt. |
| 642. | Constans obtains the throne. |
| 650. | Constans murders his brother Theodosius. |
| 653. | Arabs conquered part of Africa, Cyprus and Rhodes. |
| 668. | Constans died at Syracuse. |
| 669. | Arabs attacked Constantinople. |
| 685-695. | Justinian II. |
| 695-697. | Leontius. |
| 597-705. | Tiberius (Apsimar). |
| 705-711. | Justinian II (restored by Bulgarians). |
| 711-713. | Phillipicus (Bardanes). |
| 717-740. | Leo III (the Isaurian). |
| 740-775. | Constantine V (Copronymus) wrested part of Syria and Armenia from the Arabs; overcame the Bulgarians. |
| 779-797. | Constantine VI. |
| 797-802. | Irene. |
| 802-811. | Nicephorus I forced to pay tribute to the Arabs; fell in the war against the Bulgarians. |
| 811-813. | Michael I (Rhangabe). |
| 813-820. | Leo V (the Armenian). |
| 820-829. | Michael II (put Leo V to death, 826). Under his reign the Arabs conquered Sicily and Crete. |
| 842-867. | Michael III (confined his mother Theodora in a convent); he left the government in the hands of his uncle Bordas, and was killed by |
| 867-886. | Basil I (the Macedonian). |
| 886-912. | Leo VI (the Wise). |
| 912-958. | Constantine Porphyrogenitus (his mother Zoe). |
| 919. | Romanus Lecapenus obliged him to share the throne. |
| 944. | Constantine and Stephanus, sons of Romanus I. |
| 958-963. | Romanus II. |
| 963. | Nicephorus II (Phocas) put to death |
| 970. | by John Zimisces, who carried on an unsuccessful war against the Russians. |
| 963-1025. | Basil II (Bulgaroktonos) vanquished the Bulgarians. |
| 1025. | Romanus III married Zoe and became Emperor; she had him executed, and raised |
| 1034. | Michael IV to the Throne. |
| 1041. | Michael V. |
| 1042. | Constantine X. |
| 1042. | Zoe and Theodora. |
| 1056-1057. | Michael VI, dethroned by |
| 1057-1059. | Isaac Comnenus, who became a monk. |
| 1059-1067. | Constantine XI (Ducas), who fought successfully against the Uzes; Eudocia, his wife, entrusted with the administration |
| 1067-1078. | Married Romanus IV. |
| 1081-1118. | Alexius (Comnenus); Crusades commenced in his reign. |
| 1118-1143. | John II (Comnenus). |
| 1143-1180. | Manuel I (Comnenus). |
| 1180-1183. | Alexius II (Comnenus), dethroned by Andronicus. |
| 1183-1185. | Andronicus I, dethroned by his guardian, |
| 1185-1195. | Isaac Angelus; in turn dethroned by his brother. |
| 1195-1203. | Alexius III. |
| 1203-1204. | Alexius IV and his father Isaac restored by Crusaders. |
| 1204. | Alexius V (Ducas)put Alexius IV to death. Isaac died at the same time. |
| 1204. | The Latins conquer the city. |
| 1204-1260. | Latin Emperors (Baldwin I died in captivity in Bulgaria). |
| 1204-1260. | NicÆan Emperors (they reigned at NicÆa as Constantinople was in the hands of the Latins). |
| 1260-1282. | Michael VIII (PalÆologus) on restoration of the Greek Empire. |
| 1282-1328. | Andronicus II, who denounced connection with the Latin Church, which Michael VIII had restored. |
| 1288. | Ertoghrul succeeded by Othman. |
| 1341-1391. | John VI (PalÆologus). |
| 1342-1355. | John V (Cantacuzene). |
| 1361. | Sultan Amurath took Adrianople. |
| 1376-1379. | Andronicus IV (PalÆologus) usurped the throne. |
| 1391-1425. | Manuel II. |
| 1396. | Bajazet besieged Constantinople, and defeated an army of Western warriors under Sigismund near Nicopolis. |
| 1402. | Tamerlane’s invasion of Turkish provinces in Asia saved Constantinople. |
| 1425-1448. | John VII (PalÆologus). |
| 1444. | Amurath II extorted tribute from John VII |
| 1451. | and died at Adrianople. |
| 1448-1453. | Constantine XII (PalÆologus). |
| 1451-1453. | Siege of Constantinople. |
| 1451-1481. | Mahomed the Conqueror of Constantinople. |
| 1481-1512. | Bajazet II resigned in favour of |
| 1512-1520. | Selim I, who murdered his brothers, proclaimed himself champion of Orthodoxy and became the first Caliph. |
| 1520-1566. | Solyman I, the Great, contemporary of Francis I of France, Charles V, German Emperor. |
| 1526. | Campaigns against the Western nations; Hungarians beaten at Mohacz. |
| 1529. | Buda-Pesth taken; siege of Vienna. |
| 1537. | Barbarossa, Solyman’s admiral, conquered combined fleet of Emperor, Pope and Venetians off Prevesa. |
| 1553. | Mustapha, son of Solyman, executed in presence and by order of his father, through Roxalana’s instigation. |
| 1566-1574. | Selim II. |
| 1574-1604. | Mahomed III; first English Embassy sent to the Porte. |
| 1617. | Achmet I sends Embassy to France. |
| 1618. | Mustapha I reigned six months and was deposed. |
| 1644. | Sir Thomas Bendish, English Ambassador in reign of Ibrahim, obtained justice by means of a drastic measure. |
| 1683. | Sultan Mahomed IV; siege of Vienna raised by Sobieski. |
| 1702. | Turkey admitted into the European system. |
| 1707. | Achmet III allied himself with Charles XII of Sweden. |
| 1769-1774. | Panslavism. |
| 1774-1792. | Mustapha III. War with Catherine of Russia. Suvarrov defeated the Turks—Azov, Trebizona, Silistria and Shumea taken by Russia. The Crimea taken by Prince Potemkin. |
| 1792-1815. | Turkey involved in Napoleonic wars. |
| 1815-1840. | Greek rebellion. Battle of Navarino. Czar Nicholas waged war with Turkey, Kars and the Dobrutsha taken. |
| 1854-1856. | Crimean War. |
| 1879. | Russo-Turkish War. |
| 1909. | Abdul Hamid deposed and constitutional Government introduced. |
