1. General Introductions to N.T. Literature.

Moffatt, Jas. "Internat. Theol. Library" Series. Scribner's, 1911. Standard, comprehensive, progressive. Best compendium of the subject in English. A book for experts. 671 pp., 8vo.

JÜlicher, A. Engl. transl, by D. A. Ward, from 4th German ed. London, Smith, Elder & Co., 1903. The most serviceable of modern German Introductions, based on the standard work of the "liberal" school, by H. J. Holtzmann. 650 pp., large 8vo.

Zahn, Theo. Engl. transl. from 3rd German ed., by M. W. Jacobus. Scribner's, 1909. Standard "conservative" work. Immense scholarship in the harness of apologetics. Total, 1750 pp., in 3 vols., large 8vo.

Bacon, B. W. "New Test. Handbook" Series. Macmillan 1900. Similar to Moffatt's in standpoint, but without the survey of the literature. For readers less technically advanced. 300 pp., small 8vo.

Peake, A. S. N.Y., Scribner's, 1910. 250 pp., 12mo. An excellent primer of the subject, generally conservative.

2. Critical Treatments of Pauline Literature.

Shaw, R. D. The Pauline Epistles, Introductory and Expository Studies, 2nd ed. T. & T. Clarke, 1904. 518 pp., large 8vo. Sober and cautious. For general readers.

Ramsay, W. M. Pauline and other Studies in Early Christian History. Hodder & Stoughton, 1906. 425 pp., large 8vo. The Cities of St. Paul (1907, 468 pp.) is by the same author, an eminent geographer and archaeologist ardently enlisted against German criticism. Interesting but diffuse.

Pfleiderer, O. Paulinism. Engl. transl. by E. Peters. 2nd ed. 1891. Williams & Norgate. 2 vols. 8vo. Total, 580 pp., 8vo. Still a standard exposition of Paul's system of thought. A book for experts.

Baur, F. C. Paul the Apostle of Jesus Christ, his Life and Work, Epistles and Doctrine. Engl. transl. of Zeller's (2nd), German ed., by A. Menzies. Williams & Norgate, 1876. Two vols. 8vo (375 + 350 pp.). An epoch-making book, the starting-point of modern criticism.

Schweitzer, A. This able, though one-sided, critic has issued already (1912) the conclusion to his study of modern Lives of Christ (see below, The Quest of the Historical Jesus) under the title Geschichte der Paulinischen Forschung. It may be expected that this comprehensive survey and searching criticism of the literature of Pauline study will soon be made accessible to the English reader.

Wrede, W. Paul. Engl. transl. by E. Lummis. P. Green, London, 1907. 190 pp., 12mo. A brief, brilliant, popular sketch, radical, suggestive. Needs the balance of more cautious criticism.

Weiss, J. Paul and Jesus. Engl. transl. by H. J. Chaytor. London and New York, Harper & Bros., 1909. 130 pp., 12mo. An effective answer to Wrede's view of Paul as the real creator of Christianity, by a progressive and able critic.

Lives of Paul by Cone, Clemen (German) and others are abundant in recent years. See the Encyclopaedias and Dictionaries of the Bible, s.v. "Paul."

3. Critical Treatments of the Synoptic Gospels and Acts.

Stanton, V. H. The Gospels as Historical Documents, Parts I and II. Cambridge University Press, 1903-1909. 297 + 400 pp., 8vo. A standard survey of Gospel criticism from a conservative standpoint, the work of a scholar for scholars.

Cone, O. Gospel Criticism and Historical Christianity. Putnam's, N.Y., 1891. 375 pp., small 8vo. Liberal, semi-popular.

Burkitt, F. C. The Earliest Sources for the Life of Jesus. Houghton & Mifflin, Boston and New York, 1910. 130 pp., 12mo. Simple and popular. Burkitt is a leading progressive scholar.

4. The Johannine Writings.

Drummond, Jas. Character and Authorship of the Fourth Gospel. Scribner's, N.Y., 1904. 544 pp., 8vo. The ablest recent defence of the traditional authorship. Scholarly discussion of the literary history.

Bacon, B. W. The Fourth Gospel in Research and Debate. Moffat, Yard & Co., N.Y., 1910. 556 pp., 8vo. A similar discussion of the evidences reaching the reverse conclusion.

Scott, E. F. The Fourth Gospel, its Purpose and Theology. T. & T. Clarke, Edinburgh, 1906. 386 pp., 8vo. Admirable in temper, lucid in style, semi-popular.

Schmiedel, P. W. The Johannine Writings. Engl. transl., by M. A. Canney. London, A. & C. Black, 1903. 295 pp., 12mo. Brief, popular, radical, by one of the ablest of N.T. critics.

General.

Reuss, E. History of the N.T. Engl. transl. from 5th German ed., by E. L. Houghton. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1884. 649 pp. 2 vols. large 8vo. A standard treasury of scholarly information.

Wernle, P. The Beginnings of Christianity. Engl. transl., by G. A. Bienemann. London, Williams & Norgate, 1904. 388 + 404 pp., 8vo. 2 vols. Able, scholarly, advanced.

Pfleiderer, O. Christian Origins. Engl. transl., by D. Huebsch. New York, B. W. Huebsch, 1906. 295 pp., 12mo. Popular lectures showing something of the views of the modern school of critics known as religionsgeschichtlich. Pfleiderer's critical opinions are fully expressed in his Primitive Christianity (Engl. transl., by W. Montgomery, in four vols., 8vo. Putnams, 1909).

Muzzey, D. S. The Rise of the N.T. New York, Macmillan, 1900. 156 pp., 12mo. An excellent primer for beginners.

Wrede, W. The Origin of the N.T. Engl. transl. by J. S. Hill. Harper & Bros., London & New York, 1909. 151 pp., 12mo. An admirable primer by a brilliant leader of advanced criticism.

Von Soden. The History of Early Christian Literature. Writings of the N.T. Engl. transl., by J. R. Wilkinson. Williams & Norgate, 1906. 476 pp., 12mo. A book for beginners by a great N.T. scholar of liberal views. A closely connected field is covered by various Histories of the Apostolic Age, of which the most recent and important are those of WeizsÄcker (Engl. transl., 1895) and McGiffert (1897). Less technical and more orthodox are those of Vernon-Bartlett (1899) and J. H. Ropes (1906). Critical Lives of Christ present the results of critical study of the Gospels. A survey of this field of research, keenly analytical and severely critical, is given by A. Schweitzer in The Quest of the Historical Jesus (Engl. transl. by W. Montgomery. A. & C. Black, 1910. 416 pp., 8vo). Schweitzer writes with great scholarship and power, but decided polemic interest as a "consistent eschatologist."