Preface: Introductory.—Cap. I. Babur’s exemplars in the Arts of peace, p. xxvii.—Cap. II. Problems of the mutilated Babur-nama, p. xxxi.—Cap. III. The Turki MSS. and work connecting with them, p. xxxviii.—Cap. IV. The Leyden and Erskine “Memoirs of Baber”, p. lvii.—Postscript of Thanks, p. lx.

899 AH.—Oct. 12th 1493 to Oct. 2nd 1494 AD.—Babur’s age at the date of his accession—Description of Farghana (pp. 1 to 12)—Death and biography of ‘Umar Shaikh (13 to 19 and 24 to 28)—Biography of Yunas Chaghatai (18 to 24)—Babur’s uncles A?mad Miran-shahi and Ma?mud Chaghatai (The Khan) invade Farghana—Death and biography of A?mad—Misdoings of his successor, his brother Ma?mud

900 AH.—Oct. 2nd 1494 to Sep. 21st 1495 AD.—Invasion of Farghana continued—Babur’s adoption of orthodox observance—Death and biography of Ma?mud Miran-shahi—Samarkand affairs—revolt of Ibrahim Saru defeated—Babur visits The Khan in Tashkint—tribute collected from the Jigrak tribe—expedition into Auratipa

901 AH.—Sep. 21st 1495 to Sep. 9th 1496 AD.—?usain Bai-qara’s campaign against Khusrau Shah—Babur receives Auzbeg sult?ans—Revolt of the Tarkhans in Samarkand—Babur’s first move for Samarkand

902 AH.—Sep. 9th 1496 to Aug. 30th 1497 AD.—Babur’s second move for Samarkand—Dissensions of ?usain Bai-qara and his sons—Dissensions between Khusrau Shah and Mas‘ud Miran-shahi

903 AH.—Aug. 30th 1497 to Aug. 19th 1498 AD.—Babur’s second attempt on Samarkand is successful—Description of Samarkand (pp. 74 to 86)—his action there—Mughuls demand and besiege Andijan for Babur’s half-brother Jahangir—his mother and friends entreat his help—he leaves Samarkand in his cousin ‘Ali’s hands—has a relapse of illness on the road and is believed dying—on the news Andijan is surrendered by a Mughul to the Mughul faction—Having lost Samarkand and Andijan, Babur is hospitably entertained by the Khujandis—he is forced to dismiss Khalifa—The Khan (his uncle) moves to help him but is [Pg viii]persuaded to retire—many followers go to Andijan where were their families—he is left with 200-300 men—his mother and grandmother and the families of his men sent to him in Khujand—he is distressed to tears—The Khan gives help against Samarkand but his troops turn back on news of Shaibani—Babur returns to Khujand—speaks of his ambition to rule—goes in person to ask The Khan’s help to regain Andijan—his force being insufficient, he goes back to Khujand—Affairs of Khusrau Shah and the Timurid Mirzas—Affairs of ?usain Bai-qara and his sons—Khusrau Shah blinds Babur’s cousin Mas‘ud—Babur curses the criminal

904 AH.—Aug. 19th 1498 to Aug. 8th 1499 AD.—Babur borrows Pashaghar for the winter and leaves Khujand—rides 70-80 miles with fever—a winter’s tug-of-war with Samarkand—his force insufficient, he goes back to Khujand—unwilling to burthen it longer, goes into the summer-pastures of Auratipa—invited to Marghinan by his mother’s uncle ‘Ali-dost—a joyful rush over some 145 miles—near Marghinan prudent anxieties arise and are stilled—he is admitted to Marghinan on terms—is attacked vainly by the Mughul faction—accretions to his force—helped by The Khan—the Mughuls defeated near Akhsi—Andijan recovered—Mughuls renew revolt—Babur’s troops beaten by Mughuls—Ta?bal attempts Andijan

905 AH.—Aug. 8th 1499 to July 28th 1500 AD.—Babur’s campaign against Ah?ad Ta?bal and the Mughul faction—he takes Mazu—Khusrau Shah murders Bai-sunghar Miranshahi—Biography of the Mirza—Babur wins his first ranged battle, from Ta?bal supporting Jahangir, at Khuban—winter-quarters—minor successes—the winter-camp broken up by Qa?bar-i-‘ali’s taking leave—Babur returns to Andijan—The Khan persuaded by Ta?bal’s kinsmen in his service to support Jahangir—his troops retire before Babur—Babur and Ta?bal again opposed—Qa?bar-i-‘ali again gives trouble—minor action and an accommodation made without Babur’s wish—terms of the accommodation—The self-aggrandizement of ‘Ali-dost Mughul—Babur’s first marriage—a personal episode—Samarkand affairs—‘Ali quarrels with the Tarkhans—The Khan sends troops against Samarkand—Mirza Khan invited there by a Tarkhan—‘Ali defeats The Khan’s Mughuls—Babur invited to Samarkand—prepares to start and gives Jahangir rendezvous for the [Pg ix]attempt—Ta?bal’s brother takes Aush—Babur leaves this lesser matter aside and marches for Samarkand—Qa?bar-i-‘ali punishes himself—Shaibani reported to be moving on Bukhara—Samarkand begs wait on Babur—the end of ‘Ali-dost—Babur has news of Shaibani’s approach to Samarkand and goes to Kesh—hears there that ‘Ali’s Auzbeg mother had given Samarkand to Shaibani on condition of his marriage with herself

906 AH.—July 28th 1500 to July 17th 1501 AD.—Shaibani murders ‘Ali—a son and two grandsons of A?rari’s murdered—Babur leaves Kesh with a number of the Samarkand begs—is landless and isolated—takes a perilous mountain journey back into Auratipa—comments on the stinginess shewn to himself by Khusrau Shah and another—consultation and resolve to attempt Samarkand—Babur’s dream-vision of success—he takes the town by a surprise attack—compares this capture with ?usain Bai-qara’s of Heri—his affairs in good position—birth of his first child—his summons for help to keep the Auzbeg down—literary matters—his force of 240 grows to allow him to face Shaibani at Sar-i-pul—the battle and his defeat—Mughuls help his losses—he is besieged in Samarkand—a long blockade—great privation—no help from any quarter—Futile proceedings of Ta?bal and The Khan

907 AH.—July 17th 1501 to July 7th 1502 AD.—Babur surrenders Samarkand—his sister Khan-zada is married by Shaibani—incidents of his escape to Dizak—his 4 or 5 escapes from peril to safety and ease—goes to Dikh-kat in Auratipa—incidents of his stay there—his wanderings bare-head, bare-foot—sends gifts to Jahangir, and to Ta?bal a sword which later wounds himself—arrival from Samarkand of the families and a few hungry followers—Shaibani Khan raids in The Khan’s country—Babur rides after him fruitlessly—Death of Nuyan Kukuldash—Babur’s grief for his friend—he retires to the Zar-afshan valley before Shaibani—reflects on the futility of his wanderings and goes to The Khan in Tashkint—Mughul conspiracy against Ta?bal Mughul—Babur submits verses to The Khan and comments on his uncle’s scant study of poetic idiom—The Khan rides out against Ta?bal—his standards acclaimed and his army numbered—of the Chingiz-tura—quarrel of Chiras and Begchik chiefs for the post of danger—Hunting—Khujand-river reached

Translator’s Note.—908 to 909 AH.—1503 to 1504 AD.—Babur will have been rescued—is with The Khans in the battle and defeat by Shaibani at Archian—takes refuge in the Asfara hills—there spends a year in misery and poverty—events in Farghana and Tashkint—Shaibani sends the Mughul horde back to Kashghar—his disposition of the women of The Khan’s family—Babur plans to go to ?usain Bai-qara in Khurasan—changes his aim for Kabul

910 AH.—June 14th 1504 to June 4th 1505 AD.—Babur halts on an alp of ?i?ar—enters his 22nd (lunar) year—delays his march in hope of adherents—writes a second time of the stinginess of Khusrau Shah to himself—recalls Sherim T? T?aghai Mughul’s earlier waverings in support—is joined by Khusrau Shah’s brother Baqi Beg—they start for Kabul—Accretions of force—their families left in Fort Ajar (Kahmard)—Jahangir marries a cousin—Baqi advises his dismissal to Khurasan—Babur is loyal to his half-brother—Jahangir is seduced, later, by disloyal Begchik chiefs—?usain Bai-qara summons help against Shaibani—Despair in Babur’s party at ?usain’s plan of “defence, not attack”—Qa?bar-i-‘ali dismissed to please Baqi—Khusrau makes abject submission to Babur—Mirza Khan demands vengeance on him—Khusrau’s submission having been on terms, he is let go free—Babur resumes his march—first sees Canopus—is joined by tribesmen—Khusrau’s brother Wali flees to the Auzbegs and is executed—Risks run by the families now fetched from Kahmard—Kabul surrendered to Babur by Muqim Arghun—Muqim’s family protected—Description of Kabul (pp. 199 to 277)—Muqim leaves for Qandahar—Allotment of fiefs—Excess levy in grain—Foray on the Sult?an Mas‘udi Hazara—Babur’s first move for Hindustan—Khaibar traversed—Bigram visited—Baqi Beg prevents crossing the Sind—and persuades for Kohat—A plan for Bangash, Bannu and thence return to Kabul—Yar-i-?usain Darya-khani asks for permission to raise a force for Babur, east of the Sind—Move to Thal, Bannu, and the Dasht—return route varied without consulting Babur—Pir Kanu’s tomb visited—through the Pawat-pass into Duki—horse-food fails—baggage left behind—men of all conditions walk to Ghazni—spectacle of the Ab-istada—mirage and birds—Jahangir is Babur’s host in Ghazni—heavy floods—Kabul reached after a disastrous expedition of four months—Na?ir’s misconduct abetted by two Begchik chiefs—he and they flee into Badakhshan—Khusrau Shah’s schemes fail in Herat—imbroglio between him and Na?ir—Shaibani attempts ?i?ar but abandons the siege on his brother’s death—Khusrau attempts ?i?ar and is there killed—his followers revolt against Babur—his death quenches the fire of sedition

912 AH.—May 24th 1506 to May 13th 1507 AD.—Babur, without news of ?usain Bai-qara’s death, obeys his summons and leaves Kabul—Jahangir flees from Babur’s route—Na?ir defeats Shaibani’s men in Badakhshan—Babur, while in Kahmard, hears of ?usain’s death—continues his march with anxious thought for the Timurid dynasty—Jahangir waits on him and accompanies him to Herat—Co-alition of Khurasan Mirzas against Shaibani—their meeting with Babur—etiquette of Babur’s reception—an entertainment to him—of the Chingiz-tura—Babur claims the ceremonial observance due to his military achievements—entertainments and Babur’s obedience to Mu?ammadan Law against wine—his reflections on the Mirzas—difficulties of winter-plans (300, 307)—he sees the sights of Heri—visits the Begims—the ceremonies observed—tells of his hitherto abstention from wine and of his present inclination to drink it—Qasim Beg’s interference with those pressing Babur to break the Law—Babur’s poor carving—engages Ma‘?uma in marriage—leaves for Kabul—certain retainers stay behind—a perilous journey through snow to a wrong pass out of the Herirud valley—arrival of the party in Yakaaulang—joy in their safety and comfort—Shibr-tu traversed into Ghur-bun?—Turkman Hazara raided—News reaches Babur of conspiracy in Kabul to put Mirza Khan in his place—Babur concerts plans with the loyal Kabul garrison—moves on through snow and in terrible cold—attacks and defeats the rebels—narrowly escaped death—attributes his safety to prayer—-deals mercifully, from family considerations, with the rebel chiefs—reflects on their behaviour to him who has protected them—asserts that his only aim is to write the truth—letters-of-victory sent out—Mu?. ?usain Dughlat and Mirza Khan banished—Spring excursion to Koh-daman—Na?ir, driven from Badakhshan, takes refuge with Babur

914 AH.—May 2nd 1508 to April 21st 1509 AD.—Raid on the Mahmand Afghans—Seditious offenders reprieved—Khusrau Shah’s former retainers march off from Kabul—‘Abdu’r-razzaq comes from his district to near Kabul—not known to have joined the rebels—earlier hints to Babur of this “incredible” rebellion—later warnings of an immediate rising

Translator’s Note.—914 to 925 AH.—1508 to 1519 AD.—Date of composition of preceding narrative—Loss of matter here seems partly or wholly due to Babur’s death—Sources helping to fill the Gap—Events of the remainder of 914 AH.—The mutiny swiftly quelled—Babur’s five-fold victory over hostile champions—Sa‘id Chaghatai takes refuge with him in a quiet Kabul—Shaibani’s murders of Chaghatai and Dughlat chiefs

915 AH.—April 21st 1509 to April 11th 1510 AD.—Beginning of hostilities between Isma‘il ?afawi and Shaibani—?aidar Dughlat takes refuge with Babur.

916 AH.—April 11th 1510 to March 31st 1511 AD.—Isma‘il defeats the Auzbegs near Merv—Shaibani is killed—20,000 [Pg xiv]Mughuls he had migrated to Khurasan, return to near Qunduz—Mirza Khan invites Babur to join him against the Auzbegs—Babur goes to Qunduz—The 20,000 Mughuls proffer allegiance to their hereditary Khan Sa‘id—they propose to set Babur aside—Sa‘id’s worthy rejection of the proposal—Babur makes Sa‘id The Khan of the Mughuls and sends him and his Mughuls into Farghana—significance of Babur’s words, “I made him Khan”—Babur’s first attempt on ?i?ar where were ?amza and Mahdi Auzbeg—beginning of his disastrous intercourse with Isma‘il ?afawi—Isma‘il sends Khan-zada Begim back to him—with thanks for the courtesy, Babur asks help against the Auzbeg—it is promised under dangerous conditions.

917 AH.—March 31st 1511 to March 19th 1512 AD.—Babur’s second attempt on ?i?ar—wins the Battle of Pul-i-sangin—puts ?amza and Mahdi to death—his Persian reinforcement and its perilous cost—The Auzbegs are swept across the Zar-afshan—The Persians are dismissed from Bukhara—Babur occupies Samarkand after a nine-year’s absence—he gives Kabul to Na?ir—his difficult position in relation to the Shi‘a Isma‘il—Isma‘il sends Najm S?ani to bring him to order.

918 AH.—March 19th 1512 to March 9th 1513 AD.—The Auzbegs return to the attack—‘Ubaid’s vow—his defeat of Babur at Kul-i-malik—Babur flees from Samarkand to ?i?ar—his pursuers retire—Najm S?ani from Balkh gives him rendezvous at Tirmi?—the two move for Bukhara—Najm perpetrates the massacre of Qarshi—Babur is helpless to prevent it—Najm crosses the Zar-afshan to a disadvantageous position—is defeated and slain—Babur, his reserve, does not fight—his abstention made a reproach at the Persian Court against his son Humayun (1544 AD.?)—his arrow-sped message to the Auzbeg camp—in ?i?ar, he is attacked suddenly by Mughuls—he escapes to Qunduz—the retributive misfortunes of ?i?ar—?aidar on Mughuls—Ayub Begchik’s death-bed repentance for his treachery to Babur—?aidar returns to his kinsfolk in Kashghar.

919 AH.—March 9th 1513 to Feb. 26th 1514 AD.—Babur may have spent the year in Khishm—Isma‘il takes Balkh from the Auzbegs—surmised bearing of the capture on his later action.

920 AH.—Feb. 26th 1514 to Feb. 15th 1515 AD.—?aidar’s account of Babur’s misery, patience and courtesy this year [Pg xv]in Qunduz—Babur returns to Kabul—his daughter Gulrang is born in Khwast—he is welcomed by Na?ir who goes back to Ghazni.

921 AH.—Feb. 15th 1515 to Feb. 5th 1516 AD.—Death of Na?ir—Riot in Ghazni led by Sherim T?aghai Mughul—quiet restored—many rebels flee to Kashghar—Sherim refused harbourage by Sa‘id Khan and seeks Babur’s protection—?aidar’s comment on Babur’s benevolence.

AH.—Feb. 5th 1516 to Jan. 24th 1517 AD.—A quiet year in Kabul apparently—Birth of ‘Askari.

923 AH.—Jan. 24th 1517 to Jan. 13th 1518 AD.—Babur visits Balkh—Khwand-amir’s account of the affairs of Muhammad-i-zaman Mirza Bai-qara—Babur pursues the Mirza—has him brought to Kabul—gives him his daughter Ma‘?uma in marriage—An expedition to Qandahar returns fruitless, on account of his illness—Shah Beg’s views on Babur’s persistent attempts on Qandahar—Shah Beg’s imprisonment and release by his slave Sa?bal’s means.

924 AH.—Jan. 13th 1518 to Jan. 3rd 1519 AD.—Shah Beg’s son ?asan flees to Babur—stays two years—date of his return to his father—Babur begins a campaign in Bajaur against ?aidar-i-‘ali Bajauri—takes two forts.

925 AH.—Jan. 3rd to Dec. 23rd 1519 AD.—Babur takes the Fort of Bajaur—massacres its people as false to Islam—Khwaja Kalan made its Commandant—an excessive impost in grain—a raid for corn—Mahim’s adoption of Dil-dar’s unborn child—Babur marries Bibi Mubarika—Repopulation of the Fort of Bajaur—Expedition against Afghan tribesmen—Destruction of the tomb of a heretic qalandar—Babur first crosses the Sind—his long-cherished desire for Hindustan—the ford of the Sind—the Koh-i-jud (Salt-range)—his regard for Bhira, Khush-ab, Chin-ab and Chiniut as earlier possessions of the Turk, now therefore his own—the Kalda-kahar lake and subsequent location on it of the Bagh-i-?afa—Assurance of safety sent to Bhira as a Turk possession—History of Bhira etc. as Turk possessions—Author’s Note on Tatar Khan Yusuf-khail—envoys sent to Baluchis in Bhira—heavy floods in camp—Offenders against Bhira people punished—Agreed tribute collected—Envoy sent to ask from Ibrahim Ludi the lands once dependent on the Turk—Daulat Khan arrests and keeps [Pg xvi]the envoy who goes back later to Babur re infect—news of Hind-al’s birth and cause of his name—description of a drinking-party—Tatar Khan Kakar compels Minuchihr Khan Turk, going to wait on Babur, to become his son-in-law—Account of the Kakars—excursions and drinking-parties—Bhira appointments—action taken against Hati Khan Kakar—Description and capture of Parhala—Babur sees the sa?bal plant—a tiger killed—Gur-khattri visited—Loss of a clever hawk—Khaibar traversed—mid-day halt in the Bagh-i-wafa—Qara-tu garden visited—News of Shah Beg’s capture of Kahan—Babur’s boys carried out in haste to meet him—wine-parties—Death and biography of Dost Beg—Arrival of Sult?anim Bai-qara and ceremonies observed on meeting her—A long-imprisoned traitor released—Excursion to Koh-daman—Hindu Beg abandons Bhira—Babur has (intermittent) fever—Visitors from Khwast—Yusuf-zai chiefs wait on Babur—Khalifa’s son sends a wedding-gift—Babur’s amusement when illness keeps him from an entertainment—treatment of his illness—A Thursday reading of theology (see Add. Note p. 401)—Swimming—Envoy from Mirza Khan—Tribesmen allowed to leave Kabul for wider grazing-grounds—Babur sends his first Diwan to Pulad Auzbeg in Samarkand—Arrivals and departures—Punitive expedition against the ‘Abdu’r-rahman Afghans—punishment threatened and inflicted (p. 405) on defaulters in help to an out-matched man—Description of the Rustam-maidan—return to Kabul—Excursion to Koh-daman—snake incident—Tramontane begs warned for service—fish-drugging—Babur’s non-pressure to drink, on an abstainer—wine-party—misadventure on a raft—toothpicks gathered—A new retainer—Babur shaves his head—Hind-al’s guardian appointed—Auzbeg raiders defeated in Badakhshan—Various arrivals—Yusuf-zai campaign—Babur dislocates his wrist—Varia—Dilah-zak chiefs wait on him—Plan to store corn in Hash-nagar—Incidents of the road—Khaibar traversed—Bara urged on Babur as a place for corn—Kabul river forded at Bara—little corn found and the Hash-nagar plan foiled—Plan to store Pashawar Fort—return to ‘Ali-masjid—News of an invasion of Badakhshan hurries Babur back through the Khaibar—The Khi?r-khail Afghans punished—Babur first writes since dislocating his wrist—The beauty and fruits of the Bagh-i-wafa—incidents of the return march to Kabul—Excursion to the Koh-daman—beauty of its harvest crops and autumnal [Pg xvii]trees—a line offensive to Khalifa (see Add. Note p. 416)—Humayun makes a good shot—Beauty of the harvest near Istalif and in the Bagh-i-padshahi—Return to Kabul—Babur receives a white falcon in gift—pays a visit of consolation to an ashamed drinker—Arrivals various—he finishes copying ‘Ali-sher’s four Diwans—An order to exclude from future parties those who become drunk—Babur starts for Lamghan

926 AH.—Dec. 23rd 1519 to Dec. 12th 1520 AD.—Excursion to Koh-daman and Kohistan—incidents of the road—Babur shoots with an easy bow, for the first time after the dislocation of his wrist—Nijr-au tribute fixed—Excursions in Lamghan—Kafir head-men bring goat-skins of wine—Halt in the Bagh-i-wafa—its oranges, beauty and charm—Babur records his wish and intention to return to obedience in his 40th year and his consequent excess in wine as the end approached—composes an air—visits Nur-valley—relieves Kwaja Kalan in Bajaur—teaches a talisman to stop rain—his opinion of the ill-taste and disgusting intoxication of beer—his reason for summoning Khwaja Kalan, and trenchant words to Shah ?asan relieving him—an old beggar loaded with gifts—the raft strikes a rock—Description of the Kindir spring—Fish taken from fish-ponds—Hunting—Accident to a tooth—Fishing with a net—A murderer made over to the avengers of blood—A Qoran chapter read and start made for Kabul—(here the diary breaks off)

Translator’s Note.—926 to 932 AH.—1520 to 1525 AD.—Babur’s activities in the Gap—missing matter less interesting than that lost in the previous one—its distinctive mark is biographical—Dramatis personÆ—Sources of information

926 AH.—Dec. 23rd 1519 to Dec. 12th 1520 AD.—Babur’s five expeditions into Hindustan—this year’s cut short by menace from Qandahar—Shah Beg’s position—particulars of his menace not ascertained—Description of Qandahar-fort—Babur’s various sieges—this year’s raised because of pestilence within the walls—Shah Beg pushes out into Sind.

927 AH.—Dec. 12th 1520 to Dec. 1st 1521 AD.—Two accounts of this year’s siege of Qandahar—(i) that of the ?abibu’s-siyar—(ii) that of the Tarikh-i-sind—concerning the dates involved—Mirza Khan’s death.

929 AH.—Nov. 20th 1522 to Nov. 10th 1523 AD.—Hindustan affairs—Daulat Khan Ludi, Ibrahim Ludi and Babur—Dilawar (son of Daulat Khan) goes to Kabul and asks help against Ibrahim—Babur prays for a sign of victory—prepares for the expedition—‘Alam Khan Ludi (apparently in this year) goes to Kabul and asks Babur’s help against his nephew Ibrahim—Birth of Gul-badan.

930 AH.—Nov. 10th 1523 to Oct. 27th 1524 AD.—Babur’s fourth expedition into Hindustan—differs from earlier ones by its concert with malcontents in the country—Babur defeats Bihar Khan Ludi near Lahor—Lahor occupied—Dibalpur stormed, plundered and its people massacred—Babur moves onward from Sihrind but returns on news of Daulat Khan’s doings—there may have been also news of Auzbeg threat to Balkh—The Panj-ab garrison—Death of Isma‘il ?afawi and of Shah Beg—Babur turns for Kabul—plants bananas in the Bagh-i-wafa.

931 AH.—Oct. 29th 1524 to Oct. 18th 1525 AD.—Daulat Khan’s large resources—he defeats ‘Alam Khan at Dibalpur—‘Alam Khan flees to Kabul and again asks help—Babur’s conditions of reinforcement—‘Alam Khan’s subsequent proceedings detailed s.a. 932 AH.—Babur promises to follow him speedily—is summoned to Balkh by its Auzbeg menace—his arrival raises the siege—he returns to Kabul in time for his start to Hindustan in 932

932 AH.—Oct. 18th 1525 to Oct. 8th 1526 AD.—Babur starts on his fifth expedition into Hindustan—is attacked by illness at Gandamak—Humayun is late in coming in from Badakh-shan—Verse-making on the Kabul-river—Babur makes a satirical verse such as he had forsworn when writing the Mubin—attributes a relapse of illness to his breach of vow—renews his oath—Fine spectacle of the lighted camp at Ali-masjid—Hunting near Bigram—Preparations for ferrying the Sind—Order to make a list of all with the army, [Pg xix]and to count them up—continuation of illness—Orders sent to the Lahor begs to delay engagement till Babur arrived—The Sind ferried (for the first time) and the army tale declared as 12,000 good and bad—The eastward march—unexpected ice—Rendezvous made with the Lahor begs—Jat and Gujur thieves—a courier sent again to the begs—News that ‘Alam Khan had let Ibrahim Ludi defeat him near Dihli—particulars of the engagement—he takes refuge with Babur—The Lahor begs announce their arrival close at hand—Ibrahim’s troops retire before Babur’s march—Daulat Khan Ludi surrenders Milwat (Malot)—waits on Babur and is reproached—Ghazi Khan’s abandonment of his family censured—Jaswan-valley—Ghazi Khan pursued—Babur advances against Ibrahim Ludi—his estimate of his adversary’s strength—‘Alam Khan’s return destitute to Babur—Babur’s march leads towards Panipat—Humayun’s first affair succeeds—reiterated news of Ibrahim’s approach—Babur’s success in a minor encounter—he arrays and counts his effective force—finds it under the estimate—orders that every man in the army shall collect carts towards Rumi defence—700 carts brought in—account of the defences of the camp close to the village of Panipat—Babur on the futility of fear; his excuses for the fearful in his army—his estimate of Ibrahim’s army and of its higher possible numbers—Author’s Note on the Auzbeg chiefs in ?i?ar (918 AH.1512 AD.)—Preliminary encounters—Battle and victory of Panipat—Ibrahim’s body found—Dihli and Agra occupied by Babur—he makes the circuit of a Farghana-born ruler in Dihli—visits other tombs and sees sights—halts opposite Tughluqabad—the khut?ba read for him in Dihli—he goes to Agra—Author’s Note on rulers in Gualiar—The (Koh-i-nur) diamond given by the Gualiar family to Humayun—Babur’s dealings with Ibrahim’s mother and her entourage—Description of Hindustan (pp. 478 to 521)—Revenues of Hind (p. 521)—Agra treasure distributed—local disaffection to Babur—discontent in his army at remaining in Hindustan—he sets the position forth to his Council—Khwaja Kalan decides to leave—his and Babur’s verses on his desertion—Babur’s force grows locally—action begun against rebels to Ibrahim in the East—Gifts made to officers, and postings various—Biban Jalwani revolts and is beaten—The Mir of Biana warned—Mention of Rana Sanga’s failure in his promise to act with Babur—Sanga’s present action—Decision in Council to leave Sanga [Pg xx]aside and to march to the East—Humayun leads out the army—Babur makes garden, well and mosque near Agra—Progress of Humayun’s campaign—News of the Auzbegs in Balkh and Khurasan—Affairs of Gujrat

933 AH.—Oct. 8th 1526 to Sep. 27th 1527 AD.—Birth announced of Babur’s son Faruq—incomplete success in casting a large mortar—Varia—Humayun summoned from the East to act against Sanga—Plundering expedition towards Biana—Tahangar, Gualiar and Dulpur obtained—?amid Khan Sarang-khani defeated—Arrival of a Persian embassy—Ibrahim’s mother tries to poison Babur—Copy of Babur’s letter detailing the affair—his dealings with the poisoner and her agents—Humayun’s return to Agra—Khw. Dost-i-khawand’s arrival from Kabul—Reiterated news of the approach of Rana Sanga—Babur sends an advance force to Biana—?asan Khan Miwati—Tramontane matters disloyal to Babur—Trial-test of the large mortar (p. 536)—Babur leaves Agra to oppose Sanga—adverse encounter with Sanga by Biana garrison—Alarming reports of Rajput prowess—Spadesmen sent ahead to dig wells in Madhakur pargana—Babur halts there—arrays and moves to Sikri—various joinings and scoutings—discomfiture of a party reconnoitring from Sikri—the reinforcement also overcome—The enemy retires at sight of a larger troop from Babur—defence of the Sikri camp Rumi fashion, with ditch besides—Continued praise of Rajput prowess—Further defence of the camp made to hearten Babur’s men—20-25 days spent in the above preparations—arrival of 500 men from Kabul—also of Mu?. Sharif an astrologer who augurs ill for Babur’s success—Archers collected and Miwat over-run—Babur reflects that he had always wished to cease from the sin of wine—verses about his then position—resolves to renounce wine—details of the destruction of wine and precious vessels, and of the building of a commemorative well and alms-house—his oath to remit a tax if victorious is recalled to him—he remits the tamgha—Shaikh Zain writes the farman announcing the two acts—Copy of the farman—Great fear in Babur’s army—he adjures the Ghazi spirit in his men who vow to stand fast—his perilous position—he moves forward in considerable array—his camp is laid out and protected by ditch and carts—An omen is taken and gives hope—Khalifa advising, the camp is moved—While tents were being set up, the [Pg xxi]enemy appears—The battle and victory of Kanwa—described in a copy of the Letter-of-victory—Babur inserts this because of its full particulars (pp. 559 to 574)—assumes the title of Ghazi—Chronograms of the victory and also of that in Dibalpur (930 AH.)—pursuit of the fugitive foe—escape of Sanga—the falsely-auguring astrologer banished with a gift—a small revolt crushed—a pillar of heads set up—Babur visits Biana—Little water and much heat set aside plan to invade Sanga’s territory—Babur visits Miwat—give some historical account of it—Commanders rewarded—Alwar visited—Humayun and others allowed to leave Hindustan—Despatch of the Letter-of-victory—Various excursions—Humayun bidden farewell—Chandwar and Rapri recovered—Apportionment of fiefs—Biban flees before Babur’s men—Dispersion of troops for the Rains—Misconduct of Humayun and Babur’s grief—Embassy to ‘Iraq—Tardi Beg khaksar allowed to return to the darwesh-life—Babur’s lines to departing friends—The Ram?an-feast—Playing-cards—Babur ill (seemingly with fever)—visits Dulpur and orders a house excavated—visits Bari and sees the ebony-tree—has doubt of Bayazid Farmuli’s loyalty—his remedial and metrical exercises—his Treatise on Prosody composed—a relapse of illness—starts on an excursion to Kul and Sa?bal

934 AH.—Sep. 27th 1527 to Sep. 15th 1528 AD.—Babur visits Kul and Sa?bal and returns to Agra—has fever and ague intermittently for 20-25 days—goes out to welcome kinswomen—a large mortar bursts with fatal result—he visits Sikri—starts for Holy War against Chandiri—sends troops against Bayazid Farmuli—incidents of the march to Chandiri—account of Kachwa—account of Chandiri—its siege—Meantime bad news arrives from the East—Babur keeping this quiet, accomplishes the work in hand—Chandiri taken—change of plans enforced by defeat in the East—return northwards—Further losses in the East—Rebels take post to dispute Babur’s passage of the Ganges—he orders a pontoon-bridge—his artillery is used with effect, the bridge finished and crossed and the Afghans worsted—Tukhta-bugha Chaghatai arrives from Kashgar—Babur visits Lakhnau—suffers from ear-ache—reinforces Chin-timur against the rebels—Chin-timur gets the better of Bayazid Farmuli—Babur settles the affairs of Aud (Oude) and plans to hunt near

935 AH.Sep. 15th 1528 to Sep. 5th 1529 AD.—‘Askari reaches Agra from Multan—Khwand-amir and others arrive from Khurasan—Babur prepares to visit Gualiar—bids farewell to kinswomen who are returning to Kabul—marches out—is given an unsavoury medicament—inspects construction-work in Dulpur—reaches Gualiar—Description of Gualiar (p. 607 to p. 614)—returns to Dulpur—suffers from ear-ache—inspects work in Sikri and reaches Agra—visit and welcomes to kinswomen—sends an envoy to take charge of Rantanbhur—makes a levy on stipendiaries—sends letters to kinsfolk in Khurasan—News arrives of Kamran and Dost-i-khawand in Kabul—of T?ahmasp Safawi’s defeat at Jam of ‘Ubaidu’l-lah Auzbeg—of the birth of a son to Humayun, and of a marriage by Kamran—he rewards an artificer—is strongly attacked by fever—for his healing translates A?rari’s Walidiyyah-risala—account of the task—Troops warned for service—A long-detained messenger returns from Humayun—Accredited messengers-of-good-tidings bring the news of Humayun’s son’s birth—an instance of rapid travel—Further particulars of the Battle of Jam—Letters written and summarized—Copy of one to Humayun inserted here—Plans for an eastern campaign under ‘Askari—royal insignia given to him—Orders for the measurement, stations and up-keep of the Agra-Kabul road—the Mubin quoted—A feast described—‘Askari bids his Father farewell—Babur visits Dulpur and inspects his constructions—Persian account of the Battle of Jam—Babur decides contingently to go to the East—Baluchi incursions—News reaches Dulpur of the loss of Bihar (town) and decides Babur to go East—News of Humayun’s action in Badakhshan—Babur starts from Agra—honoured arrivals [Pg xxiii]in the assembly-camp—incidents of the march—congratulations and gifts sent to Kamran, Humayun and others—also specimens of the Baburi-script, and copies of the translation of the Walidiyyah-risala and the Hindustan Poems—commends his building-work to his workmen—makes a new ruler for the better copying of the Walidiyyah-risala translation—letters written—Copy of one to Khwaja Kalan inserted here—Complaints from Kitin-qara Auzbeg of Babur’s begs on the Balkh frontier—Babur shaves his head—Mahim using his style, orders her own escort from Kabul to Agra—Babur watches wrestling—leaves the Jumna, disembarks his guns, and goes across country to Dugdugi on the Ganges—travels by litter—‘Askari and other Commanders meet him—News of Biban, Bayazid and other Afghans—Letters despatched to meet Mahim on her road—Babur sends a copy of his writings to Samarkand—watches wrestling—hears news of the Afghans—(here a surmised survival of record displaced from 934 AH.)—fall of a river-bank under his horse—swims the Ganges—crosses the Jumna at Allahabad (Piag) and re-embarks his guns—wrestling watched—the evil Tons—he is attacked by boils—a Rumi remedy applied—a futile attempt to hunt—he sends money-drafts to the travellers from Kabul—visits places on the Ganges he had seen last year—receives various letters below Ghazipur—has news that the Ladies are actually on their way from Kabul—last year’s eclipse recalled—Hindu dread of the Karma-nasa river—wrestling watched—Rumi remedy for boils used again with much discomfort—fall of last year’s landing-steps at Baksara—wrestling—Negociations with an envoy of Na?rat Shah of Bengal—Examination into Mu?ammad-i-zaman’s objections to a Bihar appointment—despatch of troops to Bihar (town)—Mu?ammad-i-zaman submits requests which are granted—a small success against Afghans—Royal insignia given to Mu?ammad-i-zaman, with leave to start for Bihar—Babur’s boats—News of the Bengal army—Mu?ammad-i-zaman recalled because fighting was probable—Dudu Bibi and her son Jalal escape from Bengal to come to Babur—Further discussions with the Bengal envoy—Favourable news from Bihar—Babur in Arrah—Position of the Bengal army near the confluence of Gang and Saru (Ganges and Gogra)—Babur making further effort for peace, sends an envoy to Na?rat Shah—gives Na?rat’s envoy leave to go conveying an ultimatum—Arrival of a servant from Mahim west of the Bagh-i-?afa—Babur visits lotus-beds near Arrah—also [Pg xxiv]Munir and the Son—Distance measured by counting a horse’s paces—care for tired horses—Babur angered by Junaid Barlas’ belated arrival—Consultation and plans made for the coming battle—the Ganges crossed (by the Burh-ganga channel) and move made to near the confluence—Babur watches ‘Ali-quli’s stone-discharge—his boat entered by night—Battle and victory of the Gogra—Babur praises and thanks his Chaghatai cousins for their great services—crosses into the Nirhun pargana—his favours to a Farmuli—News of Biban and Bayazid—and of the strange deaths in Sa?bal—Chin-timur sends news from the west of inconveniences caused by the Ladies’ delay to leave Kabul—and of success against the Baluchi—he is ordered to Agra—Settlement made with the Nu?ani Afghans—Peace made with Na?rat Shah—Submissions and various guerdon—Biban and Bayazid pursued—Babur’s papers damaged in a storm—News of the rebel pair as taking Luknur(?)—Disposition of Babur’s boats—move along the Saru—(a surmised survival of the record of 934 AH.)—Account of the capture of Luknur(?)—Dispositions against the rebel pair—fish caught by help of a lamp—incidents of the march to Adampur on the Jumna—Biban and Bayazid flee to Mahuba—Eastern Campaign wound up—Babur’s rapid ride to Agra (p. 686)—visits kinswomen—is pleased with Indian-grown fruits—Mahim arrives—her gifts and Humayun’s set before Babur—porters sent off for Kabul to fetch fruits—Account of the deaths in Sa?bal brought in—sedition in Lahor—wrestling watched—sedition of Ra?im-dad in Gualiar—Mahdi Khwaja comes to Agra

936 AH.—Sep. 5th 1529 to Aug. 25th 1530 AD.—Shaikh Ghaus comes from Gualiar to intercede for Ra?im-dad—Gualiar taken over

Translator’s Note.—936 and 937 AH.—1529 and 1530 AD.—Sources from which to fill the Gap down to Babur’s death (December 26th 1530)—Humayun’s proceedings in Badakhshan—?aidar Dughlat’s narrative of them—Humayun deserts his post, goes to Kabul, and, arranging with Kamran, sends Hind-al to Badakhshan—goes on to Agra and there arrives unexpected by his Father—as he is unwilling to return, Sulaiman Miran-shahi is appointed under Babur’s suzerainty—Sa‘id Khan is warned to leave Sulaiman in possession—Babur moves westward to support him and visits Lahor—waited on in [Pg xxv]Sihrind by the Raja of Kahlur—received in Lahor by Kamran and there visited from Kabul by Hind-al—leaves Lahor (March 4th 1530 AD.)—from Sihrind sends a punitive force against Mundahir Rajputs—hunts near Dihli—appears to have started off an expedition to Kashmir—family matters fill the rest of the year—Humayun falls ill in Sa?bal and is brought to Agra—his disease not yielding to treatment, Babur resolves to practise the rite of intercession and self-surrender to save his life—is urged rather to devote the great diamond (Koh-i-nur) to pious uses—refuses the substitution of the jewel for his own life—performs the rite—Humayun recovers—Babur falls ill and is bedridden till death—his faith in the rite unquestionable, belief in its efficacy general in the East—Plan to set Babur’s sons aside from the succession—The T?abaqat-i-akbari story discussed (p. 702 to 708)—suggested basis of the story (p. 705)—Babur’s death (Jumada I. 5th 937 AH.—Dec. 26th 1530 AD.) and burial first, near Agra, later near Kabul—Shah-jahan’s epitaph inscribed on a tablet near the grave—Babur’s wives and children—Mr. Erskine’s estimate of his character 691-716.