[1] For a full account of the history of opium, see the Appendix at the end of the book.

[2] One tola is equivalent to 180 grains. Eighty tolas equal one seer.

[3] Government does not vend opium directly to the people. A selected “licensee” undertakes this under the supervision of a Government officer, usually an Excise Inspector.

[4] Chandoo, the Indian name for prepared or clarified opium used in smoking. The Burmese name for it is Beinsi.

[5] Three tolas is 540 grains, or 1½ oz.

[6] Mahaffy, “History of Classical Greek Literature,” 1-81.

[7]

Iliad. (Lord Derby’s translation, VIII.)

[8] “Huic, nuntio, quia, credo, dubiÆ fidei videbatur, nihil voce responsum est, Rex, velut deliberabundus, in hortum Ædium transit, sequente nuntio filii: ibi inambulans tacitus, sum apapaverum capita dicitur baculo decussisse.” Livy i., 54.

[9] “LethÆo perfusa papavera somno.” Georg.: i, 78.

[10] “Soporiferumque papaver.” Aeneid: iv, 486.

[11] “Natural History.”

[12] “Materia Medica.”

[13] “The Coasts of East Africa and Malabar,” by Duarte Barbosa. Translated from the Spanish and edited for the Haklvyt Society by the Hon’ble H. E. J. Stanley in 1866.

[14] Paper by Dr da Cunha in the transactions of the Medical and Physical Society of Bombay, 1882.

[15] “Discourse of voyages unto ye Easte and West Indies.”

[16] “Haklvyt’s voyages,” Volume IX, Asia, Part II.

[17] “Haklvyt’s voyages,” Volume X, Asia, Part III.