1761. Jean De Gallatin, who, at the outbreak of the French revolution, was second in command of the regiment of ChÂteauvieux in the service of Louis XVI., and a devout believer in the antiquity of his family, maintained that the Gallatins were descended from A. Atilius Callatinus, consul in the years of Rome 494 and 498; in support of this article of faith he fought a duel with the Baron de Pappenheim, on horseback, with sabres, and, as a consequence, ever afterwards carried a sabre-cut across his face. His theory, even if held to be unshaken by the event of this wager of battle, is unlikely ever to become one of the demonstrable facts of genealogy, since a not unimportant gap of about fifteen hundred years elapsed between the last consulship of the Roman Gallatin and the earliest trace of the modern family, found in a receipt signed by the Abbess of Bellacomba for “quindecim libras Viennenses” bequeathed to her convent by “Dominus Fulcherius Gallatini, Miles,” in the year 1258. Faulcher Gallatini left no other trace of his existence; but some sixty years later, in 1319, a certain Guillaume Gallatini, Chevalier, with his son Humbert Gallatini, Damoiseau, figured dimly in legal documents, and Humbert’s grandson, Henri Gallatini, Seigneur de Granges, married Agnes de Lenthenay, whose will, dated 1397, creating her son Jean Gallatini her heir, fixes the local origin of the future Genevan family. Granges was an estate in Bugey, in the province of which Bellay was the capital, then a part of Savoy, but long since absorbed in France, and now After the elevation of Geneva to the rank of a sovereign republic in 1535, the history of the Gallatins is the history of the city. The family, if not the first in the state, was second That the Gallatins did not restrict their activity to civil life is a matter of course. There were few great battle-fields in Europe where some of them had not fought, and not very many where some of them had not fallen. Voltaire testifies to this fact in the following letter to Count d’Argental, which contains a half-serious, half-satirical account of their military career: VOLTAIRE TO THE COUNT D’ARGENTAL. 9 fÉvrier, 1761. Voici la plus belle occasion, mon cher ange, d’exercer votre ministÈre cÉleste. Il s’agit du meilleur office que je puisse recevoir de vos bontÉs. Je vous conjure, mon cher et respectable ami, d’employer tout votre crÉdit auprÈs de M. le Duc de Choiseul; auprÈs de ses amis; s’il le faut, auprÈs de sa maÎtresse, &c., &c. Et pourquoi osÉ-je vous demander tant d’appui, tant de zÈle, tant de vivacitÉ, et surtout un prompt succÈs? Pour le bien du service, mon cher ange; pour battre le Duc de Brunsvick. M. Galatin, officier aux gardes suisses, qui vous prÉsentera ma trÈs-humble requÊte, est de la plus ancienne famille de GenÈve; ils se font tuer pour nous de pÈre en fils depuis Henri Quatre. L’oncle de celui-ci a ÉtÉ tuÉ devant Ostende; son frÈre l’a ÉtÉ À la malheureuse et abominable journÉe de Rosbach, À ce que je crois; journÉe oÙ les rÉgiments suisses firent seuls leur devoir. Si ce n’est pas À Rosbach, c’est ailleurs; le fait est qu’il a ÉtÉ tuÉ; celui-ci a ÉtÉ blessÉ. Il sert depuis dix ans; il a ÉtÉ aide-major; il veut l’Être. Il faut des aides-major qui parlent bien allemand, qui soient actifs, intelligens; il est tout cela. Enfin vous saurez de lui prÉcisÉment ce qu’il lui faut; c’est en gÉnÉral la permission d’aller vite chercher la mort À votre service. Faites-lui cette grÂce, et qu’il ne soit point tuÉ, car il est fort aimable et il est neveu de cette Mme. Calendrin que vous avez vue Étant enfant. Mme. sa mÈre est bien aussi aimable que Mme. Calendrin. One Gallatin fell in 1602 at the Escalade, famous in Genevan history; another at the siege of Ostend, in 1745; another at the battle of Marburg, in 1760; another, the ninth of his name who had served in the Swiss regiment of Aubonne, fell in 1788, acting as a volunteer at the siege of Octzakow; still another, in 1797, at the passage of the Rhine. One commanded a battalion under Rochambeau at the siege of Yorktown. But while these scattered members of the family were serving with credit and success half the princes of Christendom, the main stock was always Genevan to the core and pre-eminently distinguished in civil life. In any other European country a family like this would have had a feudal organization, a recognized head, great entailed estates, and all the titles of duke, marquis, count, and peer which royal favor could confer or political and social influence could command. Geneva stood by herself. Aristocratic as her One of the four branches of this extensive family was represented in the middle of the eighteenth century by Abraham Gallatin, who lived on his estate at Pregny, one of the most beautiful spots on the west shore of the lake, near Geneva, and who is therefore known as Abraham Gallatin of Pregny. His wife, whom he had married in 1732, was Susanne Vaudenet, commonly addressed as Mme. Gallatin-Vaudenet. They were, if not positively wealthy, at least sufficiently so to maintain their position among the best of Genevese society, and Mme. Gallatin appears to have been a woman of more than ordinary character, intelligence, and ambition. The world knows almost every detail about the society of Geneva at that time; for, apart from “Nous sommes aux ordres de Mme. Galatin. Nous tÂcherons d’employer ferblantier. Parlement Paris refuse tout Édit et veut que le roi demande pardon À Parlement BezanÇon. Anglais ont voulu rebombarder HÂvre. N’ont rÉussi. Carosse À une heure ½. Respects.” There is no date; but this is not necessary, for the contents seem to fix the date for the year 1756. A note endorsed “Des DÉlices” is in the same tone: “Lorsque V. se prÉsente chez sa voisine, il n’a d’autre affaire, d’autre but, que de lui faire sa cour. Nous attendons pour faire des rÉpÉtitions le retour du Tyran qui a mal À la poitrine. S’il y a quelques nouvelles de Berlin, Mr. Gallatin est suppliÉ d’en faire part. Mille respects.” Another, of the year 1759, is on business: “Comment se porte notre malade, notre chÈre voisine, notre chÈre fille? J’ai ÉtÉ aux vignes, madame. Les guÈpes mangent tout, et ce qu’elles ne mangent point est sec. Le vigneron de Mme. du Tremblay est venu me faire ses reprÉsentations. Mes tonneaux ne sont pas reliÉs, a-t-il dit; diffÉrez vendange. Relie tes tonneaux, ai-je dit. Vos raisins ne sont pas mÛrs, a-t-il dit. Va les voir, ai-je dit. Il y a ÉtÉ; il a vu. Vendangez au plus vite, a-t-il dit. Qu’ordonnez-vous, madame, au voisin V.?” Another of the same year introduces Mme. Gallatin’s figs, of which she seems to have been proud: “Vos figues, madame, sont un prÉsent d’autant plus beau que nous pouvons dire comme l’autre: car ce n’Était pas le temps des figues. Nous n’en avons point aux DÉlices, mais nous aurons un thÉÂtre À Tourney. Et nous partons dans une heure pour venir vous voir. Recevez vous et toute votre famille, madame, les tendres respects de V. “Vous me donnez plus de figues, madame, qu’il n’y en a dans le pays de papimanie; et moi, madame, je suis comme le figuier de l’Évangile, sec et maudit. Ce n’est pas comme acteur, c’est comme trÈs-attachÉ À toute votre famille que je m’intÉresse bien vivement À la santÉ de Mme. Galatin-Rolaz. Nous rÉpÉtons mardi en habits pontificaux. Ceux qui ont des billets viendront s’ils veulent. Je suis À vous, madame, pour ma vie. V.” Then follows a brief note dated “Ferney, 18e 7re,” 1761: “Nous comptions revenir tous souper À Ferney aprÈs la comÉdie. Mr. le Duc de Villars nous retint; notre carosse se rompit; nous essuyÂmes tous les contretemps possibles; la vie en est semÉe; mais le plus grand de tous est de n’avoir pas eu l’honneur de souper avec vous.” One of the friends for whom Mme. Gallatin-Vaudenet seems to have felt the strongest attachment, and with whom she corresponded, was the Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, a personage not favorably known in American history. The Landgrave, in 1776, sent Mme. Gallatin his portrait, and Mme. Gallatin persuaded Voltaire to write for her a copy of verses addressed to the Landgrave, in recognition of this honor. Here they are from the original draft: “J’ai baisÉ ce portrait charmant, Je vous l’avourai sans mystÈre. Mes filles en out fait autant, Mais c’est un secret qu’il faut taire. Vous trouverez bon qu’une mÈre Vous parle un peu plus hardiment; Et vous verrez qu’Également En tous les temps vous savez plaire.” The success of Mme. Gallatin in the matter of figs led Voltaire to beg of her some trees; but his fortune was not so good as hers. “10e Auguste, 1768, À Ferney. Vous Êtes bÉnie de Dieu, madame. Il y a six ans que je plante des figuiers, et pas un ne rÉussit. Ce serait bien lÀ le cas de sÉcher mes figuiers. Mais si j’avais des miracles À faire, ce ne serait pas celui-lÀ. Je me One more letter by Voltaire is all that can find room here. The Landgrave seems to have sent by Mme. Gallatin some asparagus seed to Voltaire, which he acknowledged in these words: VOLTAIRE TO THE LANDGRAVE OF HESSE. Le 15e septembre, 1772, de Ferney. Monseigneur,—Mme. Gallatin m’a fait voir la lettre oÙ votre Altesse SÉrÉnissime montre toute sa sagesse, sa bontÉ et son goÛt en parlant d’un jeune homme dont la raison est un peu ÉgarÉe. Je vois que dans cette lettre elle m’accorde un bienfait trÈs-signalÉ, qu’on doit rarement attendre des princes et mÊme des mÉdecins. Elle me donne un brevet de trois ans de vie, car il faut trois ans pour faire venir ces belles asperges dont vous me gratifiez. AgrÉez, monseigneur, mes trÈs-humbles remerciements. J’ose espÉrer de vous les renouveler dans trois annÉes; car enfin il faut bien que je me nourrisse d’espÉrance avant que de l’Être de vos asperges. Que ne puis-je Être en État de venir vous demander la permission de manger celles de vos jardins! La belle rÉvolution de SuÈde opÉrÉe avec tant de fermetÉ et de prudence par le roi votre parent, donne envie de vivre. Ce prince est comme vous, il se fait aimer de ses sujets. C’est assurÉment de toutes les ambitions la plus belle. Tout le reste a je ne sais quoi de chimÉrique et souvent de trÈs-funeste. Je souhaite À Votre Altesse SÉrÉnissime de longues annÉes. C’est le seul souhait que je puisse faire; vous avez tout le reste. Je suis, avec le plus profond respect, monseigneur, de Votre Altesse SÉrÉnissime le trÈs-humble et trÈs-obÉissant serviteur, “Le vieux malade de Ferney, The correspondence of his Most Serene Highness, who made himself thus loved by his subjects, cannot be said to sparkle like THE LANDGRAVE OF HESSE TO ME. GALLATIN-VAUDENET. Madame!—Je vous accuse avec un plaisir infini la lettre que vous avez bien voulu m’Écrire le 27 mars dernier, et je vous fais bien mes parfaits remercÎmens de la part que vous continuez de prendre À ma santÉ, dont je suis, on ne peut pas plus, content. La vÔtre m’intÉresse trop pour ne pas souhaiter qu’elle soit Également telle que vous la dÉsirez. Puisse la belle saison qui vient de succÉder enfin au tems rude qu’il a fait, la raffermir pour bien des annÉes, et puissiez-vous jouir de tout le contentement que mes voeux empressÉs vous destinent. Quoique la lettre dont vous avez chargÉ Mr. Cramer m’ait ÉtÉ rendue, j’ai bien du regret d’avoir ÉtÉ privÉ du plaisir de faire sa connaissance personnelle, puisqu’il ne s’est pas arrÊtÉ À Cassel, et n’a fait que passer. Le tÉmoignage favorable que vous lui donnez ne peut que prÉvenir en sa faveur. Au reste je suis sur le point d’entreprendre un petit voÏage que j’ai mÉditÉ depuis longtems pour changer d’air. Je serais dÉjÀ en route, sans mes Trouppes revenus de l’AmÉrique, que je suis bien aise de revoir avant mon dÉpart, et dont les derniers rÉgimens seront rendus À Cassel vers la fin du mois. Continuez-moi en attendant votre cher souvenir, et, en faisant bien mes complimens À Mr. et À Mlle. Gallatin, persuadez-vous que rien n’est au-dessus des sentimens vrais et invariables avec lesquels je ne finirai d’Être, madame, votre trÈs-humble et trÈs-obÉissant serviteur. FrÉdÉric L. d’Hesse. Cassel, le 25 mai, 1784. 1761-1775. Mme. Gallatin-Vaudenet had three children,—one son and two daughters. The son, who was named Jean Gallatin, was born in 1733, and in 1755 married Sophie Albertine Rolaz du Rosey of Rolle,—the Mme. Gallatin-Rolaz already mentioned in one of Abraham Gallatin, the grandfather, was a merchant in partnership with his son Jean. Jean died, however, in the summer of 1765, and his wife, Mme. Gallatin-Rolaz, who had talent and great energy, undertook to carry on his share of the business in her own separate name. She died in March, 1770. The daughter had been sent to Montpellier for her health, which she never recovered, and died a few years after, in 1777. The boy, Albert, was left an orphan when nine years old, with a large circle of blood-relations; the nearest of whom were his grandfather Abraham and his grandmother the friend of Voltaire and of Frederic of Hesse. The child would naturally have been taken to Pregny and brought up by his grandparents, but a different arrangement had been made during the lifetime of his mother, and was continued after her death. Mme. Gallatin-Rolaz had a most intimate friend, a distant relation of her husband, Catherine Pictet by name, unmarried, and at this time about forty years old. When Jean Gallatin died, in 1765, Mlle. Pictet, seeing the widow overwhelmed with the care of her invalid daughter and with the charge of her husband’s business, insisted on taking the boy Albert under her own care, and accordingly, on the 8th of January, 1766, Albert, then five years old, went to live with her, and from that time became in a manner her child. 1779. Besides his grandfather Abraham Gallatin at Pregny, and his other paternal relations, Albert had a large family connection on the mother’s side, and more especially an uncle, Alphonse Rolaz of Rolle, kind-hearted, generous, and popular. Both on the father’s and the mother’s side Albert had a right to expect a sufficient fortune. His interests during his minority were well cared for, and nothing can show better the characteristic economy and carefulness of Genevan society than the mode of the boy’s education. For seven years, till January, 1773, he lived with Mlle. Pictet, and his expenses did not exceed eighty dollars a year. Then he went to boarding-school, and in August, 1775, Of the nature of Albert’s training the best idea can be got from his own account of the Academy of Geneva, contained in a letter written in 1847 and published among his works. “When not aided and stimulated by enlightened parents or friends, the students from the time when they entered the academy (on an average when about or rather more than fifteen years old) were left almost to themselves, and studied more or less as they pleased. But almost all had previously passed through at least the upper classes of the college. I was the only one of my class and of the two immediately preceding and following me who had been principally educated at home and had passed only through the first or upper class of the college.... In the years 1775-1779 the average number of the scholars in the four upper classes of the college was about one hundred, and that of the students in the four first years of the academical course, viz., the auditoires of belles-lettres and philosophy, about fifty, of whom not more than one or two had not passed through at least the three or four upper classes of the college. Very few mechanics, even the watchmakers, so numerous in Geneva and noted for their superior intelligence and knowledge, went beyond the fifth and sixth classes, which included about one hundred and twenty scholars. As to the lower or primary classes or schools, it would have been difficult to find a citizen intra muros who could not read and write. The peasantry or cultivators of “There was in Geneva neither nobility nor any hereditary privilege but that of citizenship; and the body of citizens assembled in Council General had preserved the power of laying taxes, enacting laws, and ratifying treaties. But they could originate nothing, and a species of artificial aristocracy, composed of the old families which happened to be at the head of affairs when independence was declared, and skilfully strengthened by the successive adoption of the most distinguished citizens and emigrants, had succeeded in engrossing the public employments and concentrating the real power in two self-elected councils of twenty-five and two hundred members respectively. But that power rested on a most frail foundation, since in a state which consists of a single city the majority of the inhabitants may in twenty-four hours overset the government. In order to preserve it, a moral, intellectual superiority was absolutely necessary. This could not be otherwise attained than by superior knowledge and education, and the consequence was that it became disgraceful for any young man of decent parentage to be an idler. All were bound to exercise their faculties to the utmost; and although there are always some incapable, yet the number is small of those who, if they persevere, may not by labor become, in some one branch, well-informed men. Nor was that love and habit of learning long confined to that self-created aristocracy. “During the sixteenth and the greater part of the seventeenth century the Genevese were the counterpart of the Puritans of Old and of the Pilgrims of New England,—the same doctrines, the same simplicity in the external forms of worship, the same austerity of morals and severity of manners, the same attention to schools and seminaries of learning, the same virtues, and the same defects,—exclusiveness and intolerance, equally banishing all those who differed on any point from the established creed, putting witches to death, &c., &c. And with the progress of knowledge both about at the same time became tolerant and liberal. But here the similitude ends. To the Pilgrims of New England, in common with the other English colonists, the most vast field of enterprise was opened which ever offered itself to civilized man. Their mission was to conquer the wilderness, to multiply indefinitely, to settle and inhabit a whole continent, and to carry their institutions and civilization from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. With what energy and perseverance this has been performed we all know. But to those pursuits all the national energies were directed. Learning was not neglected; but its higher branches were a secondary object, and science was cultivated almost exclusively for practical purposes, and only as far as was requisite for supplying the community with the necessary number of clergymen and members of the other liberal professions. The situation of Geneva was precisely the reverse of this. Confined to a single city and without territory, its inhabitants did all that their position rendered practicable. They created the manufacture of watches, which gave employment to near a fourth part of the population, and carried on commerce to the fullest extent of which their geographical situation was susceptible. But the field of active enterprise was still the narrowest possible. To all those who were ambitious of renown, fame, consideration, scientific pursuits were the only road that could lead to distinction, and to these, or other literary branches, all those who had talent and energy devoted themselves. “All could not be equally successful; few only could attain a distinguished eminence; but, as I have already observed, a far greater number of well educated and informed men were found in that small spot than in almost every other town of Europe which was not the metropolis of an extensive country. This had a most favorable influence on the tone of society, which was not light, frivolous, or insipid, but generally serious and instructive. I was surrounded by that influence from my earliest days, and, as far as I am concerned, derived more benefit from that source than from my attendance on academical lectures. A more general fact deserves notice. At all times, and within my knowledge in the years 1770-1780, a great many distinguished foreigners came to Geneva to finish their education, among whom were nobles and princes from Germany and other northern countries; there were also not a few lords and gentlemen from England; even the Duke of Cambridge, after he had completed his studies at GÖttingen. Besides these there were some from America, amongst whom I may count before the American Revolution those South Carolinians, Mr. Kinloch, William Smith,—afterwards a distinguished member of Congress and minister to Portugal,—and Colonel Laurens, one of the last who fell in the war of independence. And when I departed from Geneva I left there, besides the two young Penns, proprietors of Pennsylvania, Franklin Bache, grandson of Dr. Franklin, —— Johannot, grandson of Dr. Cooper, of Boston, who died young. Now, amongst all those foreigners I never knew or heard of a single one who attended academical lectures. It was the Genevese society which they cultivated, aided by private teachers in every branch, with whom Geneva was abundantly supplied.” At the academy Albert Gallatin associated of course with all the young Genevese of his day. As most of these had no permanent influence on him, and maintained no permanent relations with him, it is needless to speak of them further. There were but two whose names will recur frequently hereafter. Neither of them was equal to Gallatin in abilities or social advantages, but in politics and philosophy all were evidently of one mind, and the fortunes of all were linked together. The name of one was Henri Serre, that of the other was Jean Badollet. What kind of men they were will appear in the course of their adventures. A fourth, whose name is better known than those just mentioned, seems to have been a close friend of the other three, but differed from them by not coming to America. He was Étienne Dumont, afterwards the friend and interpreter of Bentham. However enlightened the society of Pregny may have been under the influence of Voltaire and Frederic of Hesse, it is not to be supposed that Mme. Gallatin-Vaudenet or any other members of the Gallatin family were by tastes and interests likely to lean towards levelling principles in politics. Of all people in Geneva they were perhaps most interested in maintaining the old Genevese rÉgime. The Gallatins were for the most part firm believers in aristocracy, and Albert certainly never found encouragement for liberal opinions in his own family, unless they may have crept in through the pathway of Voltairean philosophy as mere theory, the ultimate results of which were not foreseen. This makes more remarkable the fact that young Gallatin, who was himself a clear-headed, sober-minded, practical Genevan, should, by some bond of sympathy which can hardly have been anything more than the intellectual movement of his time, have affiliated with a knot of young men who, if not quite followers of Rousseau, were still essentially visionaries. They were dissatisfied with the order of things in Geneva. They believed in human nature, and believed that human nature when free from social trammels would display nobler qualities and achieve vaster results, not merely in the physical but also in the moral world. The American Revolutionary war was going on, and the American Declaration of Independence embodied, perhaps helped to originate, some of their thoughts. 1780. With minds in this process of youthful fermentation, they finished their academical studies and came out into the world. Albert was graduated in May, 1779, first of his class in mathematics, natural philosophy, and Latin translation. Before this time, in April, 1778, he had returned to Mlle. Pictet, and his principal occupation for the year after graduating was as tutor to her nephew, Isaac Pictet. Both Gallatin and Badollet were students of English, and the instruction given to Isaac Pictet Yet it would be unfair to infer from this box on the ear that the family attempted to exercise any unreasonable control over Albert’s movements. If any one in the transaction showed himself unreasonable, it was the young man, not his relations. They were ready to aid him to the full extent of their powers in any respectable line of life which might please his fancy. They would probably have preferred that he should choose a mercantile rather than a military career. They would have permitted, and perhaps encouraged, his travelling for a few years to fit himself for that object. It was no fault of theirs that he The act was not a wise one. That future which the young Gallatin grasped so eagerly with outstretched arms had little in it that even to an ardent imagination at nineteen could compensate for the wanton sacrifice it involved. There is no reason to suppose that Albert Gallatin’s career was more brilliant or more successful in America than with the same efforts and with equal sacrifices it might have been in Europe; for his character and abilities must have insured pre-eminence in whatever path he chose. Both the act of emigration and the manner of carrying it out were inconsiderate and unreasonable, as is clear from the arguments by which he excused them at the time. He wished to improve his fortune, he said, and to do this he was going, without capital, as his family pointed out, to a land already ruined by a long and still raging civil war, without a government and without trade. This was his ostensible reason; and his private one was no better,—that “daily dependence” on others, and particularly on Mlle. Pictet and his grandmother, which galled his pride. That he was discontented with Geneva and the Genevan political system was true; but to emigrate was not the way to mend it, and even in emigrating he did not pretend that his object in seeking America was to throw himself into the Revolutionary struggle. He felt a strong sympathy for the Americans and for the political liberty which was the motive of their contest; but this sympathy was rather a matter of reason than of passion. He always took care to correct the idea, afterwards very commonly received, that he had run away from his family and friends in order to fight the British. So far as his political theories were concerned, aversion to Geneva had more to do with his action than any enthusiasm for war, and in the list of personal motives discontent with his dependent position at home had more influence over him than the desire for wealth. At this time, and long afterwards, he The manner of departure was justified by him on the ground that he feared forcible restraint should he attempt to act openly. The excuse was a weak one, and the weaker if a positive prohibition were really to be feared, which was probably not the case. No one had the power to restrain young Gallatin very long. He might have depended with confidence on having his own way had he chosen to insist. But the spirit of liberty at this time was rough in its methods. Albert Gallatin’s contemporaries and friends were the men who carried the French Revolution through its many wild phases, and at nineteen men are governed by feeling rather than by common sense, even when they do not belong to a generation which sets the world in flames. However severe the judgment of his act may be, there was nothing morally wrong in it; nothing which he had not a right to do if he chose. In judging it, too, the reader is affected by the fact that none of his letters in his own defence have been preserved, while all those addressed to him are still among his papers. These, too, are extremely creditable to his family, and show strong affection absolutely free from affectation, and the soundest good sense without a trace of narrowness. Among them all, one only can be given here. It is from Albert’s guardian, a distant relative in an elder branch of the family. P. M. GALLATIN TO ALBERT GALLATIN. GenÈve, 21e mai, 1780. Monsieur,—Avant que de vous Écrire j’ai voulu m’assurer d’une maniÈre plus prÉcise que je n’avais pu le faire les premiers jours de votre dÉpart, et par vous-mÊme, quels Étaient vos projets, le but et le motif de votre voyage, les causes qui avaient fait naÎtre une pareille idÉe dans votre esprit, vos sentimens passÉs et prÉsens et vos dÉsirs pour l’avenir. Il m’Était difficile À tous ces Égards de comprendre comment vous ne vous Étiez ouvert ni À Mlle. Pictet qui, vous le savez bien, ne vous avait jamais aimÉ pour AprÈs ces observations, dont j’ai cru que vous aviez besoin, permettez-moi quelques rÉflexions sur votre projet. D’abord j’ai lieu de croire que la somme qui vous reste, ou qui vous restait, n’est pas À beaucoup prÈs de cent cinquante louis; secondement, le gain que vous prÉtendez faire par le commerce d’armement est trÈs-incertain; il est en troisiÈme lieu trÈs-lent À se faire apercevoir; en attendant il faut vivre; et comment vivrez-vous? de leÇons? quelle pitoyable ressource, pour Être la derniÈre, dans un pays surtout oÙ les vivres sont si exorbitamment chers et oÙ tout le reste se paye si mal! Des terres incultes À acheter? avec quoi? plus elles sont À bas prix, plus elles indiquent la chertÉ des denrÉes; le grand nombre de terres incultes, le besoin qu’on a de les dÉfricher, sont deux preuves des sommes considÉrables qu’il en coÛte pour vivre. Vos rÉflexions sur le gain À faire sur ces terres et sur le papier, supposent d’abord que vous aurez de Mr. Franklin doit vous recommander À Philadelphie. Vous y trouverez des ressources que bien d’autres n’auraient pas, mais vous en aurez moins et vous les aurez plus tard que si nous avions ÉtÉ prÉvenus À tems. Mr. Kenlock, connu de Mlle. Beaulacre et de M. Muller, y est actuellement au CongrÈs; ne faites pas difficultÉ de le voir; je ne saurais douter qu’il ne vous aide de ses conseils et que vous ne trouviez auprÈs de lui des directions convenables. MalgrÉ les choses dÉsagrÉables que je puis vous avoir Écrites dans cette lettre, vous ne doutez pas, je l’espÈre, mon cher monsieur, du tendre intÉrÊt que je prends À votre sort, qui me les a dictÉes, et vous devez Être persuadÉ des voeux sincÈres que je fais pour l’accomplissement de vos dÉsirs. Le jeune Serre est plus fait que vous pour rÉussir; son imagination ardente lui fera aisÉment trouver des ressources, et son courage actif lui fera surmonter les obstacles; mais votre indolence naturelle en vous livrant aux projets hardis de ce jeune homme vous a exposÉ sans rÉflexion À des dangers que je redoute pour vous, et si vous comptez sur l’amitiÉ inviolable que vous vous Êtes vouÉe l’un À l’autre (dont À Dieu ne plaise que je vous invite À vous dÉfier) croyez-vous cependant qu’il soit bien dÉlicat de se mettre dans le cas d’attendre ses ressources pour vivre, uniquement de l’imagination et du courage d’autrui? Adieu, mon cher monsieur; ne voyez encore une fois dans ce que je vous ai Écrit que le sentiment qui l’a dictÉ, et croyez-moi pour la vie, mon cher monsieur, votre trÈs-affectionnÉ tuteur. As has been said, none of Albert’s letters to his family have been preserved. Fortunately, however, his correspondence with his friend Badollet has not been lost, and the first letter of this series, written while he was still in the Loire, from on board the American vessel, the Katty, in which the two travellers had taken passage from Nantes to Boston, is the only vestige of writing now to be found which gives a certain knowledge of the writer’s frame of mind at the moment of his departure. GALLATIN TO BADOLLET. Pimbeuf, 16 mai, 1780. Mon cher ami, pourquoi ne m’as-tu point Écrit? j’attendois pour t’Écrire de savoir si tu Étois À ClÉrac ou À GenÈve. J’espÈre que c’est À ClÉrac, mais si notre affaire t’a fait manquer ta place, j’espÈre, vu tout ce que je vois, que nous pourrons t’avoir cette annÉe; j’aimerois cependant mieux que tu eusses quelqu’argent, parcequ’en achetant des marchandises tu gagnerais prodigieusement dessus. Si tu es À ClÉrac, c’est pour l’annÉe prochaine. J’ai reÇu des lettres fort tendres qui m’ont presqu’ÉbranlÉ et dans lesquelles on me promet en cas que je persiste, de l’argent et des recommandations. J’ai dÉjÀ reÇu de celles-ci, et j’ai fait connoissance ici avec des AmÉricains de distinction. En cas que tu sois À ClÉrac, je t’apprendrai que nous sommes venus À Nantes dans cinq jours fort heureusement, que nous avons trouvÉ on vaisseau pour Boston nommÉ la Katti, Cap. Loring, qui partoit le lendemain, mais nous avons ÉtÉ retenus ici depuis 15 jours par les vents contraires et nous irons À Lorient chercher un convoi. Mon adresse est À Monsieur Gallatin À Philadelphie, sous une enveloppe adressÉe: A Messieurs Struikmann & Meinier frÈres, À Nantes, le tout affranchi. Des dÉtails sur ta place, je te prie. Nous ne craignons plus rien; on nous a promis de ne pas s’opposer À notre dessein si nous persistions. Hentsch s’est fort bien conduit. Adieu; la poste part, j’ai dÉjÀ Écrit cinq lettres. Tout À toi. Serre te fait ses complimens; il dort pour le moment. The entire sum of money which the two young men brought with them from Geneva was one hundred and sixty-six and two-thirds louis-d’or, equal to four thousand livres tournois, reckoning twenty-four livres to the louis. One-half of this sum was expended in posting across France and paying their passage to Boston. Their capital for trading purposes was therefore about four hundred dollars, which, however, belonged entirely Meanwhile, the family at Geneva had moved heaven and earth to smooth their path, and had written or applied for letters of introduction in their behalf to every person who could be supposed to have influence. One of these persons was the Duc de la Rochefoucauld d’Enville, who wrote to Franklin a letter which may be found in Franklin’s printed correspondence. BENJ. FRANKLIN TO THE DUC DE LA ROCHEFOUCAULD D’ENVILLE. Passy, May 24, 1780. Dear Sir,—I enclose the letter you desired for the two young gentlemen of Geneva. But their friends would do well to prevent their voyage. With sincere and great esteem, I am, dear sir, your most obedient and most humble servant, B. Franklin. The letter enclosed was as follows: Passy, May 24, 1780. Dear Son,—Messrs. Gallatin and Serres, two young gentlemen of Geneva, of good families and very good characters, having an inclination to see America, if they should arrive in your city I recommend them to your civilities, counsel, and countenance. I am ever your affectionate father, To Richard Bache, Postmaster-General, Philadelphia. Lady Juliana Penn, also, wrote to John Penn at Philadelphia in their favor. Mlle. Pictet wrote herself to Colonel Kinloch, With such introductions and such advantages, aided by the little fortune which Gallatin would inherit on coming of age in 1786, in his twenty-fifth year, the path was open to him. He had but to walk in it. Success, more or less brilliant, was as certain as anything in this world can be. He preferred a different course. Instead of embracing his opportunities, he repelled them. Like many other brilliant men, he would not, and never did, learn to overcome some youthful prejudices; he disliked great cities and the strife of crowded social life; he never could quite bring himself to believe in their advantages and in the necessity of modern society to agglomerate in masses and either to solve the difficulties inherent in close organization or to perish under them. He preferred a wilderness in his youth, and, as will be seen, continued in theory to prefer it in his age. It was the instinct of his time and his associations; the atmosphere of Rousseau and Jefferson; pure theory, combined with shy pride. He seems never to have made use of his introductions unless when compelled by necessity, and refused to owe anything to his family. Not that even in this early stage of his career he ever assumed an exterior that was harsh or extravagant, or manners that were repulsive; but His story must be told as far as possible in his own words; but there remain only his letters to Badollet to throw light on his manner of thinking and his motives of action at this time. In these there are serious gaps. He evidently did not care to tell all he had to endure; but with what shall be given it will be easy for the reader to divine the rest. The two young men landed on Cape Ann on the 14th July, 1780. The war was still raging, and the result still uncertain. General Gates was beaten at Camden on the 16th August, and all the country south of Virginia lost. More than a year passed before the decisive success at Yorktown opened a prospect of peace. The travellers had no plans, and, if one may judge from their tone and behavior, were as helpless as two boys of nineteen would commonly be in a strange country, talking a language of which they could only stammer a few words, and trying to carry on mercantile operations without a market and with a currency at its last gasp. They had brought tea from Nantes as a speculation, and could only dispose of it by taking rum and miscellaneous articles in exchange. Their troubles were many, and it is clear that they were soon extremely homesick; for, after riding on horseback from Gloucester to Boston, they took refuge at a French coffee-house kept by a certain Tahon, and finding there a Genevan, whom chance threw in their way, GALLATIN TO BADOLLET. No. 2. Boston, 14 septembre, 1780. Mon cher ami, je t’ai dÉjÀ Écrit une lettre il y a quatre jours, mais elle a bien des hazards À courir, ainsi je vais t’en rÉcrire une seconde par une autre occasion, et je vais commencer par un rÉsumÉ de ce que je te disais dans ma premiÈre. Nous partÎmes le 27e mai de Lorient, aprÈs avoir payÉ 60 louis pour notre voyage, les provisions comprises. Notre coquin de capitaine, aussi frippon que bÊte et superstitieux, nous tint À peu prÈs tout le tems À viande salÉe et À eau pourrie. Le second du vaisseau, plus frippon et plus hypocrite que le premier, nous vola 6 guinÉes dans notre poche, plus la moitiÉ de notre linge, plus le 3½ pour 100 de fret de notre thÉ. (Il avait demandÉ 5 pr. cent. de fret pour du thÉ que nous embarquions, et il a exigÉ 8½.) Au reste, point de tempÊte pour orner notre rÉcit, peu malades, beaucoup d’ennui, et souvent effrayÉs par des corsaires qui nous ont poursuivis. Enfin nous arrivÂmes le 14e juillet au Cap Anne À huit lieues de Boston oÙ nous nous rendÎmes le lendemain À cheval. ——— Ce qui suit n’Étoit pas dans [ma premiÈre lettre]. Boston est une ville d’environ 18 mille Âmes, bÂtie sur une presqu’Île plus longue que large. Je la crois plus grande que GenÈve, mais il y a des jardins, des prairies, des vergers au milieu de la ville et chaque famille a ordinairement sa maison. Ces maisons out rarement plus d’un Étage ou deux. Elles sont de briques ou de bois, couvertes de planches et d’ardoises, avec des terrasses sur les toits et dans beaucoup d’endroits avec des conducteurs qui ont presque tous trois pointes. Une ou deux Then follow four close pages of statistical information about the thirteen colonies, of the ordinary school-book type, which may be omitted without injury to the reader; at the end of which the letter proceeds: On m’a dit beaucoup de mal de tous les habitans de la Nouvelle-Angleterre; du bien de ceux de la Pensilvanie, de la Virginie, du Maryland, et de la Caroline Septentrionale; et rien des autres. J’en viens À l’Etat de Massachusetts, que je connais le mieux et que j’ai gardÉ pour le dernier. Il est divisÉ en huit comtÉs et chaque comtÉ en plusieurs villes. Car il n’y a point de bourgs. DÈs qu’un certain nombre de familles veulent s’aller Établir dans un terrain en friche et qu’elles consentent À entretenir un ministre et deux maÎtres d’École, on leur donne un espace de deux lieues en quarrÉ nommÉ township et l’Établissement obtient le nom de ville et en a tous les privilÈges. Les habitans de toutes les villes au-dessus de vingt-et-un ans et qui possÈdent en AmÉrique un bien excÉdant trois livres sterling de revenu, s’assemblent une fois l’an pour Élire un gouverneur et un sÉnat de la province, composÉ de six membres, dont on remplace deux membres par an. On compte les suffrages “A Monsieur Badollet, Etudiant en ThÉologie.” Whoever gave the writer his information in regard to the Massachusetts constitution was remarkably ill informed. But this is a trifle. The next letter soon follows: GALLATIN TO BADOLLET. No. 3. Machias, 29 8re, 1780. Mon cher ami, tu ne t’attendais sans doute pas À recevoir des lettres datÉes d’un nom aussi baroque, mais c’est celui que les sauvages y ont mis, et comme ils sont les premiers possesseurs du pays, il est juste de l’appeler comme eux. (On prononce Maitchais.) C’est ici que nous allons passer l’hiver. Nous avons prÉfÉrÉ les glaces du nord au climat tempÉrÉ qu’habitent les Quakers, et si nous t’avions avec nous pour cÉlÉbrer l’Escalade et pour vivre avec nous, je t’assure que nous serions fort contens de notre sort actuel. Car jusqu’À prÉsent notre santÉ et nos affaires pÉcuniaires vont fort bien; quand je dis fort bien, c’est qu’À l’Égard du dernier article nous ne sommes pas trop ambitieux. Je vais te dÉtailler tout l’État de nos affaires. Dans la maison oÙ nous demeurions À Boston nous rencontrÂmes une Suissesse qui avait ÉpousÉ un Genevois nommÉ de Lesdernier de Russin et dont je crois t’avoir dit deux mots dans une de mes lettres prÉcÉdentes. Il y avait trente ans qu’il Était venu s’Établir dans la Nouvelle-Ecosse. Tu sais que cette province et le Canada sont les seules qui soient restÉes sous le joug anglais. Une partie des habitons de la premiÈre essaya cependant de se rÉvolter il y a deux ou trois ans. Mais n’ayant pas ÉtÉ soutenus ils furent obligÉs de s’enfuir dans la Nouvelle-Angleterre. Parmi eux Était un des fils de de Lesdernier. Il Nous avons dÉjÀ vu plusieurs sauvages, tous presqu’aussi noirs que des nÈgres, habillÉs presqu’À l’EuropÉenne exceptÉ les femmes qui—— Mais je veux te laisser un peu de curiositÉ sans la satisfaire, afin que tu ayes autant de motifs que possible pour venir nous joindre au plus tÔt. Mais ne pars que quand nous te le dirons, parcequ’en cas que tu ayes de l’argent, nous t’indiquerons quelles marchandises tu dois acheter, et parceque nous tÂcherons de te procurer un embarquement agrÉable. Dans notre passage de Boston ici nous avons couru plus de risque qu’en venant d’Europe. Le second jour de notre voyage nous relÂchÂmes À Newbury, jolie ville À dix lieues de Boston et nous y fÛmes retenus 5 À 6 jours par les vents contraires. L’entrÉe du hÂvre est trÈs-Étroite et il y a un grand nombre de brisans, de maniÈre que quand les vents ont soufflÉ depuis le dehors pendant quelque tems il y a des vagues prodigieuses qui pouvaient briser ou renverser le vaisseau quand nous voulÛmes sortir. Nous fÛmes donc obligÉs de rester encore quelques jours jusqu’À ce que la mer fÛt calmÉe. Enfin nous partÎmes aprÈs nous Être ÉchouÉ 2 fois dans le hÂvre. AprÈs deux jours de navigation les vents contraires et trÈs-forts nous obligÈrent d’entrer À Casco Bay, oÙ est la ville de Falmouth, une des premiÈres victimes de cette guerre, car elle a ÉtÉ presqu’entiÈrement brÛlÉe par les Anglais en ‘79. Le lendemain nous en partÎmes. Bon vent tout le jour, la nuit et le lendemain, mais un brouillard Épais. Le lendemain un coup de vent dÉchira notre grande voile. On la raccommoda tant bien que mal, et À peine Était-elle replacÉe que le vent augmenta et un quart d’heure aprÈs on dÉcouvrit tout À coup la terre À une portÉe-de-fusil À gauche. Nous allions nord-est et le vent Je n’ai pas besoin de te dire que ceci est Écrit au nom de tous les deux, et comme tu le vois le papier ne me permet pas de causer plus longtems avec toi. Adieu, mon bon ami. Cette lettre est achevÉe le 7e novembre. Je numÉrote mes lettres. Fais-en autant et dis-moi quels numÉros tu as reÇus. Tu ne recevras point de lettres de nous d’ici au printems, la communication Étant fermÉe. En relisant ma lettre je vois que je ne t’ai rien dit de la maniÈre de vivre de ce pays. Le commerce consiste en poisson, planches, mÂtures, pelleteries, et il est fort avantageux. Avant la guerre on ne faisait que couper des planches, depuis on a dÉfrichÉ les terres; il n’y a encore que fort peu de bleds, mais des patates et des racines de toute espÈce en abondance, point de fruits, et du bÉtail mais peu. Nous avons dÉjÀ une vache. C’est un commencement de mÉtairie, comme tu vois. Trois riviÈres se jettent dans le hÂvre et c’est À deux lieues au-dessus de leur embouchure que nous sommes À la jonction de deux d’entr’elles. Nous allons en bÂteaux de toute espÈce et entr’autres sur des canots d’Écorce, dont tu seras enchantÉ, quelques fragiles qu’ils soient. Tout cela gÈle tout l’hyver et on peut faire dix lieues en patins. On va sur la neige avec une sorte de machine qui s’attache aux pieds, nommÉe raquettes, et avec laquelle on n’enfonce point, quelque tendre qu’elle soit. On fait trente, quarante lieues À travers les bois, les lacs, les riviÈres, en raquettes, en patins, en canots d’Écorce. Car on les porte sur son dos quand on arrive À un endroit oÙ il n’y a plus d’eau jusqu’au premier ruisseau, oÙ l’on se rembarque. Dis-nous quelque chose de GenÈve; des affaires politiques, du Monsieur Jean Badollet, A letter from Serre, which was enclosed with the above long despatch from Gallatin, throws some light on Serre’s imaginative and poetical character and his probable influence on the more practical mind of his companion, although, to say the truth, his idea of life and its responsibilities was simply that of the runaway school-boy. SERRE TO BADOLLET. Mon cher ami Badollet, nous sommes ici dans un pays oÙ je crois que tu te plairais bien; nous demeurons au milieu d’une forÊt sur le bord d’une riviÈre; nous pouvons chasser, pÊcher, nous baigner, aller en patins quand bon nous semble. A prÉsent nous nous chauffons gaillardement devant un bon feu, et ce qu’il y a de mieux c’est que c’est nous-mÊmes qui allons couper le bois dans la forÊt. Tu sais comme nous nous amusions À GenÈve À nous promener en bÂteau. Eh bien! je m’amuse encore mieux ici À naviguer dans des canots de sauvages. Ils sont construits avec de l’Écorce de bouleau et sont charmants pour aller un ou deux dedans; on peut s’y coucher comme dans un lit, et ramer tout À son aise; il n’y a pas de petit ruisseau qui n’ait assez d’eau pour ces jolies voitures. Il y a quelque tems que je descendis une petite riviÈre fort Étroite; le tems Était superbe; je voyais des prairies À deux pas de moi; j’Étais couchÉ tout le long du canot sur une couverture, et il y avait si peu d’eau qu’il me semblait glisser sur les prÈs et les gazons. Je tourne, je charpente, je dessine, je joue du violon; il n’y a pas diablerie que je ne fasse pour m’amuser. Note avec cela que nous sommes ici en compagnie de cinq bourgeois et bourgeoises de GenÈve. Il est bien vrai qu’il y en a trois de nÉs en AmÉrique, mais ils n’en ont pas moins conservÉ le sang rÉpublicain de leurs ancÊtres, et M. Lesdernier le fils, nÉ dans ce continent d’un pÈre genevois, est celui de tous les AmÉricains que j’ai vu encore le plus zÉlÉ et le plus plein d’enthousiasme pour la libertÉ de son pays. Adieu, mon cher ami. J’espÈre que l’ÉtÉ prochain tu viendras m’aider À pagailler (signifie ramer) dans un canot de sauvage. Nous irons remonter la riviÈre St. Jean ou le fleuve St. Laurent, visiter le Canada. Si tu pouvais trouver moyen de m’envoyer une demi-douzaine de bouts de tubes capillaires pour thermomÈtre, tu obligerais beaucoup ton affectionnÉ ami. P.S.—Nous allons bientÔt faire un petit voyage pour voir une habitation de sauvages. A little more information is given by the fragment of another letter, written nearly two years afterwards, but covering the same ground. GALLATIN TO BADOLLET. Cambridge, 15 septembre, 1782. Mon bon ami, je t’Écris sans savoir oÙ tu es, et sans savoir si mes lettres te parviendront, ou si mÊme tu te soucies d’en recevoir; car si je ne comptais pas autant sur ton amitiÉ que je le fais, je serais presque portÉ À croire que tu n’as rÉpondu À aucune des lettres que nous t’avons Écrites, Serre et moi, depuis plus de deux ans. Cependant te jugeant par moi-mÊme et surtout te connaissant comme je fais, j’aime mieux penser que toutes nos lettres ont ÉtÉ perdues, ou que toutes les tiennes ont subi ce sort. Ainsi commenÇant par la deuxiÈme supposition, je vais te faire un court narrÉ de nos aventures. Notre voyage jusqu’en AmÉrique ne fut marquÉ par aucun ÉvÈnement remarquable exceptÉ le vol que le second du vaisseau nous fit de la moitiÉ de notre linge et de quelqu’argent. Nous arrivÂmes À Boston le 15 juillet, 1780, et nous y restÂmes deux mois avant de pouvoir nous dÉfaire de quelques caisses de thÉ que nous avions achetÉes avant de nous embarquer. La difficultÉ de se transporter À Philadelphie et le dÉsir d’augmenter un peu nos fonds avant d’y aller, nous dÉtermina À passer dans le nord de cet État dans le dernier Établissement qu’aient les AmÉricains sur les frontiÈres de la Nouvelle-Ecosse. Cette place se nomme Machias et est un port de mer situÉ sur la baye Funday, ou FranÇaise, À cent lieues N.-E. de Boston. Un Genevois nommÉ The remainder of this letter is lost, and the loss is the more unfortunate because the next movements of the two travellers are somewhat obscure. They appear to have wasted a year at Machias quite aimlessly, with possibly some advantage to their facility of talking, but at a serious cost to their slender resources. In the war, though they were on the frontier, and no doubt quite in the humor for excitement of the kind, they had little opportunity to take part. “I went twice as a volunteer,” says Mr. Gallatin, in a letter written in 1846, 1781. MLLE. PICTET TO GALLATIN. No. 5. GenÈve, 5 fÉvrier, 1782. J’ai reÇu, mon cher ami, ta lettre de Boston du 18e dÉcembre, 1781, qui m’a fait grand plaisir. Je suis bien aise que vous ne soyez plus dans l’espÈce de dÉsert oÙ vous avez passÉ l’hiver prÉcÉdent et oÙ je ne voyais rien À gagner pour vous mais beaucoup À perdre par la mauvaise compagnie À laquelle vous Étiez rÉduit. Je suis content aussi de l’aveu naÏf que tu fais de ton ennui; ... vous n’Êtes peut-Être pas beaucoup mieux À Boston, n’y Étant connu de personne; mais il n’est pas impossible de faire quelques bonnes connaissances si vous y passez quelque tems. Je t’y adressai une lettre le 6e janvier, 1782, No. 4, sous le couvert de M. le Docteur Samuel Cooper, À laquelle je joignis un mÉmoire pour lui demander À s’informer de vous À Machias, oÙ je vous croyais encore, de vouloir bien vous protÉger soit À Machias soit À Boston. Je lui contais votre histoire ... et lui disais que M. Franklin, son ami, devait le charger de te remettre mille livres, ... qu’on remettrait ici À M. Marignac, chez lequel M. Johannot son petit-fils est en pension. C’est ce jeune homme, que nous voyons souvent, qui voulut bien envoyer le tout dans une lettre de recommandation pour vous À son grand-pÈre.... La lettre par laquelle M. Johannot te recommande À son ami et le charge de te payer mille livres ... n’arrivera vraisemblablement qu’en mÊme tems que celle-ci, ce dont je suis trÈs-fÂchÉe, ne doutant pas que tu n’aies grand besoin d’argent. J’ai peine 1782. MLLE. PICTET TO GALLATIN. No. 8. 14 novembre, 1782. ... Enfin le jeune Johannot vient de recevoir une lettre de M. son grand-pÈre qui lui parle de toi; il t’a fait obtenir une place de Professeur en langue franÇaise dans l’acadÉmie de Boston.... MLLE. PICTET TO GALLATIN. No. 9. 30 novembre, 1782. Je reÇois, mon cher ami, ta lettre du 5e septembre, 1782, No. 3.... Elle m’a fait d’autant plus de plaisir que je l’ai trouvÉe mieux que les prÉcÉdentes; elle est sensÉe et dÉpouillÉe d’enthousiasme; il me semble que tu commences À voir les choses sous leur vrai point de vue.... Je vois avec grand plaisir que tu ne penses plus au commerce.... Je ne puis m’empÊcher de te rÉpÉter que tu dois te dÉfier de l’imagination et de la tÊte de Serre; il l’a lÉgÈre; l’imagination a plus de part À ses projets que le raisonnement.... MLLE. PICTET TO GALLATIN. No. 10. 26 dÉcembre, 1782. ... Tu me dis que ta santÉ est bonne; je trouve que tu la mets À de terribles Épreuves, et quoique ta vie soit moins pÉnible que quand tu Étais coupeur de bois À Machias, la quantitÉ de leÇons que tu es obligÉ de donner me paraÎt une chose bien fatigante et bien ennuyeuse. J’espÈre que tu seras devenu un peu moins difficile et moins sujet À l’ennui.... SERRE TO BADOLLET. Cambridge, 13 dÉcembre, 1782. Mon cher ami, ma foi! je perds patience et je n’ai pas tout À fait tort. Tu conviendras avec nous qu’aprÈs t’avoir Écrit une douzaine de lettres sans recevoir aucune rÉponse, il nous est bien Je ne vais point te faire ici le dÉtail de toutes nos aventures dans ce pays, qui sont assez curieuses et intÉressantes. Nous avons visitÉ toute la cÔte septentrionale des États-Unis depuis Boston jusqu’À Pasmacadie, quelquefois sÉparÉs l’un de l’autre, mais le plus souvent ensemble; nous avons habitÉ parmi les sauvages, voyagÉ avec eux, par tems dans leurs canots d’Écorce, couchÉ dans leurs cabanes et assistÉ À un de leurs festins; nous nous sommes trouvÉs rassemblÉs cinq Genevois À Machias pendant un hiver, au milieu des bois et des Indiens. Combien de fois nous avons pensÉ À toi alors; combien de fois nous t’avons dÉsirÉ pour venir avec nous couper du bois le matin et le transporter dans notre chaumiÈre pour nous en chauffer. Mr. Lesdernier avec qui nous demeurions a ÉtÉ fermier À Russin, et quoique depuis trente ans dans ce pays il a conservÉ en entier cette humeur joviale et franche et cet esprit libre qui caractÉrisent nos habitans de la campagne. La premiÈre fois que je le vis je me sentis Ému de joie, j’aurais voulu lui sauter au cou et l’embrasser; je me crus À GenÈve parmi nos bons bourgeois de la campagne et il me semblait voir en lui un ancien ami. Partout oÙ nous avons ÉtÉ nous t’avons toujours regrettÉ. De tous les jeunes gens de notre connoissance À qui nous avons pensÉ, tu es le seul que nous ayons toujours dÉsirÉ pour compagnon de fortune et dont le caractÈre se plairoit le plus À notre genre de vie. Si tu pouvais t’imaginer la libertÉ dont nous jouissons et tous les avantages qui l’accompagnent, tu n’hÉsiterais pas un instant À venir la partager avec nous. Nous ne courons point aprÈs la Fortune. L’expÉrience nous a appris qu’elle court souvent aprÈs l’homme À qui elle crie: ArrÊte; mais son ardente ambition le rend sourd et la lui reprÉsente toujours comme fuyant devant lui. Alors croyant l’atteindre À force de courses et de fatigues, le malheureux s’en Éloigne et lui Échappe. De Notre but donc, mon cher ami, est le plus tÔt que nous pourrons de nous procurer un fond de terre et de nous mettre fermiers; ayant ainsi une ressource sÛre pour vivre agrÉablement et indÉpendants, nous pourrons lorsque l’envie nous en prendra, aller de tems en tems faire quelques excursions dans le dehors et courir le pays, ce qui est un de nos plus grands plaisirs; or nous n’attendrons que toi pour accomplir notre projet; fais ton paquet, je t’en prie, et hormis que tu ne sois dans des circonstances bien avantageuses, viens nous joindre tout de suite. Je ne saurais croire avec quel plaisir je m’imagine quelquefois nous voir tous les trois dans notre maison de campagne occupÉs des diffÉrents soins de la campagne, puis de tems en tems pour varier, aller visiter quelque nouvelle partie du monde; si la fortune se trouve en passant, nous mettons la main dessus; si au contraire quelque revers nous abat, nous nous en revenons vite dans notre ferme, oÙ nous en sommes quittes pour couper notre bois nous-mÊmes et Ah ÇÀ, nous t’attendons pour le plus tard le printems prochain. Pourvu que tu aies de quoi payer ton passage, ne t’inquiÈte pas du reste. Nous ignorons oÙ nous serons positivement dans ce temps, mais dÈs le moment que tu seras arrivÉ, si c’est À Boston va loger chez Tahon qui tient une auberge franÇaise À l’enseigne de l’alliance dans la rue appelÉe Fore Street, prononcÉ Faure Strite. Si tu n’arrives pas À Boston, Écris À Tahon, qui t’indiquera oÙ nous sommes. Emporte avec toi tout ce que tu possÈdes et tÂche de te munir d’un ou deux bons baromÈtres et thermomÈtres et de tubes pour en faire, avec une longue vue. Adieu, mon cher ami; je ne sais point À qui adresser cette lettre pour qu’elle te parvienne, car j’ignore totalement oÙ est ta rÉsidence actuelle. Gallatin t’Écrit aussi, ainsi je ne te dis rien de lui. It was the watchful care and forethought of Mlle. Pictet that enabled Gallatin to tide over the difficulties of these two years, by obtaining the countenance and aid of Dr. Cooper, which opened to him the doors of Harvard College. The following paper shows the position he occupied at the college, which has been sometimes dignified by the name of Professorship: “At a meeting of the President and Fellows of Harvard College, July 2, 1782: Vote 5. That Mr. Gallatin, who has requested it, be permitted to instruct in the French language such of the students as desire it and who shall obtain permission from their parents or guardians in writing, signified under their hands to the President; which students shall be assessed in their quarter-bills the sums agreed for with Mr. Gallatin for their instruction; and that Mr. Gallatin be allowed the use of the library, a chamber in the college, and commons at the rate paid by the tutors, if he desire it. “Copy. Attest, The list of students who availed themselves of this privilege 1783. Of his life while in Boston and Cambridge almost nothing can be said. He was not fond of society, and there is no reason to suppose that he sought the society of Boston. The only American friend he made, of whose friendship any trace remains, was William Bentley, afterwards a clergyman long settled at Salem, then a fellow-tutor at Cambridge. When Gallatin left Cambridge after a year of residence, President Willard, Professor Wigglesworth, and Dr. Cooper, at his request, gave him a certificate that he had “acquitted himself in this department with great reputation. He appears to be well acquainted with letters, and has maintained an unblemished character in the University and in this part of the country.” And Mr. Bentley, in whose bands he left a few small money settlements, wrote to him as follows, enclosing the testimonial: WILLIAM BENTLEY TO GALLATIN. Hollis Hall, Cambridge, August 20, 1783. Mr. Gallatin,—I profess myself happy in your confidence. Your very reputable conduct in the University has obliged all its friends to afford you the most full testimony of their esteem and obligation, as the within testimonials witness. I should have answered your letter of July 11 sooner had not the call of a dissenting congregation at Salem obliged my absence at that time, and the immediately ensuing vacation prevented my attention N.B.—The tutors all expressed a readiness to subscribe to any recommendation or encomium which could serve Mr. Gallatin’s interest in America; but our names would appear oddly on the list with the president, professors, and Dr. Cooper. If Gallatin gained the esteem of so excellent a man as Bentley, there can be no doubt that he deserved it. In the small collegiate society of that day there was little opportunity to deceive, and Bentley and President Willard only repeat the same account of Gallatin’s character and abilities which comes from all other sources. There is, too, an irresistible accent of truth in the quaint phraseology of Bentley’s letter. But he had no intention to stop here. In July, 1783, he took advantage of the summer vacation to travel. GALLATIN TO SERRE. New York, 22e juillet, 1783. Mon bon ami, nous voici arrivÉs heureusement À New York aprÈs un passage plus long que nous n’avions comptÉ. Nous laissÂmes Providence jeudi passÉ, 17e courant, et arrivÂmes le lendemain À Newport, oÙ nous ne fÎmes que dÎner, et que j’ai trouvÉ mieux situÉ et plus agrÉable quoique moins bien bÂti et moins commerÇant que Providence. Apropos de cette derniÈre ville, j’ai ÉtÉ voir le collÉge, oÙ il n’y a que 12 Écoliers; je ne pus voir le prÉsident, mais le tutor, car il n’y en a qu’un, me parla de Poullin; il me dit qu’ils seraient trÈs-charmÉs d’avoir un maÎtre franÇais; que le collÉge ni les Écoliers ne pourraient lui donner que peu de chose, mais qu’il se trouverait dans la ville un nombre assez considÉrable d’Écoliers pour l’occuper autant qu’il voudrait; qu’en cas qu’il s’en prÉsentÂt un, le collÉge le ferait afficher sur la gazette afin qu’on ouvrÎt pour lui Mr. Savary te fait bien des complimens. Notre autre compagnon de voyage n’est pas ici. Aussi je les supposerai en son nom. Il est arrivÉ hier ici une frÉgate d’Angleterre qui a, dit-on, apportÉ le traitÉ dÉfinitif ... traitÉ de commerce de.... The M. Savary mentioned here as Gallatin’s fellow-traveller from Boston was to have a great influence on his fortunes. M. Savary de Valcoulon was from Lyons. Having claims against the State of Virginia, he had undertaken himself to collect them, Meanwhile, a premonitory symptom of revolution had occurred in Geneva. The two parties had come to blows; blood was shed; the adjoining governments of Switzerland, France, GALLATIN TO BADOLLET. Philadelphie, ce 1er octobre, 1783. Mon bon ami, je viens de recevoir ta lettre du 20 mars qui À quelques Égards m’a fait le plus grand plaisir, mais qui en m’apprenant toutes les circonstances des troubles de notre malheureuse patrie a achevÉ de m’Ôter toute espÉrance de jamais pouvoir m’y fixer. Non, mon ami, il est impossible À un homme de sens et vertueux, nÉ citoyen d’un État libre, et qui est venu sucer encore l’amour de l’indÉpendance dans le pays le plus libre de l’univers; il est impossible, dis-je, À cet homme, quelques puissent avoir ÉtÉ les prÉjugÉs de son enfance, d’aller jouer nulle part le rÔle de tyran ou d’esclave, et comme je ne vois pas qu’il y ait d’autre situation À choisir À GenÈve, je me vois forcÉ de renoncer pour toujours À ces murs chÉris qui m’ont vu naÎtre, À ma famille, À mes amis; À moins qu’une nouvelle rÉvolution ne change beaucoup la situation des affaires. Tu vois par ce que je viens de te dire que la faÇon de penser de mes parens n’influe point sur la mienne et que j’en ai changÉ depuis mon dÉpart d’Europe. Il est tout simple qu’Étant entourÉ des gens qui pensent tous de la mÊme maniÈre, on s’habitue À penser comme eux; dÈs que l’on commence À Être de leur parti, le prÉjugÉ a dÉjÀ pris possession de vous et À moins que par un heureux hasard la raison et le bon droit ne soient du cÔtÉ que vous avez embrassÉ, vous tomberez d’Écarts en Écarts, de torts en torts, et vous ne verrez les excÈs auxquels vous vous serez abandonnÉ que lorsque quelqu’ÉvÈnement d’Éclat vous aura ouvert les yeux. En voilÀ je crois assez pour me justifier d’avoir ÉtÉ NÉgatif À 19 ans lorsque j’abandonnai GenÈve. Mais À 1200 lieues de distance on juge bien plus sainement; le jugement n’Étant plus embarrassÉ par les petites raisons, les petits prÉjugÉs, les petites vues et les petits intÉrÊts de vos alentours, ne voit plus que le fond de la question, et peut dÉcider hardiment. Si l’on se laisse gagner par un peu d’enthousiasme La lettre que je viens de recevoir est la premiÈre qui nous soit Tu dÉsires sans doute savoir quelles sont mes vues pour l’avenir; les voici! Ayant pour ainsi dire renoncÉ À GenÈve, je n’ai pas dÛ hÉsiter sur la choix de la patrie que je devais choisir, et l’AmÉrique m’a paru le pays le plus propre À me fixer par sa constitution, son climat, et les ressources que j’y pouvais trouver. Mais il serait bien dur pour moi de me voir sÉparÉ de tous mes amis et c’Était sur toi que je comptais pour me faire passer une vie agrÉable. Dumont, dis-tu, te retient; mais qu’est-ce qui retient Dumont? Il ne doit pas douter de tout le plaisir que j’aurais À le voir. Si toi, lui, Serre et moi Étions rÉunis, ne formerions-nous pas une sociÉtÉ trÈs-agrÉable? Tu vois que je compte que vous seriez tous les deux aussi charmÉs d’Être avec Serre et moi que nous deux d’Être avec vous. Reste À proposer les moyens de pouvoir Être passablement heureux quand nous serons rÉunis en ayant un honnÊte nÉcessaire et jouissant de cette mÉdiocritÉ À laquelle je borne tous mes voeux. Comme la campagne est notre passion favorite, c’est de ce cÔtÉ que se tournent entiÈrement mes projets. Dans l’espace situÉ entre les Apalaches et les Mississippi, sur les deux rives de l’Ohio se trouvent les meilleures terres de l’AmÉrique, et comme le climat en est tempÉrÉ je les prÉfÉrerais À celles de Machias et de la Nouvelle-Angleterre. Celles au nord de l’Ohio appartiennent au CongrÈs, et celles du sud À la Virginie, aux Carolines et À la Georgie. Le Si parmi les personnes que les malheurs de notre patrie en chassent, il s’en trouvait quelques-unes qui dÉsirassent rÉunir leurs petites fortunes pour former un Établissement un peu plus considÉrable, je dÉsirerais que tu me le fisses savoir. Je pourrai depuis la Virginie leur proposer un plan plus dÉterminÉ et plus sÛr. Je ne crois pas ce pays bien propre À Établir des manufactures; je ne parle que de petits capitalistes comme moi, et de fermiers ou ouvriers, ces derniers (les ouvriers) en petit nombre. S’il y avait un nombre suffisant de gens qui voulussent s’expatrier, peut-Être le CongrÈs leur accorderait des terres. Je serais charmÉ de pouvoir Être utile À tous ceux de mes compatriotes que leur amour pour la libertÉ a forcÉs de quitter GenÈve, et s’ils tournaient leur vue sur les États-Unis ils pourraient compter sur mon zÈle À leur donner tous les renseignemens et À faire toutes les dÉmarches qui pourraient leur Être de quelque utilitÉ. Les citoyens amÉricains sont trÈs-bien intentionnÉs À leur Égard et il y a eu beaucoup de refroidissemens entre eux et les FranÇais À leur Je souhaiterais que cette lettre ne fÛt pas vue de mes parens À GenÈve, non pas que je veuille qu’ils ignorent ma faÇon de penser politique, ou que des vues intÉressÉes me fassent dÉsirer que mes oncles ne sussent pas que je veux me fixer en AmÉrique, ce qui est renoncer À toutes mes espÉrances de ce cÔtÉ-lÀ, mais parceque cette rÉsolution, si elle Était connue, ferait trop de peine À ma tendre mÈre Mlle. Pictet, qui est le seul chaÎnon subsistant des liens qui me retenaient À GenÈve. Je ne veux pas dire par lÀ qu’elle soit la seule personne qui m’y attire; j’y ai des amis et surtout une amie qu’il me serait bien dur de quitter; mais tu me connais assez pour comprendre quels doivent Être mes sentimens À l’Égard de la personne À qui je dois tout et que j’ai bien mal rÉcompensÉe de son amitiÉ et de ses soins. Mille amitiÉs À Dumont. Fais faire mes complimens À d’Ivernois; la maniÈre dont il s’est comportÉ lui fait beaucoup d’honneur. Ecris-moi promptement et longuement. Je te donnerai des nouvelles plus positives dans deux mois. Si tu changes de demeure, prie M^e. de Vivens de t’envoyer les lettres qui te parviendront, et indique-moi ton adresse. J’espÈre que tu viendras bientÔt tirer parti de ton Anglais. Tout homme qui a des terres ici devient citoyen et a droit de donner sa voix pour envoyer son reprÉsentant ou dÉputÉ À l’AssemblÉe GÉnÉrale, et celui d’Être Élu soi-mÊme s’il en est digne. Adieu, mon bon ami. Tout À toi. Cette lettre est mise abord du brig Le Comte du Duras, Capitaine 12 novembre, 1783. Mon bon ami, le sus-dit vaisseau a fait naufrage À l’entrÉe de la Delaware. L’Équipage s’est sauvÉ et ma lettre m’est revenue. Je me porte toujours bien. Je pars demain matin pour Virginie d’oÙ je reviendrai dans deux mois. Adresse toujours À Philadelphie. Je suis entrÉ pour ¼ dans une spÉculation de 120,000 acres de terre en Virginie. Cela de toi À moi. Tout À toi. Clearly young Gallatin now thought that he had found the destiny so long imagined, and, modest as his sketch of their future prospects may appear, his acts show that the original scheme of bettering his fortune was by no means abandoned, but rather entertained on a vaster scale. He had solved the difficulty of speculating without capital and without debt; for certainly that modest retreat which he imagined for himself, Serre, and Badollet, did not require operations on the scale of a hundred thousand acres, and the element of speculation must have absorbed four-fifths of his thoughts. At this time, indeed, and for many years afterwards, all America was engaged in these speculations. General Washington was deep in them, and, as will be seen, jostled against Gallatin in the very act of opening up his lands. Robert Morris was a wild speculator, and closed his public career a bankrupt and in prison for that reason. Promising as the prospect was and certain as the ultimate profits seemed, it would be difficult to prove that any one was ever really enriched by these investments; certainly in Gallatin’s case, as in the case of Washington and Robert Morris, the result was trouble, disappointment, and loss. It was for Gallatin something worse; it was another false start. For the moment, however, he was with Savary at Richmond, attending to Savary’s claims and making preparations for his Western expedition. No more complaints of ennui are heard. Richmond has far other fascinations than Boston. To the end of his life Mr. Gallatin always recalled with pleasure his experiences at this city, where he first began to feel his own powers and to see them recognized by the world. In a letter written in “I cannot complain of the world. I have been treated with kindness in every part of the United States where I have resided. But it was at Richmond, where I spent most of the winters between the years 1783 and 1789, that I was received with that old proverbial Virginia hospitality to which I know no parallel anywhere within the circle of my travels. It was not hospitality only that was shown to me. I do not know how it came to pass, but every one with whom I became acquainted appeared to take an interest in the young stranger. I was only the interpreter of a gentleman the agent of a foreign house that had a large claim for advances to the State; and this made me known to all the officers of government and some of the most prominent members of the Legislature. It gave me the first opportunity of showing some symptoms of talent, even as a speaker, of which I was not myself aware. Every one encouraged me and was disposed to promote my success in life. To name all those from whom I received offers of service would be to name all the most distinguished residents at that time at Richmond. I will only mention two: John Marshall, who, though but a young lawyer in 1783, was almost at the head of the bar in 1786, offered to take me in his office without a fee, and assured me that I would become a distinguished lawyer. Patrick Henry advised me to go to the West, where I might study law if I chose; but predicted that I was intended for a statesman, and told me that this was the career which should be my aim; he also rendered me several services on more than one occasion.” Gallatin remained in Richmond till the end of February, 1784, and then returned to Philadelphia, where he made the final preparations for his expedition to the West. None of his letters are preserved, but his movements may be followed with tolerable accuracy. He remained in Philadelphia during the month of March, then crossed the mountains to Pittsburg in April, went down the Ohio with his party, and passed the summer Gallatin seems to have been detained till late in the year by these occupations. They excluded all other thoughts from his mind. He wrote no letters; perhaps it would have been difficult, if not impossible, to find a conveyance if he had written them. There is but one fragment of his handwriting before the close of the year, and this only an unfinished draft of a letter to Badollet, which is worth inserting, not only because there is nothing else, but because it shows what was engaging his thoughts. GALLATIN TO BADOLLET. Des Bords de la Susquehanna, 29 dÉcembre, 1784. Mon bon ami, retenu ici aujourd’hui par le mauvais temps dans une misÉrable auberge, je vais tÂcher de passer quelques moments agrÉables en causant avec toi. Je laissai Boston en juillet, 1783, et vins À Philadelphie avec M. Savary de Valcoulon de Lyon, appelÉ par ses affaires en AmÉrique et qui n’entendant pas l’Anglais Était bien aise d’avoir avec lui quelqu’un qui le sÛt; ou qui plutÔt ayant pris de l’amitiÉ pour moi et voyant que ma situation dans la Nouvelle-Angleterre Était loin d’Être gracieuse, crut qu’il me serait plus avantageux de changer de place et me promit de m’Être aussi utile qu’il le pourrait. Il m’a bien tenu parole. Non-seulement il m’a aidÉ de sa bourse et de son crÉdit, mais il m’a mis À mÊme d’espÉrer un jour de pouvoir jouir du plaisir de vivre heureux avec Serre et toi. Tu sens qu’un homme À qui j’ai consenti d’avoir des obligations doit There is, however, one proof that he was at George’s Creek in the month of September of this year. Among Mr. John Russell Bartlett’s “Reminiscences of Mr. Gallatin” is the following anecdote, which can only refer to this time: “Mr. Gallatin said he first met General Washington at the office of a land agent near the Kenawha River, in North-Western Virginia, where he (Mr. G.) had been engaged in surveying. “On his arrival, General Washington took his seat at a pine table in the log cabin, or rather land agent’s office, surrounded by the men who had come to meet him. They all stood up, as there was no room for seats. Some of the more fortunate, however, secured quarters on the bed. They then underwent an examination by the general, who wrote down all the particulars stated by them. He was very inquisitive, questioning one after the other and noting down all they said. Mr. Gallatin stood among the others in the crowd, though quite near the table, and listened attentively to the numerous queries put by the general, and very soon discovered from the various relations which was the only practicable pass through which the road could be made. He felt uneasy at the indecision of the general, when the point was so evident to him, and without reflecting on the impropriety of it, suddenly interrupted him, saying, ‘Oh, it is plain enough, such a place [a spot just mentioned by one of the settlers] is the most practicable.’ The good people stared at the young surveyor (for they only knew him as such) with surprise, wondering at his boldness in thrusting his opinion unasked upon the general. “The interruption put a sudden stop to General Washington’s inquiries. He laid down his pen, raised his eyes from his paper, and cast a stern look at Mr. Gallatin, evidently offended at the intrusion of his opinion, but said not a word. Resuming his former attitude, he continued his interrogations for a few minutes longer, when suddenly stopping, he threw down his pen, turned to Mr. Gallatin, and said, ‘You are right, sir. “‘It was so on all occasions with General Washington,’ remarked Mr. Gallatin to me; ‘he was slow in forming an opinion, and never decided until he knew he was right.’ “To continue the narrative: the general stayed here all night, occupying the bed alluded to, while his nephew, the land agent, and Mr. Gallatin rolled themselves in blankets and buffalo-skins and lay upon the bare floor. After the examination mentioned, and when the party went out, General Washington inquired who the young man was who had interrupted him, made his acquaintance, and learned all the particulars of his history. They occasionally met afterwards, and the general urged Mr. Gallatin to become his land agent; but as Mr. Gallatin was then, or intended soon to become, the owner of a large tract of land, he was compelled to decline the favorable offer made him by General Washington.” This is the story as told by Mr. Bartlett, and there can be no doubt of its essential correctness. But General Washington made only one journey to the West during which he could possibly have met Mr. Gallatin. This journey was in the month of September, 1784, and was not to the Kanawha, though originally meant to be so. He went no farther than to George’s Creek, and it so happens that he kept a diary of every day’s work during this expedition. The diary has never been published; but it is among the archives in the State Department at Washington. In it are the following entries: 1785. “September 23. Arrived at Colonel Phillips’ about five o’clock in the afternoon, sixteen miles from Beason Town and near the mouth of Cheat River; ... crossed no water of consequence except George’s Creek. An apology made me from the court of Fayette (through Mr. Smith) for not addressing me, as they found my horses saddled and myself on the move. Finding by inquiries that the Cheat River had been passed with canoes through those parts which had been represented as impassable, and that a Captain Hanway, the surveyor of Monongahela, lived within two or three miles of it, south side thereof, I resolved to pass it to obtain further information, and accordingly, accompanied by Colonel Phillips, set off in the morning of the “24th, and crossed it at the mouth.... From the fork to the No mention is made of Mr. Gallatin, nor indeed of any others besides Colonel Morgan, from whom the information was derived; but there can hardly be a doubt that this was the occasion of the meeting. The only possible importance of this district of country, in which both Washington and Gallatin had at times large interests, was derived from the fact that it lay between the head-waters of the Potomac and the nearest navigable branches of the Ohio. The following winter was also passed in Richmond, where Savary ultimately built a brick house, long remembered for its tall, round chimneys. Gallatin was now established here so firmly that he regarded himself as a Virginian, and seems to have been regarded as such by his acquaintances, as the following paper testifies: “The bearer hereof, Mr. Albert Gallatine, is going from this place to Greenbriar County, and from thence towards Monongalia and the Countys northwestward. His business is with the surveyors of some of these Countys, particularly with him of “I feel it my duty in a peculiar manner to give every possible facility to this gentleman, because his personal character, as well as his present designs, entitle him to the most cordial regards. “Given under my hand at Richmond this 25th March, 1785. “P. Henry.” Governor Henry also intrusted Gallatin with the duty of locating two thousand acres of land in the Western country for Colonel James Le Maire, or of completing the title if the land were already located. This commission is dated March 29. On the 30th, Gallatin wrote to Badollet a letter, of which the following extract is all that has interest here. He at length tells Badollet to come over at once. His own position is sufficiently secure to warrant a decisive step of this kind. The next day began his second expedition to the West. GALLATIN TO BADOLLET. Richmond (en Virginie), ce 30 mars, 1785. Mon bon ami, j’espÈre que tu as reÇu la lettre que je t’ai Écrite de Philadelphie en dÉcembre dernier par laquelle je t’annonÇais la rÉception de la tienne du 9e avril, 1784, et par laquelle je te renvoyais À ma premiÈre pour de plus grands dÉtails sur ce qui me regardait. C’est avec le plus grand plaisir que je puis enfin te dire de partir par la premiÈre occasion pour venir me joindre; ce n’est qu’aprÈs m’Être longtems consultÉ que j’ai pris ce parti, ayant toujours craint de te faire sacrifier un bien-Être rÉel À des avantages incertains. Cependant, considÉrant ma position actuelle et voyant par tes lettres que ton attachement pour moi et ton goÛt pour la retraite sont toujours les mÊmes, je crois que je puis accorder mon amitiÉ et ton bonheur; du reste, voici l’État exact oÙ je suis, tu jugeras par lÀ s’il te convient de venir le partager. J’ai fait connaissance avec M. Savary de Lyon, homme d’un rare mÉrite, et dont le coeur vaut mieux que l’esprit; aprÈs l’avoir aidÉ pendant quelque tems À suivre ses affaires, il m’a intÉressÉ During this summer Gallatin kept a brief diary, so that it is possible to follow all his movements. Leaving Richmond on the 31st of March, alone, on horseback, he ascended James River, crossed the Blue Ridge near the Peaks of Otter, and arrived at the Court-House of Greenbrier County on the 18th April. Having seen the surveyor and attended to his locations of land, he started northwards on the 21st, and on the 29th reached his headquarters at Clare’s on George’s Creek. Here Savary joined him, and after making their preparations they set off on the 26th May, and descended the Ohio with their surveying party to the mouth of Little Sandy Creek, where from June 3 to July 1 they were engaged in surveying, varied by building a log cabin, clearing land, and occasionally killing a bear or a buffalo. On the 1st July, Gallatin, leaving Savary and four men at “Friends’ Landing” to carry on the work, set off by water for the Grand Kanawha, and surveyed country about the head-waters of the Big Sandy and between the Elk and the Pocotaligo. On August 13 he descended the Pocotaligo, and on the 15th, striking across country to the southward, he reached “Meeting Camp,” on the Elk, and received letters from Savary announcing that the This Indian outbreak deranged all their plans. It had been their intention to settle on these lands between the two Kanawhas, and for this purpose they had engaged men, built the log cabin, and cleared several acres on the banks of the Ohio adjoining the lands located by General Washington and known as “Washington’s Bottom.” They themselves, it is true, were not directly molested by the Indians, but boats had been captured and emigrants murdered a few miles from their settlement. They were obliged to abandon their plan and to return to Clare’s. This wild attempt to make his home in an utter solitude one hundred and twenty miles beyond the last house then inhabited on the banks of the Ohio, was obviously impracticable even to Gallatin’s mind, without incurring imminent danger of massacre. The friends returned to George’s Creek. It was then, at the October court of Monongalia County, Virginia, according to the record, that Gallatin at last “took the oath of allegiance and fidelity to the Commonwealth of Virginia.” He had long considered himself an American citizen; this act merely fixed the place of citizenship. By the laws of his native country he was still a minor. He was actually residing in Pennsylvania. The old Confederation was still the only national government. Virginia was the State to which he was attached, and of Virginia he wished to be considered a citizen, so that even a year later he signed himself in legal documents “of Monongalia County, Virginia.” He had fully determined to remain in the Western country, and he chose Monongalia County because his lands lay there; but the neighboring Pennsylvania county of Fayette was both by situation and resources a more convenient residence, and even so early as 1784, as has already been shown, Savary and he had established a store and made their base of operations in Fayette County. In November of this year 1785 they leased from Thomas Clare for five years a house and five acres of land at George’s Creek, in Springhill Township, on the Monongahela: here they made their temporary residence, transferring their store to it, and placing in it several men who had been engaged as This then was the promised land, the “fond de terre” which poor Serre had described, and to which Badollet was now on his way. In point of fact it suggested Switzerland. No better spot could have been found in the United States for men who had passed their youth by the shore of Lake Geneva, overlooked by the snow summit of Mont Blanc. Friendship Hill rises abruptly from the Monongahela, and looks eastward to the Laurel Ridge, picturesque as Serre could have imagined, remote as Rousseau could have wished. But as a place of permanent residence for men who were to earn their living according to the Genevan theory, it had one disadvantage which is pointedly described by Gallatin himself in a letter to Badollet, written about half a century afterwards. Thus much accomplished, Gallatin and Savary left George’s Creek on the 22d November, making their way to Cumberland on the Potomac, and so down the river to Richmond. But in the following February he again returned to George’s Creek, and there he kept house for the future, having never less than six persons and afterwards many more in his family. Here Badollet now came, in obedience to his friend’s wishes. With him Gallatin buried himself in the wilderness, and his family entreated for letters in vain. ABRAHAM GALLATIN TO ALBERT GALLATIN. Pregny, ce 20 juin, 1785. Quand une correspondance, mon cher fils, est aussi mal Établie que la nÔtre, on ne sait par oÙ commencer. Je t’ai Écrit quelques lettres dont j’ignore le sort; j’en ai reÇu une de toi, il y a deux ou trois ans; si la date en Était exacte, elle me fÛt rendue ici dans trente jours ... d’oÙ je conclus que nous Étions assez voisins et qu’il ne tenait qu’À toi de nous donner plus souvent de tes nouvelles. Nous n’en avons eu que bien peu et la plupart indirectes. Mais enfin je ne te fais point de reproches; je sais que les jeunes gens s’occupent rarement de leurs vieux parents et que d’ailleurs j’ai cru entrevoir que tes occupations et tes divers dÉplacements out dÛ avoir de longs momens inquiÉtans et pÉnibles. Il y a quelques mois qu’un Mr. Jennings qui a ÉtÉ ton ami et qui est parti pour l’Île de Grenade, Écrivit À Mlle. Pictet de Baltimore le 28e fÉvrier qu’il avait ÉtÉ À Philadelphie oÙ il avait comptÉ de te trouver, mais que malheureusement pour lui tu en Étais parti pour une province À 3 ou 400 lieues de lÀ pour y faire arpenter un trÈs-grand terrain inculte que tu avais achetÉ À vil prix. Il ajoutait ensuite que s’Étant informÉ exactement de diverses personnes qui te connaissent, on avait fait de toi un trÈs-bon rapport sur l’estime et le crÉdit que tu y avais acquis.... Tu n’as pas oubliÉ sans doute que tu seras majeur dans le courant du mois de janvier prochain, 1786.... MLLE. PICTET TO GALLATIN. 22 juillet, 1785. 1786. Enfin j’ai reÇu ta lettre du 29e mars.... J’ai peine À excuser ce long silence; je ne saurais mÊme prendre pour bonnes les raisons que tu en donnes; il me paraÎt plus vraisemblable que l’amour-propre t’empÊche d’Écrire lorsque tu n’as rien À dire d’avantageux de ta situation.... Je me flatte que M. Savari a un mÉrite plus sÛr que Serre et Badollet. Quant À Serre, je comprends qu’il y a quelques nuages entre vous.... Son ANNE GALLATIN TO ALBERT GALLATIN. 6 mars, 1786. Monsieur,—Je ne puis imaginer que vous soyez instruit que le bruit de votre mort est parvenu jusqu’À GenÈve comme la chose du monde la plus certaine et que vous ne vous soyez pas hÂtÉ de le dÉtruire par vos lettres.... MLLE. PICTET TO GALLATIN. 1 octobre, 1787. ... Monsieur Chaston ... m’a parlÉ de toi; ... il m’a dit que tu avais conservÉ ton ancienne indolence; que tu te souciais peu du monde, et que lorsque tu avais demeurÉ chez lui À Philadelphie il ne pouvait t’engager À voir le monde ni À t’habiller. Il dit que tu aimes toujours l’Étude et la lecture. VoilÀ des goÛts qui ne paraissent pas s’accorder avec tes grandes entreprises et pour lesquels une grande fortune est bien inutile, que tu aurais pu suivre sans quitter ton pays.... 1787. So widely accredited was the rumor of his death that his family in Geneva made an application to Mr. Jefferson, then the United States minister at Paris, through the Genevan minister at that Court, who was a connection of the Gallatin family; and Mr. Jefferson on the 27th January, 1786, wrote to Mr. Jay on the subject a letter which will be found in his printed works. Mr. Jay replied on the 16th June, reassuring the family; but in the mean while letters had arrived from Gallatin himself. There were indeed other reasons than mere family affection which made correspondence at this moment peculiarly necessary. Gallatin reached his twenty-fifth year on the 29th January, when his little patrimony became his own to dispose of at his will; and without attributing to him an inordinate amount of self-interest, it would seem that he must certainly have been heard from at this time if at no other, seeing that he was pledged to undertakings which had been entered into on the strength of this expected capital. The family were not left long in doubt. Letters and drafts soon arrived, and Gallatin duly received through the firm of Robert Nevertheless, he was not yet quite firmly established in his American life. His existence at George’s Creek was not all that imagination could paint; perhaps not all it once had painted. The business of store-keeping and land-clearing in a remote mountain valley had drawbacks which even the arrival of Badollet could not wholly compensate; and finally the death of Serre, learned only in the summer of 1786, was a severe blow, which made Gallatin’s mind for a time turn sadly away from its occupations and again long for the sympathy and associations of the home they had both so contemptuously deserted. There was indeed little at this time of his life, between 1786 and 1788, which could have been greatly enjoyable to him, or which can be entertaining to describe, in long residences at George’s Creek, varied by journeys to Richmond, Philadelphia, and New York, land purchases and land sales, the one as unproductive as the other, house-building, store-keeping, incessant daily attention to the joint interests of the association while it lasted, endless trials of temper and patience in dealing with his associates, details of every description, since nothing could be trusted to others, and no pleasures that even to a mind naturally In point of fact, too, nothing was gained by thus insisting upon taking life awry and throwing away the advantages of education, social position, and natural intelligence. All the elaborate calculations of fortune to result from purchases of land in Western Virginia were miscalculations. Forty years later, after Mr. Gallatin had made over to his sons all his Western lands, he summed up the result of his operations in a very few words: “It is a troublesome and unproductive property, which has plagued me all my life. I could not have vested my patrimony in a more unprofitable manner.” It is, too, a mistake to suppose that he was essentially aided even in his political career by coming to a border settlement. There have been in American history three parallel instances of young men coming to this country from abroad and under great disadvantages achieving political distinction which culminated in the administration of the national Treasury. These were, in the order of seniority, Alexander Hamilton, Albert Gallatin, and A.J. Dallas, the latter of whom came to America in 1783 and was Gallatin’s most intimate political friend and associate. Neither Hamilton nor Dallas found it necessary or advisable to retire into the wilderness, and political distinctions were conferred upon them quite as rapidly as was for their advantage. The truth is that in those days, except perhaps in New England, the eastern counties of Virginia and South Carolina, there was a serious want of men who possessed in any degree the rudimentary qualifications for political life. Even the press in the Middle States was almost wholly in the hands of foreign-born citizens. Had Gallatin gone at once to New York or Philadelphia and devoted himself to the law, for which he was admirably fitted by nature, had he invested his little patrimony in a city house, in public securities, in almost any property near at hand and easily convertible, there is every reason to suppose that he would have been, financially and politically, in a better position than ever was the case in fact. In following this course he would have had the advantage of treading the path which suited his true tastes and needs. This is proved by the whole experience of The time was, however, at hand in these years from 1786 to 1788 when, under the political activity roused by the creation of a new Constitution and the necessity of setting it in motion, a new generation of public men was called into being. The constitutional convention sat during the summer of 1787. The Pennsylvania convention, which ratified the Constitution, sat shortly afterwards in the same year. Their proceedings were of a nature to interest Gallatin deeply, as may be easily seen from the character of the letters already given. His first appearance in political life naturally followed and was immediately caused by the great constitutional controversy thus raised. But before beginning upon the course of Mr. Gallatin’s political and public career, which is to be best treated by itself and is the main object of this work, the story of his private life shall be carried a few steps further to a convenient halting-point. In the winter of 1787-88, according to a brief diary, he made a rapid journey to Maine on business. He was at George’s Creek a few days before Christmas. On Christmas-day occurs the following entry at Pittsburg: “Fait NoËl avec Odrin (?) et Breckenridge chez Marie.” Who these three persons were is not clear. Apparently, the Breckenridge mentioned was not Judge H. H. Brackenridge, who, in his “Incidents of the Insurrection,” or whiskey rebellion, declares that his first conversation with Gallatin was in August, 1794. Marie was not a woman, but a Genevan emigrant. 1788. January 5, 1788, he was in Philadelphia, where he remained till the 28th. On the 29th, his birthday, he was at Paulus Hook, now Jersey City. On the 2d February occurs the following entry at Hartford: “Depuis que je suis dans l’État de Connecticut, j’ai toujours voyagÉ avec des champs des deux cÔtÉs, et je n’ai rien vu en AmÉrique d’Égal aux Établissements sur la riviÈre Connecticut.” On the 6th: “DÉjeÛnÉ À Shrewsbury. Souvenirs en voyant Wachusett Hill.... CouchÉ À Boston.” On the 11th of February he started again for the 1789. He passed the summer, apparently, in the West at his George’s Creek settlement, at least partially engaged in politics, as will be shown hereafter. He passed also the winter here, and it was not till the 12th March, 1789, that he set out on his usual visit to Richmond, which he reached on the 1st April. The following letter shows him occupied with a new interest. Sophia Allegre was the daughter of William Allegre, of a French Protestant family among the early settlers in this country. William Allegre married Jane Batersby, and died early, leaving his widow with two daughters and a son. A young Frenchman, Louis Pauly, who came to Virginia on some financial errand of his government, took lodgings with Mrs. Allegre, fell in love with her daughter Jane, and married her against her mother’s consent. Young Gallatin also lodged under Mrs. Allegre’s roof, and fell in love with her other daughter, Sophia. GALLATIN TO BADOLLET. Richmond, 4 mai, 1789. Mon bon ami, je suis arrivÉ ici le 1er avril et ai ÉtÉ jusques À prÉsent si occupÉ de mes amours que je n’ai eu la tÊte À rien d’autre. Sophie Était chez son beau-frÈre Pauli À New Kent. J’y ai passÉ plus de 15 jours À deux fois diffÉrentes. Elle Je crois que vu tout ce que j’ai À faire ici je ne pourrai guÈre partir avant le mois prochain. Si je me marie, ce sera dans environ 15 jours, et il faudra ensuite que je prenne des arrangemens avec Savary (quand je taxe sa conduite d’extravagante, ce The records of Henrico County Court contain the marriage bond, dated May 14, 1789, declaring that “We, Albert Gallatin and Savary de Valcoulon, are held and firmly bound unto Beverly Randolph, Esq., Governor of the Commonwealth of Virginia, in the sum of fifty pounds, current money,” the condition being “a marriage shortly to be solemnized between the above-bound SOPHIA ALLEGRE TO HER MOTHER. New Kent, May 16, 1789. My dear Mama,—Shall I venture to write you a few lines in apology for my late conduct? and dare I flatter myself that you will attend to them? If so, and you can feel a motherly tenderness for your child who never before wilfully offended you, forgive, dear mother, and generously accept again your poor Sophia, who feels for the uneasiness she is sure she has occasioned you. She deceived you, but it was for her own happiness. Could you then form a wish to destroy the future peace of your child and prevent her being united to the man of her choice? He is perhaps not a very handsome man, but he is possessed of more essential qualities, which I shall not pretend to enumerate; as coming from me, they might be supposed partial. If, mama, your heart is inclinable to forgive, or if it is not, let me beg you to write to me, as my only anxiety is to know whether I have lost your affection or not. Forgive me, dear mama, as it is all that is wanting to complete the happiness of her who wishes for your happiness and desires to be considered again your dutiful daughter, Sophia. 1790. No trace of Sophia Allegre now remains except this letter and a nameless gravestone within the grounds of Friendship Hill. Gallatin took her home with him to George’s Creek; for a few months they were happy together, and then suddenly, in October, she died; no one knows, perhaps no one ever knew, the cause of her death, for medical science was not common at George’s Creek. Gallatin himself left no account of it that has been preserved. He suffered intensely for the time; but he was fortunately still GALLATIN TO BADOLLET. Philadelphia, 8 mars, 1790. Mon cher Badollet.... Tu sens sÛrement comme moi que le sÉjour du comtÉ de Fayette ne peut pas m’Être bien agrÉable, et tu sais que je dÉsirerais m’Éloigner mÊme de l’AmÉrique. J’ai fait mes efforts pour rÉaliser ce projet, mais j’y trouve tous les jours de nouvelles difficultÉs. Il m’est absolument impossible de vendre mes terres de Virginie À quel prix que ce soit, et je ne sais comment je trouverais À vivre À GenÈve. Sans parler de mon Âge et de mes habitudes et de ma paresse, qui seraient autant d’obstacles aux occupations quelconques que je serais obligÉ d’embrasser en Europe, il s’en rencontre un autre dans les circonstances actuelles de notre patrie. Les rÉvolutions dans la politique et surtout les finances de la France out opÉrÉ si fortement sur GenÈve que les marchands y sont sans crÉdit et sans affaires, les artisans sans ouvrage et dans la misÈre, et tout le monde dans l’embarras. Non-seulement les gazettes en ont fait mention, mais j’en ai reÇu quelques dÉtails dans une lettre de M. Trembley, qui quoiqu’antÉrieure aux derniers avis reÇus par plusieurs Suisses ici, et Écrite dans un tems oÙ les calamitÉs publiques n’Étaient pas au point oÙ elles sont À prÉsent, m’apprenait que les difficultÉs et les dangers Étaient tels qu’il avait dÉposÉ le peu d’argent qu’il avait À moi dans la caisse de l’hÔpital. Tous les Étrangers Établis ici s’accordent À dire que les ressources pour se tirer d’affaires en Europe sont presqu’anÉanties, au moins pour ceux qui n’en ont d’autre que leur industrie, et ces faits sont confirmÉs par nombre d’Émigrants de toutes les nations et de tous les États. Dans ces circonstances la petite rente que j’ai en France Étant trÈs-prÉcaire tant À cause de la tournure incertaine que prendront les affaires que parcequ’elle est sur d’autres tÊtes et sur des tÊtes plus ÂgÉes que la mienne, il est bien clair que je n’aurais d’autres ressources que celles que je pourrais tirer des dons de ma famille, vu que leurs efforts seraient probablement inutiles quant À me procurer quelqu’occupation À laquelle je fusse propre. Cette circonstance Every letter received by Gallatin from Geneva between 1780 and 1790 had, in one form or another, urged his return or expressed discontent at his situation. But the storm of the French revolution had at last fairly begun, and Geneva felt it severely and early. Not till the 7th of April, 1790, did Gallatin overcome his repugnance to writing in regard to his wife’s death to Mlle. Pictet, and he then expressed to her his wish to return for her sake. At this critical moment of his life the feelings of his family had begun to change. They no longer looked upon him as a subject of pity. “L’État prÉcaire de la France” is mentioned by Mlle. Pictet in June and July, 1790, as a subject of anxiety; “nous ignorons encore quel il sera, notre gouvernement;” “quant aux conseils que tu me demandes par rapport À ton retour, et aux ressources que tu pourrais trouver dans notre pays, je suis bien embarrassÉe À te rÉpondre.” It was too late. Indeed, it may be doubted whether this idea of returning to Geneva for the sake of Mlle. Pictet was really more than the momentary sickness at heart consequent on a great shock, which in any case could not have lasted long. Gallatin’s career already lay open before him. His misfortunes only precipated the result. |